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Purpose To evaluate quantitative relationships between biometric measurements and expected intraocular pressure reduction following phacoemulsification. Design A prospective, comparative clinical study. Methods Forty nine candidates for phacoemulsification were included. Intraocular pressure was measured preoperatively and after 7 and 30 days. Ocular biometrics were measured using optical biometry and ultrasound biomicroscopy preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively. Results Patients were sub-grouped into open-angle glaucoma (12 eyes), angle-closure glaucoma (18 eyes), and cataract-only groups (19 eyes). The mean intraocular pressure reduction was −1.67 ± 2.73, −13.11 ± 7.98, and −7.50 ± 3.58 mmHg in the cataract-only, angle-closure glaucoma, and open-angle glaucoma groups ( p = 0.001). The delta-intraocular pressure at day 7 showed positive correlations with lens vault and relative-lens vault ( p = 0.005 and 0.001). It showed negative correlations with lens position, relative-lens position, anterior chamber depth, aqueous depth, and nasal and temporal angles in addition to lens thickness, anterior vault, nasal trabeculo-ciliary angle, and temporal-trabeculo-ciliary angle at the end of the follow-up period. Regression analysis revealed significant associations between preoperative intraocular pressure and both nasal-trabeculo-ciliary angle and anterior vault ( p = 0.038 and 0.019) and delta-intraocular pressure and both nasal-trabeculo-ciliary angle and relative-lens vault ( p = 0.001 and ≤0.001) with an area under the curve of 0.71 for relative-lens vault. For every degree decrease in nasal-trabeculo-ciliary angle, there was an expected 0.33 mmHg intraocular pressure reduction with no expected change if nasal-trabeculo-ciliary angle decreased to Conclusions The relationship between anterior-segment-biometrics could determine intraocular pressure behavior after phacoemulsification. The preoperative nasal-trabeculo-ciliary angle and relative-lens vault could be significant predictors for postoperative intraocular pressure reduction.

The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between pole vault warmup and competition performance in a sample of 16 collegiate vaulters over 60 observations. Pole vault athletes are given time to warm up in the same area that the competition will take place. This prompted investigation into whether better warmup performance could indicate better familiarity with the performance environment, and whether this could translate to the competition. The number of warmup vaults taken was also considered. Participants were observed during multiple warmup periods and data was collected on warmup performance. The findings indicate a significant correlation between instances in which participants displayed their best warmup scores and their best competition performances, likewise with their worst. Also, participants who took more warmup vaults performed significantly better on average. Athletes and coaches should consider implementing warmup practices that emphasize familiarizing oneself with their performance environment. KEYWORDS: Pole Vault; Track and Field; Warmups; Warmup Performance; Competition Performance; Performance Environment; Nested Task; Task Constraints

AimsTo predict the vault and the EVO-implantable collamer lens (ICL) size by artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics.MethodsSix thousand two hundred and ninety-seven eyes implanted with an ICL from 3536 patients were included. The vault values were measured by the anterior segment analyzer (Pentacam HR). Permutation importance and Impurity-based feature importance are used to investigate the importance between the vault and input parameters. Regression models and classification models are applied to predict the vault. The ICL size is set as the target of the prediction, and the vault and the other input features are set as the new inputs for the ICL size prediction. Data were collected from 2015 to 2020. Random Forest, Gradient Boosting and XGBoost were demonstrated satisfying accuracy and mean area under the curve (AUC) scores in vault predicting and ICL sizing.ResultsIn the prediction of the vault, the Random Forest has the best results in the regression model (R2=0.315), then follows the Gradient Boosting (R2=0.291) and XGBoost (R2=0.285). The maximum classification accuracy is 0.828 in Random Forest, and the mean AUC is 0.765. The Random Forest predicts the ICL size with an accuracy of 82.2% and the Gradient Boosting and XGBoost, which are also compatible with 81.5% and 81.8% accuracy, respectively.ConclusionsRandom Forest, Gradient Boosting and XGBoost models are applicable for vault predicting and ICL sizing. AI may assist ophthalmologists in improving ICL surgery safety, designing surgical strategies, and predicting clinical outcomes.

