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Chalk rivers and streams are of conservation importance due to their ecological diversity, historical relevance and economic value. With more than 200 chalk watercourses, England is considered unusual in having the most chalk rivers in the world. However, due to increasing anthropogenic activities, many English chalk rivers and streams are becoming badly degraded. The non-biting midges or chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) are considered key-stone taxa in aquatic food webs, and have been used as ecological indicators of freshwater quality and environmental stress. Here we determined the generic richness, diversity, and community structure of Chironomidae across six sites in the mid-section of the Great Stour in Kent, a chalk river for which concern has been expressed regarding both water and habitat quality. Based on the morphological identification of 1336 insect larvae from the six sites (four in Westgate Parks, Canterbury, and two at nearby locations upstream and downstream from Canterbury City), a total of 20 genera of Chironomidae were identified, including some taxa indicative of freshwater habitats with low levels of organic pollution. There were different levels of generic richness and diversity among sites, and while there was little variation in the community composition among the sites within Westgate Parks, there were noticeable generic differences among Westgate Parks sites compared with those upstream and downstream, showing the highest complementarity and Beta diversity values. Overall, the results were comparable with other studies on chironomids in chalk rivers and other river systems. Although spatially limited to a small stretch of river, this represents the first study on chironomids in the Great Stour and provides baseline information on the diversity and structure of this important insect group with aquatic larvae, useful for the objective interpretation of any future biological assessments and monitoring programmes on the Kentish Stour, and also for comparisons with other chalk rivers.

[Acraea igola Trimen, 1889] d ’ Abrera 1997: 141 (3 figs). Bernaud and Murphy 2014: 121 (8 figs, Malawi). SI: Figure 20a – h. Forewing length: male 21.0 – 28.0 mm [mean (n = 6) 23.92 mm, SD = 1.913]; female 22.5 – 27.5 mm [mean (n = 3) 25.30 mm, SD = 1.852]. Note: the sexes are similar but the ground colour of the female is either orange like the male, but somewhat paler, overall more diaphanous, or (in some South African individuals at least) yellowish or straw-coloured (treated by van Son 1963 as f. ‘ maculiventris ’ Smith and Kirby, 1894)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2533, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Bernaud D, Murphy R. 2014. Acraeinae of Malawi (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Privately published. ISBN 978 2 954821504.","Van Son G. 1963. The butterflies of southern Africa. Part III. Nymphalidae: Acraeinae. Transvaal Mus Mem. (14): ix + 130 p., 29 pls."]}

Acraea pudorella pudorella Aurivillius, 1898 Larsen 1996: pl. 54, fig. 686i,ii. d ’ Abrera 1997: 169 (2 figs). Bernaud and Murphy 2014: 159 (8 figs, Malawi, of A. p. detecta). SI: Figure 11a – f. Forewing length: male 18.0 – 30.5 mm [mean (n = 9) 26.01 mm, SD = 2.247] (a dwarf male in NHMUK from Lake Baringo, western central Kenya, has forewing length = 18.6 and was not included here); female 22.5 – 29.0 mm [mean (n = 6) 25.10 mm, SD = 2.028]. Note: the wing pattern of this species is considered very similar to that of Acraea caldarena Hewitson, 1877 (Bernaud and Murphy 2014, p. 96, 8 figs). However, as originally pointed out by Eltringham (1912, p. 164), the genitalia of both sexes of both species are very distinct (those of A. caldarena are illustrated in SI Figure 2d – f). Bernaud and Murphy (2014, p. 158) give a fairly effective way to separate the two based on hindwing spot pattern, but rightly caution that literature records need to be treated with care, as these species have often been confused. Both could occur in the Kilimanjaro area, but currently we have no record for A. caldarena. It is our view that the current taxon, based on wing pattern and coloration alone, is also difficult to separate consistently from A. equatorialis anaemia (see key and figures in SI). Eltringham (1912) illustrates part of the female genitalia of both taxa, which appear to be very different. The sexes of A. p. pudorella are similar, but the black spots and borders of females are slightly more heavily marked. The expression of the line of postdiscal spots in forewing cells R 1, R 5 and M 1 – M 3 varies individually, from 0 to 5., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2523, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Aurivillius [PO] C. 1898 - 1899. Rhopalocera Aethiopica. K svenska VetensAkad Handl. 31 (5): 1 - 561, 6 pls.","Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Bernaud D, Murphy R. 2014. Acraeinae of Malawi (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Privately published. ISBN 978 2 954821504.","Eltringham H. 1912. A monograph of the African species of the genus Acraea, Fab., with a supplement on those of the Oriental Region. Trans Entomol Soc Lond. 1912 (1): 1 - 374, 16 pls (with legends)."]}

Issoria hanningtoni hanningtoni (Elwes, 1889) SI: Figure 34a – f. Forewing length: male 16.5 – 20.5 mm [mean (n = 7) 18.71 mm, SD = 0.977]; female 17.5 – 21.0 mm [mean (n = 2) 19.00 mm, SD = 0.707]. Note: The type material of I. hanningtoni is said to have come from the forests of Taveta (Elwes 1889, p. 558) – but at less than 1000 m, this region seems far too low (see discussion under ‘ Records ’). There is evidence to suggest that, instead, the original material may have come from Mt Kilimanjaro, at 1500 – 2650 m (see Appendix 1). Of the three subspecies currently recognised, I. h. jeanneli Bernardi, 1968, differs from both other subspecies in having the black parafocal elements (sensu Otaki 2009) of the wing undersides completely obsolete or nearly so (compare SI Fig 34 b,d, where the parafocals in males are very distinct, with Larsen ’ s (1996, pl. 51, fig. 634ii) image of subspecies jeanneli in which they are entirely missing on the forewing underside, and almost so on the hindwing). Note that d ’ Abrera (2004, p. 261) evidently illustrated a male underside of jeanneli, not the nominotypical race as stated., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2545, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Elwes HJ. 1889. A revision of the genus Argynnis. Trans Entomol Soc Lond. 1889: 535 - 575.","Bernardi G. 1968. La variation geographique de l ' Issoria hanningtoni (Elwes.) (Lep. Nymphalidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France. 73: 149 - 51.","Otaki JM. 2009. Color-pattern analysis of parafocal elements in butterfly wings. Entomol Sci. 12 (1): 74 - 83.","d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House."]}

Acraea pudorina Staudinger, 1885 Larsen 1996: pl. 54, fig. 678i. d ’ Abrera 1997: 167 (2 figs). SI: Figure 4a – h. Forewing length: male 27.5 – 30.5 mm [mean (n = 9) 28.83 mm, SD = 0.391]; female 24.0 – 31.0 mm [mean (n = 9) 27.94 mm, SD = 2.126]. Note: the type locality of this species was given as Zanzibar but, as Kielland (1990, p. 162) suggests, this was almost certainly an error. Often considered to be a Kenyan endemic, despite its listing as such by Ackery et al. (1995, p. 244) and the uncertainty expressed by Larsen (1996, p. 373), this species does also occur in north-eastern Tanzania. Van Someren (1939, p.139, as A. acrita pudorina) notes two forms of male from the Chyulu Hills, southern Kenya: ‘ a dry form in which the marginal loops are obscure and the other in which these are clear and well defined. Six of the females are of the very dark blackish type ’. Females are somewhat olivaceous compared to the bright orange males. See note below concerning dry-season forms of A. utengulensis., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2518, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne (Australia): CSIRO.","Van Someren VGL. 1939. Butterflies of the Chyulu Range. A systematic list of the species taken by the Museum Expedition to the Hills. April - July, 1938. J East Africa and Uganda Nat Hist Soc. 14: 130 - 151."]}

Liseki, Steven D., Vane-Wright, Richard I. (2018): Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae. Journal of Natural History 52 (39-40): 2511-2552, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780

Phalanta eurytis eurytis Doubleday, 1847 Larsen 1996: pl. 51, fig. 633i,ii. d ’ Abrera 2004: 261 (2 figs). SI: Figure 33a – d. Forewing length: male 20.0 – 29.0 mm [mean (n = 5) 25.82 mm, SD = 1.003]; female 24.0 – 31.0 mm [mean (n = 5) 27.52 mm, SD = 1.734]. Note: Males and females are similar, but the female is generally paler, buff- orange rather than bright orange, and slightly more heavily marked. Based on wing patterns, the separation of this species from the next, ‘ in the cabinet ’ let alone in the field, is difficult (see key in SI). That they are separate species there is no doubt, given marked differences in the genitalia of both sexes (van Son 1979, figs 61 – 64; images of males reproduced in SI Figure 2). The adults of this species are more shade-loving than P. phalantha (Gifford 1965, p.116, as P. ‘columbina’), perhaps less active (van Son 1979, p. 8), and largely restricted to forests (Kielland 1990)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2544, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Van Son G. 1979. The butterflies of southern Africa. Part IV. Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae. Transvaal Mus Mem. (22): x + 286 p., 76 pls.","Gifford D. 1965. A list of the butterflies of Malawi. Blantyre: Society of Malawi.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House."]}

Acraea cabira Hopffer, 1885 Larsen 1996: pl. 53, fig. 667i,ii. d ’ Abrera 1997: 153 (4 figs). Bernaud and Murphy 2014: 92 (8 figs). SI: Figure 29e – h. Forewing length: male 19.5 – 25.5 mm [mean (n = 13) 22.70 mm, SD = 1.291]; female 23.5 – 30.0 mm [mean (n = 11) 24.96 mm, SD = 8.21]. Note: This species is very similar to Acraea sotikensis Sharpe, 1892. Both have red and yellow forms, but the species are separable on details of the basal patterning of the hindwing underside (Pierre and Bernaud 2007; Bernaud and Murphy 2014, p. 90). So far we have not found convincing evidence that A. sotikensis occurs on the Kilimanjaro massif, but all material of the cabira phenotype encountered should be checked. To this end we have included A. sotikensis in the key and provided an illustration (SI Figure 29i,j) to help ensure correct identification. Material in OUMNH suggests that A. cabira is sexually dimorphic in size, but not strongly sexually dimorphic in colour pattern (in females, hindwing upperside usually with submarginal pale spots; males without). Van Son (1963) recognised five forms of this species in South Africa., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2541, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Bernaud D, Murphy R. 2014. Acraeinae of Malawi (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Privately published. ISBN 978 2 954821504.","Pierre J, Bernaud D. 2007. Acraea cabira, A. sotikensis et especes voisines. Revision et premiers etats. Lambillionea. 107 (1), suppl. 2: 1 - 14.","Van Son G. 1963. The butterflies of southern Africa. Part III. Nymphalidae: Acraeinae. Transvaal Mus Mem. (14): ix + 130 p., 29 pls."]}

[Acraea utengulensis Thurau, 1903] Kielland 1990: pl. 47, 4 figs. d ’ Abrera 1997: 165 (2 figs). SI: Figure 5a – h. Forewing length: male 26.0 – 35.0 mm [mean (n = 14) 29.57 mm, SD = 2.129]; female 22.5.0 – 32.0 mm [mean (n = 9) 28.82 mm, SD = 2.319]. Note: Females of this species are more or less infumed or olivaceous, in comparison to the bright orange of the males. Kielland (1990, pl. 47) illustrated two ‘ dry season ’ forms – these are less heavily maculated than the two ‘ wet season ’ specimens he shows and those that we illustrate in SI (Figure 5); such individuals could be confused with A. pudorina., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2518, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House."]}

