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Delamination is one of the most common and dangerous failure modes for composites because it takes place and grows in the absence of any visible surface damage. The successful implementation of delamination detection in aerospace composite structures is always challenging due to the general anisotropic behavior of composites and multilayer delamination scenarios. This article presents a numerical and experimental investigation to detect and characterize the multilayer delaminations in carbon fiber–reinforced polymer composite plates using guided waves and wavenumber analysis. Multiphysics three-dimensional finite element simulations of the composite plate with five different delamination scenarios are conducted to provide the out-of-plane wave motion for wavenumber analysis. The out-of-plane results from finite element simulations of one delamination and two delaminations are validated by the scanning laser Doppler vibrometer measurements. It is found that the wavenumber analysis can identify the plies between which the delamination occurs and evaluate the delamination severity by comparing the new wavenumbers due to the trapped waves in the delamination regions, which is potentially related to delamination severity. Both numerical and experimental results demonstrate a good capability for the detection and characterization of multilayer delaminations in composite structures.

The greatest factor that threatens the integrity of stone monuments, which are the shared heritage of humanity, is the effects of weathering. This process causes different forms and degrees of deterioration, sometimes in the internal structure of the building stones (crack formation from stress or gap structures after weathering) and sometimes on the visible surface. The accurate definition of the origins, types, and levels of weathering influences and classifications to be created can prevent erroneous intervention in conservation practices. This study creates an integrated weathering classification (IWC) to identify the levels of weathering that are and/or are not seen with the naked eye in building stones. For this purpose, two different weathering classifications are produced with visual analysis and P-wave velocity data, which are methods of non-destructive examination that have been frequently used, particularly in recent years. The IWC is created with the help of the Mamdani fuzzy inference system, which facilitates collective evaluation by eliminating the definitive boundary limits in these classifications. The recommended model is tested at the Ates Baz-i Veli Mausoleum. Among the 146 block stones in the structure, 91 were in the “very slight” weathering category, 72 were in the “slight” category, 32 were in the “high” category, and six were in the “very high” category. This IWC is presented as an innovative methodology that can produce swift and repeatable results without damaging monuments and serve as an integrated approach in the weathering classification of building stones (internal and external levels of weathering).

Books have been a part of our daily lives since ancient times and hold a unique place in the history of human communication. In this age of electronic revolution and the internet, printed book still dominates the scenario. The paper begins with a brief history of the records of human communication beginning with the Paleolithic cave drawings to printed books, especially emphasizing the evolution of the ‘codexx form of the book. It reveals the ‘anatomyx of the book, narrowing down to the ‘book spinex and its printing. Dwelling up on the structure and information content of the book spine, it discusses some of the associated design issues as well. When books are stacked up or stored on the shelf of a library or bookshop, the details on the spine is the only visible surface containing the information about the book that attracts the patron or buyer. It has been noticed that different styles of printing are followed in different parts of the world depending upon the culture and writing systems being followed. As many libraries hold multilingual collections, such variant spine printing styles make quick and easy identification of shelved publications difficult. International and nationals standards have tried to resolve this problem but without much success. Literature search also revealed that the debate is inconclusive and alive till date. Finally, it provides a glimpse of the innovative form of art called ‘book spine poetry.’

In this paper, we propose a pose refinement method based on the visible surface extraction of 3D object. Given a rough estimation of object pose, the algorithm of iterative closet point (ICP) is often used to refine the pose by aligning the object model with test scene. To avoid the interference of invisible points on the ICP process, we only use the visible surface for pose refinement. It is especially necessary when occlusion occurs in the scene. Combining the technologies of image rendering and depth consistency verification, the visible surface can be effectively extracted. During the process of pose refinement, hypothesis verification methods are also used to eliminate unreasonable hypothetical poses as early as possible. The proposed method is evaluated on the public Tejani dataset. The experimental results show that our method improved the average F1-score by 0.2062, which proves that our method can obtain pose estimation results of high accuracy, even in the occluded scene.

