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Background: Valerian root extract is used in traditional medicine to treat sleep disorders. According to previous studies, sedative effects are related to the presence of valerenic acid. Formulating orodispersible tablets (ODTs) is an effective and cost-benefit technique for accelerating drugs' therapeutic effects. This study aimed to formulate ODTs of valerian root extract and evaluate their properties. Materials and Methods: Valerian root was extracted by percolation in 70% ethanol. The solubility of valerenic acid was investigated in various liquid carriers. The extract was uniformly dispersed in the selected carrier (Tween 80), then mixed with other excipients, and compressed into tablets. Fourteen formulations with different amounts of sodium starch glycolate (SSG, as a super disintegrant) and camphor (as a sublimating agent) were prepared. The physicochemical properties of the ODTs, drug release rates, and microbial limit tests (MLTs) were studied. Results: Both SSG and camphor accelerated tablet disintegration rates and their composition showed a synergistic effect (P Conclusion: The results revealed that Valerian ODT's physicochemical properties were significantly improved compared to conventional tablets. The technique can be utilized for other poorly watersoluble pharmaceuticals.

Objectives Traditional treatment methods are becoming popular and commonly used in many societies and have become the first treatment option for most people. While some of these methods are helpful, they can interact with medications the patient is taking for another disease and cause a variety of life-threatening risks. Valerian (catweed) plant is used in traditional medicine as a sleep aid due to its sedative effects. Valerian may also exert anticancer effect in vitro. Materials and methods In this study, the cytotoxicty and oxidative stress effects of valerian root extract were evaluated in human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (Hepg2) and human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco2) cell lines. The cytotoxicity was evaluated via the 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide test. Total reactive oxygen species analysis was performed via a 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay in flow cytometry. Results Inhibition concentration 50 values were calculated as 936.6 and 1097.5 µg/mL in the Hepg2 and Caco2 cell lines, respectively. It was observed that valerian root extract did not induce oxidative stress in HepG2 and Caco2 cell lines. Conclusion These results indicate that the use of valerian root extract as an alternative method in cancer treatment may not be effective and may cause a risk for public health. On the other hand, it may be safe at recommended tolerated concentrations since it does not cause oxidative stress.

Valeriana officinalis L. (Valerianaceae) is one of the most reputed ancient medicinal plants used in modern phytotherapy and traditional medicine. Its root extract is one of the most effective herbal sedatives and tranquilizers, where the plant is also used for the treatment of gastrointestinal spasms. V. officinalis has complex phytochemistry consisting of the esterified iridoid derivatives known as valepotriates (e.g., valtrate, didrovaltrate, isovalerenic acid), sesquiterpenes (e.g., valerenic acid), flavonoids (e.g., linarin, apigenin), lignans (e.g., pinoresinol, hydroxypinoresinol), alkaloids (e.g., actinidine, valerine), triterpenes (e.g., ursolic acid), monoterpenes (e.g., borneol, bornyl acetate). Among them, valerenic acid is a marker compound for standardization of the root extracts of the plant and has been reported in many in vitro/in vivo studies to be responsible for anxiolytic action of the plant. Although modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors has been revealed to be the leading mechanism of the plant-based on the existence of valerenic acid, several studies described the interaction of valerenic acid with glutamergic receptors. In addition to valerenic acid, isovaleric acid, didrovaltrate, borneol, and some lignans have also been proposed to contribute to the anxiolytic effect of the plant. In the current review, the data selectively scrutinized from the in vitro/in vivo studies about identifying anxiolytic molecular mechanisms of V. officinalis is focused.

O uso de plantas medicinais é uma prática popular aceita por alguns profissionais da saúde. O objetivo desse estudo foi saber se os médicos, cirurgiões-dentistas e enfermeiros das unidades de saúde do município de Juazeiro-Bahia têm o conhecimento e percebem a importância da utilização e das indicações das plantas medicinais e dos fitoterápicos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, exploratório e descritivo no qual participaram 56 profissionais de nível superior. Os dados foram obtidos através de entrevista individual, usando-se um formulário semiestruturado. Adotou-se para a análise estatística, o teste de Pearson qui quadrado, com nível de significância de p

Valeriana officinalis is a medicinal plant, a source of bioactive chemical compounds and secondary metabolites which are applied in pharmaceutical industries. The advent of ethnomedicine has provided alternatives for disease treatment and has increased demands for natural products and bioactive compounds. A set of preliminary steps to answers for such demands can include integrative omics for systems metabolic engineering, as an approach that contributes to the understanding of cellular metabolic status. There is a growing trend of this approach for genetically engineering metabolic pathways in plant systems, by which natural and synthetic compounds can be produced. As in the case of most medicinal plants, there are no sufficient information about molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of metabolic pathways in V. officinalis. In this research, systems biology was performed on the RNA-seq transcriptome and metabolome data to find key genes that contribute to the synthesis of major secondary metabolites in V. officinalis. The R Package Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was employed to analyze the data. Based on the results, some major modules and hub genes were identified to be associated with the valuable secondary metabolites. In addition, some TF-encoding genes, including AP2/ERF-ERF, WRKY and NAC TF families, as well as some regulatory factors including protein kinases and transporters were identified. The results showed that several novel hub genes, such as PCMP-H24, RPS24B, ANX1 and PXL1, may play crucial roles in metabolic pathways. The current findings provide an overall insight into the metabolic pathways of V. officinalis and can expand the potential for engineering genome-scale pathways and systems metabolic engineering to increase the production of bioactive compounds by plants.

O transtorno de ansiedade generalizado (TAG) é uma doença de alta prevalência devido ao estresse e à exigência contemporânea. Com isso, há grande uso de ansiolíticos com efeitos adversos. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos que constam nos documentos do Ministério da Saúde e podem ser indicadas por profissionais no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) para o tratamento complementar do TAG. Esta revisão bibliográfica foi elaborada principalmente pelos documentos do Ministério da Saúde (MS), o Memento Fitoterápico da Farmacopeia Brasileira (MFFB), o Formulário de Fitoterápicos – Farmacopeia Brasileira e a Relação Nacional de Plantas Medicinais de Interesse ao Sistema Único de Saúde (RENISUS). Além disso, foram realizadas pesquisas em livros e artigos científicos para complementar informação. Foi constatado que o MS incentiva o uso no SUS de seis plantas para o tratamento da TAG, Hypericum perforatum L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Melissa officinalis L, Passiflora incarnata L., Piper methysticum G. Forst. e Valeriana officinalis L. Nesse contexto, foram destacadas sobre estas plantas, as indicações, a composição química, as evidências clínicas, os efeitos adversos, as contraindicações e as interações medicamentosas. Apesar dos benefícios da ampliação de opções no tratamento da TAG, existem os efeitos adversos e as interações medicamentosas. Desta forma, recomenda-se a indicação/prescrição, orientação e acompanhamento dos pacientes na utilização desta terapia integrativa e complementar por profissionais capacitados.