[Acraea anemosa Hewitson, 1865] Larsen 1996: pl. 55, fig. 701i,ii. d ��� Abrera 1997: 177 (6 figs). Bernaud and Murphy 2014: 76 (8 figs). SI: Figure 13a ��� h. Forewing length: male 25.5 ��� 33.5 mm [mean (n = 8) 30.73 mm, SD = 2.142]; female 29.5 ��� 37.0 mm [mean (n = 7) 32.99 mm, SD = 2.194]. Note: Sometimes referred to as polymorphic (various ��� forms ��� have been named), this species is individually variable, especially in the extent of upperside maculation. The sexes are similar in overall coloration; in museum material the orange ground colour of the females is slightly less intense., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2526, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Bernaud D, Murphy R. 2014. Acraeinae of Malawi (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Privately published. ISBN 978 2 954821504."]}

Acraea pharsalus Ward, 1871 Larsen 1996: pl. 52, fig. 649i,ii. d ’ Abrera 1997: 149 (4 figs). Bernaud and Murphy 2014: 156 (8 figs, Malawi). SI: Figure 27a – j. Forewing length: male 27.0 – 33.0 mm [mean (n = 8) 30.60 mm, SD = 1.358]; female 28.5 – 38.5 mm [mean (n = 11) 33.61 mm, SD = 2.925]. Note: Many authors have regarded this species as polytypic (e.g. Larsen 2005, p. 446), with the Kilimanjaro population usually included in subspecies A. p. pharsaloides Holland, 1892 – originally described from ‘ Kilimanjaro ’ (Holland 1896 described this taxon again, also as ‘ new ’). However, Pierre and Bernaud (2014) regard this butterfly as monotypic, placing all infraspecific names, including a subspecies named in 1991 from Principe, as synonyms. At least two forms occur at Moshi (see SI Figure 27), both of which can occur in both sexes. Sexual dimorphism seems slight; in museum specimens females are paler orange than males., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on pages 2538-2539, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Bernaud D, Murphy R. 2014. Acraeinae of Malawi (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Privately published. ISBN 978 2 954821504.","Larsen TB. 2005. Butterflies of West Africa (2 vols). Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books.","Holland W. 1896. List of the Lepidoptera collected in eastern Africa by Dr. W. L. Abbott, with descriptions of some apparently new species. Proc US Nat Mus. 18 (1002): 229 - 258, 2 pls.","Pierre J, Bernaud D. 2014. Classification et liste synonymique des taxons du genre Acraea [Internet]. 31 p. [cited 2018 Oct 14]. pdf available from: http: // www. acraea. com / image / liste / systematique. pdf"]}

Pardopsis punctatissima (Boisduval, 1833) Larsen 1996: pl. 56, fig. 719i. d ’ Abrera 1997: 181 (2 figs). SI: Figure 34g – j. Forewing length: male 15.5 – 21.5 mm [mean (n = 6) 18.10 mm, SD = 1.953]; female 17.5 – 21.5 mm [mean (n = 9) 19.48 mm, SD = 0.792]. Note: To appreciate the reasons for inclusion of Pardopsis within the Argynnini, not the Acraeini, see the introductory section (above) on the classification of African Acraeini. Whether or not a subtribe (Pardopsina Ehrlich) is desirable for this very distinct genus within the Argynnini is something to be resolved by future research. The sexes of this curious species are very similar in appearance., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2546, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House."]}

Acraea pseudolycia astrigera Butler, 1899 Larsen 1996: pl. 55, fig. 702i. d ’ Abrera 1997: 177 (3 figs). SI: Figure 14e – j. Forewing length: male 24.5 – 36.5 mm [mean (n = 11) 32.20 mm, SD = 3.191]; female 32.0 – 37.0 mm [mean (n = 5) 34.02 mm, SD = 1.335]. Note: the sexes are broadly similar in colour pattern, both being variable in ground colour, although the males are less so. Most males are bright orange, but some are more olivaceous – as in f. ‘ brunnea ’ Eltringham, which occurs in both sexes. Females are rarely as orange as males. Female form ‘ emini ’ Weymer is slightly more obscure than ‘ brunnea ’; the whitish ‘ auasa ’ Gabriel, which seems only known from Ethiopia, is in overall coloration similar to the whitish females of A. pseudolycia pseudolycia from western and central Africa., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2527, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House."]}

Acraea encedon encedon (Linnaeus, 1758) Larsen 1996: pl. 52, fig. 650i. d ’ Abrera 1997: 165 (4 figs). Bernaud and Murphy 2014: 110 (8 figs, Malawi). SI: Figure 23a – j. Forewing length: male 24.0 – 31.5 mm [mean (n = 15) 27.48 mm, SD = 1.797]; female 28.0 – 35.5 mm [mean (n = 16) 31.04 mm, SD = 1.377]. Note: Although this appears to be slightly smaller (see also SI Table 1), as indicated above, critical separation from the sibling species A. encedana depends, in the adult, on examination of the genitalia (both sexes: Pierre 1976). Pierre and Bernaud (2014) appear to recognise up to a dozen morphs, all of which probably occur in both sexes (the sexes are difficult to separate on coloration alone)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on pages 2535-2536, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Bernaud D, Murphy R. 2014. Acraeinae of Malawi (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Privately published. ISBN 978 2 954821504.","Pierre J. 1976. Un nouveau cas d ' especes jumelles chez un Papillon mimetique, Acraea encedon L. (Lepidoptere Acraeide). C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris (D). 282: 731 - 734.","Pierre J, Bernaud D. 2014. Classification et liste synonymique des taxons du genre Acraea [Internet]. 31 p. [cited 2018 Oct 14]. pdf available from: http: // www. acraea. com / image / liste / systematique. pdf"]}

[Acraea oncaea Hopffer, 1855] Larsen 1996: pl. 54, fig. 685i,ii. d ’ Abrera 1997: 129 (4 figs). Bernaud and Murphy 2014: 144 (8 figs, Malawi). SI: Figure 10a – f. Forewing length: male 23.5 – 29.5 mm [mean (n = 8) 26.05 mm, SD = 1.764]; female 21.0 – 28.0 mm [mean (n = 10) 25.13 mm, SD = 1.641]. Note: this species is sexually dimorphic for wing size, shape and coloration. Males are consistently semi-transparent orange with black spots, the females variable, often olivaceous or dun coloured, and almost invariably with a pale preapical bar on the forewing; however, some females have this bar weakly expressed and can then approximate the male coloration. Van Son (1963, p. 84) stated that (in South Africa at least) ‘ females are usually smaller than males ’; however, while the mean forewing length of the females in our small samples is about 4% less than that of the males, there is considerable overlap., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2522, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Bernaud D, Murphy R. 2014. Acraeinae of Malawi (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Privately published. ISBN 978 2 954821504.","Van Son G. 1963. The butterflies of southern Africa. Part III. Nymphalidae: Acraeinae. Transvaal Mus Mem. (14): ix + 130 p., 29 pls."]}

Acraea uvui uvui Grose-Smith, 1890 Larsen 1996: pl. 53, fig. 664i – iii. d ’ Abrera 1997: 155 (3 figs). SI: Figure 31a – f. Forewing length: male 15.0 – 18.0 mm [mean (n = 6) 16.07 mm, SD = 0.944]; female 16.0 – 19.0 mm [mean (n = 7) 17.49 mm, SD = 0.769]. Note: the sexes are generally similar on the upperside, with relatively little individual colour pattern variation in males. Females, which on average are slightly larger, vary more, notably with respect to the upperside hindwing (marginal orange lunules absent to well expressed – always absent in males), and hindwing underside ground colour – which is often either clear orange or heavily infuscated, chestnut brown. Eltringham (1912, p. 218 – 219) described three forms of female with respect to underside coloration, with intermediates., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on pages 2542-2543, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Eltringham H. 1912. A monograph of the African species of the genus Acraea, Fab., with a supplement on those of the Oriental Region. Trans Entomol Soc Lond. 1912 (1): 1 - 374, 16 pls (with legends)."]}

[Neocoenyra parallelopupillata (Karsch, 1897)] Kielland, 1990: 276 (1 fig.); d ��� Abrera 1997: 245 (3 figs). SI: Figure 11a ��� d. Forewing length: both sexes, c. 18 ��� 22 mm. Records This butterfly is generally considered endemic to the Usambara Mountains (e.g. Kielland 1990, p. 90; Congdon and Bampton 2001), where it was encountered at Magamba during March and May by Liseki (2009, p. 99), who indicated that ��� This species is numerous during its season, [flying] low in dark places near ground level ���. Amongst the material deposited by SDL at the BMNH, there is a single male with a printed label ��� Kilimanjaro, 2000 m, 26.v.2001 ���. Although we now realize that, without doubt, this is a subsequent labelling error (confirmed by examination of the original collecting envelope, still attached, with the data ��� Magamba, 26.v.2001, 2000 m, 12.40 hrs ���), it led us to consider the possibility that N. parallelopupillata might also occur on Kilimanjaro. This species has been reported in the past from Malawi and Kenya (Gifford 1965, p. 91; the record for ��� Kenya ��� being credited to Elliot Pinhey). Although these records have generally been discounted (e.g. Carcasson 1981, p. 182; Ackery et al. 1995, p. 316), it is not inconceivable N. parallelopupillata has a wider range than previously thought. The BMNH has a male of what appears to be this very dark species from ��� Itumba District ���, collected by G. Wood in July 1904. This could be the Itumba located in the Mbeya District of southwest Tanzania, adjacent to the border with Malawi. The Malawi record noted by Gifford was based on material supposedly collected in April at Nyamkhowa Hill, near Livingstonia, by R.C. Wood (hopefully still preserved in what is now the Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe, Bulawayo). The late David Gifford ��� s own collection is in the National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh but, according to Keith Bland (pers. comm. May 2015), it does not contain any material of N. parallelopupillata. However, the NMS apparently does have what appears to be a single example of this species from Kenya, labelled ��� Athi Plains, 31. xii.1952, C. de Worms ���. The Athi Plains lie south of Nairobi, about 200 km northwest of Kilimanjaro. Further investigation into this species seems desirable., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 878, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae & Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Congdon TCE, Bampton I. 2001. Some endemic butterflies of Eastern Africa and Malawi. Draft report. [Internet]. [cited 2015 Jul 14]. Available from: http: // coastalforests. tfcg. org / pubs / Eastern % 20 Africa % 20 Butterfly % 20 Endemics % 20 DRAFT. pdf","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Gifford D. 1965. A list of the butterflies of Malawi. Blantyre: Society of Malawi.","Carcasson RH. 1981. Collins Handguide to the Butterflies of Africa. London: Collins.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Amauris (Amauris) tartarea damoclides Staudinger, 1896 Gifford 1965: pl. G, fig.101. SI: Figure 4e ��� h. Forewing length: male 40 ��� 47 mm [mean (n = 9) 44.06 mm, SD = 1.864]; female 39 ��� 47 mm [mean (n = 6) 43.6 mm, SD = 2.685]. Talbot (1940, p. 320, 321) included 11 named forms under A. tartarea tartarea Mabille, 1876. Unpublished research suggests the possibility that some of these may represent separate species ��� and this may also apply to the two other taxa currently regarded as separate subspecies: A. t. damoclides and A. t. tukuyuensis Kielland, 1990. Records Amauris t. damoclides was said by Talbot (1940, p. 321) to come from ��� Tanganyika Territory and south-east Kenya ���, implying its likely presence in the Northern Highlands of Tanzania. Kielland (1990, p. 75), however, indicated eastern Tanzania only, at altitudes up to 2000 m, from the Ulugurus to Rubeho and Mufindi ��� apparently unaware of Carcasson ��� s (1963, p. 24) records from Moshi and Himo. The BMNH has a number of specimens from Moshi and Taveta. The presence of damoclides in the Moshi area was confirmed by Cordeiro (1995, p. 195), who noted it as common in the Rau and Kahe forest reserves. Included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna. Beyond Tanzania, A. t. damoclides also occurs in Malawi and coastal areas of southern Kenya. Southwestern Tanzania is inhabited by an endemic subspecies (subsp. tukuyensis), whereas the highly polytypic nominate race occurs from southern Sudan to Guinea south through western Tanzania and DRC to Namibia (Ackery et al. 1995, p.272)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 871, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Gifford D. 1965. A list of the butterflies of Malawi. Blantyre: Society of Malawi.","Talbot G. 1940. Revisional notes on the genus Amauris Hubner (Lep.). T R Entomol Soc Lond. 90: 319 - 336.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Cordeiro NJ. 1995. Interesting distribution records of butterflies from northern Tanzania. Metamorphosis. 6: 194 - 198.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Melanitis leda helena Westwood, 1851 Larsen 1996: pl. 28, fig. 398 i ��� iii. d ��� Abrera 1997: 197 (1 fig.). SI: Figure e ��� h. Forewing length: male 32 ��� 41 mm [mean (n = 6) 37.33 mm, SD = 2.840]; female 34 ��� 42 mm [mean (n = 9) 38.28 mm, SD = 1.902]. Records The whole of Tanzania, in forest and savanna, including semi-arid regions, from sea level to 2000 m (Kielland 1990, p. 77, as M. leda africana). Although this species varies considerably not only in coloration (most notably the underside) but also in forewing shape, it is unmistakeable in the local fauna. Not encountered on Kilimanjaro at 2000 m or above by Liseki (2009). On the basis of two specimens from Moshi, and a specimen collected ��� 6 miles NW of Moshi... May 1916 ��� in BMNH, and one male and three females from Taveta, c. 2500 ft (OUMNH), we include this butterfly as a member of the lower slopes fauna. However, it is possible that it does occur within the lowest levels of the protected forest, its crepuscular habits often making it difficult to detect. Melanitis leda helena occurs in suitable areas throughout the whole of the Afrotropical region; other subspecies of the Evening Brown occur in Asia and the Indo-Australian tropics., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 874, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae & Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent."]}