Background Appropriate sizing of the implantable collamer lens (ICL) and accurate prediction of the vault are crucial prior to surgery. However, sometimes, the vault value is higher or lower than predicted, necessitating reoperation. The present study aimed to develop neural networks for improving predictions of vault values following ICL implantation based on preoperative biometric data. Methods This retrospective study included 137 eyes of 74 patients with ICLs. Linear regression and neural network analyses were used to examine the relationship between vault values at the 6-month follow-up and preoperative parameters (e.g., ICL characteristics and biometrics). Results Linear regression analysis revealed that vault values were correlated with five variables: ICL size, anterior chamber depth (ACD), angle-to-angle (ATA), white-to-white (WTW), and lens thickness (LT) (adjusted R2 = 0.411). Inclusion of more input variables was associated with better performance in the neural network analysis. The degree of fit when all 11 variables were included in the neural network model was close to 1 (R2 = 0.98). R2 values for the quaternary neural network model enrolling four input variables (ICL size, ATA, ACD, and LT) reached 0.90. Conclusions A neural network equation including the ICL size and biometric parameters of the anterior segment (ATA, ACD, and LT) can be used to predict the postoperative vault, aiding in the selection of an appropriate ICL size and reducing the need for reoperation after surgery.

PURPOSE: To compare intraoperative and postoperative central vault measurement after implantable Collamer lens (ICL; STAAR Surgical) implantation using optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: A total of 574 eyes of 338 consecutive patients undergoing myopic ICL implantation were evaluated (mean age of 30.8 ± 5.7 years, 117 men and 221 women). Central ICL vault was measured both intraoperatively using the microscope-integrated iOCT (Optomedical Technologies GmbH) mounted on a standard surgical microscope (HS Hi-R NEO 900A; Haag-Streit Surgical GmbH), and postoperatively using the CASIA2 swept-source OCT (Tomey GmbH) at 4 and 24 hours. RESULTS: Mean differences between intraoperative and postoperative vault values were 11.5 ± 29.0% of the mean value 4 hours postoperatively ( P < .001) and 2.7 ± 33.5% of the mean value 24 hours postoperatively ( P < .001). Correlation analysis shows significant agreement between vault values obtained intraoperatively and at the two postoperative times, 4 hours (Spearman Rho = 0.850, P < .001) and 24 hours (Spearman Rho = 0.745, P < .001). In 73% of cases, postoperative vault values 4 hours after the surgery could be predicted from intraoperative vault values, and so were 56% of vault values 1 day after surgery. Significant differences in vault were found at the different times, grouping cases by ICL size (Kruskal-Wallis, P = .028 for intraoperative vault, and P < .001 for both postoperative vault times), with smaller vault values for the smaller ICL size. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative determination of ICL vault using iOCT is an effective method for predicting postoperative ICL vault and minimizing postoperative vault surprises that could require surgical retouching. [ J Refract Surg . 2021;37(7):477–483.]

Different techniques to reshape the posterior skull vault have been developed in the last decades, all sharing the same goals of increasing the skull volume, decreasing the intracranial pressure (ICP), correcting the cranial dysmorphy, and contributing to a better growth of the skull. Though over the last years most refinements in these techniques have focused on the use of hardware as distractors or springs, the fixed posterior vault expansion remains a valuable procedure for cranial remodeling. We describe in details the technique used for fixed posterior vault expansion in children that is applied at the French Referral center for Craniosynostosis of Lyon, France. The fixed posterior vault expansion increases the risk of perioperative complications due to the elevation of the posterior bone flap from the dura but allows an immediate decompression and correction of the shape, simplifying the postoperative course.

Objective: Complications associated with intracranial vault compromise can be neurologically and systemically devastating. Primary and secondary repair of these deficits require an air and watertight barrier between the intracranial and extracranial environments. This study evaluated the outcomes and utility of using intracranial free tissue transfer as both primary and salvage surgical repair of reconstruction. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of all subjects who underwent intracranial free tissue transfer as primary or salvage repair. Results: A total of 13 intracranial free tissue transfers were performed on 11 subjects: osteocutaneous radial forearm free flaps (n = 6), partial myofascial rectus abdominis flaps (n = 5), temporoparietal fascia flap (n = 1), and serratus anterior myofascial flap (n = 1). Primary reconstruction was performed on 4 subjects with the remaining being salvage repair. Indications for surgery included neoplasm (n = 6 of 11), ballistic trauma (n = 3 of 11), motor vehicle accident (n = 1 of 11), and infection (n = 1 of 11). Three subjects required additional surgical repair for CSF leak and pneumocephalus, with 2 subjects requiring an additional free tissue transfer at a different site. Conclusion: In our experience, free tissue transfer is an effective primary and salvage surgical technique in the reconstruction of complex intracranial problems.