Underground Valerian roots (Vаlеrіаnае radix) are officinal raw materials. More than 1000 compounds were detected in Valeriana officinalis L. s.l., of which no less than 500 natural substances of organic and inorganic origin were identified, among them – carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, enzymes, phenolic compounds, essential oil, iridoids, alkaloids, steroids. The aerial part of Valerian is a source of various flavonoids with pronounced antioxidant properties and specific pharmacotherapeutic activity. The aim of the research is to determine, by means of gas chromatography, component composition of Valerian tinctures, made of the aerial part of V. tuberosa L., V. stolonifera Czern (Kantserivska balka, Zaporizhzhia region, Ukraine) and V. officinalis L. (Łódź, Bydgoszcz, Poland). Materials and methods. Tincture samples of the aerial part of wild species V. tuberosa L., V. stolonifera Czern (Kantserivska balka, Zaporizhzhia region), and V. officinalis L. (the experimental site of ZSMU; Łódź and Bydgoszcz in Poland) were selected for experimental studies according to the traditional production recipe for making tinctures (1 : 5). Component composition of the tinctures was studied using a 7890B gas chromatograph with a 5977B mass spectrometer detector. Results. By means of chromato-mass spectrometry, component composition of the Valerian tinctures has been identified, namely: in the tincture prepared from the aerial part of V. officinalis (Łódź, Poland) 54 components have been identified, V. tuberosa – 50; V. stolonifera – 46 and V. officinalis (Bydgoszcz, Poland) – 30. The chromatogram analysis of four Valerian tinctures helped to identify 118 components, 5 of which were present in all studied tinctures; 12 components were present in three tinctures; 22 components have been found in two tinctures. It should be noted that 10 components have been found in the tinctures in large quantities, their content ranging from 10.91 % to 30.02 %. Conclusions. Analyzing the obtained data of the GC, it can be seen that Valerian tinctures differ both in quantitative and qualitative composition. From the aerial part of Valeriana officinalis, prepared in Łódź and Bydgoszcz in Poland, 17 components coincide. In the tinctures, prepared from herbs collected in Ukraine, 10 components coincide. The highest content of Butanoic acid, 3-methyl – from 4.01 % to 16.78 %; 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- – from 0.47 % to 7.09 %; Dihydroxyacetone – from 0.37 % to 5.69 % and Quinic acid – from 0.30 % to 4.66 % in all four tinctures by peak areas and retention time should be marked. In three tinctures Cyclododecane, 1,5,9-tris(acetoxy)- has been identified in amount of 30.56 % to 14.56 %. The obtained results confirm the expediency of using the aerial part of Valeriana officinalis as raw material with a large commodity yield and various contents of biologically active substances for further pharmacognostic researches for the purpose of creation of new medicines and phytopreparations

Background: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic and disabling mental disorder encountered in neurologic practice. In spite of the several classes of drugs that are available for the treatment of OCD, full remission remains challenging. Research on herbal remedies has grown over the last decade. Objective: This present review article provides information regarding the plants that exhibited protective effects on OCD. Methods: To retrieve articles related to the study, Web of Science, PubMed (NLM), Open Access Journals, LISTA (EBSCO), and Google Scholar, with keywords including Medicinal plants, Psychiatric disorders, Obsessive-compulsive disorder and Phytomedicine were used. Results: The plants which are used for the treatment of OCD are: Citrus aurantium, Crocus sativus, Benincasa hispida, Withania somnifera, Colocasia esculenta, Hypericum perforatum, Valeriana officinalis, Lagenaria siceraria and Echium amoenum. Conclusion: This review suggests that some medicinal plants can be potential drug candidates for the treatment of OCD. Aside from this, the future focus should be on the standardization of herbal extracts, and further research is required to be performed on the concept of mechanism. Clinical research in this area is in its infancy and warrants further clinical research.

Herbal medication used in the treatment of sleep disorders and anxiety often contain extracts of Valeriana officinalis or Passiflora incarnata. Valerenic acid in V. officinalis and apigenin, orientin, and vitexin in P. incarnata are thought to contribute to their therapeutic effect. It was the aim of this study to test whether these constituents of herbal extracts are interacting with the uptake of estrone 3-sulfate, pregnenolone sulfate, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate mediated by the uptake transporters organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) or organic anion transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2). Madin-Darby canine kidney cells overexpressing OATP2B1 or OATP1A2 were used to determine the influence of the constituents on the cellular accumulation of the sulfated steroids. Subsequently, competitive counterflow experiments were applied to test whether identified inhibitors are also substrates of the transporters. Valerenic acid only interacted with OATP2B1, whereas apigenin, orientin, and vitexin interacted with OATP2B1 and OATP1A2. Competitive counterflow revealed that orientin is a substrate of both transporters, while apigenin was transported by OATP1A2 and vitexin by OATP2B1. In a next step, commercially available P. incarnata preparations were assessed for their influence on the transporters, revealing inhibition of transporter-mediated estrone 3-sulfate uptake. HPLC-UV-MS analysis confirmed the presence of orientin and vitexin in these preparations, thereby suggesting that these constituents are involved in the interaction. Our data indicate that constituents of P. incarnata may alter the function of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2, which could affect the uptake of other compounds relying on uptake mediated by the transporters.

This study investigated the effects of exogenous methionine (Met) and different phosphate (PO4) concentrations on Cd uptake and translocation in Valeriana officinalis L. Seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions with three different concentrations of phosphate (900, 1200, and 1500 μM) for two weeks, then exposed for 4 days to 10 μM Cd, either in presence or absence of 400 μM methionine. The Met treatment decreased root Cd accumulation by up to 40%, while it enhanced Cd uptake into the shoots by 50%. In absence of Met, shoot Cd uptake was not affected by the level of phosphate application, although root Cd contents increased. The latter effect was entirely due to increased apoplastic Cd binding. In presence of Met, the Cd accumulation of both plant parts showed trends to increase with increasing phosphate level. In contrast to the treatments without Met, however, the phosphate effect on root Cd was due to increased symplastic root Cd allocation. The results suggest that the effects of Met on Cd uptake were due to the formation of mobile Cd-Met complexes, reducing phosphate-promoted Cd-retention in the apoplast and enhancing Cd transfer into the root symplast. Irrespective of the treatment, shoot Cd accumulation showed a close linear relationship to shoot mass, suggesting that convective transport with the transpirational water stream was the rate-governing uptake process. The results indicate that methionine supplementation could reduce Cd accumulation in valerian roots, which are the parts of this plant harvested for medicinal purposes, in Cd-contaminated soil, while phosphate would enhance it.

The extracts of Valeriana officinalis (V. officinalis) are among the most widely used herbal medications worldwide. The roots of this medicinal plant have been shown to be rich in a diverse set of phytochemicals that are biologically active. Various classes of chemical compounds are present in the roots of V. officinalis including, terpenes valepotriates and lignans. The high amount of bioactive chemical components in the extracts of this plant gives it potential medicinal applications in different pathological conditions such as sleep disorders, cardiovascular diseases, anxiety and depression. The most common medicinal use of V. officinalis extract is for the treatment of insomnia and improving the quality of sleep. Mild sedative effects of the extract, as well as the absence of any significant side effects, make it a popular alternative to the synthetic sedative drugs which are usually associated with undesirable adverse effects. In this review, the bioactive chemical components of V. officinalis and their pharmacological activities are highlighted. Also, the medicinal applications of valerian (V. officinalis) extracts and the possible mechanisms of action for the activities are discussed.

