Search

Biologically important but dangerous wildlife creatures encroach into cities, which causes human-wildlife conflicts. To explore the effect of the encroachment of wildlife into cities on equilibrium land use and its efficiency, we develop an equilibrium theory of land used for humans and wildlife by combining an ecosystem model with urban economics model. Humans choose their housing location and size in response to the risk of encountering wildlife in cities, and animals optimize their food intake by spreading out in response to heterogeneous feeding grounds in both urban areas and natural habitats, which determines the spatial heterogeneous distribution of both agents. We first prove the existence and uniqueness of the spatial equilibrium in a linear city adjacent to natural habitats. Next, our theory provides new insights for the wildlife conservation: (i) this spatial heterogeneity generates inefficient predator-prey interactions, leading to an inefficient steady state population equilibrium of animals; (ii) With the spatial inefficiency, the equilibrium city size is not always too big. We numerically demonstrate how both the equilibrium and the optimal solution are affected by the scale of conflicts and the value of wildlife.

The multivariate pluriformity and complexity of economic-geographic space (e.g., cities or countries) are reflected in their empirical multidimensional data structure with space–time characteristics. The need to reduce the multiple dimensions of an observation space is present in all social (and other) sciences seeking to identify basic patterns or key relations among critical indicators that characterize economic or social features of the phenomena concerned. For this purpose, multivariate statistics has developed an impressive toolbox, in which traditionally a prominent place is taken by the class of principal component analyses (PCA). This technique dates back to the beginning of the last century and is widely employed in empirical research aiming at reducing complexity in observation spaces toward manageable patterns of a smaller dimensionality. In the present study, we develop and present a new methodological contribution to in the PCA field, by shifting from conventional discrete static data to time-series data approximated by a continuous intertemporal curve reflecting the evolution of the socioeconomic data concerned. In this paper, the statistical foundation of this new approach, called multivariate functional principal component analysis (MFPCA), will be outlined and tested for a multivariate long-range data set on statistical indicators for several countries. The practical validity of the MFPCA method will be demonstrated by means of an application to the evolution of socioeconomic competitiveness (in this paper, we use the WEF definition of competitiveness, which is: “Competitiveness is the set of institutions, policies, and factors that determine the level of productivity of a country” WEF 2015) in different countries of the world, based on official World Economic Forum (WEF) data spanning the period 2008–2015. Our analysis brings to light interesting findings and differences compared to the initial, officially published WEF information.

This paper provides an ethnographic reading of how Congolese women, in particular aslyum seekers with temporary permits, navigate Cape Town's informal urban economy. We argue that the intersections of temporary permit status and gender, as well as the particularities of diaspora flows and settlements, compound the precarity of everyday life. We engage with how precarity shapes and is shaped by what we define as “working practices.” These practices include the everyday livelihood tactics sustained on shoestring budgets and transnational networks. We also show how, in moments of compounded crises – including the COVID-19 pandemic – marginal gains and transnational networks are rendered more fragile. In these traumatic moments, working practices extend to include the practices of hope and reliance on prayer as social ways of contending with exacerbated precarity.

BIOCLIMAPATHS is an AXIS-ERANET 2019 granted project, that aims to better understand the impacts of climate change in future societies that have adopted bioeconomy as a substantial pillar of their economies. The project’s main aim – and output – is to provide insights and recommendations for climate resilient and just bioeconomy transition paths for society and economy. The BIOCLIMAPATHS (BCP) consortium leverages on complementary expertise of research teams from Austria, Germany and Spain, developing an innovative, spatially explicit, modelling framework for risk assessments of bioeconomy transitions subject to climate extremes. The project’s main aim – and output – is to provide insights on climate resilient and just bioeconomy transition paths in society. A key tool to achieve this aim is the elaboration of a detailed multisectoral database with high disaggregation on bio-based sectors. For the elaboration of this database, called Bio-MRSUT (Bio-economic Multi-regional Supply-Use Tables) framework, we started from EXIOBASE (Stadler et al. 2018). From the EXIOBASE data to obtaining the series of multi-regional SUT monetary marks, some estimation is required. First, by adapting the initial tables from EXIOBASE to the sectoral structure proposed in BIOCLIMAPATHS. Subsequently, to complete the database with additional information on certain bioeconomy sectors (agriculture, livestock, and biofuels), the 2010 and 2015 BioSAMs (Mainar et al., 2021) carried out by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission have been used, building the pertinent extrapolations to complete the proposed time period. The result of these processes has given rise to multi-regional monetary SUT frameworks for the EU and its Member States with a very broad disaggregation of the bioeconomy sectors. These multiregional frameworks comprise, with reference to the year 2015, a total of 78 activities (44 of Bioeconomy) and 78 goods and services (44 of them bio-economics), for the 28 EU countries (including the United Kingdom) and the Rest of the World, (as well as the interrelationships and bilateral exchanges between all these territories). In addition, they contain the breakdown of final demand and added value, as well as taxes on activities and products and imports by origin (the resulting data matrix contains 4,529 rows and 4,669 columns).

