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1. The Super-Kamiokande detector

Author

Kimihiro Okumura, Makoto Sakuda, B. K. Kim, S. Fukuda, K. Martens, S. Moriyama, Toshio Suzuki, Todd Haines, S. B. Boyd, M. L. Chen, T. Hasegawa, Z. Conner, M. Kitaguchi, K. Nishikawa, K. S. Ganezer, Alec Habig, M. Earl, B. Viren, J. Kameda, M. Koga, H. Okazawa, R. W. Ellsworth, A. Okada, M. Takahashi, J. S. George, K. Ishihara, Atsumu Suzuki, T. Inagaki, Shoichi Yamada, Takaaki Kajita, S. Matsuno, T. Iwashita, K. Fujita, H. G. Berns, M. Ishitsuka, S. Desai, Koji Nakamura, M. Miura, Y. Ichikawa, Mikio Morii, E. Guillian, C. K. Jung, M. Takahata, H. Nishihama, J. Hsu, K. Ito, Toshio Namba, D. Kielczewska, T. Ishii, Kunio Inoue, S. Nakayama, John G. Learned, I. Kato, M. Etoh, I. Nishiyama, T. Futagami, A. L. Stachyra, K. Miyano, C. Saji, Y. Hatakeyama, T. Hayakawa, H. Maesaka, R. A. Doyle, Florian Goebel, M. B. Smy, J. L. Stone, D. W. Liu, David William Casper, E. Ichihara, T. Hashimoto, A. K. Ichikawa, C. Yanagisawa, K. Nishijima, S. Hatakeyama, M. Kohama, Akira Hasegawa, G. W. Sullivan, Henry W. Sobel, K. Nitta, Y. Kobayashi, A. Sakai, M. Takita, M. Ackerman, Frederick Reines, L. R. Price, J. Shirai, W. Wang, T. Horiuchi, H. Takeda, V. J. Stenger, M. Masuzawa, E. Sharkey, Minoru Yoshida, Yoshitaka Itow, D. Turcan, S. Inaba, N. Sakurai, T. Takayama, Y. Kanaya, M. Kirisawa, R. Svoboda, M. Koike, J. Hill, Shuji Yamamoto, A. Kusano, K. Higuchi, Hiroaki Nishimura, Masaya Hasegawa, Y. Watanabe, K. Kaneyuki, T. Kobayashi, R. Sanford, Osamu Sasaki, Magdalena Malek, Y. Kajiyama, A. Kibayashi, L. R. Sulak, W. Doki, S. Tasaka, T. Toshito, W. E. Keig, Y. Nagashima, H. Fujiyasu, J. A. Goodman, J. T. Hong, Y. Takeuchi, F. Tsushima, C. W. Walter, Soo-Bong Kim, S. Kasuga, Y. Fukuda, E. Kearns, Y. Totsuka, M. Koshiba, Hyosun Kim, C. McGrew, Yoshihiro Suzuki, K. Kobayashi, M. Nemoto, D. Kerr, T. Maruyama, Takashi Yamaguchi, M. D. Messier, S. Echigo, T. Kato, C. Mitsuda, P. G. Halverson, R. J. Wilkes, U. Golebiewska, K. K. Young, S. Mine, Y. Obayashi, Y. Gando, E. Blaufuss, Junichi Kanzaki, C. Mauger, J. Yoo, Masato Shiozawa, T. Barszczak, T. Oyabu, A. Suzuki, Tsuyoshi Nakaya, Masayuki Nakahata, Hirokazu Ishino, L. Wai, M. Oketa, J. W. Flanagan, Hiroshi Ogawa, M. R. Vagins, H. Kobayashi, W. Gajewski, Kate Scholberg, W. R. Kropp, Y. Oyama, Y. Hayato, T. Iwamoto, and Yusuke Koshio

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Cherenkov detector, Solar neutrino, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, T2K experiment, law.invention, Neutrino detector, law, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino astronomy, Neutrino, Super-Kamiokande, Neutrino oscillation, Instrumentation
Abstract

Super-Kamiokande is the world's largest water Cherenkov detector, with net mass 50,000 tons. During the period April, 1996 to July, 2001, Super-Kamiokande I collected 1678 live-days of data, observing neutrinos from the Sun, Earth's atmosphere, and the K2K long-baseline neutrino beam with high efficiency. These data provided crucial information for our current understanding of neutrino oscillations, as well as setting stringent limits on nucleon decay. In this paper, we describe the detector in detail, including its site, configuration, data acquisition equipment, online and offline software, and calibration systems which were used during Super-Kamiokande I.