Valeriana jatamansi Jones is utilized for medicinal purposes in China, and is also an important substitute for European Valeriana officinalis. The major active principles are generally called valepotriates, which belong to iridoids compounds. To better understand the iridoid biosynthesis pathway in V. jatamansi, we generated transcriptome sequences from the leaf and root tissues, and performed de novo sequence assembly, a total of 183,524,060 transcripts and 61,876 unigenes for V. jatamansi were obtained from 13.28 Gb clean reads. 56,641 unigenes were annotated by public databases, while 5,235 unigenes remained unannotated. Different unigenes in V. jatamansi were identified by MISA analysis, and 5,195 unigenes containing Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) were identified. When examining the annotation of transcriptome contigs against the KEGG database, we identified 24 unigenes that could be classified into 24 enzyme categories associated with three metabolic pathways leading to iridoid biosynthesis, 6 genes of MVA pathways, 9 genes of MEP pathways and 9 genes of iridoids pathways. We selected 9 genes encoding key enzymes in the iridoid pathway of V. jatamansi to examine their organ specificity of expression using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). In conclusion, we generated a comprehensive transcriptome assembly representing the gene space in V. jatamansi, and the genomic dataset and analyses presented here lay the foundation for further research on this important medicinal plant.

Eschscholtzia californica Cham. and Valeriana officinalis L. have long been used for the management of sleep disorders and anxiety. Use of a fixed combination of these two plant extracts (Phytostandard® d’Eschscholtzia et de Valériane, PiLeJe Laboratoire, France) was investigated in an observational study. Adults with adjustment insomnia according to the criteria of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders and with an insomnia severity index (ISI) score >7 enrolled by GPs took a maximum of four tablets of the eschscholtzia and valerian combination every night for four weeks. Within one month, ISI score decreased by approximately 30% (from 16.09 ± 3.67 at inclusion (V1) to 11.32 ± 4.78 at 4 weeks (V2); p, Graphical abstract Image 102710

The lignan 4′-O-β- d-glucosyl-9-O-(6″-deoxysaccharosyl)olivil had previously been discovered in a methanolic extract of valerian root (Valeriana officinalis agg.) and characterized as a potent partial agonist at the A1 adenosine receptors. Today, countless scientific sources, webpages, and press articles mention this compound and discuss it as an active constituent for the sedative effect of this herbal drug. As no second report confirmed the occurrence of this lignan in valerian root during the 20 years since its first description in 1998, we intended to re-prove its presence by means of LCMS using other genuine or added lignans as a quantitative benchmark. Whilst those lignans were clearly detectable in methanolic valerian extracts of all six investigated batches of valerian root, no positive proof of 4′-O-β- d-glucosyl-9-O-(6″-deoxysaccharosyl)olivil was achieved. Our result suggests that this compound does not occur regularly in valerian root in the amounts expected from the single report on the occurrence of this compound.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade do extrato aquoso tipo infuso (EAI) de folhas de V. officinalis por meio do teste de Allium sativum . O extrato foi preparado a partir das folhas secas de V. officinalis, utilizando as seguintes dosagens: 2,5 g/L, 5 g/L, 7,5 g/L e 10 g/L. Para obtencao do extrato, a agua foi aquecida e mantida em fervura por cinco minutos e vertida sobre o material vegetal (folhas), mantendo infuso por 10 minutos. O extrato foi filtrado, e juntamente com o bioindicador A. sativum, foram colocados em copos descartaveis com capacidade de 50 ml por 24, 48 e 72 horas. Posteriormente foram coletados os meristemas radiculares de A. sativum com aproximadamente 5 a 10 mm de comprimento em cada horario referenciado e fixado em etanol-acido acetico (3:1), conservados em refrigerador ate o uso. O extrato de V. officinalis respondeu de forma distinta nos horarios testados de 24, 48 e 72 horas; conforme o aumento nas concentracoes, apresentou diminuicao significativa nas fases do ciclo celular, indice mitotico e celulas com irregularidades. Conclui-se que o extrato aquoso infuso apresentou potencial citotoxico e genotoxico no ciclo celular em funcao do aumento nas concentracoes testadas nas celulas meristematicas de Allium sativum.

Valeriana offcinalis L consiste em uma planta herbacea, pertencente a familia Valerianaceae conhecida popularmente como valeriana selvagem. Possui uso medicinal para tratamento de dores de cabeca, nauseas, disturbios hepaticos, antidoto e insonia. Uma das formas de propagacao da especie se da atraves da micropropagacao que constitui um modo de manter sempre disponiveis explantes sadios e livres de contaminacao para aplicacao de tecnicas de regeneracao por cultura de tecidos e transformacao genetica, alem de ser altamente conveniente para manutencao de colecoes de plantas de genotipos diferentes, livres de patogenos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentracoes dos compostos minerais, nitrato de amonio e nitrato de potassio na micropropagacao da Valeriana officinalis visando a reducao de custos do meio de cultura MS. O experimento e composto por diferentes concentracoes e fontes de nitrato na composicao do meio de cultura MS (MS + ½ NH4NO3, MS + ½ KNO3, MS + ¼ NH4NO3, MS + ¼ KNO3e MS completo) totalizando cinco tratamentos, com quatro repeticoes composta por dois frascos contendo tres explantes cada. Apos 64 dias da inoculacao foi feita a pesagem das plântulas por inteira com o auxilio de balanca de precisao, para obter os valores de peso medio de massa fresca e apos secagem em estufa por tres dias na temperatura de 360 C e aos 67 dias obteve valores medio de massa seca. Os dados foram submetidos a analise de variância e as medias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Houve diferenca estatistica nos tratamentos apenas para a variavel peso de massa seca, onde o tratamento mais significativo MS + ¼ KNO3 obteve 0,17 g e o de menor peso significativo foi o meio MS + ½ NH4NO3 com 0,08 g. Houve efeito das concentracoes de nitrato de potassio na micropropagacao da V. officinalis L. podendo o meio de cultura MS com ¼ KNO3 ser indicado para o cultivo.

Introduction: Concerns have been raised about the toxic effects of medicinal plants due to their increased consumption. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the hepatotoxic effects of aqueous extract of valerian in laboratory mice. Methods: After preparation of plant materials and aqueous extract of valerian, concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight were administered to laboratory mice for 14 days. On the day 14th, blood samples were taken from the hearts of mice after anesthesia and the serum levels of the enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) were studied. Furthermore, the animals' weight was recorded at 0, 7 and 14 days and weight changes were also studied. Results: The results of the present study showed the concentration-dependent effects of aqueous extract of valerian on increasing serum levels of liver enzymes such as ALT, AST, ALP and GGT and the highest serum levels of these enzymes were observed at a concentration of 20 mg/kg. Moreover, the concentration of 20 mg/kg aqueous extract of valerian caused severe weight loss in mice over a period of 14 days. Conclusion: In general, it was concluded that a concentration of 20 mg/kg causes liver damage. However, low concentrations of 10 mg/kg valerian extract showed no toxic effects on the liver. Therefore, in the formulations prepared from valerian, attention to the concentration of the extract is very important and the use of lower concentrations to prevent hepatotoxicity is very important.

