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Circuits and Systems: An International Journal (CSIJ) ISSN : 2349 - 2171 Article Title: Energy Efficient Zone Divided and Energy Balanced Clustering Routing Protocol (EEZECR) in Wireless Sensor Network Sandeep Verma1 and Kanika Sharma2 ME Student1 , Assistant Professor2 ABSTRACT Wireless sensor network has proven its significance in almost every field in today’s era. Wireless sensor network consists of large number of sensor nodes distributed randomly in some areas. In WSN the main objective has been increasing the network lifetime. There is zone divisional approach which has shown sound improvement in increasing the network lifetime over the Leach and EEUC protocols. The proposed protocol Energy efficient zone divided and energy balanced clustering routing protocol (EEZECR) has not only much higher network lifetime as compare to ZECR and it also has much better load balancing in the network. In the EEZECR the concept of double cluster head in a cluster is introduced which reduces the load on cluster head and very efficiently does the task of load balancing in the network thoroughly which makes this protocol favorite for many real time applications. Simulations are performed in MATLAB. Keywords Wireless sensor network (WSN), Cluster head (CH), Assistant Cluster head (ACH) For More Details Visit: http://airccse.com/csij/index.html Original Source URL: http://airccse.com/csij/papers/1114csij03.pdf

Wireless sensor network has proven its significance in almost every field in today’s era. Wireless sensor network consists of large number of sensor nodes distributed randomly in some areas. In WSN the main objective has been increasing the network lifetime. There is zone divisional approach which has shown sound improvement in increasing the network lifetime over the Leach and EEUC protocols. The proposed protocol Energy efficient zone divided and energy balanced clustering routing protocol (EEZECR) has not only much higher network lifetime as compare to ZECR and it also has much better load balancing in the network. In the EEZECR the concept of double cluster head in a cluster is introduced which reduces the load on cluster head and very efficiently does the task of load balancing in the network thoroughly which makes this protocol favorite for many real time applications. Simulations are performed in MATLAB. Keywords Wireless sensor network (WSN), Cluster head (CH), Assistant Cluster head (ACH) For More Details: https://airccse.com/csij/papers/1114csij03.pdf E-mail: csijjournal@airccse.com.

Yellow rust the destructive fungal disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (PST) results in high yield losses especially in the areas of epidemics frequently occurred in wheat all over the world. In this study, expression pattern of a yellow rust disease resistance gene (Yr10) in yellow rust resistant winter type bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) gene pool were investigated. Yr10 gene real-time gene expression profile of Yr10 gene was performed in Turkmen, Gerek79 and Avocet Yr10 as a positive control at 7 different time points (0 hour - MOCK, 15 minutes, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours) after inoculation. It was observed that the most dramatic down regulation time point was 24 hpi for Yr10 gene expression in all genotypes. After 24 hpi, expression pattern was followed by upregulation in all genotypes at 48 phi. Avocet Yr10 genotype had downregulation pattern at 72 hpi while Turkmen and Gerek79 continue having the upregulation pattern till 96 hpi. In conclusion, expression of Yr10 gene was fluctuated depends on short-range time scale among 3 genotypes. In the future, the increased time points for expression profiling are required for more effective evaluation of stripe rust resistance response in wheat. For better evaluations of the plant response to yellow rust attack can be done via connecting interactions among cellular responses at different molecular levels for all special crops. Our study is a good model to move forward the studies at RNA level for yellow rust resistance.

