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Additional file 1: Table S1. Diagnostic ascertainment of the 12 (NIDIAG) target priority infections; Table S2. Case ascertainment of conditions not targeted by the NIDIAG workup; Table S3. STROBE Checklist of items for cross-sectional studies (NIDIAG); Table S4. STARD checklist NIDIAG study.

Many health systems have been severely strained by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic that has affected hudreds of millions of people and caused millions of deaths across the world. Only resilient health systems are at a position to ensure the well-being of beneficiaries even under stressful conditions. Good health is key to human happiness and well-being, and essential to sustainable development. Healthy populations can reach their full potential, produce and save more, generating wealth for themselves and contributing significantly to the progress and prosperity of their communities. Building health system resilience is thus crucial and should be considered in the efforts to strengthen health systems. Assessing the resilience of a health system may enable key stakeholders to identify weak points and take necessary actions. However, there is so far no common understanding of health system resilience and how it should be assessed. The general objective of this scoping review is to examine how health system resilience can be assessed. More specifically, we will (i) identify the various approaches used or proposed for assessing health system resilience, (ii) describe the conceptual basis supporting these approaches, (iii) summarise their strengths and limitations, and (iv) discuss challenges in the assessment of health system resilience.

Protocol for systematic review on the bacterial causes of childhood pneumonia in children in sub-Saharan Africa.

Protocol for systematic review on the bacterial causes of childhood pneumonia in children in sub-Saharan Africa.

Additional file 1. Meta-analysis forest plots. This file includes detailed methods and forest plots for all meta-analyses conducted, as well as additional information on why meta-analysis could not be conducted for some risk factors.

Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of the HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Apoptosis is a mechanism of defense elicited by many triggers, including cross-linking of the FAS receptor expressed in viruses-infected cells, and the ligand FASL presented by T-cytotoxic cells. As HAM/TSP has been associated with high levels of proviral load (PVL), we hypothesized that certain genotypes of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with a decreased protein expression of FAS and FASL could be risk factors for this disease. Three SNPs: FAS-670A/G (rs1800682), FAS-1377G/A (rs2234767), and FASL-844C/T (rs763110) were analyzed in 73 HAM/TSP patients and 143 HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers. Ancestry informative markers were used to adjust for ethnicity through a principal component analysis. Gender, age, PVL, and the first three principal components were used as covariates. The FAS/FASL genotype distribution was not associated with HAM/TSP presence (P-> 0.05). The FAS-670 AA genotype was associated with high PVL in comparison to FAS-670 GG in HAM/TSP patients (P = 0.015), while in asymptomatic carriers low levels of PVL were observed (P > 0.05). Our findings suggest that rs1800682, rs2234767, and rs763110 genotypes are not associated with the presence of HAM/TSP, but that the FAS-670 AA genotype can promote higher PVL values in HAM/TSP patients. J. Med. Virol. 89:726-731, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Additional index case characteristics and their relation to incident tuberculosis among household contacts. (DOCX 18 kb)