Background, Sedatives are usually prescribed for people who are anxious and worried, and have developed depression. The use of these drugs in the short term can have benefits, but their use in the long term may develop drug addiction. Therefore, research attempts are being made to identify a natural and effective drug source to discover and ultimately produce effective sedative drugs. The aim, The aim of this study was to report plant species in Shahrekord, Iran, that are used as sedatives by collecting local people’s information about their properties and methods of use. Methods, This study was conducted in 2017 using face-to-face interviews and a questionnaire distributed among 29 traditional therapists in the region under purpose. The data drawn from the questionnaires were meticulously and appropriately tabulated, and finally analyzed by the Excel software. Results, According to the ethnobotanical knowledge in the studied region, medicinal plants Melissa officinalis,Hypericum scabrum L,Dracocephalum multicaule,Anchusa italyca Retz,Valeriana officinalis,Origanum vulgare L,Kelussia odoratissima,Tanacetum polycephal,Hyssopus augustifolia,Alcea spp,Dianthum capillus-veneris,Lavandula angustifolia are used as herbal sedatives. Conclusion, These plants might be used as alternative or complementary remedies and might be used for preparation of new drugs.

Chronic pain is a common problem that affects the quality of life of patients. Among chronic pains, headache is one of the most common pains. This study is an ethnobotanical study of headache treatment using medicinal plants in Shahrekord region, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. This study was performed by collecting data using an ethnobotanical questionnaire. Data collection was conducted from 21 April 2017 to 19 February 2018 among 29 traditional therapists. Out of 29 people, 8 were female and 21 male. The results of this study showed that according to the ethnobotanical knowledge of Shahrekord, nine medicinal plant species consisting of Salvia haydragea DC., Astragalus hamosus L., Hyoscyamus kotschyanus Pojark, Hypericum scabrum L., Valeriana officinalis, Origanum vulgare L., Anthemis hyalina DC., Adianthum capillus-veneris L and Dracocephalum multicaule Montbr & Auch belonging to a total of 7 families are used in treating headache. The highest frequency of use was obtained for Salvia haydragea DC. (6%) and Anthemis hyalina DC. (6%). Most plants with anti-headache effect (n: 3) belong to the Lamiaceae family, and the aerial parts (38%) are the most frequently used plant organ for this purpose.This study can provide comprehensive data on clinical remedies based on centuries of experience in the field of headache and thus might lead to perform further clinical trials of these remedies for the treatment of cephalic pain.

Background: Anxiety is the most common psychiatric disorder which can be cured by herbal and chemical medicine. Herbal medicine and complementary medicine are widely used among people suffering from anxiety disorder. Valeriana officinalis known to cause anxiolytic and sedative effects to have a special place in traditional Chinese, Indian and Iranian medicine. Aims: This study aims to compare the anxiolytic effect of aqueous extract of root of V. officinalis root with Buspirone in mature male mice. Study Design: Study was conducted in the Islamic Azad University of Mashhad to an animal room of the Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azad University of Nishabur, under standard conditions. This experimental study has been demonstrated by control and experimental groups. The sample consisted of 30 mature male mice assigned into five groups of six: group A receiving distilled water (control group), group B, group C and group D receiving 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg aqueous extract of V. officinalis, respectively, and group E receiving 30 mg/kg buspirone orally in drinking water. Anxiolytic effects were evaluated 10 days after receiving by using maze. One-way ANOVA and T-test were analyzed by using SPSS 19 software package. Results and Discussion: The results show that the aqueous extract of V. officinalis root causes a significant increase in the number of arrivals and elapsed time in open arms compared to Buspirone. Medicinal plants currently form an important part of traditional medicine in many countries and they have a special place in new therapeutic approaches. ANOVA and T-test results showed a significant (P

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of bio-fertilizers and drought stress on valerian. A split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicati...

Anxiety and depression are two highly prevalent disorders in all human communities. The purpose of the present study was to report medicinal plant species that local people, according to their ethnobotanical knowledge, in Shahrekord use as antianxiety and antidepressant agents. The present ethnobotanical study was carried out to report and collect indigenous knowledge in the studied region in 2017 via face-to-face interviews and by using a questionnaire distributed among 29 traditional therapists. To this end, interviewers referred to respondents in person to elicit their pharmacological and ethnobotanical knowledge, and then register their viewpoints related to herbal medicine. The data extracted from the questionnaires were appropriately and meticulously tabulated, and data analysis was done by the Excel software. In this study, the formula below was used to calculate the frequency of plant use. Medicinal plants that are used as antianxiety and antidepressant drugs according to the ethnobotanical knowledge in Shahrekord include Fritillaria imperialis L., Ducrosia anethifolia L., Anchusa italyca Retz. (L.) DC., Dracocephalum multicaule, Stachys lavandulifolia, Thymus vulgaris, Tripleurospermum parviflorum L., Crataegus persica, Hypericum scabrum L., Valeriana officinalis, Centaurea cyanus, Rheum ribes L. and Melissa officinalis L are the most herbal plants effective on anxiety and depression on shahrekord ethno-botany.