Numerical fatigue damage models can help to save cost and time when studying fatigue damage in the copper metallization layers of power semiconductor devices. However, their predictive capabilities strongly depend on the parameters associated with these models. This paper presents a strategy for calibrating parameters of a numerical fatigue damage model using experimental results from thermomechanical fatigue experiments. Fatigue damage is predicted by the Fatemi-Socie critical plane method in combination with a Coffin-Manson law. Experimentally, test devices are utilized which can reproduce loading conditions that approximate those occurring in real semiconductor devices. Damage is measured in form of visible surface cracks by the means of surface imagery. Experimental results from devices with pronounced lateral thermal gradients are used for calibrating the fatigue parameters of the Coffin-Manson law. Eventually, the model with the calibrated fatigue parameters is used to predict fatigue damage for a second experiment with different loading conditions. For all investigated test devices the numerical predictions are in good agreement with experimental results. The simulations show that significantly more damage occurs in regions with higher temperatures and that the surface topology has a strong influence on local fatigue damage.

The results of an analysis of the activity of the young stars with planetary systems EPIC 211901114 and K2–33 based on observational data obtained over 70 days with the Kepler Space Telescope are presented. The rotation periods of EPIC 211901114 (8.56±0.60d) and K2–33 (6.29±0.50d) have been found. Maps of temperature inhomogeneities on the surfaces of EPIC 211901114 and K2–33 have been constructed. No relative displacements of the active regions on the stellar surface have been foundfor EPIC 211901114. The differential-rotation parameter has been estimated for K2–33, ΔΩ = 0.0039±(0.0020–0.0012) rad/day. The fractional spotted area S on the surface of EPIC 211901114 reaches about 5% of its total visible surface. For K2–33, S is 3.8% of its total visible surface, on average. On the whole, the positions of EPIC 211901114 and K2–33 on S–age, S–rotation period, and S–Rossby number diagrams match the general character of the dependence found earlier for M dwarfs. The flare activity of EPIC 211901114 and K2–33 has been studied, based on 32 flares of EPIC 211901114 and 7 flares of K2–33. The flare frequencies and amplitudes for EPIC 211901114 and K2–33 have been estimated, together with the time scales for their rise and decay. The flare energies have also been estimated, 1032.1−33.4 and 1032.2−33.3 erg for EPIC 211901114 and K2–33, respectively.

International audience; The excavation of the protohistoric site of Cuciurpula (South Corsica, France) revealed a significant amount of potsherds, often bearing visible surface crusts, sometimes very thick. This exceptional case in the Mediterranean region, suggesting a good preservation of organic substances, provided a unique opportunity to address questions related to pottery function and natural organic substances exploited in Corsica during the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The molecular analysis (GC and GC/MS) of organic residues from three houses of the site, preserved in both pottery walls and charred surface crusts, highlighted the wide diversity and the various roles of substances contained and processed in ceramic vessels: animal fats, plant oils and waxes, beeswax, and conifer resin. These molecular data, considered together with the shapes of the vessels and their location into the habitation units, revealed the diversity of pottery function (culinary and technical) and spatial organisation of domestic activities between houses or in a house (distinction between storage and cooking areas).

Contains fulltext : 196912.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) We studied interpretations of partly occluded shapes. Models that account for amodal completion mostly deal with local and global contour characteristics. In the current study, we were interested in the effects of colour on local and global contour completions. In our stimuli, local contour completions comprised simple linear extensions of the partly occluded contours, whereas global contour completions accounted for global shape regularities. Our stimuli were designed such that the visible surface colour could also be completed in a local or global fashion, being consistent or inconsistent with contour completions. We tested the preferred interpretations of the partly occluded shapes by using a sequential matching task. Participants had to judge whether a test shape could be a previously shown partly occluded shape. We found that interpretations of partly occluded shapes depend on both colour and contour characteristics. Additional time bin analyses revealed that for fast responses colour and contour completions already depend on the visible context of the partly occluded shapes, while for slow responses the congruency between colour and contour completions play a role as well. 16 p.

