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The paper explores the possibilities of the structural and functional transformation of blocks in the historical center of Zagreb as a part of modernization after many years of neglect as well as earthquakes in 2020. The research aims to determine how the existing block tissue corresponds with the needs of today’s residents and the possibility of its improvement. The historical circumstances in which the blocks were formed and underwent the most significant changes and modern processes that affect the state and value are determined. There is a special focus on the interior of the block (courtyards), as well as on the spaces on the ground floors of street facades, where numerous, unexplored changes can be observed. The findings provide starting points for desirable structural–functional transformations of blocks and stem from the synthesis and interpretation of knowledge from four interrelated parts of the research. The characteristics of blocks have changed during city development stages, as depicted by an analysis and graphic interpretation of historical maps and urban plans (1864–2021). Influences of modern processes on changes of the city are determined on the basis of the synthesis of previous research from different interdisciplinary points of view, a detailed analysis of the structural–functional changes is conducted on the example of three selected blocks. Transformation models for three selected blocks are proposed.

During urbanization in developing countries, fragmentation of green infrastructure due to increasing populations and the expansion of construction land leads to an extremely serious imbalance between the supply and demand for urban ecosystem services. In this study, the central city of Zhengzhou, a central city in central China, was selected as the study area and the excessive demand for six ecosystem services, namely, air purification, flood regulation, heat regulation, hydrological regulation, CO2 sequestration and recreational services, was quantitatively evaluated. The entropy method was used to calculate the weights of various ecosystem services, and spatial overlay analysis was performed to obtain the comprehensive ecosystem service excessive demand. Finally, bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis was used to explore the response of population density to comprehensive excessive demand for ESs. The results of this study indicate that: (1) The most prevalent need is for more CO2 regulation service throughout the study area. (2) Except for hydrological regulation service, the spatial distribution of the remaining highly excessive ecosystem service demands are mostly concentrated in old neighborhoods. (3) Of the six excessively demanded economic services, rainwater regulation obtained the greatest weight, reflecting the poor urban infrastructure configuration for countering the rapidly increasing threat of flooding caused by climate change in the city. (4) The comprehensive ecosystem service excessive demand results show that there are eight priority green infrastructure implementation blocks in the central city of Zhengzhou. (5) There were three agglomeration types between population density and comprehensive excessive demand for ESs: high-high type, low-high type and low-low type. The spatial distribution characteristics of population density and comprehensive ES demand are positively correlated. The results of this study could help to provide information for decision making when delineating the priority areas and types of green infrastructure implementation in developing cities.

В статье рассмотрено существующее положение полос отвода и санитарно-защитных зон железных дорог Москвы в пределах МКАД и дана оценка современной плотности застройки этих территорий. Проанализирован зарубежный опыт на примере таких крупных городов, как Париж, Берлин и Гамбург. В результате проведенного анализа выработаны приемы реорганизации прирельсовых территорий и сформулированы принципы, по мнению автора, являющиеся определяющими для выбора приемов реорганизации прирельсовых территорий. Также представлен прогноз социально-экономического эффекта, который может быть достигнут в результате апробации выработанных приемов для оптимизации полос отвода и санитарно-защитных зон., The article considers the current situation of the allotment lanes and sanitary protection zones of Moscow railways within the Moscow Ring Road and assesses the current density of development of these territories. The foreign experience is analyzed on the example of such large cities as Paris, Berlin and Hamburg. As a result of the analysis, the methods of reorganization of near-rail territories are developed and the principles that, according to the author, are decisive for the choice of methods of reorganization of near-rail territories are formulated. The forecast of the socio-economic effect that can be achieved as a result of testing the developed techniques for optimizing the right-of-way lanes and sanitary protection zones is also presented

Intensification of morphology of blocks, which are the basic units of urban form and land management, is the key to sustainable urban development. Taking 206 blocks of Nanjing's central city area as an example, an evaluation system featuring six output-oriented indicators and five input-oriented indicators was constructed for data envelopment analysis to measure the blocks' intensity level. Relatively intensive blocks were selected as training data, and the output-oriented indicators of non-intensive blocks were predicted by a deep learning model, completing the procedure from evaluation of intensity to optimisation of morphological indicators. Finally, using the difference calculation and Arctool of weighted overlay in ArcGIS, a reference for the optimisation design of urban block morphology was created.

Use of RES is an important element for achieving ambitious results for CO2 emission reduction in EU, emphasized and obligated by RES Directive, among other documents. In Serbia, as a candidate country and a signatory of Energy treaty, targets set by relevant documents reflect in benchmarks set by National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, setting the level of reduction of energy consumption until 2018 for 9%, with more ambitious projections up to 2030. This calls for extensive research of possibilities for the use of renewable energy in buildings, its potentials and possible restrictions. Since the Directive states that low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby, an investigation of possibilities for application of geothermal ground probes for a typical residential urban block in the city of Kragujevac is present-ed. This enables analysis of limitations imposed by legal and physical conditions: planning guidelines, type of ground, functional requests and infrastructural capacities. Typology of characteristic urban block layouts for residential buildings is generated, leading to projections of possible area covered with ground probes and calculations of relevant energy needed for heating, based on current regulations on energy efficiency in buildings. From these calculations, percentage of defined energy needs from possible geothermal ground probes is defined, enabling estimation of geothermal energy potential for new residential building blocks.

