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4 results on '"UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE)"'

1. Increasingly negative tropical water–interannual CO2 growth rate coupling

Author

Laibao Liu, Philippe Ciais, Mengxi Wu, Ryan S. Padrón, Pierre Friedlingstein, Jonas Schwaab, Lukas Gudmundsson, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-NASA, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Carbon cycle, Climate change
Abstract

Terrestrial ecosystems have taken up about 32% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions in the past six decades1. Large uncertainties in terrestrial carbon–climate feedbacks, however, make it difficult to predict how the land carbon sink will respond to future climate change2. Interannual variations in the atmospheric CO2 growth rate (CGR) are dominated by land–atmosphere carbon fluxes in the tropics, providing an opportunity to explore land carbon–climate interactions3–6. It is thought that variations in CGR are largely controlled by temperature7–10 but there is also evidence for a tight coupling between water availability and CGR11. Here, we use a record of global atmospheric CO2, terrestrial water storage and precipitation data to investigate changes in the interannual relationship between tropical land climate conditions and CGR under a changing climate. We find that the interannual relationship between tropical water availability and CGR became increasingly negative during 1989–2018 compared to 1960–1989. This could be related to spatiotemporal changes in tropical water availability anomalies driven by shifts in El Niño/Southern Oscillation teleconnections, including declining spatial compensatory water effects9. We also demonstrate that most state-of-the-art coupled Earth System and Land Surface models do not reproduce the intensifying water–carbon coupling. Our results indicate that tropical water availability is increasingly controlling the interannual variability of the terrestrial carbon cycle and modulating tropical terrestrial carbon–climate feedbacks.

Published
2023
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2. Ice cloud microphysical trends observed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder

Author

Brian H. Kahn, Qing Yue, Gerald Manipon, Graeme L. Stephens, Hanii Takahashi, Julien Delanoë, Andrew J. Heymsfield, Evan Manning, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California-NASA, SPACE - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Convection, Effective radius, Atmospheric Science, Ice cloud, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Radiative cooling, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Latitude, lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, Environmental science, Cirrus, lcsh:Physics, Water vapor, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We use the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) version 6 ice cloud property and thermodynamic phase retrievals to quantify variability and 14-year trends in ice cloud frequency, ice cloud top temperature (Tci), ice optical thickness (τi) and ice effective radius (rei). The trends in ice cloud properties are shown to be independent of trends in information content and χ2. Statistically significant decreases in ice frequency, τi, and ice water path (IWP) are found in the SH and NH extratropics, but trends are of much smaller magnitude and statistically insignificant in the tropics. However, statistically significant increases in rei are found in all three latitude bands. Perturbation experiments consistent with estimates of AIRS radiometric stability fall significantly short of explaining the observed trends in ice properties, averaging kernels, and χ2 trends. Values of rei are larger at the tops of opaque clouds and exhibit dependence on surface wind speed, column water vapour (CWV) and surface temperature (Tsfc) with changes up to 4–5 µm but are only 1.9 % of all ice clouds. Non-opaque clouds exhibit a much smaller change in rei with respect to CWV and Tsfc. Comparisons between DARDAR and AIRS suggest that rei is smallest for single-layer cirrus, larger for cirrus above weak convection, and largest for cirrus above strong convection at the same cloud top temperature. This behaviour is consistent with enhanced particle growth from radiative cooling above convection or large particle lofting from strong convection.

Published
2018
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3. Sea Surface Salinity Observations with Lagrangian Drifters in the Tropical North Atlantic During SPURS: Circulation, Fluxes, and Comparisons with Remotely Sensed Salinity from Aquarius

Author

Verena Hormann, Luca Centurioni, Dong-Kyu Lee, Jordi Font, Yi Chao, Gilles Reverdin, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Remote Sensing Solutions, UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California-NASA, Interactions et Processus au sein de la couche de Surface Océanique (IPSO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-NASA, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))

Subjects
North Atlantic, Argo float, Oceanography, Salinity, lcsh:Oceanography, Drifter, Circulation (fluid dynamics), 13. Climate action, SPURS, Lagrangian drifters, Environmental science, lcsh:GC1-1581, 14. Life underwater, Sea surface salinity, Global Drifter Program, Aquarius satellite, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract

Special issue on SPURS: Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study.-- 10 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, The Global Drifter Program deployed a total of 144 Lagrangian drifters drogued at 15 m depth, including 88 equipped with salinity sensors, in support of the first Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study (SPURS-1) in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean with the goal of measuring salt fluxes associated with surface currents. The quality-controlled data set consists of 996,583 salinity observations collected between August 2012 and April 2014. A comparison of the drifter salinities with Aquarius satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) data shows that the lifespan of the salinity sensor fitted to the drifters is of the order of one year. The salinity and velocity data from the drifters were used to validate salt transport divergence computed with satellite products, with satellite salinity taken from the standard Aquarius v3.0 data set. The results indicate good agreement between the two independent methods, and also demonstrate that the effect of the eddy field combined with SSS variability at the surface dominates the signal. SSS variability within spatial bins as compared to Aquarius-beam footprints measured by drifters can be in excess of 0.1 psu. This result suggests that careful evaluation of the representation error is required when single-point in situ measurements, such as those collected by Argo floats, are used to validate spatially averaged Aquarius salinity data. © 2015 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved, Lance Braasch is gratefully acknowledged for implementing and managing real-time distribution of SVP and SVPS data to the SPURS-1 investigators and for data analysis support. SVP and SVPS drifters described in this study were provided by the GDP of NOAA at SIO, grant #NA10OAR4320156. LC, VH, and DL were supported by NASA grant #NNX12AI67G, and NOAA grant #NA10OAR4320156. The altimeter products F. Wentz, S. Yueh, C. Ruf, J. Lilly, J. Gunn, were produced by Ssalto/Duacs and distributed by AVISO, with support from CNES (http://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/duacs). GR thanks the SMOS TOSCA/CNES and STRASSE/SPURS LEFE/INSU projects for funding. YC was funded by the Aquarius project office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the NASA Physical Oceanography program. JF was supported by the Spanish national R+D plan (project AYA2010-22062-C05)

Published
2015
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4. Fostering multidisciplinary research on interactions between chemistry, biology, and physics within the coupled cryosphere-atmosphere system

Author

Jennie L. Thomas, Jochen Stutz, Markus M. Frey, Thorsten Bartels-Rausch, Katye Altieri, Foteini Baladima, Jo Browse, Manuel Dall’Osto, Louis Marelle, Jeremie Mouginot, Jennifer G. Murphy, Daiki Nomura, Kerri A. Pratt, Megan D. Willis, Paul Zieger, Jon Abbatt, Thomas A. Douglas, Maria Cristina Facchini, James France, Anna E. Jones, Kitae Kim, Patricia A. Matrai, V. Faye McNeill, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Paul Shepson, Nadja Steiner, Kathy S. Law, Steve R. Arnold, Bruno Delille, Julia Schmale, Jeroen E. Sonke, Aurélien Dommergue, Didier Voisin, Megan L. Melamed, Jessica Gier, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Los Angeles] (AOS), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California, UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California-University of California-NASA, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry [Villigen] (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Department of Oceanography [Cape Town], University of Cape Town, Geography and Environmental Science [Cornwall], University of Exeter, Biologia Marina i Oceanografia [Barcelona], Instituto de Ciencias del Mar de Barcelona (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Department of Earth System Science [Irvine] (ESS), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), Department of Chemistry [University of Toronto], University of Toronto, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences [Hakodate], Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Arctic Research Center [Sapporo], Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Department of Chemistry [Ann Arbor], Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry [Stockholm] (ACES), Stockholm University, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, ERDC Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), USACE Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima [Bologna] (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Department of Earth Sciences [Egham], Royal Holloway [University of London] (RHUL), Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering [New York], Columbia University [New York], Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Department of Chemistry [West Lafayette], Purdue University [West Lafayette], Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences [West Lafayette] (EAPS), School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences [Stony Brook] (SoMAS), Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Institute of Ocean Sciences [Sidney] (IOS), Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, Unité d'Océanographie Chimique, Interfacultary Center for Marine Research (MARE), Université de Liège-Université de Liège, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-NASA, University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), International Global Atmospheric Chemistry, International Arctic Science Committee, and European Commission

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Environmental Engineering, Atmospheric chemistry, modeling chemistry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Environmental change, snow photochemistry, aerosol, arctic sea-ice, Earth science, Stakeholder engagement, Cryosphere, Science coordiation, 010501 environmental sciences, Biology, ice-nucleating particles, black carbon, Oceanography, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Anthropocene, Multidisciplinary approach, 14. Life underwater, photochemical production, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, lcsh:GE1-350, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, dome c, Chemistry, Global warming, boundary-layer, Geology, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Snow, nitrogen-oxides, 13. Climate action
Abstract

15 pages, 2 figures, The cryosphere, which comprises a large portion of Earth’s surface, is rapidly changing as a consequence of global climate change. Ice, snow, and frozen ground in the polar and alpine regions of the planet are known to directly impact atmospheric composition, which for example is observed in the large influence of ice and snow on polar boundary layer chemistry. Atmospheric inputs to the cryosphere, including aerosols, nutrients, and contaminants, are also changing in the anthropocene thus driving cryosphere-atmosphere feedbacks whose understanding is crucial for understanding future climate. Here, we present the Cryosphere and ATmospheric Chemistry initiative (CATCH) which is focused on developing new multidisciplinary research approaches studying interactions of chemistry, biology, and physics within the coupled cryosphere – atmosphere system and their sensitivity to environmental change. We identify four key science areas: (1) micro-scale processes in snow and ice, (2) the coupled cryosphere-atmosphere system, (3) cryospheric change and feedbacks, and (4) improved decisions and stakeholder engagement. To pursue these goals CATCH will foster an international, multidisciplinary research community, shed light on new research needs, support the acquisition of new knowledge, train the next generation of leading scientists, and establish interactions between the science community and society, CATCH is sponsored by the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project igacproject.org, the International Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) project solas-int.org, and the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC, iasc.info). Support for CATCH activities has been provided by the French Chantier Arctique Project Pollution in the Arctic System (PARCS). This work was supported by the H2020 ERA-PLANET (689443) iCUPE project

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