High-speed railway (HSR) station areas are expected to benefit urban environments, not simply as transportation or economic hubs but also as urban places contributing to living quality. However, the relationship between HSR and place quality has not received systematic attention, despite the evolution of urban planning paradigms toward a clearer focus on quality of life. We have reviewed 44 academic articles written between 1996 and 2019 and analyzed concepts of place quality spanning the disciplines of urban design, urban planning, and urban economics. We identified three dimensions commonly associated with quality of place: a spatial dimension associated with aesthetic qualities of urban spaces; a socio-cultural dimension associated with experienced “sense of place”; and an economic dimension associated with the agglomeration of economic activities. Then we worked out these three dimensions in the context of HSR station areas and attributed features accordingly. We concluded that the economic dimension far outweighs the others in academic debates, with dominant theories being primarily concerned with land use, accessibility, and economic performance. Studies from the urban design field have tackled the spatial elements of place quality and showed a strong correlation with economic dimension. However, the literature remains insufficiently developed when it comes to addressing user experience and “sense of place.”

As an important part of today’s social development, cities are also an important guarantee for the improvement of people’s living standards. As an important model of urban spatial layout, urban planning and management plays an important role in the development of urban economy, politics and culture. Based on this, this paper takes “urban planning and management” as the research theme, analyzes the existing planning model, and starts from the aspects of content and form, improves the pertinence and directivity of the existing planning system, so as to provide valuable reference for experts in the field.

O comércio assumiu papel de destaque na reorganização socioespacial das cidades. Nesse quadro, observando a importância estadual da cidade Canindé no âmbito econômico e cultural vislumbra-se nesse artigo entender o circuito inferior da economia urbana no período das Festas de São Fransico de Assis e suas consequências na dinâmica socioespacial de Canindé. O estudo tem como fundamentação a teoria dos circuitos da economia urbana. Com isso, destacamos os ambulantes e camelôs. Sendo o recorte temporal o ano de 2018 e 2019 (nos períodos de setembro e outubro). Acreditamos que a análise feita à luz da ciência geográfica trará importantes contribuições no entendimento do comércio e suas consequências socioespaciais na cidade de Canindé.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to assess and discuss the relationship between the financial situation and the level of socio-economic development of coastal rural and urban-rural municipalities in Poland., APPROACH/METHODOLOGY/DESIGN: The diversity of coastal municipalities in Poland due to the level of socio-economic development and financial situation was examined using a synthetic indicator. The analysis was carried out on the basis of data from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office and from the Ministry of Finance and Regional Accounting Chambers. The time range covers 2004-2017., FINDINGS: The analysis shows that there was a statistically significant and bilateral relationship between the financial situation and the socio-economic development in Polish coastal municipalities in the years 2004-2017. Moreover, the results of an extensive analysis of this relationship showed that despite the fact that a statistical relationship was found in the analyzed period, such a relationship was not proven for each class and each municipality. In the case of the study taking into account classes of different levels, a significant relationship did not occur in the extreme classes, but only in the average., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The conclusions refer to the assumptions of the regional and local policy., ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The study concerns current issues of regional and local policy. The results can contribute to the analysis of creating development at the local level., peer-reviewed

We use engineering data on building assemblies to estimate the average and marginal costs of developing multistory apartment buildings in the 50 largest cities in the United States. The majority of housing in the least affordable cities is in multistory buildings, but most of our knowledge of how housing is produced is limited to single-family homes. By focusing on the vertical margin, we discover non-linearities in the cost curve and directly estimate the returns to scale, which allow us to measure the impact of height regulations on break-even rents of new supply. We find that height regulation has large, negative effects on affordability, with increasing magnitudes for more expensive land markets.

With the development of information technology and China’s urban economy, the concept of smart cities has been proposed many times. Planning and designing cityscapes are essential in the process of building smart cities. There are many factors to consider when designing and planning traditional cityscapes, and these factors must be studied in combination with modern developments and characteristics. Information technology can provide massive data support and technical support for these studies. With the support of information technology, cities and modern technology can be closely connected. This paper proposes research on digital cityscape planning and design under spatial information technology using literature methods, field survey methods, comparative survey methods, and other methods. First, we deeply study spatial information technology and theoretical knowledge of digital cityscape planning and design; then, we design a spatial gray-level co-occurrence matrix model, collect urban vegetation data maps via remotely sensed images, and finally analyze the planning and design of digital cityscapes. After landscape planning, the vegetation was rated at 38.94 points, approximately 12 points higher than the rating given before planning. This result shows that after reasonable landscape planning and design, the needs of people for green plants can be met well, and the ecological value of digital urban spatial landscapes can be fully utilized. These results are important for maintaining the diversity of urban biodiversity, regulating the regional climate, and maintaining urban spaces, and the ecological balance of the entire city also plays a vital role.