Published
2003
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2. Detection of accelerator-produced neutrinos at a distance of 250 km

Author

S.H Ahn, S An, S Aoki, H.G Berns, H.C Bhang, S Boyd, D Casper, T Chikamatsu, J.H Choi, S Echigo, M Etoh, K Fujii, S Fukuda, Y Fukuda, W Gajewski, U Golebiewska, T Hara, T Hasegawa, Y Hayato, J Hill, S.J Hong, M Ieiri, T Inada, T Inagaki, T Ishida, H Ishii, T Ishii, H Ishino, M Ishitsuka, Y Itow, T Iwashita, H.I Jang, J.S Jang, E.J Jeon, E.M Jeong, C.K Jung, T Kadowaki, T Kajita, J Kameda, K Kaneyuki, I Kato, Y Kato, E Kearns, S Kenmochi, B.H Khang, A Kibayashi, D Kielczewska, B.J Kim, C.O Kim, H.I Kim, J.H Kim, J.Y Kim, S.B Kim, S Kishi, M Kitamura, K Kobayashi, T Kobayashi, Y Kobayashi, M Kohama, D.G Koo, Y Koshio, W Kropp, G Kume, E Kusano, J.G Learned, H.K Lee, J.W Lee, S.B Lee, I.T Lim, S.H Lim, H Maesaka, K Martens, T Maruyama, S Matsuno, C Mauger, C McGrew, M Minakawa, S Mine, M Miura, S Miyamoto, K Miyano, S Moriyama, S Mukai, M Nakahata, K Nakamura, M Nakamura, I Nakano, T Nakaya, S Nakayama, K Nakayoshi, K Nishijima, K Nishikawa, S Nishiyama, S Noda, H Noumi, Y Obayashi, J.K Oh, A Okada, M Onchi, T Otaki, Y Oyama, M.Y Pac, H Park, S.H Park, S.K Park, A Sakai, M Sakuda, N Sakurai, N Sasao, K Sato, K Scholberg, E Seo, E Sharkey, K Shiino, A Shima, M Shiozawa, H So, H Sobel, A Stachyra, J.L Stone, L.R Sulak, A Suzuki, Y Suzuki, M Takasaki, M Takatsuki, K Takenaka, H Takeuchi, Y Takeuchi, N Tamura, K.H Tanaka, Y Tanaka, K Tashiro, K Tauchi, T Toshito, Y Totsuka, V Tumakov, T Umeda, M Vagins, C.W Walter, R.J Wilkes, S Yamada, T Yamaguchi, Y Yamanoi, C Yanagisawa, H Yokoyama, J Yoo, M Yoshida, and S.Y You

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Detector, Extrapolation, FOS: Physical sciences, Coincidence, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), Pion, K2K experiment, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Neutrino, Neutrino oscillation, Nuclear Experiment, Beam (structure)
Abstract

The KEK to Kamioka long-baseline neutrino experiment (K2K) has begun its investigation of neutrino oscillations suggested by atmospheric neutrino observations. Twenty-eight neutrino events have been detected in coincidence with the expected arrival time of the beam in the 22.5 kt fiducial volume of Super--Kamiokande, the far detector at 250 km distance. The expectation is 37.8+3.5-3.8, derived using measurements of neutrino interactions in a near detector and extrapolation using a beam simulation validated by a measurement of pion kinematics after production and focusing. The background is of order 10^-3 events., Comment: 6 pages, 3 embedded figures, LaTeX with RevTeX style, submitted to PRL. This version is As Submitted

Published
2001
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3. SolarB8and hep Neutrino Measurements from 1258 Days of Super-Kamiokande Data