Objective: Determine the duration and post-operative complications of surgery in patients who underwent rectus sheath sling for correction of vault prolapse. We started doing this novel technique and found it very safe with least side effects so wanted to study it. Study Design: Experimental study. Setting: Nishtar Hospital Multan Pakistan. Period: July 2016 to June 2018. Material & Methods: Patients were applied autologous sling of rectus sheath at Nishtar Hospital Multan and were followed for 2 years. Patients with diabetes mellitus and any other chronic disease were excluded. Patients who had previous surgery for vault prolapse were also excluded from the study. Data were recorded and analyzed using IBM-SPSS version 23.0, percentages are given for previous surgery duration (how long before the previous surgery was done), duration of current surgery, post-operative fever, post -operative urinary tract infection(UTI), duration of stay in the hospital after surgery, parenteral analgesia requirement. Parameters were tested using Pearson Chi Square test with type of previous surgery. Results: The total number of patients in the study were 19.The mean age of the patients was 59.7 years (SD = ±9.7) and mean weight was 59.4kg (SD = ±12.5). The duration of surgery was less than 1 hour in 84 % of patients. Same percentage had less than 36 hours requirement of post- operative parenteral analgesia and thus less than 2 days of post-operative stay in hospital. Postoperatively 31.6 % had fever, 26.3% had Urinary tract infection. On 2 years follow-up of this surgery, no patient had any recurrence of vault prolapse and 85.7% showed no coital difficulty. Conclusion: This surgical procedure is a simple, time saving method with less complications and is best suited for low resource countries like Pakistan.

In the overwhelming majority of cases, the foundations of these or other etiquette rules are common for different ethno-speaking communities of people. Features are manifested in the field of specific formation forms, in the development of parts, fullness of humanistic content. In this regard, Adyge Habze, it is legitimate to admit not just a videos for domestic use, but by the spiritual and moral code that has universal value.

Objectives: To describe the clinical outcome of patients undergoing abdominal sacrocolpopexy for posthysterectomy vault prolapse. Methods: This is a prospective observational study over a period of 2 years among patients who underwent the procedure. Demographic characteristics, POP-Q staging, intraoperative events, postoperative outcomes and complications were noted. Follow-up regarding outcome was done at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year. Results: 15 patients were studied with a mean age of 52 years and mean parity of 3. Most of the patients had stage 3 or 4 vault prolapse. Intraoperative complications were encountered in 3 patients (one bladder injury, one bowel injury and one excessive hemorrhage) which were managed appropriately. On short term follow up one patient had dyspareunia and one patient had urinary dysfunction. Long term follow-up showed one patient having chronic pelvic pain. None of the patients had recurrence of vault prolapse. Conclusion: Abdominal sacrocolpopexy is a safe and an effective procedure for vault prolapse.

Purpose The distance between an implantable collamer lens (ICL) and the crystalline lens, namely vault, is a space regulated by the interaction of the ICL and the anatomical structures of the eye. This study analysed the differences in vault size between fellow eyes with similar anterior segment biometry. Patients and methods A retrospective case series analysed 109 cases of patients bilaterally implanted with EVO-V4c. Patients were analysed pre- and postoperatively using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. The range of vault inter-eye differences was defined as the 95% confidence interval of the differences. Bivariate correlation was applied to seek for associations between vault inter-eye differences with biometric and lens parameters (angle-to-angle, anterior chamber depth, crystalline lens rise, central corneal thickness, central keratometry, ICL spherical equivalent, horizontal compression, postoperative pupil diameter and vault). Results Mean vault inter-eye differences were similar between fellow eyes (26.0 ± 122.5 µm). The 95% confidence interval range of the differences was ±240.1 µm, nearly 50% of the cases presented vault inter-eye differences higher than 100 µm. The vault of the first operated eye explained 81% of the variance in the second eye vault. Vault inter-eye differences were positively correlated with the level of horizontal compression and with vault magnitude. Conclusion Vaults measured in fellow eyes may present considerable differences, which can reach 25% of the common vault range. This reflects some degree of baseline variability in the vault. Clinically, these differences assume special relevance in cases where low or high vaults are expected.

PURPOSE: To develop and validate a new algorithm for predicting the postoperative vault of the myopic EVO Visian Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) V4c (STAAR Surgical AG). METHODS: This study included 81 eyes of 43 patients who had undergone ICL implantation. Preoperative data obtained by swept-source optical coherence tomography, Scheimpflug camera, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography were applied to develop a new partial least squares (PLS) regression algorithm. ICL sizing was performed using the standard white-to-white method with the online calculation and ordering system. The postoperative vault was assessed based on anterior segment optical coherence tomography. The PLS approach was applied to create the calibration model for predicting the postoperative vault. The new PLS model was cross-validated using the leave-one-out method and compared to a recently published linear regression model. Agreement between the actual and predicted vault values for the two methods was assessed by the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant correlation ( P < .001, r = 0.73) between the postoperative vault values and those predicted by the PLS algorithm. Validation of the PLS model yielded lower mean differences and limits of agreement (0 and 410 µm, respectively) than the linear regression method (400 and 750 µm, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The PLS algorithm increases the precision of ICL vault prediction. However, it shows a tendency to overestimate small vault values and underestimate high vaults. [ J Refract Surg . 2020;36(9):606–612.]