Currently, the list of most violent cities in the world is dominated by Latin American cities. In 2015, Cali registered 65 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants. In Bogotá, the rate was 17 per 100,000 inhabitants. However, crime is not homogeneously distributed within the urban area, and literature indicates that the local response to crime affects the housing market. The objective of this paper is to estimate the relationship between housing prices and homicide rates in two Colombian cities: Cali and Bogotá. With the use of diverse sources of information and different econometric methodologies, we found that a 10% increase in homicide rates provokes a 2% decrease in housing prices in Cali and 1.8% in Bogotá. JEL: D04; D1; R30; R31. RESUMEN Actualmente, las ciudades más violentas del mundo se encuentran en Latinoamérica. En 2015, Cali registró 65 homicidios por cada 100 000 habitantes. Para ese mismo año, en Bogotá, la tasa de homicidios reportada fue 17 por cada 100 000 habitantes. Dado que la criminalidad se distribuye heterogéneamente dentro de las ciudades, la literatura señala que la respuesta de las personas ante la criminalidad afecta el mercado inmobiliario. El objetivo de este artículo es estimar la relación entre los precios de la vivienda y las tasas de homicidios en dos ciudades colombianas: Cali y Bogotá. Usando diversas fuentes de información y diferentes métodos cuantitativos de estimación, el principal resultado encontrado fue que ante un incremento del 10 % en las tasas de homicidio, hay una disminución del 2 % en los precios de vivienda en Cali y de 1,8 % en Bogotá, D. C. JEL: D04; D1; R30; R31. RESUMO Atualmente, as cidades mais violentas do mundo estão na América Latina. Em 2015, Cali registrou 65 homicídios por cada 100.000 habitantes. Nesse mesmo ano, em Bogotá, a taxa de homicídio registrada foi de 17 por cada 100.000 habitantes. Dado que a criminalidade está distribuída de forma heterogênea nas cidades, a literatura indica que a resposta das pessoas ao crime afeta o mercado imobiliário. O objetivo deste artigo é estimar a relação entre os preços da habitação e as taxas de homicídio em duas cidades colombianas: Cali e Bogotá. Usando várias fontes de informação e diferentes métodos de estimativa quantitativa, o principal resultado encontrado foi que, diante de um aumento de 10% nas taxas de homicídio, há uma queda de 2% nos preços da habitação em Cali e uma queda de 1,8% em Bogotá DC. JEL: D04; D1; R30; R31.

Toronto, with half of its population born outside of Canada and speaking more than 140 languages, is well known as one of the most multicultural cities in the world. Its ethno-cultural diversity is often manifested in urban landscapes with long-lasting imprints of ethnic-oriented facilities and institutions. With increasing suburbanization of immigrant populations, ethnic neighbourhoods have speckled the suburban landscapes. The stereotypically homogeneous suburban landscapes have been transformed by ethnic communities who bring new identities and new meanings to the space. What has become imperative for suburban municipalities to understand is how these ethnic neighbourhoods have emerged and evolved, how ethnic communities have played a role in suburban place-making, and more importantly, what municipal planning interventions (e.g., planning policies and processes) are appropriate and effective to enhance the advantages of urban diversity and manage unprecedented social, cultural, economic, physical, and political changes that challenge conventional suburban planning. This documentary explores the increasing diversity in Toronto’s suburbs and the place-making challenges and opportunities. The research was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. To link to this documentary: https://youtu.be/ODBnO0v_hpk

In order to minimize climate change it is important that people take up a sustainable lifestyle. Sustainable lifestyles call for pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) in several domains, such as in-home energy use, mobility, and consumption of food and goods. However, studies show that people often do not consistently behave pro-environmentally in all domains. In this study we investigated how a combination of personal motivation, and the difficulty and the perceived effort of a PEB, predicts the performance of PEBs in various domains, using a survey (n = 1,536). By means of Rasch analysis we identified the difficulty of 17 PEBs and estimated respondents’ pro-environmental motivations. In addition, we investigated if performance of certain PEBs increased the probability of performing other PEBs. This way we could identify for each level of motivation which behaviors respondents were (probably) performing and which behaviors they did not yet perform, but would be least effortful new behaviors. Furthermore, using a non-recursive structural equation model we investigated the relations between perceived effort, PEB performance, motivation, underlying traits, and demographics. Results showed a feedback loop between motivation and perceived effort: when respondents were motivated they perceived behaviors as less effortful and also lower perception of effort was related to higher motivation. Our results imply that people mainly perform PEBs that fit their level of pro-environmental motivation and that they are inclined to do the things of which they can justify the effort they need to invest. This amount of effort seems quite similar for people: no one wants to invest too much effort, but people highly differ in how effortful they assess different behaviors. Our study thus indicates that rationalizations play a key role. Encouraging people to embrace more sustainable lifestyles may involve step-by-step increases in PEB performance. We propose that people should be encouraged to perform behaviors that are closest to their current motivation level in order for them to progress from performing easy to more difficult PEBs.