Author

Y. Watanabe, J. Hill, M. Morii, T. Toshito, Minoru Yoshida, Y. Nagashima, J. A. Goodman, Y. Oyama, S. Tasaka, W. E. Keig, Y. Hayato, C. W. Walter, Atsumu Suzuki, Yusuke Koshio, B. Lee, K. Kaneyuki, Magdalena Malek, Soo-Bong Kim, M. B. Smy, Y. Fukuda, E. Kearns, Yoshitaka Itow, K. Nishikawa, M. Takita, L. R. Price, J. Shirai, M. Koike, H. Takeuchi, A. Suzuki, B. Viren, C. Saji, E. Sharkey, S. Dazeley, G. Guillian, S. Moriyama, M. Kohama, K. Ishihara, C. Mitsuda, C. McGrew, S. Matsuno, C. K. Jung, Tsuyoshi Nakaya, Heekyong Kim, H. Okazawa, D. Kielczewska, Yoshihiro Suzuki, C. Mauger, J. Yoo, Y. Totsuka, T. Ishii, M. Goldhaber, Kunio Inoue, Masato Shiozawa, Y. Takeuchi, R. J. Wilkes, T. Barszczak, U. Golebiewska, Alec Habig, M. Earl, D. W. Liu, R. Svoboda, J. Kameda, G. W. Sullivan, Takehisa Hasegawa, Masayuki Nakahata, Y. Gando, M. Ishitsuka, Hirokazu Ishino, Y. Hatakeyama, S. Mine, Shantanu Desai, Y. Ichikawa, A. L. Stachyra, K. Miyano, Takashi Kobayashi, W. R. Kropp, Tomoyuki Maruyama, R. W. Ellsworth, J. L. Stone, Henry W. Sobel, K. Nitta, H. Fujiyasu, E. Blaufuss, Kyoshi Nishijima, T. Inagaki, M. R. Vagins, Koji Nakamura, Masatoshi Koshiba, M. Miura, W. Gajewski, Kate Scholberg, A. Kibayashi, L. R. Sulak, T. Shibata, M. D. Messier, Makoto Sakuda, S. C. Boyd, T. Ishizuka, Y. Obayashi, K. Martens, John G. Learned, K. Kobayashi, Y. Kajiyama, Shoichi Yamada, Takaaki Kajita, M. Etoh, K. S. Ganezer, Todd Haines, D. Turcan, C. Yanagisawa, A. Okada, N. Sakurai, S. Nakayama, David William Casper, A. Sakai, and D. Takemori

Subjects
Physics, Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, Particle physics, Recoil, Solar neutrino, General Physics and Astronomy, Flux, Electron, Neutrino, Super-Kamiokande, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

Solar neutrino measurements from 1258days of data from the Super-Kamiokande detector are presented. The measurements are based on recoil electrons in the energy range 5.0{endash}20.0MeV. The measured solar neutrino flux is 2.32{+-}0.03(stat){sup +0.08}{sub {minus}0.07}(syst){times}10{sup 6} cm{sup {minus}2}s{sup {minus}1} , which is 45.1{+-}0.5(stat ){sup +1.6}{sub {minus}1.4}(syst) % of that predicted by the BP2000 SSM. The day vs night flux asymmetry ({Phi}{sub n}{minus}{Phi}{sub d})/ {Phi}{sub average} is 0.033{+-}0.022(stat){sup +0.013}{sub {minus}0.012}(syst) . The recoil electron energy spectrum is consistent with no spectral distortion. For the hep neutrino flux, we set a 90% C.L.upper limit of 40{times}10{sup 3} cm{sup {minus}2}s{sup {minus}1} , which is 4.3times the BP2000 SSM prediction.

Published
2001
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4. Constraints on Neutrino Oscillations Using 1258 Days of Super-Kamiokande Solar Neutrino Data

Author

Hirokazu Ishino, H. Takeuchi, K. Kaneyuki, Makoto Sakuda, M. Ishitsuka, K. Martens, K. Kobayashi, S. Matsuno, T. Shibata, Minoru Yoshida, David William Casper, Shantanu Desai, Y. Ichikawa, A. Sakai, Y. Takeuchi, J. L. Stone, E. Blaufuss, S. Nakayama, John G. Learned, Henry W. Sobel, K. Nitta, D. Turcan, R. W. Ellsworth, Kyoshi Nishijima, A. L. Stachyra, K. Miyano, Y. Watanabe, D. Takemori, M. Etoh, G. Guillian, S. Moriyama, T. Ishii, Kunio Inoue, Tomoyuki Maruyama, C. W. Walter, T. Inagaki, Y. Hatakeyama, M. Goldhaber, B. Viren, J. Hill, M. Morii, S. Tasaka, W. E. Keig, Shoichi Yamada, Takaaki Kajita, Koji Nakamura, T. Toshito, Soo-Bong Kim, M. Takita, L. R. Price, J. Shirai, C. Yanagisawa, D. W. Liu, Yoshitaka Itow, C. K. Jung, Y. Fukuda, E. Kearns, Todd Haines, Atsumu Suzuki, D. Kielczewska, M. Miura, Takehisa Hasegawa, E. Sharkey, G. W. Sullivan, S. Fukuda, M. Koike, S. Dazeley, Masayuki Nakahata, K. Nishikawa, C. McGrew, Magdalena Malek, M. R. Vagins, N. Sakurai, A. Okada, H. Okazawa, K. Ishihara, W. Gajewski, Kate Scholberg, Yoshihiro Suzuki, H. Fujiyasu, Y. Nagashima, Y. Kajiyama, J. Kameda, K. S. Ganezer, K. B. Lee, Alec Habig, Y. Totsuka, C. Saji, J. A. Goodman, M. Earl, Takashi Kobayashi, S. C. Boyd, T. Ishizuka, Masatoshi Koshiba, Y. Obayashi, A. Kibayashi, L. R. Sulak, C. Mitsuda, R. Svoboda, R. J. Wilkes, U. Golebiewska, K. K. Young, S. Mine, M. B. Smy, M. D. Messier, M. Kohama, Heekyong Kim, C. Mauger, J. Yoo, Masato Shiozawa, T. Barszczak, Y. Gando, W. R. Kropp, A. Suzuki, Tsuyoshi Nakaya, Y. Oyama, Y. Hayato, and Yusuke Koshio