Glioblastoma prognosis remains grim despite maximal, multimodal management. Recent literature has demonstrated an increase in research devoted to experimental treatments, particularly those relying on the foundations of active immunotherapy with promising results. We hypothesize that the utilization of bioengineered recombinant vault nanoparticles coupled with glioma-associated antigens, such as the NY-ESO-1 peptide, may be capable of stimulating native dendritic cell (DC) maturation and inducing an anti-tumor response.Immature DCs were cultured from the bone marrow of 4-6-week-old C57BL/6 mice. The three treatment groups consisted of: (1) DC and media, (2) DC with mCherry vault, and (3) DC with NYESO and vault. DC maturity was assessed via flow cytometric evaluation of CD11c, CD86, and MHC-II. Increase in CD86 Median Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) was analyzed in the CD11c+CD86+MHC-II+ population to determine the extent of maturation RESULTS: Our findings suggest that CP-MVP-NY-ESO-1-INT recombinant vault nanoparticles are efficiently bioengineered with exceptional integrity, are quickly internalized by immature DCs for antigen processing, and result in DC maturation.This study reports our preliminary results, which demonstrate the feasibility and progress regarding our immunotherapeutic technique utilizing NY-ESO-1 packaged vault nanoparticles to prime DCs for subsequent anti-cancer therapies.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant primary adult brain tumor. Current care includes surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. Recent clinical trials for GBM have demonstrated extended survival using interventions such as tumor vaccines or tumor-treating fields. However, prognosis generally remains poor, with expected survival of 20 months after randomization. Chemokine-based immunotherapy utilizing CCL21 locally recruits lymphocytes and dendritic cells to enhance host antitumor response. Here, we report a preliminary study utilizing CPZ-vault nanoparticles as a vehicle to package, protect, and steadily deliver therapy to optimize CCL21 therapy in a murine flank model of GBM. GL261 cells were subcutaneously injected into the left flank of eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice. Mice were treated with intratumoral injections of either: (1) CCL21-packaged vault nanoparticles (CPZ-CCL21), (2) free recombinant CCL21 chemokine empty vault nanoparticles, (3) empty vault nanoparticles, or 4) PBS. The results of this study showed that CCL21-packaged vault nanoparticle injections can decrease the tumor volume in vivo. Additionally, this study showed mice injected with CCL21-packaged vault nanoparticle had the smallest average tumor volume and remained the only treatment group with a negative percent change in tumor volume. This preliminary study establishes vault nanoparticles as a feasible vehicle to increase drug delivery and immune response in a flank murine model of GBM. Future animal studies involving an intracranial orthotopic tumor model are required to fully evaluate the potential for CCL21-packaged vault nanoparticles as a strategy to bypass the blood brain barrier, enhance intracranial immune activity, and improve intracranial tumor control and survival.

Background: The use of barbed suture in laparoscopic surgery is increasing ever since 2008. Published reports of use of unidirectional barbed suture for vaginal vault closure following total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH), indicates it is safe. Despite of this many reports of adhesions and bowel obstruction are reported. This complication was never assessed in relation to amount of suture exposure at vaginal vault. We thought of quantifying the barbed suture exposure at vaginal vault and assess the risk of post-operative complications. Objective: The objective was to quantify the exposure of barbed suture at vaginal vault by adopting a uniform technique of vault suturing and assessing postoperative risk related to adhesions at vaginal vault. Method: In 30 patients who underwent TLH, a uniform new technique of vaginal vault closure using barbed suture was used and the portion of suture exposed at vaginal vault was quantified. The patients were followed up for a period of 6 months to assess post-operative risk of adhesions at vault and sequalae. Result: Mean length of suture exposed was 2.64 ± 1.65 mm only. Suture exposure at vaginal vault was seen in 23 (76.67%) out of 30 patients. The suture was exposed on average at 1.57 ± 1.20 places at vaginal vault. Conclusion and Recommendations: The study with an accepted relative error of 5% quantifies barbed suture exposure at vaginal vault. We had adopted a uniform new method of vaginal vault suturing to study and to quantify barbed suture exposure. It was observed that very minimal portion of suture was exposed at vaginal vault. It was exposed at only a couple of places at vaginal vault. Thus, decreasing suture exposure at vaginal vault will reduce its exposure related risk.