Shifting our eating patterns toward less animal-based and more plant-based diets is urgently needed to counter climate change, address public health issues, and protect animal welfare. Although most consumers agree that these are important topics, many consumers are not particularly willing to decrease the meat intensity of their diets. In supporting consumers to shift their diets, it is important to understand consumers’ attitudes, motivations, and preferences related to meat consumption and to take differences across consumers on these aspects into account. This study aims to in-depth research meat abstainers (vegetarians and vegans), and to explore how and to what extent they differ from avid meat eaters and committed meat reducers in terms of their (1) socio-demographic characteristics, (2) attitudes and norms, (3) food choice motives, and (4) food preferences and behavior. A survey has been conducted among a representative sample of Dutch adults. Comparisons show that meat abstainers (N = 198) differ from committed meat reducers (N = 171) and avid meat eaters (N = 344) on the four included categories of variables. In terms of demographics, we largely confirm the stereotype of vegans and vegetarians being highly educated females. In attitudes and norms, large differences exist with meat abstainers being least pro-meat and avid meat eaters being most pro-meat. Food choice motives confirm this, with meat abstainers valuing animal welfare and a good feeling higher than committed meat reducers and avid meat eaters. Finally, differences across the groups are most pronounced in terms of their food preferences and consumption, with a much higher appreciation of plant-based protein sources among meat abstainers, a high appreciation of non-meat animal-based proteins across committed meat reducers and a high appreciation of meat products among avid meat eaters. This shows that although differences across the groups are gradual and expected, in terms of reduction motivations and preferences of protein sources the three groups (frequent meat consumption-meat reduction-meat avoidance) are very distinct, which makes it unlikely to expect big shifts from one group to another in the short term.

En el contexto de la dispersión de la Región Metropolitana de Belém, el presente trabajo analiza la actuación de uno de los agentes productores de espacio urbano con mayor influencia en la economía urbana de la metrópolis: las cadenas de supermercados minoristas. La investigación se centra en la lógica de actuación del grupo “líder” y su relación con la tendencia a la dispersión del tejido metropolitano, encabezado por la ciudad Belém. Se parte de la premisa de la emergencia de los grupos de supermercados minoristas como manifestación de una economía metropolitana organizada en torno al sector terciario moderno, especialmente al comercio y los servicios. La metodología de este trabajo abarca tres momentos: revisión bibliográfica, revisión documental, observaciones sistemáticas de campo y producción cartográfica de los procesos observados y datos estadísticos obtenidos.

Various Nash equilibrium results for a broad class of aggregative games are presented. The main ones concern equilibrium uniqueness. The setting presupposes that each player has $$\mathbb {R}_+$$ R + as strategy set, makes smoothness assumptions but allows for a discontinuity of stand-alone payoff functions at 0; this possibility is especially important for various contest and oligopolistic games. Conditions are completely in terms of marginal reductions which may be considered as primitives of the game. For many games in the literature they can easily be checked. They automatically imply that conditional payoff functions are strictly quasi-concave. The results are proved by means of the Szidarovszky variant of the Selten–Szidarovszky technique. Their power is illustrated by reproducing quickly and improving upon various results for economic games.

In many developing countries with a decentralized system, the effectiveness of subnational expenditures to support local economy and improve public welfare is constrained by institutional issues. This study is to determine the impact of subnational fiscal efficiency as one measure of institutional quality on poverty reduction in Indonesia. A relative efficiency score is computed with the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method for 26 Indonesian regions from 2001 until 2016. The empirical analysis using panel generalized method of moments (GMM) confirms a negative correlation between fiscal efficiency and poverty rate. Impact of capital expenditure on poverty reduction is found to be more dominant than current expenditures, which suggests the importance of public infrastructure investments in reducing poverty. The study also finds that despite a declining trend of fiscal efficiency, its impact on lowering poverty rate is stronger after the global financial crisis 2008. Furthermore, geographical differences also affect the level of impact of fiscal efficiency on poverty reduction in Indonesia.

Urban governance is an important cornerstone in the modernization of a national governance system. The establishment of smart cities driven by digitalization will be a vital way to promote economic green and sustainable growth. By using the data of 274 prefecture-level cities in China from 2004 to 2017, we study the impact of smart city policy on economic green growth and the underlying mechanism of the impact. It is shown that the establishment of smart cities has significantly promoted the green growth of China's economy. This conclusion is further confirmed by using exogenous geographic data as instrumental variables and robustness tests, such as the quasi-experimental method of Difference in Difference with Propensity Score Matching (PAM-DID). The mechanism test shows that promoting economic growth, reducing per unit GDP energy consumption, and lowering waste emissions represent three ways for smart cities to promote green economic growth. The heterogeneity test shows that smart city policy has an obvious promotional effect on the economic green growth of both large cities and non-resource-based cities. This paper is expected to provide a reference for the urban development and economic transformation of emerging economies.

The rapid development of the urban economy in China and the accompanying income growth experienced by urban residents have increased demand for tourism and leisure, which has brought pressure on the urban tourism environment system (UTES), making the contradiction between tourism economic development and the ecological environment increasingly acute. While seeking to rationalize the economic, social, and ecological benefits of tourism, reducing the fragility of the UTES and improving its anti-interference and recovery capabilities have become attracted significant attention from scholars in China and elsewhere. This paper establishes a definition of resilience for an UTES and constructs an evaluation index system for it in terms of the social, economic, and ecological environments. It also establishes an entropy weight-TOPSIS resilience evaluation model to measure resilience in regional systems, using ArcGIS to analyze the standard deviation ellipse and center of the gravity track of the resilience. System dynamics was used to construct diagrams of causal relationships and stock flow for the constituent elements of UTES to show the mechanisms that promote its resilience. This paper investigates 14 cities of Gansu Province in particular to simulate the resilience model of a regional system.