Subjects
Physics, Particle physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Solar neutrino, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, General Physics and Astronomy, Flux, Solar neutrino problem, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, Measurements of neutrino speed, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Super-Kamiokande, Neutrino oscillation, Zenith
Abstract

We report the result of a search for neutrino oscillations using precise measurements of the recoil electron energy spectrum and zenith angle variations of the solar neutrino flux from 1258 days of neutrino-electron scattering data in Super-Kamiokande. The absence of significant zenith angle variation and spectrum distortion places strong constraints on neutrino mixing and mass difference in a flux-independent way. Using the Super-Kamiokande flux measurement in addition, two allowed regions at large mixing are found., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, submitted to PRL

Published
2001
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5. Tau Neutrinos Favored over Sterile Neutrinos in Atmospheric Muon Neutrino Oscillations

Author

C. Yanagisawa, Y. Takeuchi, S. Nakayama, H. Fujiyasu, Minoru Yoshida, S. Inaba, N. Sakurai, Y. Totsuka, K. S. Ganezer, M. Etoh, H. Takeuchi, C. Mitsuda, K. Kaneyuki, Y. Gando, C. W. Walter, R. J. Wilkes, U. Golebiewska, B. K. Kim, R. W. Ellsworth, Hirokazu Ishino, H. Okazawa, K. Kobayashi, K. K. Young, S. Fukuda, M. L. Chen, R. Svoboda, S. Mine, Todd Haines, M. Earl, T. Maruyama, T. Inagaki, J. Hill, Atsumu Suzuki, Koji Nakamura, Soo-Bong Kim, M. Takita, L. R. Price, J. Shirai, E. Blaufuss, A. Suzuki, M. Miura, Y. Fukuda, E. Kearns, Y. Obayashi, John G. Learned, Masatoshi Koshiba, A. Kibayashi, E. Sharkey, A. Okada, L. R. Sulak, J. L. Stone, G. W. Sullivan, Shoichi Yamada, Takaaki Kajita, C. Mauger, Masato Shiozawa, C. Saji, Henry W. Sobel, K. Nitta, T. Barszczak, J. Kameda, Y. Nagashima, Kyoshi Nishijima, K. Nishikawa, S. C. Boyd, T. Ishizuka, C. McGrew, Y. Watanabe, R. Sanford, M. D. Messier, J. A. Goodman, Yoshihiro Suzuki, M. Morii, K. Ishihara, T. Toshito, M. B. Smy, S. Matsuno, Osamu Sasaki, M. Kohama, Magdalena Malek, Ko Okumura, Takehisa Hasegawa, T. Ishii, Kunio Inoue, Alec Habig, Takashi Kobayashi, M. R. Vagins, W. Gajewski, Kate Scholberg, Masayuki Nakahata, G. Guillian, S. Moriyama, M. Takahashi, M. Goldhaber, M. Ishitsuka, Y. Ichikawa, A. L. Stachyra, K. Miyano, Y. Oyama, Y. Hayato, B. Viren, Yusuke Koshio, C. K. Jung, M. Takahata, D. Kielczewska, W. R. Kropp, Makoto Sakuda, K. Martens, David William Casper, A. Sakai, Yoshitaka Itow, M. Kirisawa, M. Koike, D. Takemori, S. Tasaka, W. E. Keig, and Y. Hatakeyama

Subjects
Physics, Sterile neutrino, Particle physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Solar neutrino, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, General Physics and Astronomy, Solar neutrino problem, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Cosmic neutrino background, Neutrino detector, Measurements of neutrino speed, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Neutrino astronomy
Abstract