Ethnopharmacological relevance There are insufficient safe and effective treatments for chronic pain in pets. In cases such as osteoarthritis there is no commercially available cure and veterinarians use NSAIDs to manage pain. Pet owners may have to plan for a lifetime of plant-based treatment for the conditions that lead to chronic pain in pets. Phytopharmacotherapies have the advantage of being less toxic, cheap or free, readily available, are more likely to be safe for long-term use and have the potential to reset the immune system to normal functioning. Aim of the study To examine the recently published medicinal plant research that matches unpublished data on ethnoveterinary medicines (EVM) used for pets in Canada (British Columbia) to see if the EVM data can provide a lead to the development of necessary drugs. Materials and methods In 2003 semi-structured interviews were conducted with 60 participants who were organic farmers or holisitic medicinal/veterinary practitioners obtained using a purposive sample. A draft manual prepared from the data was then evaluated by participants at a participatory workshop that discussed the plant-based treatments. A copy of the final version of the manual was given to all research participants. In 2018, the recently published research matching the EVM data was reviewed to see if the EVM practices could serve as a lead for further research. Results and conclusion Medicinal plants are used to treat a range of conditions. The injuries treated in pets in British Columbia included abscesses (resulting from an initial injury), sprains and abrasions. Dogs were also treated with medicinal plants for rheumatoid arthritis, joint pain and articular cartilage injuries. More than 40 plants were used. Anal gland problems were treated with Allium sativum L., Aloe vera L., Calendula officinalis L., Plantago major L., Ulmus fulva Michx., Urtica dioica L. and Usnea longissima Ach. Arctium lappa, Hydrangea arborescens and Lactuca muralis were used for rheumatoid arthritis and joint pain in pets. Asthma was treated with: Linum usitatissimum L., Borago officinalis L., Verbascum thapsus L., Cucurbita pepo L., Lobelia inflata L., and Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Pets with heart problems were treated with Crataegus oxyacantha L., Cedronella canariensis (L.) Willd. ex Webb & Berth, Equisetum palustre L., Cypripedium calceolus L., Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson, Humulus lupulus L., Valeriana officinalis L., Lobelia inflata L., Stachys officinalis (L.) Trev., and Viscum album L. The following plants were used for epilepsy, motion sickness and anxiety- Avena sativa L., Valeriana officinalis, Lactuca muralis (L.) Fresen., Scutellaria lateriflora L., Satureja hortensis L., and Passiflora incarnata L. Plants used for cancer treatment included Phytolacca decandra, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, Rumex acetosella, Arctium lappa, Ulmus fulva, Rheum palmatum, Frangula purshiana, Zingiber officinale, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ulmus fulva, Althea officinalis, Rheum palmatum, Rumex crispus and Plantago psyllium. Trifolium pratense was used for tumours in the prostate gland. Also used were Artemisia annua, Taraxacum officinale and Rumex crispus. This review of plants used in EVM was possible because phytotherapy research of the plants described in this paper has continued because few new pharmaceutical drugs have been developed for chronic pain and because treatments like glucocorticoid therapy do not heal. Phytotherapuetic products are also being investigated to address the overuse of antibiotics. There have also been recent studies conducted on plant-based functional foods and health supplements for pets, however there are still gaps in the knowledge base for the plants Stillingia sylvatica, Verbascum thapsus, Yucca schidigera and Iris versicolor and these need further investigation.

Valerianceae familyasına ait olan kediotu (Valeriana officinalis L.) yerel olarak Avrupa ve Asya’da bulunan çiçekli bir bitkidir ve çoğunlukla uykusuzluk hastalığı ve kaygı bozukluklarının tedavisi için kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Ardahan yöresinden toplanan kediotunun antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri incelenmiştir. Kediotunun metanol/ethanol ekstraktlarının antimikrobiyal aktivitesi Pseudomonas aeroginosa (ATCC 9027), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Bacillus megaterium (DSM 32), Escherichia coli, Yarrovia lipolytica, Candida albicans ve Saccharomyces cerevisiae’ya karşı test edilmiştir. Bitkilerin Glutatyon (GSH) düzeyi spektrofotometrik olarak, total oksidan ve antioksidan kapasiteleri (sırasıyla TOK ve TAK) ise ELISA yöntemi ile ölçülmüştür. Kediotunun, bu çalışmada kullanılan test mikroorganizmalarına karşı hafif oranda antibakteriyel aktiviteye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Metanol ekstraktlarındaki GSH düzeyi etanol ekstraktlarından daha yüksek çıkmıştır. Benzer şekilde total antioksidan kapasite ölçümlerinde methanol ekstraktlarındaki değerler etanol ekstraktlarından fazla saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak Valeriana officinalis’in yararlı etkilerini belirleyen antibakteriyal ve antioksidatif içeriklerinin etki mekanizması ile ilişkisinin in vitro çalışmalarla desteklenmesi gerektiği kanısına varılmıştır.

Aims: Helicobacter pylori infection spreads widely in the world and has several complications including gastric cancer. The aim of this work is to investigate the antimicrobial properties of Valeriana officinalis L., Satureja bachtiarica and Thymus daenensis extracts against H. pylori. Methods: The disk diffusion test was used in this experiment. Methanolic extract was isolated from Valeriana officinalis L., Satureja bachtiarica and Thymus daenensis. Ten clinical isolates of H. pylori were used in this experiment, which was obtained at Alzahra hospital, Tehran, Iran from individual patients with gastrointestinal disorders. H. pylori strains were identified using the checking of bacterial growth (0.5 – 1 mm), Gram staining, urease test, catalase test and the drug resistance standard was performed on them. To determine the MIC of the extracts, disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) test in agar was used. Results: The clinical strains showed the highest susceptibility to tetracycline (10%). The inhibition zone diameter was the highest at 10% concentration of methanolic extracts of Valeriana officinalis L., Satureja bachtiarica and Thymus daenensis and had the highest growth inhibitory effect at higher concentrations. Conclusion: The methanolic extracts of Valeriana officinalis L., Satureja bachtiarica and Thymus daenensis herbs showed high anti-H. pylori effects in high concentrations and among them, Satureja bachtiarica showed the highest antibacterial effect.

The essential oil was extracted from the roots of Valeriana officinalis L. by hydrodistillation. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of its chemical constituents was conducted on GC-MS and GC-FID in this study. Seventeen compounds were detected and the major constituents included bornyl acetate (48.2%) and camphene (13.8%). The toxic and repellent effects of the essential oil and its two major constituents were evaluated on Liposcelis bostrychophila and Tribolium castaneum. The results of bioassays indicated that the essential oil showed the promising fumigant and contact toxicity against L. bostrychophila (LC50 = 2.8 mg/L air and LD50 = 50.9 μg/cm2, respectively) and the notable contact effect on T. castaneum (LD50 = 10.0 μg/adult). Meanwhile, the essential oil showed comparable repellent effect on T. castaneum at all testing concentrations. Bornyl acetate and camphene also exhibited strong fumigant and contact toxicity against both species of pests (LC50 = 1.1, 10.1 mg/L air and LD50 = 32.9, 701.3 μg/cm2 for L. bostrychophila; > 126.3, 4.1 mg/L air, and 66.0, 21.6 μg/adult for T. castaneum). Bornyl acetate and camphene showed moderate repellent effect on T. castaneum and conversely showed attractant effect on L. bostrychophila. This work highlights the insecticidal potential of V. officinalis, which has been noted as a traditional medicinal plant.

수증기증류 추출법에 의한 미국산 길초근(Valeriana officinalis)의 구성성분을 알아보기 위해 GC-MS 분석을 수행한 결과, 주요 성분이 patchouli alcohol (18.69%) 및 β-gurjunene (15.26%)인 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 길초근 정유의 살비활성 및 항균활성을 알아보기 위해 작은소피참진드기 및 긴털가루응애에 대하여 접촉독성법을 실시하였고, 식중독균 8 종에 대하여 agardisc diffusion법을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 긴털가루응애 성충에 대하여 28.01 μg/cm2의 LD50값을 나타내었으며, 작은소피참진드기유충 및 약충에 대하여 각각 178.26 및 207.98 μg/cm2의 LD50값을 나타내었다. 또한 식중독균은 8종 균주에 대하여 항균활성을 나타내었으며, 특히 L.monocytogenes에 대하여 우수한 항균활성을 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 수증기증류 추출법에 의한 길초근 정유가 살비제 및 항생제로서의 가치가 있음을 확인하였다.