This paper is a reflective overview of the knowledge on online conversion of services in the perspective of urban planning. It points that traditional planning aimed at building optimal spatial relationships between particular functions in urban environment. Appropriate decision-making rules had been introduced, contributing to a hierarchical land-use structure. This conventional approach has been recently challenged by the rapid ICT development which added a lively, virtual, non-spatial dimension of urban economy. The well-established foundations of urban planning started to shake, calling for a new paradigm. This paper looks for an alternative to traditional planning which would be able to develop policies for omnichannel services (i.e., enterprises that use both online and offline channels for communicating and distributing their products). The advantages of ‘e-planning' in managing omnichannel services are outlined and a conclusion is drawn that only a multi-channel approach can bring appropriate answers to contemporary developments in services sector.

There has been a proliferation of studies trying to explain the driving forces behind the formation and evolution of intercity corporate networks. Previous approaches, however, require the input of aggregated data such as the connectivities of cities, a static network or a few discrete-time network snapshots. This may potentially cause the loss of information on the microscopic dynamics in corporate networks. In this paper, we explore the use of an approach invoking relational event models (REM), which has the advantage of being able to directly process continuously recorded disaggregated data on the establishment of each office. This allows for a more fine-grained analysis of the dynamics underlying the formation of the network. To demonstrate its potential in this research field, this paper applies REM to explain the temporal dynamics of the intercity corporate network in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. The result shows that there are preferential attachment and persistence effects in the evolution of the network, and this alongside the impact of several city covariates. Nonetheless, REM relies on event history and cannot model the forward-looking process in firms’ location choice. The lack of detailed information regarding the date of the establishment of offices also poses a challenge to the application of REM in the study of corporate networks. We also conclude that it may be fruitful to apply REM to other forms of intercity networks, especially those significantly affected by event histories, such as commuting and knowledge networks.

Background: Stewart (1947) and Clark (1951) proposed that urban population density is a negative exponential function of the distance from a city’s center. This model of the spatial distribution of urban population density has been influential in urban economics, transportation planning, and urban demography. Duncan (1957) suggested characterizing the inequality in the distribution of urban population density in this model by using standard economic measures of concentration or unevenness: the Lorenz curve, the Gini coefficient, and the Hoover dissimilarity index. Batty (1974) advocated measuring concentration using relative entropy. Objective: We execute Duncan’s (1957) and Batty’s (1974) suggestions using mathematical analysis, not simulations. Methods: We modify the negative exponential model to recognize that any city has a finite radius. Results: Mathematical analysis reveals that all four measures of concentration depend sensitively on the finite radius of the city in the negative exponential model. We give a numerical example of the sensitivity of the concentration measures to the boundary radius. Contribution: In empirical applications of the negative exponential model of urban population density, it is important to have clear, consistent standards for defining urban boundaries. Otherwise, differences between cities or over time within the same city in these four and perhaps other measures of concentration could be due at least in part to differences in defining the radius or other boundaries of the city.

Sub-Saharan Africa is rapidly urbanising. This urbanisation may contribute to socio-economic development as more people participate in the urban economy. Nevertheless, rapid urbanisation is not alw...

Maritime clusters are conducive to promoting the development of an urban economy and maritime industry. The development of high value-added maritime industry is beneficial to upgrading a maritime c...

Urban economic development is not linear, but it always exhibits certain volatility. If the economic fluctuation exceeds a certain range, it may damage the urban economic development. In order to solve the economic damage caused by the excessive fluctuation of the urban economy in the development process, this article is based on the current situation of China's macroeconomic monitoring and early warning and data warehouse-related technologies, analyzed, explained the role of IoT sensors in the macroeconomic early warning system, reviewed the development process of economic monitoring and early warning, sorted out and compared several common economic monitoring methods, and proposed the application of IoT sensors to urban economic monitoring, the idea of early warning, and the construction of an urban economic data monitoring and early warning model. The urban economic data monitoring and early warning model is based on IoT sensors and has carried out research on data transmission, monitoring, forecasting, processing and display. After simulating the model, the results of the simulation experiment show that the accuracy rate of the economic volatility prediction of the model reaches 80%, which has certain practical value.

The paper identifies conceptual foundations of sustainable development strategy for a smart city. It is shown that a smart city concept is based on an integrated approach towards resolving problems of innovative support and rational spatial development of cities. A possible smart city structure includes such interacting components of the urban economy as infrastructure, economic, social, information, and management elements. Particular emphasis is placed on ensuring the environmental safety in a smart city. The novelty of the research lies in the attempt to link the ideology of strategic approach to planning and management of territorial entities at the city level with a smart city concept. The author puts forward conceptual provisions for the ecological strategy of the city, showing the main directions of environmental protection, taking into account the modern technological trends and their significance for the city life. The results of the study make it possible to formulate proposals on topical directions for introducing the principles of a smart city, based on a rational approach towards building the urban living space.

geopyter, an acronym of Geographical Python Teaching Resources, provides a hub for the distribution of ‘best practice’ in computational and spatial analytic instruction, enabling instructors to quickly and flexibly remix contributed content to suit their needs and delivery framework and encouraging contributors from around the world to ‘give back’ whether in terms of how to teach individual concepts or deliver whole courses. As such, geopyter is positioned at the confluence of two powerful streams of thought in software and education: the free and open-source software movement in which contributors help to build better software, usually on an unpaid basis, in return for having access to better tools and the recognition of their peers); and the rise of Massive Open Online Courses, which seek to radically expand access to education by moving course content online and providing access to students anywhere in the world at little or no cost. This paper sets out in greater detail the origins and inspiration for geopyter, the design of the system and, through examples, the types of innovative workflows that it enables for teachers. We believe that tools like geopyter, which build on open teaching practices and promote the development of a shared understanding of what it is to be a computational geographer represent an opportunity to expand the impact of this second wave of innovation in instruction while reducing the demands placed on those actively teaching in this area.