ÖMER SEYFETTİN’İN“ŞEFKATE İMAN” ADLI ÖYKÜSÜNE GÖSTERGEBİLİMSEL BİR YAKLAŞIM ÖzEdebî metinlerin incelenmesinde modernbir yöntem olan Göstergebilim, anlamlama veya anlamlandırma kuramı olarak dabilinir ve bir anlatıyı çözümlemek için metni yeterli görür. Metnin kurucusuolan yazarı ve metnin yazıldığı dönemi dikkate almaz. Bunun yerine metindenhareketle anlatıcının bakış açısını, metnin zaman ve uzamını, kahramanlarınişlevlerini ve dönüşümlerini, metnin temel iletisini vb. belirler. Metni kesitlereayırarak incelemeye tabi tutar ve kesitlerin birbirlerine eklemlenişindenhareketle metnin görünen yüzeyinden derin düzeyine doğru yol almaya çalışır. Bu çalışmada Türk öykücülük tarihininen önemli isimlerinden biri olan Ömer Seyfettin’in “Şefkate İman” adlı öyküsü, göstergebilimselyöntemle yeni bir okumaya tabi tutulmuştur. Metin, yöntem gereği olarakkesitlere ayrılarak tekrar kurulmuş ve bu şekilde metnin anlamsalderinliklerine ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Yine metin, göstergebilimsel yöntemindüzeyleri olan betisel, anlatısal ve izleksel düzeylere göre irdelenmiş ve çözümlenmiştir.Göstergebilim, bir anlatı izlencesini eyletim, edinç, edim ve yaptırımaşamalarıyla sınırlar. Öyküye bu bağlamda da bakılmış ve anlatı izlencelerindekibu düzeyler ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: ÖmerSeyfettin, Şefkate İman, Göstergebilim, Çözümleme. A SEMIOTIC APPROACH TO THE STORY BYÖMER SEYFETTIN: "ŞEFKATE İMAN"AbstractSemiotics, a modern method of studying literary texts, is also known asthe theory of meaning or meaning, and this method considers the text sufficientsolely to analyze a narrative. It does not take into account the period ofwriting the text and the writer of the text as its author. Instead, it definesthe narrator's point of view, time and space of the text, functions andtransformations of its heroes, the basic message of the text, etc. It evaluatesthe text by dividing it into sections and tries to move from the visiblesurface of the text to the deeper levels by moving between the sections.In this study, a story called “Şefkate İman” (Faith for Compassion) by ÖmerSeyfettin, one of the most important names in the history of Turkish narrative,was subjected to a new reading by using semiotic method. The text wasreconstructed by dividing it into sections according to the method and tryingto reach the semantic depths of the text in this manner. Again, the text hasbeen examined analyzed, and analyzed according to descriptive, narrative andobservational levels as the levels of semiotics. Semiotics limits the narrativetrait program to the phases of manipulation, acquisition, performance, andsanction. The story is considered in this context and these levels are revealedin narrative programs.Key Words: Ömer Seyfettin, Şefkate İman, Semiotic, Analysis.

We have developed a real-time video analytics system for measuring colonoscopy performance, including total visible surface areas, real-time feedback to the endoscopist about the measurements of visible surface areas, video clarity, preparation, and distention conditions. Our lab experiments show that the correlations between the computer and the experienced colonoscopist are: 76% in visible surface area estimation, 83.9% in clarity evaluation, 90% in preparation condition assessment, and 67.9% in distention condition evaluation. Our algorithm appears to be faster in response to dynamic scope movements compared to a 3D scope positioning device. In addition, the clinical experiment shows the system detected unexpected scope malfunction events in real-time.

It has been studied the sensitivity of the technique of intermodulation of ultrasonic waves to detect different damage states of concrete due to embedded steel corrosion. Accelerated corrosion tests have been conducted on reinforced cement mortar specimens, while monitoring the appearance and width evolution of visible surface cracks and performing intermodulation measurements. It has been established a statistically acceptable “upper control limit” for the initial (undamaged) Intensity Modulation Ratio (R) values. After subjecting the samples to the corrosion tests, it was observed that the greater the degree of damage, the higher the value ranges and the variability degree of R. This research was funded by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (grant code BIA2016-80982-R) and by the European Regional Development Fund (grant code BIA2016-80982-R).