The proliferation of computer 3D simulation and computer-generated guides is aimed at minimizing perforation of the glenoid vault by glenoid pegs in shoulder arthroplasty, based on assumptions that perforation leads to worse outcomes by component loosening and potential failure. We evaluated outcomes of glenoid peg perforation testing the assumption that perforation produces worse results. Eighty-three shoulders underwent shoulder arthroplasty with pegged hybrid fixation (bone-ingrowth flanged central glenoid peg and peripheral cemented pegs) without precision signal injector guides or use of 3D planning software. Outcomes were determined by American Shoulder and Elbow Score and Oxford Shoulder Score. Fine slice CT determined the presence of vault perforation and the extent of lucent lines at the prosthesis–bone interface and bony morphology of the vault perforation. Follow-up was 46.7 months (24–99). Seven shoulders (8%) demonstrated perforation of glenoid vault. Bony ingrowth and cortical overgrowth occurred despite perforation, with no clinically significant differences in clinical or radiological outcomes in shoulders with and without glenoid vault perforation. None of these patients underwent revision surgery. Despite not utilizing computer planning and/or guides, 92% of implants did not perforate the glenoid vault. However, glenoid vault perforation in our series produced excellent outcomes with no increased risk of revision as a result of glenoid vault perforation.

A data warehouse integrates data from various and heterogeneous data sources and creates a consolidated view of the data that is optimized for reporting and analysis. Today, business and technology are constantly evolving, which directly affects the data sources. New data sources can emerge while some can become unavailable. The DW or the data mart that is based on these data sources needs to reflect these changes. Various solutions to adapt a data warehouse after the changes in the data sources and the business requirements have been proposed in the literature [1]. However, research in the problem of DW evolution has focused mainly on managing changes in the dimensional model while other aspects related to the ETL, and maintaining the history of changes has not been addressed. The paper presents a Meta Data vault model that includes a data vault based data warehouse and a master data management. A major area of focus in this research is to keep both history of changes and a “single version of the truth,” through an MDM, integrated with the DW. The paper also outlines the load patterns used to load data into the data warehouse and materialized views to deliver data to end-users. To test the proposed model, we have used big data sets from the biomedical field and for each modification of the data source schema, we outline the changes that need to be made to the EDW, the data marts and the ETL.A data warehouse integrates data from various and heterogeneous data sources and creates a consolidated view of the data that is optimized for reporting and analysis. Today, business and technology are constantly evolving, which directly affects the data sources. New data sources can emerge while some can become unavailable. The DW or the data mart that is based on these data sources needs to reflect these changes. Various solutions to adapt a data warehouse after the changes in the data sources and the business requirements have been proposed in the literature [1]. However, research in the problem of DW evolution has focused mainly on managing changes in the dimensional model while other aspects related to the ETL, and maintaining the history of changes has not been addressed. The paper presents a Meta Data vault model that includes a data vault based data warehouse and a master data management. A major area of focus in this research is to keep both history of changes and a “single version of the truth,” through an MDM, integrated with the DW. The paper also outlines the load patterns used to load data into the data warehouse and materialized views to deliver data to end-users. To test the proposed model, we have used big data sets from the biomedical field and for each modification of the data source schema, we outline the changes that need to be made to the EDW, the data marts and the ETL.

‘The Arctic carbon vault’ describes the large share of Earth's organic carbon sequestered in the frozen ground and within the shelf sea sediments of the Arctic Ocean. The organic carbon stock of the permafrost is roughly equivalent to half of total global soil carbon. A cold Arctic with extensive permafrost is an effective long-term carbon sink as carbon is safely locked away as long as permafrost is maintained. Giant craters appeared on the Yamal peninsula. The thawing permafrost leads to the formation of thermokarst lakes, which are frozen bodies of water held in subsidence depressions created by the thawing of ground ice. Well-preserved carcasses of extinct ice age beasts, including woolly mammoths and cave bears, have been recovered from the thawing permafrost.

Background Scaphocephaly is the commonest from of craniosynostosis. There are several surgical methods to correct this and is influenced by the areas affected. A common thread in any of these corrections is an attempt to increase the biparietal diameter by modifying the lateral vault panel (LVP). A simple and novel method is proposed. Materials and method The records of all patients undergoing scaphocephaly correction in the craniofacial unit at the institution were reviewed from 2003 to 2019. There were 106 patients, 57 males, and 49 females. The age ranged from 6 months to 5 years with a mean of 11 months. The method of vault remodeling was LVP only in 36 (34%), subtotal vault remodeling in 59 (56%), and total vault remodeling in 11 (10%). All 106 patients underwent LVP remodeling as part of the procedure. One or 2 wedge excisions was performed to increase the curvature of the LVP and this panel was fixed on the outside of the temporal squame bone. Results The patients were followed up for a minimum of 1 year. Satisfactory results were obtained. The mean preoperative cephalic index was 64% and the mean postoperative index was 75%. There were minor complications such as screw visibility in a few patients. Conclusions Wedge excisions of the LVP is a simple and effective maneuver that can be used as strategy when performing scaphocephaly correction.