The previously published atmospheric neutrino data did not distinguish whether muon neutrinos were oscillating into tau neutrinos or sterile neutrinos, as both hypotheses fit the data. Using data recorded in 1100 live-days of the Super-Kamiokande detector, we use three complementary data samples to study the difference in zenith angle distribution due to neutral currents and matter effects. We find no evidence favoring sterile neutrinos, and reject the hypothesis at the 99% confidence level. On the other hand, we find that oscillation between muon and tau neutrinos suffices to explain all the results in hand., Comment: 9 pages with 2 figures, submitted to PRL

Published
2000
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6. Optical diffusion property of cerumen from ear canal and correlation to metal content measured by synchrotron x-ray absorption

Author

P. Schneider, G. Tremberger, Sunil Dehipawala, Tak Cheung, Sumudu Dehipawala, U. Golebiewska, Dimitrios S. Kokkinos, Todd Holden, E. Cheung, and David Lieberman

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Scattering, Diffusion, Analytical chemistry, X-ray, XANES, Synchrotron, law.invention, Metal, Optics, medicine.anatomical_structure, law, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, medicine, Ear canal, business, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
Abstract

Human (and other mammals) would secrete cerumen (ear wax) to protect the skin of the ear canal against pathogens and insects. The studies of biodiversity of pathogen in human include intestine microbe colony, belly button microbe colony, etc. Metals such as zinc and iron are essentials to bio-molecular pathways and would be related to the underlying pathogen vitality. This project studies the biodiversity of cerumen via its metal content and aims to develop an optical probe for metal content characterization. The optical diffusion mean free path and absorption of human cerumen samples dissolved in solvent have been measured in standard transmission measurements. EXFAS and XANES have been measured at Brookhaven Synchrotron Light Source for the determination of metal contents, presumably embedded within microbes/insects/skin cells. The results show that a calibration procedure can be used to correlate the optical diffusion parameters to the metal content, thus expanding the diagnostic of cerumen in the study of human pathogen biodiversity without the regular use of a synchrotron light source. Although biodiversity measurements would not be seriously affected by dead microbes and absorption based method would do well, the scattering mean free path method would have potential to further study the cell based scattering centers (dead or live) via the information embedded in the speckle pattern in the deep-Fresnel zone.

Published
2012
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7. Optical speckles of blood proteins embedded in porous glassy substrate

Author

Dimitrios S. Kokkinos, David Lieberman, E. Cheung, G. Tremberger, A. Berisha, Andrew V. Nguyen, Todd Holden, Sunil Dehipawala, U. Golebiewska, P. Schneider, and Tak Cheung

Subjects
Speckle pattern, Materials science, Mean free path, Chemical physics, Diffusion, Doping, Molecule, Substrate (chemistry), Protein folding, Nanotechnology, Porosity
Abstract

Blood protein molecules could be embedded in porous glassy substrate with 10-nm pores. The embedding principle is based on blood cell dehydration with the destruction of the cell membrane, and reconstitution and centrifuge could yield a suitable solution for doping into a porous glassy medium. The doped glassy substrate speckle pattern under laser illumination could be used to characterize the protein size distribution. Calibration with known protein embedded samples would result in an optical procedure for the characterization of a blood sample. Samples embedded with larger kilo-Dalton protein molecule show more variation in the speckle patterns, consistent with protein folding interaction inside a pore cavity. A regression model has been used to correlate the protein molecule sizes with speckle sizes. The use of diffusion mean free path information to study protein folding in the embedding process is briefly discussed.

Published
2012
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8. Single mode and sub-cellular fiber probes for cell scattering and density variation measurements

Author

W. Huazhco, N. Gadura, Tak Cheung, Sunil Dehipawala, D. Kokkinos, U. Golebiewska, L. Mora, Todd Holden, G. Tremberger, David Lieberman, and P. Schneider

Subjects
Mode volume, Optical fiber, Materials science, business.industry, Scattering, Single-mode optical fiber, Light scattering, law.invention, Optics, Double-clad fiber, law, Microscopy, Fiber, business
Abstract

Cell density is an important parameter in the question of bio-variation and the studying of cell scattering could be a viable tool. The development of spatially resolved optical fiber probe would enable the characterization of optical scattering from cells within a colony. Single mode fiber probe would be budget friendly as compared to a 50-nm sub-cellular fiber probe. This project develops a calibration procedure to correlate the optical scattering measured by a single mode fiber probe to that of a 50-nm sub-cellular fiber probe in the context of cell density variation. The Fourier transform of intensity angular transmission would give correlation information in the Efield in the spatial coordinate. Monte Carlo simulation could be used to constrain the input intensity function spatial content resembling microscopy. The use of a 50-nm sub-cellular fiber probe for detailed study of biological samples would give sub-micron scale length information.

