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1. Compositional turnover and variation in Eemian pollen sequences in Europe

Author

Polychronis C Tzedakis, Donatella Magri, H. John B. Birks, Mirosława Kupryjanowicz, Karin F. Helmens, Brian Huntley, Alice M. Milner, Małgorzata Malkiewicz, Dorota Nalepka, Ona Kondratienė, Vivian A. Felde, Hanna Winter, Blas M. Benito, Cathy R. Jenks, Vaida Šeirienė, Irena Agnieszka Pidek, Wojciech Granoszewski, J. Sakari Salonen, Małgorzata Nita, Petr Kuneš, Cajo J. F. ter Braak, Laimdota Kalniņa, S.G.A. Flantua, Maurice Reille, Bjørg Risebrobakken, Jacques-Louis de Beaulieu, Judy R M Allen, Bożena Noryśkiewicz, Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Palaeobotany, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Polish Geological Institute, National Research Institute, Carpathian Branch, Department of Physical Geography and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Nature Research Centre, Institute of Geology and Geography, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia, Department of Palaeobotany, Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, Laboratory of Paleobotany, Department of Stratigraphical Geology, Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, Royal Holloway [University of London] (RHUL), Department of Fundamental Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, M. Curie Skłodowska University, Department of Geosciences and Geography [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Polish Geological Institute, Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Charles University [Prague] (CU), Stockholm University, University of Latvia (LU), Nicolaus Copernicus University [Toruń], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, and University College of London [London] (UCL)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Archeology, Inertia, Beta diversity, Climate change, Plant Science, Biology, detrended canonical correspondence analysis, extrinsic and intrinsic processes, inertia, last interglacial dataset, multivariate regression trees, neutral processes, principal curves, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Canonical correspondence analysis, Pollen, medicine, 0601 history and archaeology, Multivariate regression trees, Last interglacial dataset, Holocene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Eemian, 060102 archaeology, Paleontology, Extrinsic and intrinsic processes, 06 humanities and the arts, Vegetation, PE&RC, Principal curves, Neutral processes, Biometris, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Physical geography, Quaternary, Detrended canonical correspondence analysis
Abstract

International audience; The Eemian interglacial represents a natural experiment on how past vegetation with negligible human impact responded to amplified temperature changes compared to the Holocene. Here, we assemble 47 carefully selected Eemian pollen sequences from Europe to explore geographical patterns of (1) total compositional turnover and total variation for each sequence and (2) stratigraphical turnover between samples within each sequence using detrended canonical correspondence analysis, multivariate regression trees, and principal curves. Our synthesis shows that turnover and variation are highest in central Europe (47-55°N), low in southern Europe (south of 45°N), and lowest in the north (above 60°N). These results provide a basis for developing hypotheses about causes of vegetation change during the Eemian and their possible drivers.

Published
2020
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2. Comparative life cycle assessment of real pilot reactors for microalgae cultivation in different seasons

Author

Jeroen H. de Vree, René H. Wijffels, Maria Teresa Moreira, R. Bosma, Anton J.B. van Boxtel, Maria J. Barbosa, Paula Perez-Lopez, Gumersindo Feijoo, Dorinde M.M. Kleinegris, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela [Spain] (USC ), Centre Observation, Impacts, Énergie (O.I.E.), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering Group, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Uni Research Environment, Uni Research Ltd, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture [Bodø], University of Nordland, Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, and Food & Biobased Research, AlgaePARC

Subjects
Bio Process Engineering, Engineering, [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, Biobased Chemistry and Technology, 020209 energy, Photobioreactor, Open raceway pond, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Weather variations, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, Microalgae cultivation, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Environmental impact assessment, Productivity, VLAG, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Pilot plant, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Environmental engineering, Building and Construction, Energy consumption, Natural resource, 6. Clean water, Tubular photobioreactor, General Energy, 13. Climate action, Biofuel, AlgaePARC, Sustainability, Life cycle assessment (LCA), business
Abstract

International audience; Microalgae are promising natural resources for biofuels, chemical, food and feed products. Besides their economic potential, the environmental sustainability must be examined. Cultivation has a significant environmental impact that depends on reactor selection and operating conditions. To identify the main environmental bottlenecks for scale-up to industrial facilities this study provides a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of open raceway ponds and tubular photobioreactors at pilot scale. The results are based on experimental data from real pilot plants operated in summer, fall and winter at AlgaePARC (Wageningen, The Netherlands). The energy consumption for temperature regulation presented the highest environmental burden. The production of nutrients affected some categories. Despite limited differences compared to the vertical system, the horizontal PBR was found the most efficient in terms of productivity and environmental impact. The ORP was, given the Dutch climatic conditions, only feasible under summer operation. The results highlight the relevance of LCA as a tool for decision-making in process design. Weather conditions and availability of sources for temperature regulation were identified as essential factors for the selection of geographic locations and for microalgal cultivation systems based on environmental criteria. Simulation of large-scale reactors with optimized temperature regulation systems lead to environmental improvements and energy demand reductions ranging from 17% up to 90% for systems operated in favorable summer conditions.