Bicyclus safitza safitza (Westwood, 1850) Larsen 1996: pl. 29, fig. 420 i ��� iv. d ��� Abrera 1997: 217 (2 figs). SI: Figure 9a ��� d. Forewing length: male 23 ��� 26.5 mm [mean (n = 12) 24.59 mm, SD = 0.757]; female 25 ��� 28 mm [mean (n = 12) 26.63 mm, SD = 0.628]. Note: the name of this species should be conserved (Larsen and Vane-Wright 2012). Records The most widespread and common Tanzanian Bicyclus, recorded from every part of the country and in most habitats, from sea level to 2200 m (Kielland 1990, p. 81). This butterfly was not encountered by Liseki (2009), and is therefore listed as a member of the lower slopes fauna ��� but it may well also occur in the lower zones of the protected forest. Two specimens ex Rothschild Collection (BMNH) are labelled ��� 6 miles NW of Moshi, 8.v.1916, Buchanan ���. There are numerous specimens in BMNH from Lake Manyara. The OUMNH has six males and seven females from the slopes of Kilimanjaro and Taveta. Beyond Tanzania this butterfly is found throughout almost all of Africa south of the Sahara (Aurivillius 1911b, p. 93; Condamin 1973, p. 236), with the population in Ethiopia regarded as a separate subspecies (Ackery et al. 1995, p. 292)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 876, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae & Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Larsen TB, Vane-Wright RI. 2012. The name Bicyclus safitza (Westwood, 1850) should continue to be used (Lepidoptera: nymphalidae, Satyrinae). SHILAP Revta Lepid. 40 (157): 85 - 86.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Condamin M. 1973. Monographie du genre Bicyclus (Lepidoptera Satyridae). Mem Inst Fond Afr Noire. (88): 324 pp.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Charaxes (Charaxes) violetta melloni Fox, 1963 Henning 1989: 187 (4 figs). SI: Figure 27a ��� d. Forewing length: male 36 ��� 45 mm [mean (n = 13) 40.83 mm, SD = 1.748]; female 37.5 ��� 49.5 mm [mean (n = 12) 44.54 mm, SD = 2.527]. For C. v. maritima, van Someren (1966, p. 52) gave male forewing length as 36 mm, female as 44 mm. Note: van Someren ��� s (1966) treatment of Tanzanian C. violetta Grose-Smith, 1885, seems ambiguous (see discussion in Henning 1989, p. 186). Kielland (1990) deals with two subspecies, C. v. maritima van Someren, 1966, from coastal areas of Tanzania and Kenya, and C. v. melloni Fox, 1963, from inland eastern Kenya, Tanzania and further south. However, he suggests that, other than smaller size of the coastal populations, there is little to separate the two populations. This seems borne out by the fact that specimens in BMNH from Arusha and Moshi are regarded as subsp. melloni, whereas van Someren (1966, p. 54) attributed Taveta material to subsp. maritima. Taveta lies less than 50 km to the east of Moshi, and both are situated at much the same elevation. Here we treat the Kilimanjaro populations under the older of the two names ��� and they have not been differentiated in making the forewing length estimates reported above. For comparison, Henning (1989, p. 187,188) provides images of C. v. maritima, with discussion of what he considers to be its distinguishing characteristics. Larsen (1996, pl. 35, figs 471i,ii) shows a male from coastal Kenya, as C. v. maritimus [sic]. Records Occurs in forests and thickets at 300 ��� 1700 m through much of inland eastern Tanzania (i.e. other than the coastal area), westwards to Mt Meru and Mt Kilimanjaro, and south to Tukuyu (Kielland 1990, p. 110). The type locality of melloni is Nguru Mountains. OUMNH has two males and a female from Taveta, c. 2500 ft, collected May 1905 by Rogers. The BMNH has a male collected at Rau Forest, 2500 ft, 5 December 1943, and another from Moshi, collected by J.J.S. Dudgeon. Not encountered by Liseki (2009), this taxon is included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna. Outside Tanzania C . v. melloni occurs in parts of Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Malawi. Nominate C. violetta is limited to southern Mozambique; a fourth subspecies is restricted to central Kenya (Ackery et al. 1995, p. 461)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 893, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","van Someren VGL. 1966. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part III. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 18: 45 - 101, 16 pls.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Charaxes (Charaxes) candiope candiope Godart, 1824 Henning 1989: 55 (4 figs). Larsen 1996: pl. 31, fig. 450 i,ii. d ��� Abrera 2004: 519 (2 figs). SI: Figure 21e ��� h. Forewing length: male 38 ��� 47 mm [mean (n = 9) 42.76 mm, SD = 2.136]; female 47.5 ��� 54.5 mm [mean (n = 9) 50.47 mm, SD = 1.616]. van Someren (1974, p. 468) gave male forewing length as 39 ��� 44 mm, female 45 ��� 55. Records The Green-veined Charaxes is a common butterfly throughout most of its vast range (Larsen 1996, p. 283). According to Kielland (1990, p. 98), found in all suitable habitats in Tanzania, up to 2600 m, including Pemba. Although van Someren (1974) and Henning (1989) gave no specific records for Tanzania, and this butterfly was not encountered by Liseki (2009), the BMNH has one male from the east side of Mt Meru collected at 5000 ft by B. Cooper, June ��� August 1937, two more Cooper males (West Kilimanjaro, 4500 ��� 5000 ft, December 1937 to February 1938; Engare-Nairobi, 4000 ��� 5000 ft, February ��� March 1937), and two females from Moshi area collected in 1942 and 1943. Cordeiro (1990, p. 34) recorded it from Lake Manyara National Park. We thus include this taxon as a member of the lower slopes fauna. Beyond Tanzania, the nominate subspecies occurs throughout almost the whole of tropical Africa; the only other recognized races are insular forms on S��o Tome and Socotra., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 888, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House.","van Someren VGL. 1974. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part IX. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 29: 415 - 487, 18 pls.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Cordeiro NJ. 1990. A provisional, annotated checklist of the butterflies in Lake Manyara National Park, Arusha region, Tanzania. J East Afr Nat Hist Soc Natl Mus. 80: 25 - 41."]}