Posterior cranial vault remodeling is a surgical procedure that is currently utilized in all craniofacial centers. It has a dual aim: a cosmetic and a functional one to correct the posterior flattening of the head and creating space for the underlying brain to develop. With the increasing use of the procedure in the last years, numerous variants of the technique have been developed, new different hardware have been introduced (distractors and springs), and new potential functional advantages are discussed, namely, those related to the cerebrovascular circulation and the cerebrospinal fluid movements. This focus session has been then proposed and organized to provide the state of art concerning the indications of posterior cranial vault remodeling operations and the analysis of the technical variants that characterize the use of the procedure in various pediatric neurosurgical centers throughout the world.

The mammalian calvarial vault is an ancient and highly conserved structure among species, however, the mechanisms governing osteogenesis of the calvarial vault and how they might be conserved across mammalian species remain unclear. The aim of this study was to determine if regional differences in osteogenic potential of the calvarial vault, first described in mice, extend to humans. We derived human frontal and parietal osteoblasts from fetal calvarial tissue, demonstrating enhanced osteogenic potential both in vitro and in vivo of human frontal derived osteoblasts compared to parietal derived osteoblasts. Furthermore, we found shared differential signaling patterns in the canonical WNT, TGF-β, BMP, and FGF pathways previously described in the mouse to govern these regional differences in osteogenic potential. Taken together, our findings unveil evolutionary conserved similarities both at functional and molecular level between the mouse and human calvarial bones, providing further support that studies employing mouse models, are suitable for translational studies to human.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are extensively expressed in various cells and tissues, and studies have shown that ncRNAs play significant roles in cell regulation. However, in the past few decades, the knowledge of ncRNAs has been increased dramatically due to their transcriptional ability and multiple regulatory functions. Typically, regulatory ncRNAs include long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), miRNAs, piRNAs, Y RNAs, vault RNAs, and circular RNAs (circRNAs), etc. Previous studies have revealed that various ncRNAs are involved in the host responses to virus infection and play critical roles in the regulation of host-virus interactions. In this review, we discuss the conceptual framework and biological regulations of ncRNAs to elucidate their functions in response to viral infection, especially influenza A virus (IAV) infection. In addition, we summarize the ncRNAs that are associated with innate immunity and involvement of interferons and their stimulated genes (ISGs) during IAV infection.

INTRODUCTION Fallopian tube prolapse (FTP) is a rare complication of hysterectomy. The cytological features of the prolapsed fallopian tube in vault smears have been occasionally described in the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective study conducted to identify and describe the characteristic cytologic features of histopathologically confirmed cases of FTP in SurePath™ liquid-based preparations. Additionally, the literature documenting cytologic features of the prolapsed fallopian tube in vault smears was also reviewed. RESULTS A total of four corresponding vault cytology samples of FTP cases, reported on histopathology, were available. On cytologic examination, these cases demonstrated strips and papillaroid clusters of columnar-shaped cells with mild nuclear enlargement, round to elongated nuclei, fine chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli, and a moderate amount of wispy cytoplasm. Admixed inflammatory cells were also noted. Some of these cells demonstrated the presence of cilia and terminal bar toward the apical surface, indicative of tubal epithelium. The presence of three-dimensional papillaroid clusters lined by columnar cells as well as strips of similar cells with cilia and terminal bars at the apical surface and fine nuclear chromatin were the most consistent cytologic features in these cases. CONCLUSION We conclude that a high index of clinical suspicion in post-hysterectomy cases with knowledge of the characteristic cytologic features can help in suggesting a diagnosis of tubal prolapse in vault samples.