The proximity literature usually treats proximity in terms of common attributes shared by agents, disregarding the relative position of an actor inside the network. This paper discusses the importance of such dimension of proximity, labelled as in-network proximity, and proposes an empirical measurement for it, assessing its impact (jointly with other dimensions of proximity) on the creation of strong knowledge network ties in ICT in the region of Trentino. The findings show that actors with higher in-network proximity are more attractive for both other central actors and peripheral ones, which is further strengthening their position within the network. In detail, the centrally positioned actors repeat collaboration with other central actors in the network, as central actors gather more ‘reputation’, signalling that they will possess the needed knowledge resources. Relatively peripheral actors, either new or not so active inside the network, seek for collaboration with relatively central actors in order to tap on knowledge resources they do not acquire.

The link between income inequality and economic growth remains poorly understood. The global economic crisis challenged numerous growth studies by highlighting considerable degrees of spatial interdependence among economies. The existence of fewer restrictions on factor movements prompted spatial redistributions of income inequalities. Our paper attempts to reestimate such inequality impacts across the EU by allowing for these redistributions. We employ the spatial Durbin error specification, and unlike other studies, we make statistical inferences along the lines of a welfare-adjusted production function. Our results lend support to the presence of spillover effects emanating from income redistribution larger than those from unemployment, knowledge, or human capital.

This paper analyses the temporal, spatial and structural linkages between the informal economic enterprises (IEEs) that have grown and spread in Bulawayo, the second largest city in Zimbabwe, and their formal economic counterparts, as well as the impact of the IEEs on the shaping and restructuring of the urban economy. To achieve this, the paper deployed a mixed methods approach which utilised survey and phenomenological case studies on the formal and informal economic enterprises in Bulawayo. The results of this study highlight the linkages between the informal and formal economic enterprises and the impact of political and economic ideology on such linkages, illustrating the spatial layering and patterning of both formal economic enterprises and IEEs in Bulawayo. The main contribution of this paper is its exposition of the impact of political and economic policies of the Zimbabwean nation-state on urban economic enterprises.

Although urbanization can increase the prosperity and development of the urbanized communities, the planning, management and governance of these areas is often a struggle resulting in incomplete in...

Economic activity and innovation clusters in urban areas. Urban economics points to important knowledge and productivity spillovers in cities, in addition to other factors like thicker markets, lower transportation costs, and consumptive amenities. Yet thus far little work has analyzed how these different factors drive migration decisions of arts-related entrepreneurs, especially when they work in online platforms for fundraising. We use data on the largest US crowdfunding platform to identify relocating creators, allowing us to identify which kinds of regions are attracting and retaining more of this sort of talent. We test for the influence of clustering based on homophily, migration to larger markets, and relocation toward particular geographic amenities. Overall we find the strongest evidence for homophily and some distinct tendencies favoring certain regional amenities. Importantly, we both identify general relocation patterns among crowdfunding creatives and break down the attracting features for different types of creators. An examination of (net) migration by different categories of projects, such as musicians or filmmakers, reveals important heterogeneity in the attractors. For example, musicians are drawn stronger music sectors, while writers seek more isolation from other writers. This helps inform the interregional competition for talent and “creative class,” especially among a group of relatively footloose arts- and culture-intensive entrepreneurs.

In the process of fighting against COVID-19, China has taken a series of measures in time, including closing down commercial and entertainment places in the city, conducting closed management of residential communities, restricting citizens' public social gatherings, etc During the process that these measures have successfully controlled the spread of the epidemic, new issues are also exposed in the current urban planning and construction, such as dislocation between administrative control unit and planning control unit, and the uneven distribution of urban medical facilities system, which to a large extent affect the development of urban economy and society Therefore, under the situation that no vaccine has been developed and isolation is still needed for epidemic prevention to deal with possible repeated epidemics, it is necessary to construct an urban layout structure from the perspective of urban planning, which takes into account the needs of epidemic prevention and urban development Specifically, the overall planning should be carried out from the two scales of city and community, so as to maintain the normal operation of urban economy, society and people's life as much as possible on the basis of ensuring epidemic prevention During the non-epidemic period, cities are interconnected There is no control between the communities, and various elements interact with each other in urban space At this time, the city can be understood as a multi system interactive "network" After the outbreak of the epidemic, if we can only control the communities where the epidemic has occurred, it can not only effectively limit the spread of the virus, but also protect the basic living needs of citizens through the improvement of community supporting facilities At the same time, it can also minimize the impact of space control on the city In this way, the network characteristics of the whole city can be preserved We can embed isolated and managed communities into the urban system through important systems and corridors, forming a "network" + "beaded" pattern In this urban pattern, the double-scale epidemic prevention system needs to improve the ability of different urban systems to resist the impact of epidemic situation at the overall level of the city, and provide basic guarantee for the prevention and control management of communities According to the characteristics of COVID-19, the transportation system, medical system, garbage and sewage treatment system should be adjusted, so as to realize the isolation, effective supply and timely treatment of personnel, materials and wastes On this basis, community, as the basic unit of urban administration, is also the focal place for the outbreak, transmission and prevention and control of the epidemic Different from the open management in the daily period, closed management must be carried out in the communities where infected persons or close contacts are found This requires the community to be equipped with basic medical service facilities and emergency sites, and focus on the implementation of inspection and control of personnel and materials in and out, and centralized disinfection of waste The double-scale epidemic prevention system proposed in this paper is not only a means to deal with the new epidemic situation, but also an effective way to face the unknown virus in the future Among the two epidemic prevention levels of city and community, the city level mainly plays the role of framework support, which is an important support for the organic combination of urban systematic epidemic prevention control and community self-organization epidemic prevention management As the core management and control unit, the community needs to have perfect social service facilities, and connect with the basic administrative unit of the city, so as to realize the organic combination and effective connection of epidemic prevention and control and daily management © 2021, Science Press All right reserved