Digitalis L. (Foxglove, Plantaginaceae) genus is a representative of several medicinal ornamental plants that are widely used in the production of herbal medicines. Since the eighteenth century, human civilizations have been using the extracts from several Digitalis species for treating heart-related ailments. The active ingredient in the medicine is cardiac glycosides. Cardenolides, which are constituents of cardiac glycosides, have an important role in tumor therapy. Certain pharmacologically active compounds including cardenolides are isolated from plants, as the structural complexity of cardenolides impede an easy chemical synthesis. In modern plant biotechnology research, production of cardenolides in large-scale using in vitro techniques has become the need of the hour. The reasons are twofold: first, to reduce the excessive use of natural Digitalis population and second, to improve the plant quality vis-a-vis genetic preservation of the superior seeds for future use. The production of useful secondary metabolites depends on the overall wellness of the plant from which extraction is to be made. The subject matter of this review includes concurrent development and propagation of several Digitalis species based on direct and indirect regeneration methods. Herein, a compilation of up-to-date published research reports on in vitro culture of Digitalis L has been presented, including the authors' latest and yet-to-be-published work on Digitalis davisiana Heywood. The important steps to be followed for the implementation of any plant improvement/preservation program must include topic-wise requirements at various stages of micro propagation (viz., culture establishment, shoot multiplication, root induction and acclimatization) and also the requirements for plant regeneration (viz., somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis). These have been reviewed thoroughly and different methods for the in vitro production of cardenolides have been discussed. Critical comments on the prospects of highly scalable cultures and their importance to meet the ever-growing demand for Digitalis-derived products in pharmaceutical industries, have also been included. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This article describes a fast, simple, and efficient plant regeneration protocol for Ocimum basilicum L. Two sets of experiments were performed. The first set was performed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium lacking zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4 center dot 7H(2)O) and containing varying concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The second set used three different concentrations (8.6, 12.9, and 17.2 mg L-1) of ZnSO4 center dot 7H(2)O along with varying concentrations of IAA. In the first set, without zinc sulfate, an IAA concentration of 1.0 mg L-1 (MS4) was found to be most effective, producing a mean of 12.6 roots per hypocotyl explant, while shoots were not produced. In the second set, with zinc sulfate, a combination of 12.9 mg L-1 ZnSO4 center dot 7H(2)O + 1.0 mg L-1 IAA (MS11) produced significantly more shoots per explant (15 shoots) than a combination of 12.9 mg L-1 ZnSO4 center dot 7H(2)O + 0.5 mg L-1 IAA (MS10), which produced only six shoots. Later, the plantlets were successfully acclimatized (100%) and finally transferred to the greenhouse (ex vitro). In the O. basilicum plants grown using MS11 medium, total phenolic content and rosmarinic acid content were estimated from stem, shoot tip, and old leaf tissue of in vitro plantlets, ex vitro plantlets, and flowering plants. The highest amounts of total phenolic content (131.8 mg gallic acid equivalent g(-1) DW) and rosmarinic acid (13.0 mg g(-1) DW) were obtained in the old leaf tissue at flowering time. This rapid regeneration protocol for O. basilicum L. represents a major improvement over the conventional protocols for plant regeneration and propagation of this species.

The present study reports, for the first time, an efficient in vitro plant regeneration protocol for Digitalis ferruginea subsp. ferruginea L. (rusty foxglove). We have used different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA(3)) on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium to assess the germination frequency of seeds. High frequency of germination was achieved on MS medium with 1.0 mg l(-1) GA(3). 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) combined with alpha-naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D) in the induction MS medium induced both somatic embryogensis and shoot organogenesis. The highest percentage of callus growth (85 %) was obtained when hypocotyl explants were cultured on MS medium containing 0.5 mg l(-1) 2, 4-D plus 1.0 mg l(-1) BAP. The maximum mean number of somatic embryos (7.3 +/- A 1.3 embryos) or shoots (12.0 +/- A 1.1 shoots) per callus was obtained when medium contained 0.25 mg l(-1) NAA plus 1.0 mg l(-1) BAP or 0.5 mg l(-1) NAA plus 2.0 mg l(-1) BAP. The regenerated shoots easily rooted on MS medium. Higher amounts of lanatoside C [13.2 +/- A 0.5 mg 100 g(-1) dry weight (dw)] and digoxin (2.93 +/- A 0.31 mg 100 g(-1) dw) accumulation were obtained when shoots were obtained by indirect regeneration. We also investigated derivatives of cardenolides, i.e., digitoxigenin (730 +/- A 180 mg 100 g(-1) dw), gitoxigenin (50 +/- A 20 mg 100 g(-1) dw) and digoxigenin (490 +/- A 170 mg 100 g(-1) dw) from natural samples.

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine and metabolic disease with high prevalence worldwide. Moreover, sugar intake has increased in the last decades leading to a higher risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, new compounds have been prospected for the food industry to produce very low-calorie and intense sweeteners from natural sources. Besides, medicinal plants with anti-diabetic activities have become popular as an alternative to drug treatments. This study aimed to perform a systematic review of plants that combine these two properties: sweeteners and anti-diabetic activity. Four plant species were identified following these features, one widely known as a sweetener (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) and three less common high-potency sweeteners (Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinsk, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., and Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey ex A. M. Lu and Zhi Y. Zhang). First, the bioactive compounds and the pathways involved in their biosynthesis are summarized. Afterwards, we describe the anti-diabetic action and other medicinal effects of these species. Moreover, we reviewed the principal in vitro propagation studies and biotechnological strategies reported so far on these species. Finally, the most promising biotechnological approaches and future perspectives for the industrial exploitation of these species are discussed.

