1. Phosphogypsum circular economy considerations: A critical review from more than 65 storage sites worldwide
- Author
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Essaid Bilal, Hajar Bellefqih, Véronique Bourgier, Hamid Mazouz, Delia-Georgeta Dumitraş, Frédéric Bard, Marie Laborde, Jean Pierre Caspar, Bernard Guilhot, Elena-Luisa Iatan, Moussa Bounakhla, Măruţa Aurora Iancu, Ştefan Marincea, Meriem Essakhraoui, Binlin Li, Reymar R. Diwa, Jennyvi D. Ramirez, Yelizaveta Chernysh, Viktoriia Chubur, Hynek Roubík, Horst Schmidt, Redouane Beniazza, Carlos Ruiz Cánovas, José Miguel Nieto, Nils Haneklaus, Centre Sciences des Processus Industriels et Naturels (SPIN-ENSMSE), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Environnement, Ville, Société (EVS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe OCP, Geological Institute of Romania, Department INI, Cepsa Exploracion Y Produccion Slu, Division Lafarge Plâtre, Lafarge France [Groupe Holcim], Institute of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy, Romanian Academy, Institute of Geodynamics Sabba S. Stefanescu, Centre National de l'Energie des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires (CNESTEN), Université Chouaib Doukkali (UCD), Faculté des Sciences [El Jadida. Maroc], Yunnan Agricultural University, College of Economics and Management, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI) (DOST-PNRI), Department of Science and Technology, Sumy State University, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection Technologies, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), Department of Sustainable Technologies, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Chemical Technology, High Throughput Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory (HTMR), Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique [Ben Guerir] (UM6P), Institute of Science, Technology & Innovation (IST&I), Department of Earth Sciences & Research Center on Natural Resources, Universidad de Huelva, Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, Td Lab Sustainable Mineral Resources (SMR Td-Lab), University for Continuing Education Krems, OCP Group, Maroc, Geological Institute of Romania, Roumanie, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, République Tchèque, T. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, République Tchèque, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Chemical Technology, Allemagne, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Maroc, University of Huelva, Espagne, Universität für Weiterbildung Krems, Autriche, Cepsa Exploracion Y Produccion, Espagne, Division Lafarge Plâtre, France, Institute of Geodynamics 'Sabba S. Stefanescu' of Romanian Academy, Roumanie, Nuclear Centre of Energies, Sciences and Nuclear Techniques (CNESTEN), Maroc, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, Maroc, College of Economics and Management, Chine, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI), Philippines, and Sumy State University, Ukraine
- Subjects
Radioactivity ,Circular economy ,Cleaner production ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Strategy and Management ,[SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering ,Building and Construction ,Phosphogypsum ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
International audience; Nearly 300 million t of phosphogypsum (PG) are produced every year as a byproduct from phosphate fertilizer production worldwide. Approximately 58% of the PG are stacked, 28% are discharged in coastal waters and only 14% are further processed. This critical review provides an overview of the physical-chemical properties of PG produced from sedimentary and magmatic phosphate ore worldwide using various analytical tools. Results from more than 25 years of work on PG at École des Mines de Saint-Étienne are presented and critically discussed. In total PG samples from 67 industrial storage sites around the world and PG samples synthesized under different conditions in the laboratory have been considered. The low radioactivity present in PG (particularly PG produced from sedimentary phosphate rock) was identified as the main challenge to using PG as a raw material in construction. Water-soluble and volatile chemical compounds were identified as the main challenge to environmentally sound PG management. Although PG does (in most cases) not pose an immediate threat to the environment the authors recommend processing all PG instead of storing or disposing it, to eliminate potential long-term risks and utilize a relevant secondary resource.
- Published
- 2023
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