Conjugated linolenic acids (CLNs) are naturally occurring fatty acids that are believed to have anticancer properties. In this study, we examined various plant seeds from herbs to discover seed oils containing CLNs. The ultraviolet spectra of total lipids from these seeds were measured. An absorption maximum around 270 nm was observed in seed oils belonging to the Valerianaceae family (Centranthus ruber and Valeriana officinalis). When the fatty acid compositions of these seed oils were measured, CLNs were detected. By silica column chromatography, neutral lipids (NLs), glycolipids, and phospholipids were eluted from seed oils of C. ruber and V. officinalis. Then, fatty acid compositions of these fractions were measured. This revealed that most of the CLNs in these seed oils existed in the NL fraction. When the NL fractions of these seed oils were reacted with lipase, CLNs showed good sensitivity to lipase hydrolysis. This suggested that the CLNs in the seed oils of C. ruber and V. officinalis existed predominantly at the sn-1,3 position of triacylglycerol and less at the sn-2 position. These results suggested that the CLNs from the seed oils of C. ruber and V. officinalis could easily be taken up by cancer cells as free fatty acids and had good potential as antitumor substances.

Dysmenorrhea is an unusual pain in the abdomen during menstruation. Women experience pain in the lowerabdomen and uterus during menstruation, but if the pain is too much to stop daily activities, it is calleddysmenorrhea or painful menstruation. Chemical treatments for dysmenorrhea are usually associated withside effects. Gastrointestinal problems, nausea, blurred vision, headache, and dizziness are some of theside effects of medications used to treat dysmenorrhea. Today, the use of herbal remedies and traditionalmedicine has become common. In this systematic review study, the most important medicinal plantsmentioned for dysmenorrhea in Iranian ethnobotanical documents were extracted and reported. In thisreview study, keywords such as dysmenorrhea, medicinal plants, ethnobotany, identification of medicinalplants, region and Iran from databases including ISI ,Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ISC, Magiran andGoogle Scholar to review articles and Resources used. Based on the obtained results, medicinal plantsFoeniculum vulgare Mill, Juniperus communis, Origanum vulgare, Salvia sclarea L., Urtica dioica L.,Anthemis cotula L., Carthamus lanatus L., Silybum marianum [L.] Gaerth., Anthriscus cerefolium L[Hoffm.], Vitex pseudonegundo, Parietaria judaica L., Achillea biebersteinii Afanasiev., Equisetum arvenseL., Phoeniculum vulgare Mill. daenensis Celak., Peganum harmala L., Trifolium repens L., Salix aegyptiacaL., Nepeta fassenii, Cicer kermanenses, Teucrium pollium L., Achillea santolina, Cuminum cyminum,Valeriana officinalis, Salvia macrosiphon, Achillea eriophora, which are medicinal plants. They are used indifferent regions of Iran to treat dysmenorrhea.

The toxicological risk assessment (TRA) of elemental impurities (EI) in especially herbal medicinal products (HMP) is a significant challenge for pharmaceutical industry. In Europe, very popular are traditional HMP with valerian root (Valeriana officinalis L., radix) for relief of mild symptoms of mental stress and to aid sleep. The aim of our unique article is the comprehensive TRA of Cu, Mn, and Zn as EI in HMP with V. officinalis L., radix available in Polish pharmacies. This article is a continuation of our previously conducted studies about TRA of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in these same samples. Investigated elements were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F AAS). The values of the correlation coefficients (R > 0.998) confirm the linearity of the applied instrument for precision and accuracy of results. The recoveries, LOD and LOQ values were acceptable. Our results show that all investigated HMP with valerian root available in Polish pharmacies contain Cu (0.16–0.23 mg/L), Mn (0.11–0.76 mg/L), and Zn (0.22–0.48 mg/L) at a very low level. Based on our estimation of EI including single dose (µg/20 mL) and estimated daily intake (µg/day), our results confirm the safety of all pharmaceuticals. To the best of our knowledge, the Cu, Mn, and Zn impurity profile in HMP with V. officinalis L., radix is described for the first time. The applied methodology and results are extremely important from regulatory toxicology point of view (ICH Q3D elemental impurities guideline for pharmaceuticals).

Valeriana officinalis L. (Caprifoliaceae) has been traditionally used to treat mild nervous tension and sleep problems. The basis of these activities are mainly attributed to valerenic acid through the modulation of the GABA receptor. Moreover, V. officinalis is claimed to have other biological activities such as cardiovascular benefits, anticancer, antimicrobial and spasmolytic. The current review aims to update the biological and pharmacological studies (in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials) of V. officinalis and its major secondary metabolites in order to guide future research. Databases PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus were used for literature search including original papers written in English and published between 2014 and 2020. There have been identified 33 articles which met inclusion criteria. Most of these works were performed with V. officinalis extracts and only a few papers (in vitro and in vivo studies) evaluated the activity of isolated compounds (valerenic acid and volvalerenal acid K). In vitro studies focused on studying antioxidant and neuroprotective activity. In vivo studies and clinical trials mainly investigated activities on the nervous system (anticonvulsant activity, antidepressant, cognitive problems, anxiety and sleep disorders). Just few studies were focused on other different activities, highlight effects on symptoms of premenstrual and postmenopausal syndromes. Valeriana officinalis continues to be one of the medicinal plants most used by today's society for its therapeutic properties and whose biological and pharmacological activities continue to arouse great scientific interest as evidenced in recent publications. This review shows scientific evidence on traditional uses of V. officinalis on nervous system.

Valeriana officinalis (valerian) is a perennial flowering plant found in Europe and Asia. From ancient time, this plant has been used as a medicinal herb. It is well known for its sedative and antispasmodic effects worldwide. Valerian root tea is famous for its sleep-inducing effects. There are many natural chemicals present in the root, stem, and leaf of V. officinalis plant. In the present scenario the demands of herbal products are growing exponentially throughout the world. For Alzheimer disease (AD) treatment, there are many medicinal plants being used to enhance memory. Some medicinal plants used for the treatment of AD are Withania somnifera, Curcuma longa, Convolvulus pluricaulis, V. officinalis, Centella asiatica, and Nardoastachys jatamansi. Valerian is available as whole powdered root and aqueous or ethanolic extract. In AD patients, valerian is used for relaxation, sleep-promoting, and neuroprotective effects.

The essential oils (EOs) of the Eurasiatic Valeriana officinalis (Vo), the Himalayan Valeriana jatamansi (Vj) and Nardostachys jatamansi (Nj), are traditionally used to treat neurological disorders. A multidisciplinary approach based on micromorphology, DNA barcoding, EOs characterization as well as evaluation of the biological effects on the nervous system was carried out. Nj showed the highest inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase (IC50 67.15 μg/mL), followed by Vo (IC50 127.30 μg/mL) and Vj (IC50 246.84 μg/mL). Microelectrode arrays analyses on rat cortical neurons revealed stronger inhibition by Nj (IC50 18.8 and 11.1 μg/mL) and Vo (16.5 and 22.5 μg/mL), compared with Vj (68.5 and 89.3 μg/mL). These results could be related to the different EOs composition and in particular to the different content of oxygenated compounds such as aldehydes and ketones, which represents a discriminating factor in determining the order of potency. In conclusion, this multidisciplinary approach could be a useful tool to quickly discriminate these three plant species and avoid adulterations.