Rail vehicle wheelsets are regularly maintained to ensure their safe operation on track and prolong their life. This is achieved through measurements to inspect roundness, profile shape (wear), rim thickness and visual inspections of surface damage. If necessary, wheels are turned on a lathe to preserve the optimal wheel shape/profile and remove any visible surface damage.\ud \ud Surface damage is difficult to classify visually, leading to highly subjective results. It is also not possible to establish defect depth through visual inspections. Wheel turning removes this damage, but there is a crucial balance between removing enough material to eliminate the defects whilst taking the minimum cut to preserve the rim thickness (i.e. wheel life). As such, the wheel lathe operator will take multiple small cuts to prevent excessive material removal. This increases the time that the vehicle is on the wheel lathe (out-of-service) rather than in revenue-earning service.\ud \ud Magnetic flux technology has been successfully applied to the detection of surface and sub-surface defects in rails. Work is currently on-going to adapt this technology for the evaluation of wheel damage. This will produce a fast, repeatable method of quantifying damage on railway wheels. Resulting in reduced inspection times and optimised wheel turning; saving time and increasing wheelset life. Management and trending of the recorded data will enable maintainers to identify problem vehicles or wheelsets and plan maintenance in advance. This will also assist train operators when evaluating wheelset performance and costs.\ud \ud This paper will describe the theory behind the magnetic flux technique and how it has been applied to the detection of wheel tread damage. This will include a summary of the assessment of the surface size, shape, position and depth of damage into the wheel tread for a range of in-service and scrap wheelsets. The benefits to an operator of adopting this technology will also be described.

Tooth wear has been recognised as an increasing problem over the past 10 years. Recent data from epidemiological studies indicate that the condition is common with prevalence of dentine exposure in adults ranging between 2% and 10% and visible surface changes on teeth observed up to 30% of European adults. The Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) was designed for general practitioners to score the severity using similar protocols as the Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE). The role of the BEWE is partly to increase awareness, but also a means to record the severity in the clinical notes. Over the past 10 years toothpaste manufacturers have launched products to prevent progression of erosive tooth wear using specially formulated fluorides or calcium based products. Probably the most important preventive advice is to reduce the frequency of acidic foods and drinks, particularly outside meal times.

Hexagonal Bi2 Te3 nanoplates support visible-range surface plasmons, of which the resonance energy is tuned as wide as 400 nm by Se doping and the resonance intensity is modulated by utilizing the phase change between the crystalline and amorphous states. The potential of Bi2 Te3 for reconfigurable plasmonics, plasmon-enhanced solar cells, and photoluminescence is demonstrated.

Europa's young surface implies relatively recent resurfacing. Ridged plains, which make up >50% of Europa's surface, have not yet been fully analyzed for a potential formation mechanism. Because ridged plains dominate Europa's surface, this terrain is key to understanding how Europa has resurfaced and how the resurfacing mechanisms may have evolved through time. In this work, we create a new high-resolution topographic model and a two-layer physical analog model to investigate the formation of ridged plains. We find that the ridged plains most closely resemble the compressional physical analog experiments which generate folds. Specifically, the analog experiments with a brittle layer ~3000 m. Compared to the predicted current ice shell thickness, this would imply that Europa's ice-shell has thickened through the visible surface history.

We demonstrate non-line-of-sight imaging using only a single ordinary digital photograph. A hidden scene partially occluded from a visible surface by an opaque occluding object is recovered from the penumbra of the occluder.

The present research was designed to examine how the presence or absence of ambient light influences the appearance of metal. The stimuli depicted three possible objects that were illuminated by three possible patterns of illumination. These were generated by a single point light source, two rectangular area lights, or projecting light onto a translucent white box that contained the object (and the camera) so that the object would be illuminated by ambient light in all directions. The materials were simulated using measured parameters of chrome with four different levels of roughness. Observers rated the metallic appearance and shininess of each depicted object using two sliders. The highest rated appearance of metal and shininess occurred for the surfaces with the lowest roughness in the ambient illumination condition, and these ratings dropped systematically as the roughness was increased. For the objects illuminated by point or area lights, the appearance of metal and shininess were significantly less than in the ambient conditions for the lowest roughness value, and significantly greater than in the ambient condition for intermediate values of roughness. We also included a control condition depicting objects with a shiny plastic reflectance function that had both diffuse and specular components. These objects were rated as highly shiny but they did not appear metallic. A theoretical hypothesis is proposed that the defining characteristic of metal (as opposed to black plastic) is the presence of specular sheen over most of the visible surface area.