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between adverse economic circumstances and the desire of Dutch households to move up or down the urban hierarchy. We apply three consecutive waves of the Dutch Housing Demand Survey (WoON) in a repeated cross-section setting, with data collected at the time of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and its aftermath. We find that households desire to move down the urban hierarchy during the volatile and uncertain periods following the GFC. This is a surprising result, given that urban areas are generally considered more opportunity rich. In order to uncover the mechanisms driving this result, we considered the impact of the economic circumstances on the general willingness to move and on the underlying motives. We find that willingness to move increased when the adverse economic consequences of the GFC hit Dutch households. Further, it appears that this willingness to move is only partially related to work. Besides work, desires to move for health, education, vicinity to family and friends, and reasons related to the dwelling, also become more prevalent during the aftermath of the GFC as well. This heterogeneity in impacts and consequences for household desired mobility serves to explain some of the mixed results in the literature, and generates lessons for current and future crises such as the Covid-19 pandemic.

The global urbanisation rate had increased rapidly from just 30% in 1950 to 55% in 2018, and it is projected to reach 68% by 2050. This ongoing urbanisation shows the importance of building resilient economies in dealing with complex external financial and public health shocks and disturbances. Although most growing cities are beginning to demonstrate dedication to integrating sustainable development goals, building economic resilience in cities remains a significant challenge. During the past crises, stronger economies have shown an apparent ability to recover from shocks relatively quickly. Nonetheless, the severe COVID-19 recession has unmasked superficial evidence of economic resilience while also identifying underlying vulnerabilities and economic weak-spots. Accordingly, this paper focuses on resilience as a non-equilibrium property of urban economic structures. Focusing on two tropical cities, the paper explores sources of volatility transmission as indicators of urbanisation change, by utilising orthogonal impulse- response (OIR) functions based upon the Cholesky decomposition. The findings suggest a metropolitan disadvantage concerning urban economic resilience predominantly from shocks on sources of urbanisation.

Purpose: The contribution of small businesses to a country’s economic growth is vital. It makes sense to accentuate the small businesses by emphasizing the neglected segments. The present study aims to explore the women-owned small businesses (WOSB) and their various problems. The study also examines if the city-based features of the urban economy can be favorable to promote the growth of WOSB. Methods: The concept paper conducts secondary research by selecting sample literature on WOSB of Bangladesh from the manufacturing, and trading sectors. The selection and classification of extant literature were conducted by emphasizing problems faced by WOSB, and the city-based amenities of developing countries. The extracted information is analyzed by categorizing and interpreting relevant issues to create a base-model of venture-growth. Results: Based on the literature review, a growth-framework is formulated that reflects the issues faced by WOSB categorized as financial illiteracy, inadequate human capital, insufficient social capital, and business environmental hiccups. Also, the substandard growth of WOSB is envisaged in the model if the problems are not addressed timely. The study also discovers that the urban economy could be leveraged to make these issues less coercing for the women owners. Implications: The paper creates a nexus with the WOSB and the privileges of urban platforms to ensure better growth of the firms. Originality: As far as authors could determine, the aimed research-domain was mostly covered from the perspectives of developed countries, rarely covered in the context of developing countries, and almost absent in Bangladesh. This paper attempts to fulfill that gap.

Advanced economies undergo three transitions during their development: 1. They transition from a rural to an urban economy. 2. They transition from low income growth to high income growth. 3. Their demographics transition from initially high fertility and mortality rates to low modern levels. The timings of these transitions are correlated in the historical development of most advanced economies. I unify complementary theories of the transitions into a nonlinear model of endogenous long run economic and demographic change. The model reproduces the timing and magnitude of the transitions. Because the model captures the interactions between all three transitions, it is able to explain three additional empirical patterns: a declining urban-rural wage gap, a declining rural-urban family size ratio, and most surprisingly, that early urbanization slows development. This third prediction distinguishes the model from other theories of long-run growth, so I test and confirm it in cross-country data.