Published
2012
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9. Remote sensing of LAI-FPAR fluctuations and Synchrotron EXAFS-XANES studies of metal absorption under stress

Author

Sunil Dehipawala, U. Golebiewska, R. Regan, Tak Cheung, P. Marchese, Todd Holden, E. Cheung, and G. Tremberger

Subjects
Series (mathematics), Photosynthetically active radiation, Environmental science, Forcing (mathematics), Time series, Leaf area index, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Fractal dimension, Fractal analysis, Remote sensing
Abstract

The fluctuations of leaf area index (LAI) and Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR) as reported by the MODIS 8-day product MOD15A2 over a section of Harriman State Park, New York were studied with reference to another nearby local park. The area selected for study, a seven km square grid with one km resolution, is known for its biodiversity. Time series data points were generated using the sums of the grid's 49 pixel measurements for each of the 46 entries that make up the annual time series. A quadratic relation has been observed that suggests that LAI/FPAR is proportional to FPAR if FPAR is considered as the forcing parameter via chlorophyll (a, b, c, d and f), in an application model for the study of biodiversity. The LAI annual time series from 2000 to 2009 follows the corresponding FPAR annual time series as expected, but with different proportionality ratios in different seasons. The fractal analysis results of the time series data suggest that the LAI sequences have a lower fractal dimension (~1.35) than those of the FPAR sequences (~1.55), consistent with the idea that biological systems are capable of regulating fluctuation. The regression of LAI sequence fractal dimension versus FPAR sequence fractal dimension exhibits an R-square of about 0.7 (N =10). The observed regression outlier for the year 2009 could be indicative of the presence of additional factors. Synchrotron EXAFS and XANES investigations of leaf samples reveal data consistent with metal absorption under stress. Further studies of absorption under stress using remote sensing data are warranted.

Published
2011
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10. Zn-metalloprotease sequences in extremophiles

Author

E. Williams, David Lieberman, E. Cheung, Sunil Dehipawala, Todd Holden, U. Golebiewska, G. Tremberger, Tak Cheung, P. Schneider, and N. Gadura

Subjects
Physics, Quantitative Biology::Biomolecules, Bioinformatics, Fractal dimension, Fractal analysis, symbols.namesake, Molecular dynamics, Protein structure, symbols, Entropy (information theory), Biological system, Gaussian network model, Randomness, Mesophile
Abstract

The Zn-metalloprotease family contains conserved amino acid structures such that the nucleotide fluctuation at the DNA level would exhibit correlated randomness as described by fractal dimension. A nucleotide sequence fractal dimension can be calculated from a numerical series consisting of the atomic numbers of each nucleotide. The structure's vibration modes can also be studied using a Gaussian Network Model. The vibration measure and fractal dimension values form a two-dimensional plot with a standard vector metric that can be used for comparison of structures. The preference for amino acid usage in extremophiles may suppress nucleotide fluctuations that could be analyzed in terms of fractal dimension and Shannon entropy. A protein level cold adaptation study of the thermolysin Zn-metalloprotease family using molecular dynamics simulation was reported recently and our results show that the associated nucleotide fluctuation suppression is consistent with a regression pattern generated from the sequences's fractal dimension and entropy values (R-square ~ 0.98, N =5). It was observed that cold adaptation selected for high entropy and low fractal dimension values. Extension to the Archaemetzincin M54 family in extremophiles reveals a similar regression pattern (R-square = 0.98, N = 6). It was observed that the metalloprotease sequences of extremely halophilic organisms possess high fractal dimension and low entropy values as compared with non-halophiles. The zinc atom is usually bonded to the histidine residue, which shows limited levels of vibration in the Gaussian Network Model. The variability of the fractal dimension and entropy for a given protein structure suggests that extremophiles would have evolved after mesophiles, consistent with the bias usage of non-prebiotic amino acids by extremophiles. It may be argued that extremophiles have the capacity to offer extinction protection during drastic changes in astrobiological environments.