The boundary between public and private dwelling presents a complex architectural problem in that it must provide separation and transition, exposure and closure, privacy and interaction, and embodiment and orientation. This thesis explores this boundary and its role in developing a sense of community in the context of artist live/work studios in a dense urban block. Master of Architecture This thesis explores the physical boundary between public and private space and how architectural elements can help transition the spaces to create a better connection between individuals and their communities, resulting in stronger communities. This concept is explored in the context of artist live/work studios where you have private residences overlapping more public work and display areas.

Throughout the history of a human civilization, a demographic explosion imprinted in the Earth's surface is being witnessed. Our environment bears a footprint of evolutionary signs of human activities - creating settlements growing in the sense of geometric progression: bigger areas, higher buildings, more inhabitants. On the basis of newly discovered activities, economically profitable locations and materials, human society builds its dwelling and working settlements on the “Greenfields”, undergoing the “golden era” of the business bloom and coming to the decline in future economy. This enclosed process can be observed in historical villages, in rush mining towns, in artificially supported planned mass housing estates in socialist countries; but is the misunderstood and misused way of building and swallowing the natural and arable earth's surface still being taken for normal and tolerable? On the example of several large-sized development plans from different part of the world, we would like to take a closer look at what is the precarious pattern that has been copied since the era of 1930's. In recent, so-called “eco-cities” and “sustainable developments”, the urban design section of 21st century master plans will be watched closely. Taking a consideration of current state-of-art of the project and its real form, basic planning tools will be defined, excluding the principals of ecology and sociology for this purpose. Within the complex of multidisciplinary urban design will be extracted to its primary elements: the form and the function.

U radu su istražene transformacije gradskog bloka tokom XX i početkom XXI veka. U cilju razumevanja ovih procesa i načina na koji arhitektonski sklopovi predstavljaju određene socijalne, društvene vrednosti kroz prostor, proučeni su različiti aspekti tih odnosa kao što su veze između određenih arhitektonskih i urbanističkih modela i društvenih okolnosti u kojima nastaju, kao i veze određenih modela življenja i prostornih sklopova kroz njihove uzore i tehnike nastajanja. Razumevanje odnosa između različitih prostornih nivoa, na vrstu i prirodu tranzicije između javnog, privatnog i kolektivnog, gde se gradski blok i njegove transformacije pojavljuju kao glavno mesto, polje tih odnosa čini značajan deo ovog rada., This thesis explores the transformation of a urban block in the XX and at beginning XXI century. In order to understand these processes and the ways in which architectural assemblies represent certain social values through space, this thesis explores and identifies various aspects of these relations as links between specific architectural and urban models and social circumstances in which they occur, it also define relationship between certain models of living and spatial configarations through their ideals and techniques of becoming. Understanding the relationships between different spatial levels, the type and nature of the transition between the public, private and collective, where transformations of urban block apperes as the main place of these relationships is also important part of this thesis.

In this paper we examine the possibilities of improving urban settlement structure by interpolation of passive protection concepts against global climate changes, as a measure of bioclimatic design and town planning. As a kind of passive protection concept described in this paper, the way of applying green areas in urban fabric planning is pointed out. The research applies the method of analyses of subject matter - existing legislation, planning documents, professional literature, the available foreign practice, as well as scanning in situ. The case study shows the concept of planning solution to the block 23 in Bela Crkva, with special emphasis on the role of green areas. It points to the specific position of the block in the urban fabric, where the planned use - housing - is located in proximity to the existing use - industry. Then we analyze the possibility to affirm the existing, spontaneously developed agriculture activity in the block, through some planning guidelines, based on the presented comparative examples of urban agriculture in foreign countries. U ovom radu ispituju se mogućnosti unapređenja urbane strukture naselja putem interpolacije pasivnih koncepata zaštite od globalnih klimatskih promena, koji su jedna od mera bioklimatskog projektovanja i planiranja grada. Kao vrsta pasivnog koncepta zaštite koja se u radu opisuje izdvaja se način primene zelenih površina u planiranju urbanog tkiva. U istraživanju se primenjuje metod analize građe: postojeće zakonske regulative, planske dokumentacije, stručne literature, dostupnih inostranih iskustava, kao i snimanje postojećeg stanja na terenu. Studija slučaja prikazuje koncepciju planskog rešenja za blok 23 u Beloj Crkvi, sa posebnim osvrtom na ulogu zelenila. Ukazuje se na specifičan položaj bloka u gradskom tkivu, gde se planirana namena - stanovanje - nalazi u neposrednoj blizini postojeće namene - industrije. Zatim se analizira mogućnost da se spontano razvijena poljoprivredna delatnost u okviru bloka, afirmiše kroz davanje planskih smernica, a na osnovu prikazanih primera urbane poljoprivrede u inostranstvu.