Ethnopharmacology relevance In folkloric medicine of many cultures, one of the medical uses of Valeriana officinalis Linn is to treat heart-related disease. Recently, it was shown that the ethanol extracts from V. officinalis could effectively prevent auricular fibrillation, and 8-hydroxypinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucoside (HPG) from the extracts is one of the two active compounds showing antiarrhythmia activities. Aim of the study The human Kv1.5 channel (hKv1.5) has potential antiarrhythmia activities, and this study arms at investigating the current blocking effects of HPG on hKv1.5 channel. Material and methods HPG was obtained from V. officinalis extracts, and hKv1.5 channels were expressed in HEK 293 cells. HPG was perfused while recording the current through hKv1.5 channels. Patch-clamp recording techniques were used to study the effects of HPG at various concentrations (10 μM, 30 μM, and 50 μM) on hKv1.5 channels. Results The present study demonstrated that HPG inhibited hKv1.5 channel current in a concentration-dependent manner; the higher the concentration, the greater is the inhibition at each depolarization potential. During washout, the channels did not full recover indicating that the un-coupling between HPG and hKv1.5 channels is a slow process. Conclusion HPG may be an effective and safe active ingredient for AF having translational potential.

Objective: Tension-type headache is the most frequent type of headache. Considering the effectiveness of Valeriana officinalis (Valerian) in treatment of some types of headache, the effect of valerian root was studied in patients with tension-type headache. Materials and Methods: The current study is a double-blind randomized clinical trial that was conducted in Shams Hospital of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, from January to June 2018. We included 88 participants with tension-type headache and randomly assigned them to intervention and control group by block randomization in a 1:1 ratio. The intervention group received Sedamin® capsule (530 mg of valerian root extraction) while the placebo group received 500 mg of breadcrumbs both given as two capsules daily for a month -after dinner. The headache impact on activity of daily livings performance, headache disability, and headache severity were measured using questionnaires in baseline and one month after intervention in both groups. Results: The average age (±SD) of the participants was 34.9 (±8.7) years old. After one month, the impact of headache on daily livings performance, significantly reduced in intervention group (mean=51.2) versus the placebo (mean=57.0), (p

Modulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels has been required in various disorders. GABA itself cannot be directly introduced into central nervous system (CNS) because of the blood brain barrier; inhibition of GABA aminotransferase (GABA-AT), which degrades GABA in CNS, has been the target for the modulation of GABA levels in CNS. Given that root extract of valerian (Valeriana officinalis) has been used for millennia as anti-anxiolytic and sedative, in silico approach was carried out to investigate valerian compounds exhibiting GABA-AT inhibiting activity. The 3D structure of human GABA-AT was created from pig crystal structure via homology modeling. Inhibition of GABA-AT by 18 valerian compounds was analyzed using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations and compared with known GABA-AT inhibitors such as vigabatrin and valproic acid. Isovaleric acid and didrovaltrate exhibited GABA-AT inhibiting activity in computational analysis, albeit less potent compared with vigabatrin. However, multiple compounds with low activity may have additive effects when the total extract of valeriana root was used in traditional usage. In addition, isovaleric acid shares similar backbone structure to GABA, suggesting that isovaleric acid might be a valuable starting structure for the development of more efficient GABA-AT inhibitors for disorders related with low level of GABA in the CNS.

The plant is naturalized in many countries, and is widely cultivated in northern Mediterranean region, Central Asia, China, Europe and North America for its medicinal value as herbal tea. Imported variety from Persia was used for hypochondriacal affections, and was also a domestic remedy in Europe for febrile affections. It is refrigerant and cardiotonic and it protects heart from black bile unlike any other drug. It is useful in anxiety and palpitation, and application of its leaves’ water (juice) is beneficial in eczema and bilious boils; it attracts honey bees. Its traditional uses have been recorded mostly in European countries, Mediterranean region and the Middle East countries. Old European reference books on medicinal herbs document its memory-improving properties, and during the middle ages a recommendation by Paracelsus that the balm would completely revivify a man and for ‘all complaints supposed to proceed from a disordered state of the nervous system’ helped extend its widespread use throughout Europe. Currently it is used in traditional European medicines to treat insomnia, anxiety, psychiatric conditions, migraines, gastric disorders, hypertension and bronchial afflictions, and as antibacterial agent, but more widely used as a mild sedative and sleep aid. It is predominantly sold in combination with other herbs, most often combined with Valeriana officinalis as sleep aid to improve quality of poor sleepers. Its decoctions are also used as functional beverages in Portugal. In Italian folk medicine it is used for nervous complaints, lower abdominal disorders and for the treatment of Herpes simplex lesions. The plant contains volatile compounds, triterpenoids, phenolic acids and flavonoids. More than 100 chemical constituents have been identified in M. officinalis, the chief ones include citral, linalool, geraniol, β-caryophyllene oxide, phenolic acid, tannins, rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid. In double-blinded, balanced crossover RCTs, healthy volunteers receiving a single low dose of a standardized leaf extract showed significant improvement in mathematical processing speed, without affecting accuracy, and a higher dose ameliorated negative mood effects of laboratory-induced psychological stress with significant increase in self-rated calmness and reduced alertness.

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) and yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) are well-known medicinal plants that have been widely used in Europe and Asia. In addition to their therapeutic effects, they turn out to be efficient in crop protection. Indeed, extract of their aerial parts are useful in preventive treatment against late frost damages on grapevine, fruit trees and various vegetables. The French Technical Institute of Organic Farming (ITAB) is working for their approbation by the European Union as “basic substance”, according to provisions laid down by EC Regulation 1107/2009 on placing plant protection products on the market. Basic Substances represent a new category of plant protection in the European Union. Therefore, a review of available literature was carried out to collect data on their application in plant protection and their toxicological effects. Studies and testimonies showed that valerian and yarrow mixture is efficient in plant protection and the two plant extracts are not of concern.

The analysis of temperature regime and duration of vegetation of medicinal valerian — Valeriana officinalis L. was investigated in the Left Bank Forest-steppe conditions. The optimal sowing terms of valerian medicinal during autumn period and their influence on the herb growth are determined. Their influences on the development and productivity of culture are established. It is investigated that plants have to form a socket of 3 to 5 true leaves and a root system with 3 to 5 well-developed additional roots until stable low temperatures are reached to provide successful winter crop sowing. After the hibernation valerian herbs partly enter the generative phase provided accumulation of the sum of active temperatures above 5°C during autumn periods of more than 1126°C. It has negative effect on formation of crops of rhizomes with roots. It is established that increase in vegetation period causes increase in productivity of valerian medicinal. The period of vegetation of 266 days provides maximum crop capacity of dry rhizomes with roots.