Published
2010
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12. Solar 8B and hep neutrino measurements from 1258 days of Super-Kamiokande data

Author

S, Fukuda, Y, Fukuda, M, Ishitsuka, Y, Itow, T, Kajita, J, Kameda, K, Kaneyuki, K, Kobayashi, Y, Koshio, M, Miura, S, Moriyama, M, Nakahata, S, Nakayama, A, Okada, N, Sakurai, M, Shiozawa, Y, Suzuki, H, Takeuchi, Y, Takeuchi, T, Toshito, Y, Totsuka, S, Yamada, S, Desai, M, Earl, E, Kearns, M D, Messier, K, Scholberg, J L, Stone, L R, Sulak, C W, Walter, M, Goldhaber, T, Barszczak, D, Casper, W, Gajewski, W R, Kropp, S, Mine, D W, Liu, L R, Price, M B, Smy, H W, Sobel, M R, Vagins, K S, Ganezer, W E, Keig, R W, Ellsworth, S, Tasaka, A, Kibayashi, J G, Learned, S, Matsuno, D, Takemori, Y, Hayato, T, Ishii, T, Kobayashi, K, Nakamura, Y, Obayashi, Y, Oyama, A, Sakai, M, Sakuda, M, Kohama, A T, Suzuki, T, Inagaki, T, Nakaya, K, Nishikawa, T J, Haines, E, Blaufuss, S, Dazeley, K B, Lee, R, Svoboda, J A, Goodman, G, Guillian, G W, Sullivan, D, Turcan, A, Habig, J, Hill, C K, Jung, K, Martens, M, Malek, C, Mauger, C, McGrew, E, Sharkey, B, Viren, C, Yanagisawa, C, Mitsuda, K, Miyano, C, Saji, T, Shibata, Y, Kajiyama, Y, Nagashima, K, Nitta, M, Takita, M, Yoshida, H I, Kim, S B, Kim, J, Yoo, H, Okazawa, T, Ishizuka, M, Etoh, Y, Gando, T, Hasegawa, K, Inoue, K, Ishihara, T, Maruyama, J, Shirai, A, Suzuki, M, Koshiba, Y, Hatakeyama, Y, Ichikawa, M, Koike, K, Nishijima, H, Fujiyasu, H, Ishino, M, Morii, Y, Watanabe, U, Golebiewska, D, Kielczewska, S C, Boyd, A L, Stachyra, R J, Wilkes, and K K, Young

Abstract

Solar neutrino measurements from 1258 days of data from the Super-Kamiokande detector are presented. The measurements are based on recoil electrons in the energy range 5.0-20.0 MeV. The measured solar neutrino flux is 2.32+/-0.03(stat)+0.08-0.07(syst)x10(6) cm(-2) x s(-1), which is 45.1+/-0.5(stat)+1.6-1.4(syst)% of that predicted by the BP2000 SSM. The day vs night flux asymmetry (Phi(n)-Phi(d))/Phi(average) is 0.033+/-0.022(stat)+0.013-0.012(syst). The recoil electron energy spectrum is consistent with no spectral distortion. For the hep neutrino flux, we set a 90% C.L. upper limit of 40x10(3) cm(-2) x s(-1), which is 4.3 times the BP2000 SSM prediction.

Published
2001

13. Design, construction, and operation of SciFi tracking detector for K2K experiment

Author

A Suzuki, H Park, S Aoki, S Echigo, K Fujii, T Hara, T Iwashita, M Kitamura, M Kohama, G Kume, M Onchi, T Otaki, K Sato, M Takatsuki, K Takenaka, Y Tanaka, K Tashiro, T Inagaki, I Kato, S Mukai, T Nakaya, K Nishikawa, N Sasao, A Shima, H Yokoyama, T Chikamatsu, Y Hayato, T Ishida, T Ishii, H Ishino, E.J Jeon, T Kobayashi, S.B Lee, K Nakamura, Y Oyama, A Sakai, M Sakuda, V Tumakov, S Fukuda, Y Fukuda, M Ishizuka, Y Itow, T Kajita, J Kameda, K Kaneyuki, K Kobayashi, Y Kobayashi, Y Koshio, M Miura, S Moriyama, M Nakahata, S Nakayama, Y Obayashi, A Okada, N Sakurai, M Shiozawa, Y Suzuki, H Takeuchi, Y Takeuchi, Y Totsuka, T Toshito, S Yamada, K Miyano, M Nakamura, N Tamura, I Nakano, M Yoshida, T Kadowaki, S Kishi, T Maruyama, M Etoh, K Nishijima, H.C Bhang, B.H Khang, B.J Kim, H.I Kim, J.H Kim, S.B Kim, H So, J.H Yoo, J.H Choi, H.I Jang, J.S Jang, J.Y Kim, I.T Lim, M.Y Pac, E Kearns, K Scholberg, J.L Stone, L.R Sulak, C.W Walter, D Casper, W Gajewski, W Kropp, S Mine, H Sobel, M Vagins, S Matsuno, J Hill, C.K Jung, K Martens, C Mauger, C McGrew, E Sharkey, C Yanagisawa, H Berns, S Boyd, J Wilkes, D Kielczewska, and U Golebiewska