Charaxes (Charaxes) druceanus teita van Someren 1939 van Someren 1963: pl. 18, figs 111,112,114 ��� 116. SI: Figure 24a ��� d. Forewing length (based entirely on material from Taita Hills, Kenya): male 39 ��� 45.5 mm [mean (n = 7) 42.17 mm, SD = 1.598]; female 47 ��� 50.5 mm [mean (n = 4) 48.93 mm, SD = 0.802]. van Someren (1963, p. 238) gave male forewing length as 43 ��� 45 mm, female 49 ��� 50. Note: van Someren (1963, p. 238) and Kielland (1990) only tentatively associated material from the Northern Highlands of Tanzania with this race. Henning (1989, p. 127) indicates that true teita is endemic to eastern Kenya (Taita Hills, and the Chawia, Wandanyi, Wesu and Mbololo forests). For convenience we include the Kilimanjaro population as subsp. teita, but its status needs to be confirmed. Records Montane forests and forest margins at 1700 ��� 2600 m on Mt Kilimanjaro, North Pare Mountains, and Mt Longido (Kielland 1990, p. 101). Charaxes druceanus ��� near teita��� was encountered on Kilimanjaro, in a disturbed area of forest at 2000 m, in March 2001 (Liseki 2009, p. 105). Ackery et al. (1995, p. 441) list subspecies C. d. teita from the ��� Arusha-Moshi district ���. We did not find specimens from Kilimanjaro in OUMNH or BMNH. More widely, C. druceanus Butler, 1869, occurs as a series of some 15 named subspecies, including three others found in Tanzania, collectively covering a huge part of Africa, from Nigeria to Angola, Kenya and South Africa (Ackery et al. 1995)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 889, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["van Someren VGL. 1963. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part I. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 13: 195 - 242, 19 pls.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Charaxes (Eriboea) ethalion littoralis van Someren, 1967 Henning 1989: 305,306 (6 figs). Kielland 1990: 284 (3 figs). SI: Figure 17a ��� h. Forewing length: male 29 ��� 36 mm [mean (n = 20) 32.49 mm, SD = 1.320]; female 34 ��� 42 mm [mean (n = 13) 37.51 mm, SD = 1.985]. van Someren (1967, p. 294) gave male forewing length as 33 ��� 34 mm. Note: the females are very different to the black males, and are also polymorphic ��� three named female forms are recognized in this subspecies: ��� ethalion ���, ��� rosae ��� and ��� swynnertoni ��� (Henning 1989, p. 305 ��� 306). However, with individual variation in pattern and size, to some extent these intergrade. Records Eastern Tanzania, inland to Mikumi, Kilimanjaro and the Rubeho, Nguru and Nguu mountains, flying from sea level to 2000 m (Kielland 1990, p. 101). Henning (1989, p. 306) notes Dar-es-Salaam, Morogoro, Arusha and Taveta, this last apparently reflecting van Someren (1967, p. 295). Rogers (in Butler 1901, p. 24) noted this species (as Charaxes rosae Butler) as fairly common at Taveta ��� from where OUMNH has eight males collected by Rogers at c. 2500 ft, April and May 1905, one female (f. ��� ethalion ���) May 1905, ex Wiggins, together with one male from New Moshi 6 May 1916, collected by Lamborn. The BMNH has males from New Moshi, March 1916 (F.C. Selous), Moshi July 1920 (W.N. van Someren) and ��� 6 miles NW of Moshi ��� May 1916 (Buchanan). Not encountered by Liseki (2009), C. e. littoralis is included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna. Beyond Tanzania this race occurs in the coastal belt of Kenya. Collectively, the nine subspecies of C. ethalion (Boisduval, 1847) range from Kenya south to South Africa, and west as far as southern DRC and Zambia (Ackery et al. 1995, p. 441)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 883, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["van Someren VGL. 1967. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part IV. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 18: 277 - 316, 9 pls.","Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Butler AG. 1901. An account of a collection of butterflies made by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers between Mombasa and the Forests of Taveta. Ann Mag Nat Hist. (7) 7: 22 - 35.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Charaxes (Charaxes) lasti lasti Grose-Smith, 1889 Henning 1989: 70 (4 figs). Larsen 1996: pl. 32, fig. 453 i,ii. d ��� Abrera 2004: 473 (3 figs). SI: Figure 25a ��� d. Forewing length: male 35.5 ��� 39 mm [mean (n = 5) 37.24 mm, SD = 0.777]; female 39 ��� 49 mm [mean (n = 5) 44.00 mm, SD = 2.894]. van Someren (1970, p. 232 ��� 233) gave male forewing length as 35 ��� 38 mm, female 39 ��� 42 mm. Records Judging by the NHM this is a rare species, at least in collections ��� but there is no suggestion of this in van Someren (1963). For C. lasti lasti, Kielland (1990, p. 105) noted ��� lowland forest to 900 m... From the Usambaras to Pugu Hills, Morogoro and Turiani. A record from Moshi is probably this race. ��� Cordeiro (1995, p. 195) indicates that the Moshi record refers to material that he collected at Rau Goundwater Forest Reserve, where it was apparently first collected by the Rev. Baker. We failed to find Kilimanjaro area material in OUMNH, but the BMNH has single females from Moshi and New Moshi, and on this basis we include subsp. lasti in the lower slopes fauna. Beyond Tanzania lasti lasti also occurs in coastal regions of southern Kenya; there are two other subspecies, both endemic to Tanzania (Kielland 1984, 1990, p. 105; Ackery et al. 1995, p. 449)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 890, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House.","van Someren VGL. 1970. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part VI. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 25: 197 - 250,11 pls.","van Someren VGL. 1963. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part I. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 13: 195 - 242, 19 pls.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Cordeiro NJ. 1995. Interesting distribution records of butterflies from northern Tanzania. Metamorphosis. 6: 194 - 198.","Kielland J. 1984. Two new subspecies of Charaxes lasti Grose-Smith (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) from Tanzania. Lambillionea. 83: 70 - 77.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Tirumala formosa formosa Godman, 1880 Larsen 1996: pl. 27, fig. 387 i. d ��� Abrera 1997: 187 (1 fig.). SI: Figure 3a ��� d. Forewing length: male 43.5 ��� 52 mm [mean (n = 9) 47.19 mm, SD = 2.072]; female 43.5 ��� 50.5 mm [mean (n = 11) 47.10 mm, SD = 1.507]. Records Highland forest, forest edges and forest mosaic up to 2300 m in north and northeastern Tanzania, south to Mufindi, and inland to the Rubeho Mountains, with disjunct populations to the west in Mpanda and Kigoma; also in lowland forest at Kasoge and Sanje, and common in semi-evergreen bush near Lufusi River, in the Rubehos (Kielland 1990, p. 73). Although not specifically recorded from Kilimanjaro by Kielland (1990), and not found there by Liseki (2009), it is included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna based on Rogers ��� (1908, p. 494) record for Taveta (a corresponding specimen is extant in OUMNH), and Aurivillius ��� s (1910a, p. 2) records for the cultivated area and slopes of Kilimanjaro. Three female specimens in OUMNH were collected by W.A. Lamborn, 16 May 1916, from Arusha at c. 1400 m, in ��� dense evergreen forest ���. The BMNH has at least nine specimens collected on West Kilimanjaro by B. Cooper, at heights up to 5000 ft, and a pair from Moshi collected by Selous. Cooper also collected this butterfly on Mt Meru, including a female at 6500 ft ��� so it is possible this species could extend into the lower levels of the Kilimanjaro protected forest. Beyond Tanzania this subspecies occurs in Kenya (highlands east of Rift Valley central highlands, Nairobi, Taita Hills, Chyulu Hills, Namanga, Mt Sagala). In Zambia it is known from a single specimen from the Mafinga Mountains, collected by Heath, September 1981 (Heath et al. 2002, p. 47). The collective species comprises in total four recognized subspecies, ranging from Nigeria and Gabon east to Ethiopia and Somalia, south to Zambia (Ackery et al. 1995, p. 270). Tirumala formosa is very distinct from all other members of the genus (Ackery and Vane-Wright 1984), including the only other African species included., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 870, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae & Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Heath A, Newport MA, Hancock D. 2002. The Butterflies of Zambia. Nairobi: ABRI.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO.","Ackery PR, Vane-Wright RI. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies. Ithaca: Cornell University Press."]}

Charaxes (Eriboea) berkeleyi marci Congdon and Collins, 1998 Congdon and Collins 1998: pl. 2, fig. 11 (both sexes). SI: Figure 16a ��� d. Forewing length (estimated from photographs): male 31 ��� 36 mm [mean (n = 4) 33.3 mm, SD = 1.372]; female 32 ��� 43 mm [mean (n = 6) 38.4 mm, SD = 3.248]. Note: The female differs from other subspecies on the forewing upperside, on which the postdiscal spotting is reduced, and on the hindwing upperside, which has the discal band broader. In females of marci, the bands on the upperside of both wings are the same colour, whereas other subspecies have the hindwing markings paler than those of the forewings (Congdon and Collins 1998, p. 52). Records The type locality is ��� West Mt Kilimanjaro, 7000 ft. ��� Collected in March 1993 by S.C. Collins, the type series (three males, six females, with one additional male) is in the African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi. Endemic to Kilimanjaro, and known only from the type locality (Congdon and Collins 1998, p. 52), it was not encountered by Liseki (2009). The two other recognized subspecies of C. berkeleyi van Someren and Jackson, 1957, are restricted to highland forests in Kenya (Ackery et al. 1995, p. 435)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 882, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Congdon C, Collins S. 1998. Kielland ' s Butterflies of Tanzania. Supplement. Nairobi: African Butterfly Research Institute.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Heteropsis perspicua perspicua (Trimen, 1873) Larsen 1996: pl. 30, fig. 425 i,ii (as Henotesia perspicua). d ��� Abrera 1997: 225 (2 figs; as Henotesia perspicua). SI: Figure 9e ��� h. Forewing length: male 19 ��� 24 mm [mean (n = 19) 22.21 mm, SD = 1.259]; female 20.5 ��� 27 mm [mean (n = 13) 24.59 mm, SD = 1.297]. Note: Kielland (1990, p. 83, as Henotesia perspicua) considered this to be a polytypic species, with ��� a distinct race in Cameroun ���, named in a later publication (Kielland 1994). Only treated as monotypic by Ackery et al. (1995, as Henotesia perspicua), and listed as without representation in Cameroon, because Kielland ��� s 1994 paper came too late for inclusion. Like many Mycaelsina, this species shows seasonal variation, notably with respect to expression of the border ocelli ��� for which Riley (1925, as Henotesia perspicua) still offers a useful summary in relation to two closely related species, Heteropsis simonsii (Butler, 1877) and Heteropsis teratia (Karsch, 1894), both of which occur elsewhere in Tanzania. Records Described by Kielland (1990, p. 84) as ��� very common in woodland and savanna from sea level to 2150 m... throughout the country in suitable habitats ���. In contrast, noted as ��� rare ��� during the dry season only at Lake Manyara National Park (Moehlman and Liseki 2003). This butterfly is included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna on the basis of 10 males in OUMNH from Taveta collected at c. 2500 ft by Rogers (see also Butler 1901, p. 23) and, in BMNH, several specimens labelled Kilimanjaro (mostly collected by F. J. Jackson), together with a single male from southeast Kilimanjaro obtained by Cooper at Marangu, 4000 ��� 5000 ft, during January 1937. Liseki (2009), working at 2000 m upwards, did not encounter this butterfly on Kilimanjaro. Beyond Tanzania H. p. perspicua is found widely in eastern Africa, from Ethiopia to South Africa, but extending west only into parts of Zambia, the Congo Basin and Uganda., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on pages 876-877, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae & Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Kielland J. 1994. A revision of the genus Henotesia (excluding Madagascar and other Indian Ocean eislands) (Lepidoptera Satyridae). Lambillionea. 94: 235 - 273.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO.","Riley ND. 1925. Henotesia perspicua Trimen [Lep. Satyridae] and its seasonal forms. T Entomol Soc Lond. 1925: xix - xxi.","Moehlman PD, Liseki SD. 2003. A guide to the butterflies of Tarangire National Park and Lake Manyara National Park. Gland: WWF.","Butler AG. 1901. An account of a collection of butterflies made by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers between Mombasa and the Forests of Taveta. Ann Mag Nat Hist. (7) 7: 22 - 35.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent."]}