In computer graphics, there are many surface detection algorithms. When we view a picture containing non-transparent objects and surfaces, then we cannot see those objects from view which is behind from objects closer to eye. We must remove these hidden surfaces to get a realistic screen image. The identification and removal of these surfaces is called Hidden-surface problem. In this paper I review some visible surface detection algorithms like Z buffer method, Area subdivision method, Scan line method etc.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the complete visible surface area of the radial head, neck, and coronoid in the Kaplan and Kocher approaches to the lateral elbow. The hypothesis was that the Kaplan approach would afford greater visibility due to the differential anatomy of the intermuscular planes. Methods: Ten cadavers were dissected with the Kaplan and Kocher approaches, and the visible surface area was measured in situ using a 3-dimensional digitizer. Six measurements were taken for each approach by 2 surgeons, and the mean of these measurements were analyzed. Results: The mean surface area visible with the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) preserved in the Kaplan approach was 616.6 mm2 in comparison with the surface area of 136.2 mm2 visible in the Kocher approach when the LCL was preserved. Using a 2-way analysis of variance, the difference between these 2 approaches was statistically significant. When the LCL complex was incised in the Kocher approach, the average visible surface area of the Kocher approach was 456.1 mm2 and was statistically less than the Kaplan approach. The average surface area of the coronoid visible using a proximally extended Kaplan approach was 197.8 mm2. Conclusions: The Kaplan approach affords significantly greater visible surface area of the proximal radius than the Kocher approach.

A method to quantify the ornamental value (OV) of a flower of garden rose (Rosa A—hybrida) was created, based strictly on measurements. Here OV means the capacity to produce a uniform colour effect. The blooming time of flowers was distributed into 23 phenological sub-stages from the immature bud to the falling of petals. CIEDE2000 standard chromatic differences (I”E00) were calculated between the petal colours of each stage and stage 6 – the optimal state of the flower. The ornamental value of a colour is OVc=15-I”E00. The OV of a stage is OV=Av%A—OVc, where Av% is the relative visible surface of the flower as a percentage of the surface of stage 6. The total OV of a section of stages is OVt=I£(Av%A—(15-I”E00)A—ls), where ls is the length of each stage measured in days. The OVt should be calculated for three different sections of subsequent flowering stages: a) the whole life of the flower (2-9 stages), b) the life of the flower before dead-heading (2-7.5 stages), and c) the middle (5.5-7) stages. In 2012, the method was further improved by the interpolation of the colour parameters at the non-measured stages. This new method is presented with an example of 10 red floribunda and polyantha rose cultivars. According to the OVt scores, 9 of the examined 10 cultivars are highly attractive to stage 7.5, but two of them have low ornamental value if the whole life of the flower is taken into consideration. According to the scores, these two cultivars need deadheading while the others don’t need this process. According to the results, this OV calculation gives objective results, and is also suitable for determining the extent of maintenance the cultivars require.

Solar Physics![Figure][1] Small jets, or spicules, in the solar atmosphere PHOTO: SST/ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES/LMSAL/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS Spicules are small jets lasting a few minutes that form in the solar atmosphere and propel hot plasma upward from the visible surface. The underlying physics of spicules is not well understood. Martinez-Sykora et al. developed radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations that can spontaneously produce numerous spicules with properties that match observations. Interactions between large-scale magnetic fields and the plasma, such as ambipolar diffusion, drive the formation process and subsequent evolution. Understanding how spicules form will help assess how much they heat the solar corona and how they relate to other solar phenomena. Science , this issue p. [1269][2] [1]: pending:yes [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aah5412

Gas Giant Planets Jupiter is the largest and most massive planet in our solar system. NASA's Juno spacecraft arrived at Jupiter on 4 July 2016 and made its first close pass on 27 August 2016. Bolton et al. present results from Juno's flight just above the cloud tops, including images of weather in the polar regions and measurements of the magnetic and gravitational fields. Juno also used microwaves to peer below the visible surface, spotting gas welling up from the deep interior. Connerney et al. measured Jupiter's aurorae and plasma environment, both as Juno approached the planet and during its first close orbit. Science , this issue p. [821][1], p. [826][2] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aal2108 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aam5928