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Muon, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Track (disk drive), Noise reduction, Detector, FOS: Physical sciences, Tracking (particle physics), Particle identification, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Optics, K2K experiment, High Energy Physics::Experiment, business, Neutrino oscillation, Instrumentation
Abstract

We describe the construction and performance of a scintillating fiber detector used in the near detector for the K2K (KEK to Kamioka, KEK E362) long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. The detector uses 3.7 m long and 0.692 mm diameter scintillating fiber coupled to image-intensifier tubes (IIT), and a CCD camera readout system. Fiber sheet production and detector construction began in 1997, and the detector was commissioned in March, 1999. Results from the first K2K runs confirm good initial performance : position resolution is estimated to be about 0.8 mm, and track finding efficiency is $98 \pm 2$ % for long tracks (i.e., those which intersect more than 5 fiber planes). The hit efficiency was estimated to be $92 \pm 2$ % using cosmic-ray muons, after noise reduction at the offline stage. The possibility of using the detector for particle identification is also discussed., Comment: In total 21 pages with 18 figures. THis is the proceedings for "The 7th International Conference on Instrumentation for Colliding Beam Physics", held on Hamamatsu, Japan, Nov. 15-19, 1999

Published
2000
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14. 16-N as a calibration source for Super-Kamiokande

Author

E Blaufuss, G Guillian, Y Fukuda, S Fukuda, M Ishitsuka, Y Itow, T Kajita, J Kameda, K Kaneyuki, K Kobayashi, Y Kobayashi, Y Koshio, M Miura, S Moriyama, M Nakahata, S Nakayama, Y Obayashi, A Okada, K Okumura, N Sakurai, M Shiozawa, Y Suzuki, H Takeuchi, Y Takeuchi, T Toshito, Y Totsuka, S Yamada, M Earl, A Habig, E Kearns, M.D Messier, K Scholberg, J.L Stone, L.R Sulak, C.W Walter, M Goldhaber, T Barszczak, D Casper, W Gajewski, W.R Kropp, S Mine, L.R Price, M Smy, H.W Sobel, M.R Vagins, K.S Ganezer, W.E Keig, R.W Ellsworth, S Tasaka, A Kibayashi, J.G Learned, S Matsuno, D Takemori, Y Hayato, T Ishii, T Kobayashi, K Nakamura, Y Oyama, A Sakai, M Sakuda, O Sasaki, S Echigo, M Kohama, A.T Suzuki, T Inagaki, K Nishikawa, T.J Haines, B.K Kim, R Sanford, R Svoboda, M.L Chen, J.A Goodman, G.W Sullivan, J Hill, C.K Jung, K Martens, M Malek, C Mauger, C McGrew, E Sharkey, B Viren, C Yanagisawa, M Kirisawa, S Inaba, C Mitsuda, K Miyano, H Okazawa, C Saji, M Takahashi, M Takahata, Y Nagashima, K Nitta, M Takita, M Yoshida, S.B Kim, M Etoh, Y Gando, T Hasegawa, K Inoue, K Ishihara, T Maruyama, J Shirai, A Suzuki, M Koshiba, Y Hatakeyama, Y Ichikawa, M Koike, K Nishijima, H Fujiyasu, H Ishino, M Morii, Y Watanabe, U Golebiewska, D Kielczewska, S.C Boyd, A.L Stachyra, R.J Wilkes, and K.K Young

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Scale (ratio), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Solar neutrino, Detector, Isotropy, FOS: Physical sciences, Linear particle accelerator, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Neutron generator, Calibration, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Super-Kamiokande, Instrumentation
Abstract

The decay of 16-N is used to cross check the absolute energy scale calibration for solar neutrinos established by the electron linear accelerator (LINAC). A deuterium-tritium neutron generator was employed to create 16-N via the (n,p) reaction on 16-O in the water of the detector. This technique is isotropic and has different systematic uncertainties than the LINAC. The results from this high statistics data sample agree with the absolute energy scale of the LINAC to better than 1%. A natural source of 16-N from the capture of mu^- on 16-O, which is collected as a background to the solar neutrino analysis, is also discussed., Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, Submitted to NIM A, published version

Published
2000
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