The paper represents an analysis of the emergence and development of the urban structure of Bela Crkva, small town in southern Banat Danube area, and gives its urban morphology analysis, in order to make recommendations for future development and improvement of the quality of the built environment. Urban planning models upon which this settlement was developped and the factors that led to deviations from the initial planning concepts, along with a brief overview of the emergence and development of the planned settlements in present-day Vojvodina are explored and presented. Specific factors that led to the emergence of atypical elements in Bela Crkva urban structure are pointed out, and the relationship between typical and specific is analysed. Particular attention was given to the most important factors that led to deviations from strict geometric form, such as topography, climate, transportation, economy and demographics. Problems plaguing Bela Crkva today - negative demographic balance, the economic crisis and the deterioration of the existing built structure - are identified. The authors conclude that one can not expect further development of the urban structure of this settlement in the horizontal direction, but the transformation within the existing urban matrix, in the field of urban reconstruction. Some recommendations for further planning and development planning policies that are used for logical development and growth of settlements, in particular in order to preserve the identity of the village, are proposed. U radu se razmatra nastanak i razvoj urbane strukture Bele Crkve, malog podunavskog grada u južnom Banatu, i daje njena urbomorfološka analiza, u cilju formiranja preporuka za budući razvoj i unapređenje kvaliteta izgrađene sredine. Istraženi su i prikazani planski modeli na osnovu kojih se odvijao razvoj ovog naselja i činioci koji su doveli do odstupanja od inicijalne planske koncepcije, uz kratak osvrt na pojavu i razvoj planskih naselja u današnjoj Vojvodini. Ukazuje se na specifične faktore razvoja koji su doveli do atipičnosti u urbanoj strukturi Bele Crkve i analizira odnos tipičnog i specifičnog. Dat je poseban osvrt na najznačajnije činioce koji su doveli do odstupanja od strogo geometrijskog oblika urbane strukture - na topografiju, klimu, saobraćaj, privredu i demografiju. Uočeni su problemi koji opterećuju Belu Crkvu danas - negativan demografski bilans, ekonomska kriza i propadanje postojeće fizičke strukture. Autori zaključuju da se ne može očekivati dalji razvoj urbane strukture ovog naselja u horizontalnim pravcima, već transformacije u okviru postojeće urbane matrice, u domenu urbane rekonstrukcije. Daju se preporuke za dalji planski razvoj i planske smernice koje su u funkciji logičnog razvoja i rasta naselja, sa posebnim naglaskom na očuvanje njegovog identiteta.

Volumetric distribution of the built form really affects the capability of an urban environment to integrate renewable energy, with specific regard to active and passive use of solar radiation collected by the building envelope. The solar potential of a generic surface does not directly correspond to the energy received, but is related to the effective possibilities for exploitation. This study deals with defining an index of horizontal solar collection which expresses the amount of direct solar radiation received by roofs compared to the corresponding overall gross floor area of an urban block. This parameter represents a significant tool in assessing the efficiency of different types of buildings with regard to technical use of solar gains. The proportion between height and the plan of a building assumes a crucial role. The comparative analysis presented here seeks to examine the relationship between slenderness and potential of an urban block to match its overall domestic hot water through solar gains. The results allow formulation of early considerations about the most appropriate distribution of horizontal and vertical exposure surfaces and about the combination of active and passive use of solar energy.

The paper represents an analysis of the emergence and development of the urban structure of Bela Crkva, small town in southern Banat Danube area, and gives its urban morphology analysis, in order to make recommendations for future development and improvement of the quality of the built environment. Urban planning models upon which this settlement was developped and the factors that led to deviations from the initial planning concepts, along with a brief overview of the emergence and development of the planned settlements in present-day Vojvodina are explored and presented. Specific factors that led to the emergence of atypical elements in Bela Crkva urban structure are pointed out, and the relationship between typical and specific is analysed. Particular attention was given to the most important factors that led to deviations from strict geometric form, such as topography, climate, transportation, economy and demographics. Problems plaguing Bela Crkva today - negative demographic balance, the economic crisis and the deterioration of the existing built structure - are identified. The authors conclude that one can not expect further development of the urban structure of this settlement in the horizontal direction, but the transformation within the existing urban matrix, in the field of urban reconstruction. Some recommendations for further planning and development planning policies that are used for logical development and growth of settlements, in particular in order to preserve the identity of the village, are proposed.