Using firm-level data covering 709 cities in 128 countries, this paper examines the role of a comprehensive list of business environment variables at the subnational level in explaining firm employment and productivity growth. The analysis finds basic protection, access to finance and infrastructure, and the existence of a strong agglomeration environment to be critically important. By contrast, human capital and a list of refined business environment variables related to labor regulations, tax, and land access are found to be relatively unimportant. The analysis also finds that the effects of the business environment vary according to firm size, age, sector affiliation, and the host country's level of development. The research suggests that it pays to be comprehensive about the business environment and that attention to heterogeneity is important.

Since the economic reforms of the 1970s, local Chinese urban authorities have requisitioned rural land near cities. To protect their land from these practices, many urban village collectives have established a cooperative shareholding system, but their motives remain unclear. Neoclassical economics suggests that such enterprises seek to maximize profits. Guided by the original institutional‐economics approach, I investigate this question empirically by interviewing residents of Mengke village in Chaoyang city, Liaoning Province, northeast China. These data reveal four startling findings about the motives behind the shareholding system. First, collective economic organizations do not simply seek the maximization of profit. Second, the shareholding cooperative system adopted by village collectives helps villagers resist external threats such as land loss. Third, the collective economic organization is not merely a firm or a single market; it may work as a firm and a market simultaneously. Finally, managing of common property contributes to maintaining the identity of the collective. These findings suggest that the theories of neoclassical urban economics and new institutional economics fundamentally mischaracterize urban cooperatives.

This study uses a bibliometric literature review approach with a sample mapping literature of 10 articles regarding planned behavior theory approaches to purchase decisions; Reference articles from 2007 - 2021 under publisher Elsevier (e.g., LWT, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Regional Science and Urban Economics, Food Quality and Preference Journal, Energy Policy, Decision Support Systems Journal, and Industrial Marketing Management ). Universally, the results of this literature study state two propositions and hypotheses (e.g., Firstly, the theoretical implication states that there is a robust theoretical correlation between the theory of Planned behavior on purchase decisions; secondly, the correlation of planned behavior theory in aspects of management (e.g., marketing, Technology, and HRM) make a positive contribution as a grounded theory to explain antecedent variables and their correlation to other approaches)

PurposeTo explain the process of how star architecture projects generate impact, one must first describe the outputs of such projects and then unpack the wide array of potential effects, which are generated by these outputs. This requires the application of multi-disciplinary research perspectives. Only then can one begin to systematically analyse the long-term impacts. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how the complexity of such multi-disciplinary research exercise can be managed through the application of a methodological strategy aided by a conceptual impact model.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual impact model is presented, which describes the process of the development of star architecture projects, the various outputs of these projects and the possible effects generated by these outputs. The effects of three case study star architecture projects are discussed.FindingsEmpirical research findings indicate that while the isolation of effects serves the operationalisation of research, the investigation of the impact of star architecture projects on their respective cities must draw on the intertwinement of the fields of urban economy, society and morphology. The paper concludes by arguing for the application of the described methodological strategy as the basis for understanding in which dimensions a star architecture project generates impacts.Practical implicationsThe potential of the proposed impact model for urban analysis when considered as a field of intertwined relations is demonstrated in this article. It helps to reveal how particular local developments change the city significantly in socio-cultural and spatial terms.Originality/valueThe transformative impact of star architecture projects and the role of economic and other effects in this process has hardly been studied, particularly in small and medium-sized cities. This article presents a unique multi-disciplinary research project approached consecutively in the aforementioned fields.

Throughout the period after the municipal reform in 2003, the governing of Russian cities has been changing. A city as an object of governance is located at the intersection of interests of different levels of public authorities and is not limited only to local authorities This article investigates how budget autonomy of Russian cities has been changing for the last 16 years, and how exogenous economic shocks and large-scale federal initiatives such as the “May Decrees” have influenced the budget autonomy of Russian cities. The paper considers a hypothesis that there was a transition to multi-level governance of Russian cities in 2006–2019, which led to significant reduction of the budget autonomy. Budgets of the 35 largest cities of Russia (except for city-regions like Moscow and Saint Petersburg) were collected and analyzed in terms of their revenue and expenditure sections to test the proposed hypothesis. The relationship between the economic level of development and budget sufficiency was investigated with cluster analysis. The main result of this research is that Russian cities have become dependent on the financial grants from regional governments since there is no national policy of stimulating the economic development of cities. The national economic crisis of 2014 accelerated the process of governance centralization. In addition, the budget autonomy of municipalities was reduced due to the fact that achieving indicators of the May Decrees had become the primary objective for the public authorities. The share of the income tax in local budgets increased significantly although the share and diversity of other income sources decreased.

This article shows the potentials of georeferenced data for labor market research. We review developments in the literature and highlight areas that can benefit from exploiting georeferenced data. Moreover, we share our experiences in geocoding administrative employment data including wage and socioeconomic information of almost the entire German workforce between 2000 and 2017. To make the data easily accessible for research, we create 1-square-kilometer grid cells aggregating a rich set of labor market characteristics and sociodemographics of unprecedented spatial precision. These unique data provide detailed insights into inner-city distributions for all German cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Accordingly, we provide an extensive series of maps in the Additional file 1 and describe Berlin and Munich in greater detail. The small-scale maps reveal substantial differences in various labor market aspects within and across cities.