In this report, we have investigated the influence of different light qualities on Digitalis purpurea under a controlled environment. For this purpose, red (R), blue (B), fluorescent lamp (FL, control), along with combined red and blue (R:B) LEDs were used. Interestingly, the plant growth parameters such as number of leaf, longest root, width of leaf, width of stomata, width of trichome, leaf area, leaf or root fresh weight (FW), weight (DW) as well as length of trichome were maximum under R:B (8:2), and significantly larger than control plants. The stomatal conductance or anthocyanin was maximum under B LED than those under FL, however the photosynthesis rate was greater under FL. RuBisCO activity was maximum under R:B (1:1) LEDs while the quantity of the UV absorbing substances was highest under R LED than under FL. The maximum amount of cardenolides were obtained from leaf tissue under R:B (2:8) LED than those under FL. The R:B LEDs light was suitable for Digitalis plant growth, development, micro- and macro-elements, as well as cardenolides accumulation in the plant factory system. The adaptation of the growth strategy developed in this study would be useful for the production of optimized secondary metabolites in Digitalis spp.

This study describes, for the first time, an in vitro protocol for the development of somatic embryos and shoots from a callus derived from cotyledonary leaf segments excised from 3-week-old in vitro-germinated seedlings of Digitalis lamarckii Ivan. (dwarf foxglove), an endemic medicinal species of Turkey. The embryogenic callus was induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.54 μM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 2.22 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Somatic embryos developed readily when the embryogenic callus was transferred to MS medium containing BAP (4.44 or 8.87 μM) alone or BAP combined with NAA (1.34, 2.69, or 5.37 μM). The most effective hormonal combination for somatic embryogenesis was 1.34 μM NAA and 8.87 μM BAP, which produced a mean of 37.0 embryos per cotyledonary leaf explant. An organogenic callus was induced on MS medium containing 2.69 μM NAA and 2.22 μM BAP. Shoot development was observed when the organogenic callus was transferred to MS medium containing different concentrations of BAP alone (2.22, 4.44, or 8.87 μM) or BAP combined with NAA (1.34 or 2.69 μM). The highest mean number of shoots (5.67 shoots per explant) was obtained when the medium contained 8.87 μM BAP and 2.69 μM NAA. The regenerated shoots were readily rooted on MS medium containing 1.0, 2.5, or 5 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Rooted regenerants were then transferred to the pots, where they grew well and attained maturity. Over 90% of the regenerants survived the hardening process. The protocol described could be useful for germplasm conservation, commercial cultivation, genetic improvement, and cardenolide production studies in D. lamarckii. Türkiye’nin endemik tıbbi türlerinden biri olan Digitalis lamarckii Ivan. (bodur yüksükotu)’nın in vitro koşullarda çimlendirilmiş üç haftalık fidelerinden izole edilen kotiledon yaprağı segmentlerinden elde edilen kallustan, in vitro somatik embriyo ve sürgün oluşumu protokolu ilk defa bu çalışmada tanımlanmıştır. Embriyonik kallus, 0,54 μM α-naftalen asetik asit (NAA) ile 2,22 μM 6-benzilaminopürin (BAP) içeren Murashige ve Skoog (MS) ortamında elde edilmiş, ve BAP’yi (4,44 veya 8,87 μM) tek başına veya NAA (1,34, 2,69 veya 5,37 μM) ile kombinasyon halinde içeren MS ortamında kültüre alındığında, somatik embriyolar kolaylıkla gelişmişlerdir. Embriyo rejenerasyonu için en etkili hormonal kombinasyon, 1,34 μM NAA ile 8,87 μM BAP olmuş ve kotiledon yaprak eksplantı başına ortalama 37,0 embriyo elde edilmiştir. Organogenik kallus, 2,69 μM NAA ve 2,22 μM BAP içeren MS ortamında elde edilmiş, ve BAP’yi (2,22, 4,44 veya 8,87 μM) tek başına veya NAA (1,34 veya 2,69 μM) ile kombinasyon halinde içeren MS ortamında kültüre alındığında, sürgün oluşumu gözlenmiştir. En yüksek ortalama sürgün verimi (eksplant başına 5,67 sürgün), 8,87 μM BAP ve 2,69 μM NAA içeren ortamda elde edilmiştir. Sürgünler, indol-3-asetik asit (IAA) veya NAA (1,0, 2,5 veya 5,0 μM) içeren MS ortamında kolaylıkla köklendirilmiştir. Rejenere edilen bitkiler, saksılara aktarılarak, büyümeye ve olgunlaşmaya bırakılmışlardır. Rejenere edilen bitkilerin tamamına yakını, dış koşullara alıştırma sürecini, canlılıklarını koruyarak tamamlamışlardır. Tanımlanan bu protocol, D. lamarckii’nin germplasm depolanması, ticari üretim, genetik iyileştirme ve kardenolit üretimi çalışmalarına katkı sağlayabilecektir.