Charaxes (Euxanthe) tiberius tiberius (Grose-Smith, 1889) Henning 1989: 405 (4 figs, as Euxanthe t. tiberius). Kielland 1990: 277 (1 fig, ��� atypical ���, as E. t. tiberius). d ��� Abrera 2004: 527 (2 figs, as E. t. tiberius). SI: Figure 19a ��� d. Forewing length: male 43 ��� 53 mm [mean (n = 6) 46.63 mm, SD = 2.806]; female 51 ��� 60 mm [mean (n = 7) 53.84 mm, SD = 2.150]. van Someren (1975, p. 90) gave male forewing length as 45 ��� 50 mm, female as 50 ��� 53 mm. Records Kielland (1990, p. 93) gave the distribution of C. tiberius tiberius in Tanzania as lowland forest, up to 1350 m, in eastern and northeastern parts of the country, from south of Ifakara to the Usambaras, with an isolated sighting for Lake Duluti, Arusha, by Arthur Rydon. Cordeiro (1995), who concluded that this butterfly must be very rare in the Kilimanjaro area, cited Smiles ��� (1985) record for Moshi. This appears to be based on a male in BMNH collected by Cooper, 2500 ft, January ��� February 1938; there is also a Cooper female from West Kilimanjaro, Engare-Nairobi, at 4500 ��� 5500 ft, collected during the same period. This has smaller forewing postdiscal white spots than the female from Amani illustrated (SI: Figure 19c). In females from Tanzania the pale hindwing ��� window ��� varies from white to pale yellow, but is apparently never so buff as in C . tiberius meruensis (van Someren, 1936) from Kenya. There is no tiberius material from the Kilimanjaro area in OUMNH. Included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna. Subsp. tiberius extends north into the coastal areas of Kenya. The only other race of C. (E.) tiberius is found in the vicinity of Mt Kenya (Ackery et al. 1995, p. 468)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 885, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House.","van Someren VGL. 1975. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part X. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 32: 65 - 136, 19 pls.","Cordeiro NJ. 1995. Interesting distribution records of butterflies from northern Tanzania. Metamorphosis. 6: 194 - 198.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Tirumala petiverana (Doubleday, 1847) Larsen 1996: pl. 27, fig. 386 i. d ��� Abrera 1997: 185 (1 fig.). SI: Figure 3e ��� h. Forewing length: male 40.5 ��� 48.5 mm [mean (n = 11) 44.70 mm, SD = 1.904]; female 44.5 ��� 51 mm [mean (n = 12) 47.14 mm, SD = 1.583]. Records Kielland (1990, p. 73, as Danaus petiverana Doubleday and Hewitson) stated that this butterfly occurs at 400 ��� 1600 m, noting ��� Eastern, northern and western Tanzania. From many areas records are lacking. ��� Aurivillius (1910a, p. 2) listed two females (as Danaida limniace var. petiverana) from ��� Kilimandjaro: Kake ���, collected in June. It has been suggested to us that ��� Kake ��� is a misprint for the well-known Kahe, a populated area southeast of Moshi and north of Nyumba ya Mungu dam. Consistent with this, the BMNH has a male from Moshi collected at 2500 ft by Cooper, and a female from New Moshi collected by Selous. OUMNH has two males from Taveta, c. 2500 ft, collected by Wiggins. On this basis, we include this species as a member of the lower slopes fauna. No subspecies of T. petiverana are currently recognized. This butterfly, which occurs throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa (Ackery et al. 1995, p. 270), as long believed, is closely related to the widespread Oriental species Tirumala limniace (Cramer, 1775) (Hashimoto et al. 2012)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 870, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae & Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO.","Hashimoto K, Schroeder HG, Treadaway CG, Vane-Wright RI. 2012. On the taxonomic status of Tirumala tumanana Semper, 1886 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Danainae). J Res Lep. 45: 39 - 47."]}

Bicyclus anynana anynana (Butler, 1879) Larsen 1996: pl. 29, fig. 419 i,ii. d ��� Abrera 1997: 217 (2 figs). SI: Figure 8a ��� d. Forewing length: male 18.5 ��� 21 mm [mean (n = 6) 19.90 mm, SD = 0.310]; female 21 ��� 25.5 mm [mean (n = 6) 23.27 mm, SD = 1.015]. Records Kielland (1990, p. 79) states that this butterfly is common in woodlands and forests from sea level up to 2000 m in all parts of Tanzania. Recorded by Cordeiro (1990, p. 29) from Lake Manyara National Park, where it was ��� very common ���. Included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna on the basis of one male labelled ��� Kilimanjaro ���, without further data or provenance, ex Rothschild Collection (BMNH), and Condamin ��� s (1973, p. 295, fig. 384) distribution map, which has a spot centred on southern Kilimanjaro. The nominate subspecies occurs in eastern Africa south from Kenya to the Transvaal and Natal, and the Comoro Islands. There are two further subspecies recognized, one from Uganda to northern Angola, the second on Socotra (Condamin 1973; Ackery et al. 1995, p. 288)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 875, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae & Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Cordeiro NJ. 1990. A provisional, annotated checklist of the butterflies in Lake Manyara National Park, Arusha region, Tanzania. J East Afr Nat Hist Soc Natl Mus. 80: 25 - 41.","Condamin M. 1973. Monographie du genre Bicyclus (Lepidoptera Satyridae). Mem Inst Fond Afr Noire. (88): 324 pp.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Charaxes (Charaxes) varanes vologeses (Mabille, 1876) Henning 1989: 37,38 (4 figs). Larsen 1996: pl. 31, fig. 447 i,ii. d ��� Abrera 2004: 516 (2 figs). SI: Figure 20e ��� h. Forewing length: male 36.5 ��� 46 mm [mean (n = 13) 41.96 mm, SD = 2.155]; female 38.5 ��� 49.5 mm [mean (n = 13) 45.20 mm, SD = 2.839]. van Someren (1974, p. 478) gave male forewing length as 35 ��� 45 mm, female 45 ��� 51. Note: the underside of both sexes is dead-leaf-like, and very variable. Records Kielland (1990, p. 110) records C. varanes vologeses from woodlands and open areas, thickets, and occasionally forests and montane forests, up to 2300 m ��� apparently throughout Tanzania (mentioning the possibility of a separate subspecies on Pemba). There does not appear to be any Kilimanjaro area material of this common species in OUMNH, but the BMNH has a male collected 6 miles northwest of Moshi, a pair from Old Moshi collected by Selous, and a pair from Arusha, 4500 ft, collected by Rydon. In 1982 the late Ivan Bampton observed C. v. vologeses migrating in numbers, travelling up to 480 km through central and northern Tanzania (Henning 1989, p. 40; repeated by Larsen 1996, p. 282). On this basis it is included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna. While not encountered by Liseki (2009), evidently this butterfly has the potential to move into the lower levels of the main forest, and should be looked for. Charaxes varanes (Cramer, 1777), which occurs throughout almost the whole of Africa, is divided into three named subspecies: one occurs only in southern Arabia, the nominate race occurs in Botswana, Mozambique and most of South Africa, while C. v. vologeses occupies a vast range, north to Yemen (Henning 1989, p. 36 ��� 40; Ackery et al. 1995, p. 460). However, the Yemeni population appears distinct, and has since been named as a further subspecies (Turlin 1999)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 892, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House.","van Someren VGL. 1974. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part IX. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 29: 415 - 487, 18 pls.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO.","Turlin B. 1999. Observations sur les especes insulaires Africaines de la sous-famille des Charaxinae. Lambillionea. 99: 171 - 182."]}

Amauris (Amaura) echeria meruensis Talbot, 1940 d ��� Abrera 1997: 191 (2 figs, of other subspecies). Kielland 1990: 272 (1 fig.). SI: Figure 5e ��� h. Forewing length: male 38 ��� 44 mm [mean (n = 11) 41.55 mm, SD = 1.634]; female 45.0 mm (1 only). Records Highland forests and coffee plantations at 1400 ��� 2600 m, on Mts Kilimanjaro, Meru, Lolkisale, Kwaraha, Longido, the Oldeani-Ngorongoro highlands and Mbulu forests (Kielland 1990, p. 74), Arusha and Moshi (Carcasson 1963, p. 26). Talbot (1940, p. 330) listed numerous specimens collected on Kilimanjaro by Cooper, but all at or below 5000 ft (c. 1500 m), with one male from Moshi, and form ��� luxurians ��� from Doringo Erok, northwest of the mountain, on the Kenya border. There are two males from the ��� slopes ���, ex Rogers in OUMNH (who evidently considered it a common species up to about 1500 m ��� Rogers 1908, p. 493, 511). Given these data, and the fact that the species was not encountered by Liseki (2009), who worked in the protected forest from 2000 to 3000 m, we list this butterfly as part of the lower slopes fauna ��� but it must surely have the capacity to enter at least the lower levels of the protected forest. Amauris e. meruensis is endemic to Tanzania. Amauris echeria, which includes 18 recognized subspecies, ranges widely across forested biotopes in Africa, from Bioko to Ethiopia and south to South Africa (Ackery et al. 1995, p. 274)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 872, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Talbot G. 1940. Revisional notes on the genus Amauris Hubner (Lep.). T R Entomol Soc Lond. 90: 319 - 336.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae & Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Carcasson RH. 1963. The milkweed butterflies of East Africa (Lepidoptera, Danaidae). J E Afr Nat Hist Soc. 24: 19 - 36.","Rogers KSA. 1908. Some bionomic notes on British East African butterflies (with further notes and descriptions by E. B. Poulton and R. Trimen). T Entomol Soc Lond. 1908: 489 - 557, 4 pls.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Charaxes (Charaxes) xiphares kilimensis van Someren, 1969 van Someren 1969: pl. 28, figs 244 ��� 245, 247 ��� 248; 1972: pl. 12, figs 96,97. SI: Figure 27e ��� h (C. x. kilimensis female, and C. x. maudei male). Size: male 49 mm; female 55 mm (van Someren 1969, p. 83). Forewing length (based on C. x. maudei Joicey and Talbot, 1918): male 45 ��� 50 mm [mean (n = 8) 47.55 mm, SD = 1.366]; female 48.5 ��� 56.5 mm [mean (n = 4) 52.98 mm, SD = 2.986]. Note: See Appendix 7 regarding the date of publication of this taxon. Henning (1989, p. 173) states that it has an intermediate phenotype between C. k. brevicaudatus Schultz, 1914, with short hindwing tails, and Charaxes maudei, with very long tails. Records The type locality is ��� Lower slopes of West Kilimanjaro at Maua Estate ��� (van Someren 1969, p. 84). Apparently confined to montane forest on the west side of the mountain. Very few specimens are known of this rare endemic (Kielland 1990, p. 112); it was not encountered by Liseki (2009), and we know of no specimens other than the original type material (only the female of which was deposited in BMNH ��� see Appendix 7). In addition to kilimensis, Kielland (1990) records six other subspecies of C. xiphares (Stoll, 1781) from Tanzania. In total, Ackery et al. (1995, p. 461,462) list 22 subspecies of this east African highland forest butterfly (to which at least two more must now be added), distributed from Kenya and Uganda south to South Africa, Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 894, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["van Someren VGL. 1969. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part V. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 23: 75 - 166, 29 pls.","Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Bicyclus campina ocelligera (Strand, 1910) Larsen 1996: pl. 29, fig. 410 ii ��� iv. d ��� Abrera 1997: 207 (1 fig.). SI: Figure 8e ��� h. Forewing length: male 21 ��� 24.5 mm [mean (n = 10) 22.44 mm, SD = 0.646]; female 24 ��� 26.5 mm [mean (n = 3) 25.27 mm, SD = 0.252]. Note: in line with general lepidopterological practice, the original orthographies campina and ocelligera are maintained here rather than altered to ��� agree ��� with the supposed masculine gender of Bicyclus. As noted by Condamin (1973, p. 144), specimens from Kilimanjaro and the Taita Hills (Kenya) are intermediate in phenotype between nominotypical ocelligera (type locality Amani) and subspecies carcassoni Condamin, 1963 (type locality Mt Kenya). Records Tanzania (coast and northeastern highlands), including Mt Meru, Mt Kilimanjaro, Usambaras, Udzungwa Range, Nguru and Uluguru Mountains, in forests at altitudes up to 2000 m, with intermediates to ssp. carcassoni in eastern and northern Tanzania (Kielland 1990, p. 79, as B. campinus ocelligerus). The ABRI collection (Nairobi) has several specimens from Lukani, southern Kilimanjaro, collected at about 2000 m (D.C. Lees, pers. comm.). Five males and two females in OUMNH were collected by Rogers on the slopes of Kilimanjaro, January 1906. Material in BMNH includes three males and one female from Moshi, vii.1920, collected by W.N. van Someren, and one male labelled ��� Slopes of Kilimanjaro 3 ��� 8000 ft, iii.1885 ���, collected by Hannington. Although not encountered at 2000 m or above by Liseki (2009), B. c. ocelligera is included here as a member of the protected area fauna, but presumably limited to the lowest zones of the forest, as according to Aurivillius (1911b, p. 94, as Mycalesis campina subapicalis Aurivillius, 1910 ��� treated as a junior subjective synonym of ocelligera) it is found ��� on Mt Kilimanjaro on shady foot-paths in the woods up to 2000 m. ��� Beyond Tanzania this subspecies occurs in coastal areas of Kenya. Subspecies carcassoni is found in highland forests in Kenya and the Taita Hills. The only other subspecies, nominotypical B. campina (Aurivillius, 1901), ranges from southern Tanzania into the DRC, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe and Mozambique (Condamin 1973, p. 146; Ackery et al. 1995, p. 288)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 875, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae & Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Condamin M. 1973. Monographie du genre Bicyclus (Lepidoptera Satyridae). Mem Inst Fond Afr Noire. (88): 324 pp.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Charaxes (Eriboea) tavetensis tavetensis Rothschild, 1894 Henning 1989: 220, 4 figs (as etesipe tavetensis). Kielland 1990: 287, 3 figs. SI: Figure 18e ��� h. Forewing length: male 36 ��� 42 mm [mean (n = 7) 39.37 mm, SD = 1.631]; female 41 ��� 47 mm [mean (n = 2) 44.20 mm, SD = 1.414]. van Someren (1966, p. 62) gave male forewing length as 38 ��� 41 mm, female as 40 ��� 44 mm. Note: see Appendix 5 regarding the name and status of this taxon. In females, the pale hindwing band varies from off white through cream to pale yellow. Records Mt Meru and lower slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro (the type locality is Taveta) to the Usambaras and south to Rondo Plateau (near Lindi), the Nguru Mountains, Udzungwa Rift and Kitonga Gorge, at altitudes up to 1500 m (Kielland 1990, p. 109). There is no Kilimanjaro area material in OUMNH, but it was recorded from Moshi by van Someren (1966, p. 63) ��� probably based on a single male in BMNH from ��� 6 miles NW of Moshi ���. Not encountered by Liseki (2009). Beyond Tanzania, subspecies tavetensis occurs in Kenya (coastal region), Malawi, eastern Zimbabwe, and Mozambique to northern regions of South Africa (Ackery et al. 1995, p. 441). Subspecies C. t. pemba van Someren, 1966, and C. t. shaba Berger, 1981, associated with tavetensis by Kielland (1990), occur on Pemba island and in Lualaba, DRC, respectively. Charaxes etesipe gordoni van Someren, 1936, from the region of Mt Kenya, which is phenotypically very similar, may also belong with C. tavetensis (see Ackery et al. 1995, p. 441; Larsen 1996, p. 294). Charaxes etesipe (Godart, 1824) occurs to the north and west of the range of C. tavetensis, from Sierra Leone east to Ethiopia and south to Uganda and northwestern Tanzania., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 885, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Rothschild W. 1894. Some new species of Lepidoptera. Novit Zool. 1: 535 - 540,1 pl.","Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","van Someren VGL. 1966. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part III. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 18: 45 - 101, 16 pls.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO.","Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press."]}