CLT buildings - a critical view concerning airtightness and weather protection during building time. Wood constructions are gaining a bigger and bigger share in the building industry as well in bigger constructions. Mainly CLT (Cross-Laminated-Timber) elements are due to it’s stability, fast building up time, easy installation and high share of prefabrication a key point for this success. In this presentation I will take a critical view on the building physical properties like diffusion resistance and airtightness. Especially according to the normal building material properties of wood like swelling and dwindling of timber. As well we will take a closer look to different glue technologies which are used on adhesive tapes to seal the CLT elements airtight. There are different technologies available in the market which offer different quality levels. Another point to solve is the temporary weather protection of timber building due to an enlarged building time. Especially when we have visible surface in the walls or in the ceiling they must be protected against rain water – there are new self sticking membranes available in the market which have proven their ability to protect ceilings against rain in a large number of realised constructions. The performance of these products will be presented in some already realised projects and we will take a closer look at the requirements and problems which have been found in these projects.

The spottedness of two stars characterized by significant photometric variability is studied using published data: the recently discovered variable ASAS 063656-0521.0, whose V variability reaches 0.8m, and XXTri (HD12545), which is among the most active RSCVn stars (in 1997–1998, the amplitude of its V variability was 0.63m). The spots cover up to 44% of the total visible surface S of ASAS 063656-0521.0. The mean estimated spottedness of XX Tri was 32%, and varied from29% to 36%. An analysis of the dependence of the spottedness on the properties of spotted stars, primarily their effective temperatures, is also presented. A modification of a simplifiedmethod for estimating the spottedness S, i.e., the fractional surface area of the spots, is applied to a sample of 48 late-type stars. The dependences of the spottedness on the effective temperature of the stars and the rotational velocity projected onto the line of sight are derived. Two groups of objects can be distinguished. The first contains stars displaying the typical dependence of S on the effective temperature (their maximum value of S is 20–25% for stars with temperatures 4500–5000 K, and S decreases for solar-type stars and cool M dwarfs). The second group is formed of the most active stars, which have temperatures of 3700–5200 K and S values from 25% to 50%. Our preliminary conclusion is that spottedness is not related to the period of the stellar rotation. The previously studied variable V410 Tau is used to consider the shortcomings of the method applied compared to the results of light-curve modeling.

Roughness has been universally accepted as a measure of functional condition of a pavement. It constitutes the smoothness and frictional properties of the pavement surface and in turn is related to the safety, and the ease of the driving path. It is determined using the international roughness index (IRI), which is a measure for texture of the pavement surface, and also depends on the amount of other functional distresses present on the road surface. The present study focuses on developing a relationship between the roughness and other surface distresses of PMGSY roads. Accordingly, eight PMGSY roads were selected in Jhunjhunu and Churu districts of Rajasthan, India. Distress data was collected for every 50m separately. Roughness data was collected using Bump Integrator, which was calibrated using MERLIN on the couple of selected study stretches. Unevenness data was also collected from a newly laid stretch of pavement, and the value thus obtained was subtracted from the observed unevenness values of the test stretches, to get the net effect of the distresses on the pavement condition. A regression equation was then developed with the IRI value and the visible distresses based on the data collected in the field.

In the archaeological site of Ancient Nemea, Greece, southeast of the Temple of Zeus, is an ancient stadium in which the athletes of the past entered through a 36-m tunnel—a cut-and-cover vaulted structure, constructed of limestone. The tunnel was buried with earth until it was discovered in 1978. At present, some limestone blocks of the tunnel show appreciable damage mainly due to the humidity fluctuation within the tunnel. This study presents a comprehensive structural analysis of the tunnel, ranging from the thrust line limit analysis and the discrete element method to a three-dimensional finite-element analysis of the tunnel and its surrounding soil. The study concludes that the tunnel with its overburden-surrounding soil is structurally stable and has ample bearing capacity. The study also shows that the stones that suffer the most noticeable exfoliation due to the humidity fluctuation are those for which their visible surface from the inside of the tunnel is in compression. In conclusion, selective ...