The goal of rhinoplasty is not exclusively aesthetic and the nasal function should always be considered. Several rhinoplasty techniques can participate in nasal valve dysfunction (eg, dorsal hump reductions). Therefore, mid-nasal vault reconstruction by spreader grafts or flaps is mandatory in these cases. To date, there is a literature gap in comparing both techniques objectively. This study shows an objective comparison between spreader grafts and flaps for mid-nasal vault reconstruction.This study was a double-blind randomized controlled trial including 40 patients who were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (20 patients) underwent spreader grafts insertion, whereas group 2 (20 patients) underwent spreader flap placement technique. Pre-operative active anterior rhinomanometry measurements were compared to 6-month post-operative measurements. Data were summarized as mean (standard deviation) for the quantitative variables. Comparisons between the 2 groups were done using unpairedIn both groups, a significant decrease in nasal resistance was noted in both the right and left sides 6 months post-operatively (Both spreader grafts and flaps, which are used for the mid-nasal vault reconstruction, have comparable and effective results in reducing the nasal resistance as evidenced by active anterior rhinomanometry measurements.La rhinoplastie n’a pas seulement un objectif esthétique. En effet, il faut toujours tenir compte de la fonction nasale. Plusieurs techniques de rhinoplastie peuvent entraîner une dysfonction de la valve nasale, par exemple en cas de réduction de la bosse dorsale. Dans ces situations, il faut absolument procéder à une reconstruction de la voûte nasale par greffes ou lambeaux d’extension. Jusqu’à présent, les publications scientifiques n’ont pas comparé pas objectivement les deux techniques. La présente étude contient une comparaison objective entre des greffes et des lambeaux d'extension lors de la reconstruction de la voûte nasale.La présente étude présente une comparaison objective entre les greffes et les lambeaux d’extension lors de la reconstruction de la voûte nasale.La présente étude aléatoire et contrôlée à double insu comptait 40 patients répartis au hasard entre deux groupes. Le groupe 1 (20 patients) a subi l’insertion de greffes d’extension et le groupe 2 (20 patients), la technique d’installation de lambeaux d’extension. Les chercheurs ont comparé les mesures de rhinamométrie antérieure active obtenues avant l’opération à celles obtenues six mois après l’opération. Ils ont résumé les données relatives aux variables quantitatives à l’aide de l’écart-type moyen et standard. Ils ont comparé les deux groupes à l’aide du test de Student non apparié.Dans les deux groupes, la résistance nasale latérale droite et gauche avait diminué considérablement six mois après l’opération (Les greffes et les lambeaux d’extension utilisés pour la reconstruction de la voûte nasale, donnent des résultats comparables et efficaces pour réduire la résistance nasale, tel que le démontrent les mesures de rhinamométrie antérieure active.

Hemorrhage after gynecologic surgery is an infrequent complication. It can be divided based on time of onset into primary and secondary. Secondary hemorrhage is a life-threatening complication with a reported incidence of .17% to .45%. When the etiology cannot be ascertained and when the hemorrhage does not respond to conservative management, it is aptly labeled as an intractable hemorrhage. Numerous techniques have been used to manage secondary hemorrhage, including vaginal exploration and securing of the bleeding vessels, laparotomy and ligation of uterine and internal iliac arteries, and transarterial embolization of uterine or internal iliac vessels using interventional radiologic modalities. Circumferential vault excision and reconstruction is a methodic technique to effectively control this condition using a total laparoscopic route with systematic and easily replicable steps.

A frequent complication following vaginal hysterectomy is the formation of vaginal vault hematoma. The objective of our systematic review was to assess the impact of various interventions in reducing the incidence of vault hematoma or postoperative febrile morbidity following vaginal hysterectomy. We carried out a systematic search of Cochrane, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, HTA database, PROSPERO, meta-Register of Controlled Trials (mRCT), PubMed, CENTRAL, Google Scholar, conference abstracts, and a hand search of journals from inception until September 2018. Our search strategy included interventions in women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy with modified vault closure with inclusion of peritoneal edges, vaginal vault drainage, or vaginal packing to reduce the incidence of clinically significant vault hematomas. Two independent reviewers (SR and AD) extracted data using a structured proforma. Meta-analysis was carried out using RevMan 5.3 software. We identified two studies on modified vaginal vault closure incorporating peritoneal edges that reported a significant reduction in vault hematoma incidence. Meta-analysis of two randomized trials on vaginal drains showed no difference in postoperative febrile morbidity secondary to vault hematoma [risk ratio (RR) 0.8, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.43–1.50]. Similar results were seen on meta-analysis of four randomized trials on the use of vaginal packing (RR 0.8, 95% CI 0.43–1.50). Inclusion of peritoneal edges in vaginal vault closure may reduce the incidence of vault hematoma. The routine use of vaginal vault drainage and/or packing has not shown to reduce vault hematoma incidence or postoperative febrile morbidity. We recommend a change of practice to include peritoneal edges in vault closure based on the evidence available in our systematic review.

To assess how varying degrees of corneal clearance of scleral contact lenses (ScCL) impact visual acuity (VA) and comfort in patients with corneal ectasia.Three ScCL were fitted to 20 subjects with previous diagnosis of either keratoconus (n=18) or pellucid marginal degeneration (n=2). Fitting of ScCL was based on corneal sagittal height (CSH) measured with Visante OCT at a 15-mm chord on the horizontal meridian. To select the ScCL from the diagnostic lens set, values of 325, 375, and 425 μm were randomly added in sequence to CSH. Subjects wore ScCL for 1 hr. Central corneal clearance (CCC) and topographic corneal clearance (TCC) along the vertical meridian were assessed using an ultralong optical coherence tomographer. High-contrast VA (HCVA) and low-contrast VA (LCVA) were measured using a logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution VA chart, and comfort ratings were obtained with a standard comfort scale (0-100).Mean CSH in the horizontal meridian was 3.78±0.53 (range: 3.33-4.17) mm at a 15-mm chord. Mean CCC was 190±100 μm (TCC: 160±94 μm at +3 mm and 180±94 μm at -3 mm), 360±120 μm (TCC: 260±100 μm at +3 mm and 330±110 μm at -3 mm), and 450±170 μm (TCC: 320±120 μm at +3 mm and 400±120 μm at -3 mm) for each lens (P=0.001). Mean HCVA for lenses 1, 2, and 3 were 0.05±0.12, 0.07±0.11, and 0.11±0.08 respectively, which were significantly different (P=0.02). Tukey post hoc analysis showed that this difference was only significant between lenses 1 and 3 (P=0.01). Similar findings were found for LCVA. Comfort ratings for lenses 1, 2, and 3 were 74.9±9.2, 79.7±11.6, and 78.6±10.8, respectively (P=0.24).The CSH is an effective method of determining the appropriate lens/cornea relationship. Lens 2 (+375 μm) gave the best combination of acuity and comfort ratings. Evaluation of the fluorescein pattern must be balanced with VA and comfort ratings for successful fitting in a clinical setting.