Charaxes (Polyura) zoolina (Westwood, 1850) Henning 1989: 374,375 (13 figs). Larsen 1996: pl. 40, fig. 500 i,ii. d ��� Abrera 2004: 521 (4 figs). SI: Figure 14a ��� h. Forewing length (all forms): male 25 ��� 31 mm [mean (n = 26) 28.27 mm, SD = 1.396]; female 29 ��� 35.5 mm [mean (n = 18) 31.83 mm, SD = 1.450]. van Someren (1974, p. 444 ��� 446) gave male forewing length as 28 ��� 30 mm in male and 30 ��� 32 mm in form ��� zoolina ���, and 25 ��� 28 mm in male and 30 ��� 35 mm in female form ��� neanthes ���. Note: this species can be regarded as an example of class 2 polymorphism, in which both sexes occur in multiple but essentially identical colour forms ��� except insofar as males have only one well-developed pair of hindwing tails, whereas females always have two (Vane-Wright 1975). Intermediate colour forms also occur, with individual variation (including very darkly marked males originally named as subspecies obscuratus Suffert, 1904); it seems likely this is more a case of seasonal polyphenism rather than genetic polymorphism. Records Kielland (1990, p. 112) indicates that this butterfly can be found in most parts of Tanzania, at altitudes up to c. 2100 m, usually in thorn-bush but also entering montane forests where its primary habitat is adjacent. Cordeiro (1990, p. 35) noted it as common in Lake Manyara National Park. Recorded [as the synonym Charaxes neanthes (Hewitson)] by Butler (1901, p. 24) from Taveta. OUMNH has six males and three females from Taveta, c. 2500 ft, collected by Rogers in 1905/06 ��� all are f. ��� zoolina ���, not f. ��� neanthes ���. The BMNH collection includes a male from West Kilimanjaro, 4500 ��� 5000 ft, May ��� July 1938, and a female from Moshi, 2500 ft, January ��� February 1938, both collected by B. Cooper, and both f. ��� neanthes ���. Not encountered in the forest by Liseki (2009), so included here as a member of the lower slopes. Charaxes zoolina occurs widely is eastern Africa, from Somalia to South Africa. Three additional subspecies have previously been recognized ��� of which one occurs in Madagascar, and another in Angola. The third, C. z. mafugensis Jackson, 1956, is found in montane forests in Rwanda and southwest Uganda (Henning 1989, p. 376; Ackery et al. 1995, p. 463), and Rumanyika Orogundu Game Reserve in the bordering Karagwe District of western Tanzania (Kielland 1992, p. 51). However, molecular evidence now suggests all four could be regarded as specifically distinct (Vingerhoedt et al. 2009)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on pages 880-881, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House.","van Someren VGL. 1974. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part IX. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 29: 415 - 487, 18 pls.","Vane-Wright RI. 1975. An integrated classification for polymorphism and sexual dimorphism in butterflies. J Zool. (London). 177: 329 - 337.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Cordeiro NJ. 1990. A provisional, annotated checklist of the butterflies in Lake Manyara National Park, Arusha region, Tanzania. J East Afr Nat Hist Soc Natl Mus. 80: 25 - 41.","Butler AG. 1901. An account of a collection of butterflies made by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers between Mombasa and the Forests of Taveta. Ann Mag Nat Hist. (7) 7: 22 - 35.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO.","Kielland J. 1992. Butterfly collecting in north-western Tanzania. Metamorphosis. 3: 45 - 52.","Vingerhoedt E, Basquin P, Zakharov E, Rougerie R. 2009. Revision du statut taxonomique des membres du groupe de Charaxes zoolina (Westwood 1850): approche morphologique et genetique (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Entomologia Africana. 14 (2): 12 - 21."]}

Charaxes (Charaxes) brutus alcyone Stoneham, 1943 Henning 1989: 103 (2 figs). SI: Figure 21a ��� d. Forewing length: male 40 ��� 49.5 mm [mean (n = 11) 43.58 mm, SD = 2.256]; female 44 ��� 51 mm [mean (n = 7) 47.01 mm, SD = 1.874]. van Someren (1970, p. 219) gave average male forewing length as 40 mm ��� which from our data appears to be an underestimate. Note: The subspecific assignment of populations of C. brutus (Cramer, 1779) in the northern highlands appears uncertain (van Someren 1970, p. 219; Larsen 1996, p. 288). Records A common butterfly throughout most of Africa south of the Sahara, although supposedly relatively uncommon in West Africa (Ackery et al. 1995; Larsen 2005). Found in all suitable habitats in Tanzania, up to 2600 m, including Pemba (Kielland 1990, p. 98). Although not encountered during this study, C. brutus was recorded from Kilimanjaro by van Someren and Rogers (1928, p. 153, as brutus natalensis Staudinger, 1885), and is included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna. Rogers (in Butler 1901, p. 23) noted it as ��� fairly common ��� at Taveta (four males in OUMNH). The BMNH collection has two males from West Kilimanjaro (Ngaserai, and Engare-Nairobi) collected by Cooper at altitudes between 3000 and 5000 ft, a female from the ��� slopes ���, and two pairs from Arusha collected by A.H.B. Rydon. Beyond northeastern Tanzania, C. b. alcyone occurs only in eastern and coastal Kenya. C. b. natalensis occurs from the Cape northwards to Angola and southern and western Tanzania., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","van Someren VGL. 1970. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part VI. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 25: 197 - 250,11 pls.","Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO.","Larsen TB. 2005. Butterflies of West Africa (2 volumes). Stenstrup: Apollo Books.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","van Someren VGL, Rogers K. 1928. The butterflies of Kenya and Uganda. Part VII. Sub-family Nymphalinae, (contd.) Charaxidi. J E Afr Uganda Nat. Hist. 1928: 111 - 158, 29 pls.","Butler AG. 1901. An account of a collection of butterflies made by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers between Mombasa and the Forests of Taveta. Ann Mag Nat Hist. (7) 7: 22 - 35."]}