Geraniol is an acyclic isoprenoid monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of aromatic plants including Cinnamomum tenuipilum, Valeriana officinalis, and several other plants. The limited source of geraniol from plant isolation cannot fulfill the great demand from the flavor and fragrance industries, which require maximizing geraniol production through biotechnology processes. The diverse activities of geraniol suggested that geraniol could treat various diseases as a promising drug candidate. In order to evaluate the potential of geraniol applied in a clinical trial, this review aims at providing a comprehensive summary of the pharmacological effects of geraniol. The publications retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Wiley databases were collected and summarized for the last 6 years. Then, the potential application of geraniol as a drug is discussed based on its pharmacological properties, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antimicrobial activities, and hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects. Hence, this review aims at providing evidence of the pharmacological activities of geraniol in the context of further development as a drug candidate in clinical application.

Unava býva obvykle definovana jako subjektivni pocit zemdlenosti, nedostatku energie a vycerpani. Neschopnost najit spravnoumiru a formu odpocinku je přicinou mnoha onemocněni, může vest např. k porusene obranyschopnosti vůci infekcim, dysfunkcia onemocněni kardiovaskularniho systemu, gastrointestinalnim, urogenitalnim a autoimunitnim chorobam, bolestem v zadechi onkologickým onemocněnim. Zakladem terapie chronicke unavy je zjistěni objektivnich přicin jejiho vzniku a jejich odstraněni.V tomto clanku je zmiňovana hlavně podpůrna lecba registrovanými fytofarmaky.

Purpose:The purpose of investigations was to evaluate the effect of site conditions on the variability of traits of Valeriana officinalis L. var. officinalis. Materials and methods:The studies were carried out in the years 2014-2016 in two study areas consisting of patches of Filipendulion ulmariae with a substantial share of low- and medium-growing perennials (Patch I), tall-growing perennials (Patch II), as well as tall-growing perennials and shrubs (Patch III). Results:Similar tendencies were observed in both study areas. The plant and cryptogam cover showed neither spatial nor temporal variability, while the height of neighbouring plants, as well as the pH and moisture of soil, augmented in subsequent patches. The lowest abundance of subpopulation Valeriana officinalis was noted in Patch III. During the study period seedlings and juveniles were not found in any of the patches, whilst the share of vegetative genets diminished gradually at the cost of generative individuals and ramet clusters. The majority of individual traits (e.g. number of ramets, radical leaves and flowers, number and height of flowering stems) augmented in successive patches, while the number of radical leaves in generative individuals and ramet clusters, as well as the height of flowering stems and number of flowers, additionally augmented in consecutive years. Conclusions: The considerable share of vegetative individuals in sites dominated by low-statured plants contributes to rejuvenation of subpopulations. The clonal growth might protect all subpopulations from regression. The substantial production and dimensions of flowering stems in vicinity of tall-growing perennials enlarges the chances for successful pollination and seed dispersal.

Valeriana officinalis L. root extracts are traditionally taken for their sedative and anxiolytic properties and are also used for muscle relaxation. Relaxant effects were clearly observed on smooth muscle whereas data on effects on skeletal muscle are scarce and inconsistent. The aim of this study was to assess whether a standardized extract (SE) of V. officinalis had myorelaxant effects by decreasing skeletal muscle strength and/or neuromuscular tone in mice. Mice received an acute dose of V. officinalis SE (2 or 5 g/kg per os) or tetrazepam (10 mg/kg ip), a standard myorelaxant drug. Thirty minutes later, the maximal muscle strength was measured using a grip test, while global skeletal muscle function (endurance and neuromuscular tone) was assessed in a wire hanging test. Compared to tetrazepam, both doses of V. officinalis SE induced a pronounced decrease in skeletal muscle strength without any significant effects on endurance and neuromuscular tone. This study provides clear evidence that the extract of V. officinalis tested has a relaxant effect on skeletal muscle. By decreasing skeletal muscle strength without impacting endurance and neuromuscular tone, V. officinalis SE could induce less undesirable side effects than standard myorelaxant agents, and be particularly useful for avoiding falls in the elderly. Keywords: Valeriana officinalis, Skeletal muscle relaxant, Strength, Hydroethanolic root extract, Acute treatment, Mouse

Background: Chronic stress is one of the main factors which lead to depression – a psychiatric disorder affecting millions of people and predicted to be the second ranked cause of premature death in 2020. Depression is often associated with cognitive disturbances and memory deficit. Plant based therapy could be effective in the treatment of mild to moderate depression due to its low level of adverse reaction, its good tolerability and compliance. Materials and methods: 72 male Wistar rats, divided in 9 groups were given orally for 8 weeks two combinations of dry plant extracts – Antistress I and Antistress II and five individual dry extracts obtained from Serratula coronata, Hypericum perforatum, Valeriana officinalis, Crataegus monogyna and Melissa officinalis. The animals were exposed to a chronic unpredictable mild stress for 8 weeks. The depression-like symptoms were evaluated with Forced swim test while the assessment of the memory deficit was performed with Novel object recognition test. Results: Antistress II demonstrates antidepressant effect while Antistress I doesn’t improve the depressive-like symptoms. The individual extracts of Hypericum perforatum and Valeriana officinalis also possess antidepressant properties. Antistress II improves the cognition as well as the individual extracts of Hypericum perforatum, Valeriana officinalis and especially Serratula coronata. Dry extract from Serratula tend to have the best effect regarding the recognition memory. The effect of Antistress I on memory deficit is negligible. Conclusions: Antistress II possesses antidepressant effect and improves the recognition memory while Antistress I doesn’t demonstrate any of the above-described effects.

In a period of childhood, one of the issues that annoys the parents is their child's nocturnal enuresis. Nocturnal enuresis is annoying not only for the family but for the children themselves. Conventional treatments for nocturnal enuresis lead to certain complications. Medicinal plants have a special status in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric diseases. In phytomedicine, certain medicinal plants and phytotherapies have been suggested to treat nocturnal enuresis. The purpose of this study is to review the most important medicinal plants for children's nocturnal enuresis. To conduct this review, we searched for relevant articles indexed in certain databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Islamic World Science Citation Center, Scientific Information Database, and Magiran and some data sites using the words nocturnal enuresis, children's urination, medicinal plants, and traditional medicine. Results have shown that Zingiber officinale , Valeriana officinalis , Alcea rosea , Elettaria cardamomum , Cinnamomum verum , Ribes uva-crispa , Cornus mas , Juglans regia , Vitis vinifera , Sinapis spp. , Olea europaea , and Prunus cerasus are a number of important plants that are effective on nocturnal enuresis in traditional medicine and phytomedicine. Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences (2017) 6(3), 23 - 29

Plants and herbs are the mainstream of diverse traditional medicine system practiced throughout the whole population. Today, there is increasingly trend set the uses of natural plants for the various human ailments and wound healing as natural remedy. The crude drugs are derived from the whole plant or parts of the plants that are being used for tremendous diseases through the world without chances of serious adverse reaction as well as more efficacy and safety. The ethnomedicines are being indicated worldwide that consists of different phytochemical constitutes like as alkaloids, saponin, phenols, tannins, flavonoids and carbohydrates so as to not only have biological, physiological and pharmacological activity but also have antioxidant activity for the treatment of stomach, cardiovascular and liver alilments.