Macroautophagy ensures the clearance of intracellular substrates ranging from single ubiquitinated proteins to large proteotoxic aggregates and defective organelles. The selective autophagy receptor p62 binds these targets and recruits them to double-membrane vesicles, which fuse with lysosomes to degrade their content. We recently uncovered that p62 function is riboregulated by the small non-coding vault RNA1-1. Here, we present detailed insight into the underlying mechanism. We show that the PB1 domain and adjacent linker region of p62 (aa 1-122) are necessary and sufficient for specific vault RNA1-1 binding, and identify lysine 7 and arginine 21 as key hinges for p62 riboregulation. Chemical structure probing of vault RNA1-1 further reveals a central flexible loop within the RNA that mediates the specific p62 interaction. Our data define molecular determinants that govern mammalian autophagy via the p62-vault RNA1-1 riboregulatory pair.

Genetic material in individual genebanks is potentially vulnerable to being lost (e.g. through conflict or a natural disaster). One important and simple security measure is to ensure that samples of these valuable genetic materials are conserved in more than one place. In this context, the Svalbard Global Seed Vault offers a free of charge service to store duplicate samples of seeds that are conserved in gene banks world-wide. This chapter provides an overview of this facility in Svalbard and describes its operations as well as its functions and status.

This review summarizes and addresses non-coding RNAs (rRNA, tRNA, Vault and Y RNA, snRNA, and miRNA) cytoplasmic decay pathways, the molecules, enzymes, and modifications such as uridylation, which play vital roles in the degradation processes in various eukaryotic organisms. Plus, SIRT1's role in fundamental cellular processes, including autophagy, DNA repair, DNA damage response (DDR), and the molecular mechanisms, is explored. Further, the HuR (an RNA-binding protein) impact on the expression of genes following DNA damage, and the pathways that regulate HuR function, which is through phosphorylation by Chk1/Cdk1 and Chk2, are specified. Finally, the role of DIF1/ Rnr2-Rnr4 in DDR has been discussed.

The small noncoding vault RNA is a component of the vault complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex found in most eukaryotes. Wakatsuki et al. show that vault RNA functions as a riboregulator of synaptogenesis by modulating the MAPK signaling pathway in neurons., The small noncoding vault RNA (vtRNA) is a component of the vault complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex found in most eukaryotes. Emerging evidence suggests that vtRNAs may be involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular functions when unassociated with the vault complex. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for vtRNA in synaptogenesis. Using an in vitro synapse formation model, we show that murine vtRNA (mvtRNA) promotes synapse formation by modulating the MAPK signaling pathway. mvtRNA is transported to the distal region of neurites as part of the vault complex. Interestingly, mvtRNA is released from the vault complex in the neurite by a mitotic kinase Aurora-A–dependent phosphorylation of MVP, a major protein component of the vault complex. mvtRNA binds to and activates MEK1 and thereby enhances MEK1-mediated ERK activation in neurites. These results suggest the existence of a regulatory mechanism of the MAPK signaling pathway by vtRNAs as a new molecular basis for synapse formation.

The principal cause of a saddle nose is weak (insufficient) septal support by the middle vault. A saddle nose is fundamentally a middle vault problem. However, in severe cases, the upper (bony) vault may also be affected.

The article discusses the difference between Data Vault and Snowflake methodologies in Hadoop infrastructure. The history of Data Vault methodology development from the original version to the modern is showed. The main components of Data Vault are described: hubs, communications, satellites. A comparison of the Data Vault approach with the classic star and snowflake approaches is performed. TPC-H test schema is designed using the Data Vault methodology: business entities are identified and converted to hubs, their rela-tionships are allocated to satellites. Result storage size and query execution time comparison between Data Vault and Snowflake is performed.