Charaxes (Charaxes) cithaeron kennethi Poulton, 1926 Henning 1989: 184 (2 figs). SI: Figure 23e ��� h. Forewing length: male 40 ��� 48.5 mm [mean (n = 13) 45.26 mm, SD = 2.160]; female 45.5 ��� 54 mm [mean (n = 5) 49.72 mm, SD = 2.538]. van Someren (1964, p. 231) gave male forewing length as 44 ��� 47 mm, female 47 ��� 51. Note: the separation of C. c. nairobicus van Son, 1953, from subspecies kennethi appears tenuous. Females vary in width of the hindwing lilac band or ��� window ���. Records Northeastern and southeastern parts of Tanzania, including the Mbulu, Nguru and Ukaguru mountains and the Udzungwa rift, only rarely occurring above 800 m (Kielland 1990, p. 99). Henning (1989, p. 184) notes it from the Usambaras, Morogoro, Lindi area, foothills of Kilimanjaro (including Moshi and Arusha ��� most likely based on van Someren 1964, p. 232). Cordeiro (1990, p. 34) records it from Lake Manyara National Park. The BMNH has males from the slopes of Kilimanjaro and Moshi, a pair from Rau forest, and a female from Taveta. Two males in OUMNH are from Kibosa, western slopes of Kilimanjaro, c. 5000 ft, collected by Rogers, 1 November 1905 [we have been unable to locate ��� Kibosa ���]. Not encountered by Liseki (2009), this taxon is included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna. Beyond Tanzania it occurs in the Kenya coast area. More widely this east African species is found from Kenya to South Africa with, in addition to kennethi, localized subspecies recognized from Zambia, central Kenya and Malawi (Ackery et al. 1995, p. 438)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on pages 888-889, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","van Someren VGL. 1964. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part II. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 15: 181 - 235, 23 pls.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Cordeiro NJ. 1990. A provisional, annotated checklist of the butterflies in Lake Manyara National Park, Arusha region, Tanzania. J East Afr Nat Hist Soc Natl Mus. 80: 25 - 41.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Amauris (Amaura) ellioti altumi van Someren, 1929 d ��� Abrera 1997: 193 (1 fig., of A. ellioti ellioti). SI: Figure 6a ��� d. Forewing length: male 39 ��� 43 mm [mean (n = 8) 40.94 mm, SD = 0.971]; female 40 ��� 44 mm [mean (n = 3) 42.33 mm, SD = 0.850]. Records According to Kielland (1990, p. 74), A. ellioti Butler, 1895, is represented in Tanzania by a single subspecies, A. e. junia Le Cerf, 1920, which flies in montane forests at 1100 ��� 2400 m in the northern highlands (including Kilimanjaro), and in eastern, southern and southwestern areas, including the Uluguru Mountains south to Songea, and thence west to Mt Rungwe and Tukuyu. Aurivillius (1910a, p. 2) recorded a pair of this species (as A. ansorgei Sharpe, now restricted as a race of ellioti from parts of Kenya and Uganda) from Kilimanjaro, Kibong ��� oto, 2000 m. However, Liseki (2009) did not encounter this species on the mountain and, apart from a male collected by Cooper at Moshi, 2500 ft, noted by Talbot (1940, p. 335), there does not appear to be any other Kilimanjaro material of this species in the BMNH. No material was found in OUMNH. Given that Talbot saw a distinction between the two subspecies (altumi with submarginal spots on hindwing, junia without), there is some uncertainty regarding the subspecific name to apply to the Kilimanjaro population of A. ellioti. Provisionally, we have followed Talbot (and de Jong and Congdon 1993; and Ackery et al. 1995) rather than Kielland. So we consider that A. e. altumi flies from Kilimanjaro northwards to Mt Kenya, and thence west to Uganda east of the Rift Valley (Talbot 1940, p. 335). Amauris ellioti has four recognized subspecies, all of which are restricted to highlands in eastern Africa (Ackery et al. 1995, p. 274)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 873, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae & Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Talbot G. 1940. Revisional notes on the genus Amauris Hubner (Lep.). T R Entomol Soc Lond. 90: 319 - 336.","de Jong R, Congdon TCE. 1993. The montane butterflies of the eastern afrotropics. In: Lovett JC, Wasser SK, editors. Biogeography and ecology of the rain forests of eastern Africa. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; p. 133 - 172.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Gnophodes betsimena diversa (Butler, 1880) Larsen 1996: pl. 28, fig. 396 i. d ��� Abrera 1997: 197 (1 fig.). SI: Figure 7a ��� d. Forewing length: male 31.5 ��� 37 mm [mean (n = 8) 34.36 mm, SD = 1.170]; female 32.0 ��� 41.5 mm [mean (n = 8) 36.53 mm, SD = 2.579]. Records Kielland (1990, p. 77) stated that this subspecies occurs in the north, east and south of Tanzania, at altitudes up to 1600 m and ��� occasionally to 2000 m ���. Not found at 2000 m or above by Liseki (2009), but included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna on the basis of three male and three female specimens in BMNH from Moshi, New Moshi and Engare-Nairobi (where it was collected at 4000 ��� 5000 ft), and a single female from Taveta, c. 2500 ft, in OUMNH. More widely subspecies diversa extends from northern Kenya (Marsabit) south to the Cape, with the species as a whole found throughout the Afrotropics, including Madagascar (Smiles 1973; Ackery et al. 1995, p. 280)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 874, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae & Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Smiles RL. 1973. Revisional notes on the genera Cyllogenes Butler, Gnophodes Doubleday, and Parantirrhoea Wood-Mason (Lepidoptera: Satyridae). Entomologist. 106: 172 - 182.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Charaxes (Eriboea) kirki kirki Butler, 1881 Henning 1989: 341 (4 figs). Larsen 1996: pl. 39, fig. 492 i,ii. d ��� Abrera 2004: 495 (2 figs, as C. kirki). SI: Figure 18a ��� d. Forewing length: male 29 ��� 37 mm [mean (n = 14) 33.61 mm, SD = 1.405]; female 34 ��� 41 mm [mean (n = 4) 37.80 mm, SD = 1.941]. van Someren (1969, p. 130, as Charaxes viola kirki) gave male forewing length as 44 mm (lapsus for 34 mm?), female as 34 ��� 38 mm. Note: this is one of the ��� black Charaxes��� that exhibit class 7 polymorphism (Vane-Wright 1975) ��� having multiple female forms that never match the almost all-black upperside of the single male phenotype. Henning (1989, p. 341 ��� 342) recognizes four named female forms: ��� kirki ���, ��� albifascia ���, ��� rogersi ��� and ��� handari ���. Records Kielland (1990, p. 105) lists this as a relatively rare butterfly from central, northern and parts of eastern Tanzania, occurring in dry woodland, savannah and bush, 300 ��� 1600 m. Neither Kielland nor van Someren (1969 ��� as C. viola kirki) gives specific records for the Kilimanjaro area. Included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna based on one male from the slopes of Kilimanjaro, 5 ��� 16 January 1906, and six males and one female from Taveta, c. 2500 ft, May 1905, all collected by Rogers (OUMNH). The Oxford female is of the ��� rogersi ��� phenotype. In BMNH there are four males from Taveta, two males from Engare-Nairobi, West Kilimanjaro, 4000 ��� 5000 ft, February ��� March 1937 (B. Cooper), one Cooper male from Moshi, 2500 ft, January ��� February 1938, and three females of the ��� kirki ��� phenotype: Taveta, 2500 ft (Rogers), Taveta (ex Adams Collection), and ��� Kilimanjaro ��� (ex Adams). In addition to Tanzania, the nominate subspecies occurs in coastal areas of Kenya, inland to Nairobi. Charaxes kirki is an East African insect, often treated as having two or three subspecies. Charaxes kirki suk Carpenter and Jackson, 1950, occurs in central and northern Kenya (van Someren 1969, p. 132; Larsen 1996, p. 300). Carcasson 1981, p. 158, listed suk as a taxon from northwest Uganda, in which he was followed by Ackery et al. 1995, p. 449, now in error due to changes in administration affecting the Karasuk area. However, d ��� Abrera (2004, p. 494) regarded suk as a synonym. Henning (1989, p. 343; followed by Larsen 1996) included C. etheocles daria van Someren and Jackson, 1952, as a third subspecies ��� but this Ethiopian butterfly has been treated, at least by some, as a separate species (Rydon 1982, p. 63; Ackery et al. 1995, p. 439; d ��� Abrera 2004, p. 494)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 884, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House.","van Someren VGL. 1969. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part V. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 23: 75 - 166, 29 pls.","Vane-Wright RI. 1975. An integrated classification for polymorphism and sexual dimorphism in butterflies. J Zool. (London). 177: 329 - 337.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Carcasson RH. 1981. Collins Handguide to the Butterflies of Africa. London: Collins.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO.","van Someren VGL, Jackson THE. 1952. The Charaxes etheocles-ethalion complex: a tentative reclassification of the group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). T R Entomol Soc Lond. 103: 257 - 284.","Rydon AHB. 1982. Taxonomic notes on some members of the Charaxes viola group, with descriptions of three new species from the Yemen Arab Republic and Ethiopia. In: Larsen TB, editor. The butterflies of the Yemen Arab Republic. Biologiske Skrifter. 23 (3): 76."]}

Charaxes (Eriboea) jahlusa kenyensis Joicey and Talbot, 1925 Henning 1989: 236 (4 figs). Larsen 1996: pl. 36, fig. 479 i,ii. d ��� Abrera 2004: 453 (3 figs). SI: Figure 16e ��� h. Forewing length: male 22 ��� 26 mm [mean (n = 4) 23.68 mm, SD = 1.231]; female 28 ��� 34 mm [mean (n = 5) 30.26 mm, SD = 1.731]. van Someren (1974, p. 421) gave male forewing length as 28 ��� 30 mm, female as 32 ��� 35 mm, both apparently larger than the small sample we have measured. Records Kielland (1990, p. 104) recorded subsp. kenyensis from Ukerewe Island (Lake Victoria), the Pare Mountains, the Usambaras, and Pemba, at altitudes up to 1500 m, describing it as ��� uncommon and local ���. Henning (1989) gives no specific records for Kilimanjaro, and there is no Kilimanjaro material of this taxon in OUMNH. However, van Someren (1975, p. 425) lists ��� Taveta-Kilimanjaro area ��� as part of its range ��� and on this basis, together with a male from New Moshi and another from Taveta in BMNH (where they have been placed, perhaps incorrectly, as the more southerly Charaxes j. argynnides Westwood), we include C. j. kenyensis as an element of the lower slopes fauna. There must be significant doubt, however, regarding the subspecies assignment (including the issue of size, as noted above). Beyond Tanzania, subsp. kenyensis is restricted to Kenya, where it occurs up to the Somalian border, with transitional forms in northwestern Kenya and eastern Uganda. Divided into eight races, C. jahlusa (Trimen, 1862) is an east African insect, found from Somalia to South Africa (Ackery et al. 1995, p. 446)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 883, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House.","van Someren VGL. 1974. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part IX. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 29: 415 - 487, 18 pls.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","van Someren VGL. 1975. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part X. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 32: 65 - 136, 19 pls.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Charaxes (Charaxes) saturnus Butler, 1866 Henning 1989: 88,89 (9 figs, as C. jasius saturnus). Larsen 1996: pl. 33, fig. 458 i. d ��� Abrera 2004: 459 (2 figs). SI: Figure 26e ��� h. Forewing length: male 37 ��� 45.5 mm [mean (n = 17) 42.58 mm, SD = 2.009]; female 44.5 ��� 53 mm [mean (n = 9) 49.09 mm, SD = 2.246]. van Someren (1963, p. 205) gave male forewing length as 40 ��� 44 mm, female 46 ��� 50 mm. Note: there are considerable differences of opinion concerning the taxonomic status of this butterfly and its relatives (see e.g. Larsen 1996, p. 286). Recent molecular work, although far from definitive (Aduse-Poku et al. 2009, p. 475), supports the contention that C. saturnus is a separate species from both the Mediterranean C. jasius (Linnaeus, 1758), with which it has long been and often still is associated (e.g. Vingerhoedt 2015) and the largely parapatric African Charaxes epijasius Reiche, 1850. The nominal taxon Charaxes harrisoni Sharpe, 1904, from Kenya, may represent hybrid C. saturnus �� C. epijasius (Henning 1989, p. 85), or a further species in this complex (Larsen 1996, p. 286). Kielland (1990, p. 104, as C. jasius saturnus) describes this butterfly as occurring in savannah and open woodland, 200 ��� 2200 m, from the whole of Tanzania where suitable habitats occur. van Someren (1963) does not give any specific records for the Kilimanjaro area. Based on three males in OUMNH from Taveta, c. 2500 ft, collected by Rogers during 1905, we include C. saturnus as a member of the lower slopes fauna. More widely, this butterfly extends north throughout Kenya, and south and west to the Cape and Namibia. If admitted as separate but belonging to C. saturnus, C. s. brunnescens Poulton, 1926, occurs from northern Angola to the Central African Republic, while C. s. pagenstecheri Poulton, 1926, flies in Ethiopia and Somalia (Henning 1989). However, as already noted, the respective status of all these taxa and other members of the C. jasius species complex remain uncertain., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 892, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House.","van Someren VGL. 1963. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part I. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 13: 195 - 242, 19 pls.","Aduse-Poku K, Vingerhoedt E, Wahlberg N. 2009. Out-of-Africa again: a phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on five gene regions. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 53: 463 - 478.","Vingerhoedt E 2015. Nyungwe Lepidoptera Diversity Project. Listes des Charaxinae (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Rophaloceres). Specialistes (determinations). [Internet]. [cited 2015 Jul 4]. Available from: http: // www. drlegrain. be / 0 nyungwe / jour / Charaxinae / Charaxinae. html","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House."]}