Published
2017
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3. Erratum to: Regional hydrological cycle changes in response to an ambitious mitigation scenario

Author

Erich Roeckner, D. Salas y Melia, Jean-François Royer, I. Höschel, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, Sébastien Denvil, Marco Giorgetta, Jean-Louis Dufresne, Jerry Tjiputra, Michael G. Sanderson, Odd Helge Otterå, T. C. Johns, H. Huebener, Elisa Manzini, J. Körper, Hessian Agency for Environment and Geology, Rheingaustraße 186, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany, Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom, Institut für Meteorologie [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Bologna (INGV), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici [Bologna] (CMCC), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, Climate change, 02 engineering and technology, Annual cycle, 01 natural sciences, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Evapotranspiration, Range (statistics), Environmental science, Precipitation, Water cycle, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Sign (mathematics)
Abstract

International audience; Unfortunately, in the aforementioned contribution, Fig. 5 (Monthly multi-model (mean and range) precipitation change (mm/day) for 2080–2099 minus 1980–1999 averaged over the 26 regions, E1 (black) and A1B (grey) scenarios) contains an error. For two of the contributing models (ECHAM5-C and INGVCE) the evapotranspiration data had the wrong sign, leading to an opposing annual cycle in these models compared to the other models. The corrected Fig. 5 is presented here. It can be seen that the annual cycles of the climate change signals in evapotranspiration in the two scenarios agree much better between the different models than previously estimated. The general picture clearly underscores the findings from the preceding Figs. 3 and 4 that the climate change signals are much reduced under the E1 scenario compared to the A1B scenario. This is true for the ensemble properties (means, percentiles, ...

Published
2013
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4. Aridification of the Sahara desert caused by Tethys Sea shrinkage during the Late Miocene

Author

Camille Contoux, Zhongshi Zhang, Camille Li, Mathieu Schuster, Qing Yan, Gilles Ramstein, Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre, Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Beijing] (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)-Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dynamique de la lithosphère et des bassins sédimentaires (IPGS) (IPGS-Dylbas), Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg (IPGS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
Orbital forcing, Oceans and Seas, Rain, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Late Miocene, Monsoon, Paleontology, Africa, Northern, Animals, Ice Cover, Glacial period, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, History, Ancient, Multidisciplinary, Desert climate, Northern Hemisphere, Hominidae, 15. Life on land, Models, Theoretical, Biological Evolution, Geography, 13. Climate action, Aridification, Seasons, Desert Climate, Quaternary
Abstract

The drying of the Tethys Sea—the progenitor of the modern Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas—weakened the northern extension of the African monsoon and led to the creation of the Sahara desert about 7 million years ago. Most evidence suggests that the modern Sahara desert first arose between two and three million years ago, coinciding with the initiation of major glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere. This study puts Saharan origins much earlier. Zhongshi Zhang et al. show that the shrinkage of the Tethys Sea — the progenitor of the modern Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas — weakened the northern extension of the African monsoon and led to the creation of the Sahara desert about seven million years ago. Such a dramatic revision could lead to new investigations of the Sahara in fields as diverse as geology, evolutionary biology and climatology. It is widely believed that the Sahara desert is no more than ∼2–3 million years (Myr) old1, with geological evidence showing a remarkable aridification of north Africa at the onset of the Quaternary ice ages2,3,4. Before that time, north African aridity was mainly controlled by the African summer monsoon (ASM)5,6,7,8, which oscillated with Earth’s orbital precession cycles. Afterwards, the Northern Hemisphere glaciation added an ice volume forcing on the ASM, which additionally oscillated with glacial–interglacial cycles2. These findings led to the idea that the Sahara desert came into existence when the Northern Hemisphere glaciated ∼2–3 Myr ago. The later discovery, however, of aeolian dune deposits ∼7 Myr old9 suggested a much older age, although this interpretation is hotly challenged1 and there is no clear mechanism for aridification around this time. Here we use climate model simulations to identify the Tortonian stage (∼7–11 Myr ago) of the Late Miocene epoch as the pivotal period for triggering north African aridity and creating the Sahara desert. Through a set of experiments with the Norwegian Earth System Model10 and the Community Atmosphere Model11, we demonstrate that the African summer monsoon was drastically weakened by the Tethys Sea shrinkage during the Tortonian, allowing arid, desert conditions to expand across north Africa. Not only did the Tethys shrinkage alter the mean climate of the region, it also enhanced the sensitivity of the African monsoon to orbital forcing, which subsequently became the major driver of Sahara extent fluctuations. These important climatic changes probably caused the shifts in Asian and African flora and fauna observed during the same period4,12,13,14, with possible links to the emergence of early hominins in north Africa15,16.

Published
2014
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