Charaxes (Charaxes) ansorgei kilimanjarica van Someren, 1967 Henning 1989: 112 (1 fig.). d ��� Abrera 2004: 464 (2 figs). SI: Figure 22a ��� h. Forewing length: male 38 ��� 41 mm [mean (n = 2) 39.40 mm, SD = 1.154]; female 43 ��� 47 mm [mean (n = 2) 45.10 mm, SD = 1.310]. van Someren (1967, p. 309) gave male forewing length as 38 mm, female 45 mm. Note. See Appendix 6 regarding the type material of this taxon. Records Known only from the type locality: ��� Western foot hills, 6 ��� 7000 ft., Kilimanjaro ��� (van Someren 1967, p. 309; Henning 1989, p. 112). This subspecies appears endemic to Kilimanjaro (de Jong and Congdon 1993, appendix 8.2), but was not encountered by Liseki (2009). According to Kielland (1990, p. 95), most if not all of the several subspecies of C. ansorgei Rothschild, 1897, recognized to occur in Tanzania have been recorded up to 2000 m or higher. If this population survives on Kilimanjaro, it probably flies within the lowest zone of the forest reserve. Collectively, the 11 subspecies listed by Ackery et al. (1995, p. 433) are found in montane and submontane forests from Kenya and Uganda to eastern DRC and Malawi., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["van Someren VGL. 1967. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part IV. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 18: 277 - 316, 9 pls.","Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House.","de Jong R, Congdon TCE. 1993. The montane butterflies of the eastern afrotropics. In: Lovett JC, Wasser SK, editors. Biogeography and ecology of the rain forests of eastern Africa. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; p. 133 - 172.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Charaxes (Charaxes) protoclea azota Hewitson, 1877 Henning 1989: 63,64 (4 figs). Larsen 1996: pl. 31, fig. 451 i,ii. d ��� Abrera 2004: 475 (2 figs). SI: Figure 26a ��� d. Forewing length: male 38.5 ��� 48 mm [mean (n = 11) 43.05 mm, SD = 2.081]; female 45 ��� 52 mm [mean (n = 11) 48.33 mm, SD = 1.940]. van Someren (1971, p. 206) gave male forewing length as 40 ��� 42 mm, female ��� 42 ��� 48, mostly 45 ��� 46 ���. Records Forests, woodland and coastal bush, up to 1700 m, in northeastern, eastern, southern and southwestern parts of Tanzania, inland to North Pare, Nguru and Ukaguru Mountains (Kielland 1990, p. 108). There is no Kilimanjaro area material in OUMNH, but the BMNH has a pair from Engare Sero, Arusha National Park, collected by A.H.B. Rydon. Cordeiro (1995, p. 195), however, records azota from the southern foothills of Kilimanjaro, notably near rivers such as the Karanga, abundantly at Rau Groundwater Forest Reserve, and frequently in the Kahe Forest. Not encountered by Liseki (2009), C. p. azota is included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna. Beyond Tanzania the subspecies occurs in Kenya (coast and Shimba Hills), south to parts of Malawi, Zimbabwe, Zambia and Mozambique and South Africa. Charaxes protoclea Feisthamel includes six named subspecies, ranging collectively through lowland forests from Senegal to northern Angola, east to Uganda and Kenya and south to South Africa., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 891, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House.","van Someren VGL. 1971. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part VII. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 26: 181 - 226, 11 pls.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Cordeiro NJ. 1995. Interesting distribution records of butterflies from northern Tanzania. Metamorphosis. 6: 194 - 198.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent."]}

Neocoenyra duplex Butler, 1886 Larsen 1996: pl. 30, fig. 444 i. d ��� Abrera 1997: 245 (2 figs). SI: Figure 10a ��� d. Forewing length: male 15.0 ��� 18.0 mm [mean (n = 13) 16.66 mm, SD = 0.559]; female 17.0 ��� 20.5 mm [mean (n = 8) 18.61 mm, SD = 1.086]. Records According to Kielland (1990, p. 88), this butterfly occurs in arid thorn-bush, at 1400 ��� 1900 m, in northern Tanzania (with an isolated record from Mbeya). Included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna on the basis of ten male and three female specimens in OUMNH collected by Rogers in 1905 and 1906 at Taveta, c. 2500 ft (see also Butler 1901, p. 23), and, in BMNH, three males from West Kilimanjaro collected by Cooper at 4500 ��� 5000 ft., two males from Taveta (ex Rogers), and a further example from Taveta (sex uncertain). Not encountered by Liseki (2009) at 2000 m or above. More widely, according to Ackery et al. (1995, p. 315), this monotypic species ranges from Somalia southwards to Uganda and the Rwanda /DRC border., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 877, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae & Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Butler AG. 1901. An account of a collection of butterflies made by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers between Mombasa and the Forests of Taveta. Ann Mag Nat Hist. (7) 7: 22 - 35.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Charaxes (Polyura) pleione oriens Plantrou, 1989 Henning 1989: 369,370 (5 figs). Larsen 1996: pl. 40, fig. 498 i,ii. SI: Figure 13a,b (male); C. p. bebra Rothschild Figure 13c,d (female). Forewing length: male 25.5 ��� 32 mm [mean (n = 10) 28.76 mm, SD = 1.432]; female 30 ��� 33.5 mm [mean (n = 7) 31.86 mm, SD = 0.824]. Note: van Someren (1974, p. 428) gave forewing length for this population (both sexes) as 30 ��� 32 mm, and suggested that it is slightly larger than Charaxes p. bebra Rothschild and Jordan, 1900, from Uganda and DRC ��� but our figures hardly bear this out. Records Coastal areas inland to Usambara, Nguu and Uluguru mountains, Udzungwa Rift and Magombera Forest, at altitudes up to 1600 m, with a record by Cordeiro (pers. comm. to Kielland) from Rau Forest (Kielland 1990, p. 108). Although not mentioned by Cordeiro (1995), he confirms that he did see this distinctive species in the forest, although it ��� was very hard to capture ��� (Cordeiro pers. comm. 29 September 2014). There does not appear to be any Kilimanjaro area material in OUMNH or BMNH, and it is therefore not certain that this population does belong to C. p. oriens ��� which subspecies extends outside Tanzania to coastal areas of Kenya. Collectively, the five named subspecies of C. pleione (Godart, 1824) occur widely across a central belt of Africa, from Sierra Leone east to Kenya, and south to Angola, DRC, Rwanda and Tanzania. The female illustrated (SI: Fig. 13c,d), from western Kenya, represents the similar subspecies Charaxes p. bebra Rothschild, 1900 ��� which ranges from west Kenya to Uganda and northeastern DRC (Ackery et al. 1995, p. 454 ��� 455; Larsen 1996, p. 302)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 880, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","van Someren VGL. 1974. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part IX. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 29: 415 - 487, 18 pls.","Rothschild W, Jordan K. 1900. A monograph of Charaxes and the allied prionopterous genera. Novit Zool. 7: 287 - 524, 5 pls.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Cordeiro NJ. 1995. Interesting distribution records of butterflies from northern Tanzania. Metamorphosis. 6: 194 - 198.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}

Amauris (Amauris) niavius dominicanus Trimen, 1879 d ��� Abrera 1997: 187 (1 fig.). SI: Figure 4a ��� d. Forewing length: male 41.5 ��� 50 mm [mean (n = 8) 46.25 mm, SD = 2.177]; female 43 ��� 49.5 mm [mean (n = 9) 46.56 mm, SD = 1.576]. Records According to Kielland (1990, p. 75), occurs in eastern, northern and southwestern areas of Tanzania, from sea level to over 2300 m. Carcasson (1963, p. 23) recorded it from Moshi, and in the BMNH there are several Moshi specimens collected by Cooper, and others collected by Fountaine. Cooper also collected at least one male from Engare Nairobi, West Kilimanjaro, at 4500 ��� 5500 ft. E. Barns obtained this butterfly in the Taveta Forest, at c. 2500 ft, where Rogers (1908, p. 499) evidently found it abundantly. Not encountered in the forest zone by Liseki (2009). We regard this as a member of the lower slopes fauna ��� but it would appear to have the potential to enter the lower levels of the forest. Subspecies dominicanus occurs widely in eastern Africa, from Kenya south to Natal, whereas the nominate race occurs from western Kenya west to Guinea. A third subspecies is found in northern Uganda, southern Sudan and Ethiopia. According to Ackery et al. (1995, p. 271; based on Talbot 1940, p. 320), it is possible that a fourth, unnamed race occurs on Bioko (Fernando Po) ��� however, although the species is confirmed for the island by Spearman et al. (2000, p. 457), and there do appear to be minor differences in phenotype (photographs made available by J.D. Weintraub), these authors make no comment on status., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 871, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae & Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Carcasson RH. 1963. The milkweed butterflies of East Africa (Lepidoptera, Danaidae). J E Afr Nat Hist Soc. 24: 19 - 36.","Rogers KSA. 1908. Some bionomic notes on British East African butterflies (with further notes and descriptions by E. B. Poulton and R. Trimen). T Entomol Soc Lond. 1908: 489 - 557, 4 pls.","Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO.","Talbot G. 1940. Revisional notes on the genus Amauris Hubner (Lep.). T R Entomol Soc Lond. 90: 319 - 336.","Spearman LA, Orfe NA, Weintraub JD. 2000. An annotated list of the butterfly fauna of Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea). T Am Entomol Soc. 126: 447 - 475."]}

Charaxes (Charaxes) castor flavifasciatus Butler, 1895 Henning 1989: 98 (4 figs). SI: Figure 23a ��� d. Forewing length: male 43.5 ��� 51.5 mm [mean (n = 12) 47.30 mm, SD = 1.954]; female 51.5 ��� 58.5 mm [mean (n = 7) 54.59 mm, SD = 1.793]. van Someren (1971, p. 187) gave male forewing length as 44 ��� 49 mm, female as 50 ��� 55. Records Kielland (1990, p. 98) states that C. c. flavifasciatus is found in northern and eastern parts of Tanzania, in woodlands, forests and coastal shrubland, at altitudes up to 2000 m, with its range said to include the ��� Kilimanjaro area ��� (van Someren 1971, p. 188). The only certain material we have located comprises three males from Taveta collected by Rogers at c. 2500 ft, April and May 1905 (OUMNH). Included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna. More widely this east African subspecies extends northwards into Kenya, and south as far as Natal and Transvaal. The nominate subspecies extends widely throughout central and western Africa, and to the north in Ethiopia (which may represent a separate taxon); local endemic insular races occur on Grand Comore and Pemba (Ackery et al. 1995, p. 437)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2015, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae, pp. 865-904 in Journal of Natural History 50 on page 888, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106, http://zenodo.org/record/3990100, {"references":["Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe.","van Someren VGL. 1971. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part VII. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 26: 181 - 226, 11 pls.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO."]}