In this paper, I want to argue for two main and related points. First, I want to defend Richard Wollheim’s well-known thesis that the twofold mental state of seeing-in is the distinctive pictorial experience that marks figurativity. Figurativity is what makes a representation pictorial, a depiction of its subject. Moreover, I want to show that insofar as it is a mark of figurativity, all seeing-in is inflected. That is to say, every mental state of seeing-in is such that the characterisation of the properties by which a certain subject is seen in a given picture as having refers to the design properties of the picture’s vehicle, i.e., to the visible surface properties of that vehicle that are responsible for the fact that one such subject is seen in it, precisely taken in such a design role. Finally, I will try to show that seeing-in is qualified by inflection independently of whether it is conscious or unconscious (in the sense of subpersonal) seeing-in.

This study applies a newly introduced weathering scale, namely the size–extent (S–E) index, to limestone markers located in Oxford churchyards. This classification system enables for an assessment of weathering forms based on the consideration of site-specific physical, chemical, and biological types of weathering for central Oxford. Each headstone marker, comprising a legible date, was photographed during fieldwork and the cardinal orientation (aspect) was also recorded. Based on the photographic record of limestone headstone faces, it was possible to apply the S–E index in this cross-disciplinary study. Past applications of (semiquantitative) weathering scales focused on marble headstone markers and were based on the dissolution of inscriptions, and detailed criticisms are provided. The S–E index provides a broader classification of weathering processes based on visible surface forms. It also provided a basis to ascertain that there were more west-facing headstones (than east-facing) that were weathered. The study is a contribution to archaeogeomorphological research.

Traditionally, the smallest unit of virtual scene is a model. In order to make use of the computer resources, the model is generally only loaded in a certain range of the current perspective. But in the virtual scene any browser can't observe all surfaces of this model in an angle of view invariable situation. Therefore it has wasted the massive computer resources similarly [1]. This project proposes a new framework model. Firstly, the minimum division unit of the virtual scene is changed into surface and loading the visible surface within the current viewpoint and preloading surface within a certain range of the current viewpoint to construct the current scene. Again taking the current viewpoint coordinates as the center, a layer of a layer of the outer surface of the visual surface is loaded on the coordinate system to form a radar coverage network. Secondly using the background management technology based on SSH2 to realize the model unified management and combing with the foreground X3D to generate the required scenes in real time, so as to achieve the goal of reducing rendering time of the virtual scene, saving computer resources and changing old patterns of environment fixed.

This article examines knowledge graphics from the Chinese and Western cultures, which, in the course of globalization, are being increasingly loosened from their original cultural references. If it is assumed that at most pictographs, but not complex graphics, are universally understandable, “visual translations” must be developed for knowledge graphics if we are to transfer them into another cultural reference system. Using the example of a widespread graphic form-the tree diagram-the research presented here will explain specific representational principles and the cultural concepts on which they are based. Here, on the visible surface, formal correlations can indeed be observed. However, if we ask what conceptual structures the graphics are based on, we encounter two fundamentally different representational systems. The article focuses on the question of which design methods are capable of making the diverse relationships between these representational systems comprehensible.

Discontinuities which may form in a soil mass due to desiccation have been shown to be a source of engineering concern in situations where low permeability barriers are required. Current methods for assessing the condition of such geo-barriers, are mainly based on visual inspections, which are inadequate when the soil surface is obscured by vegetation. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) has been shown to be sensitive to the presence of fissures in 2-D with inversion models mapping the fissure's positions and enabling their growth to be monitored. This paper presents a method for mapping fissured networks in 3-D using miniature arrays under laboratory conditions. The results of two experiments using compacted clay from two separate embankments show a good comparison between the visible surface fissures and the surface model obtained from a 3-D inversion, as well as showing good agreement between the vertical sections of the model and the exposed model interior following dissection. Additionally the results confirm that the 3-D method is suitable for monitoring the onset of fissuring. A comparison of Schlumberger, Dipole–Dipole and combined arrays for visualising the fissures is also presented, indicating that the combined method produces the most accurate image of the subsurface, while the Schlumberger array provides a greater resolution than the Dipole–Dipole array, alongside the added benefit of shorter survey times.

We present an overview of the evolution of the 2010–2012 Canterbury earthquake sequence, summarising the findings from a broad range of studies on the larger earthquakes. The sequence began with the M W7.1 Darfield earthquake on 4 September 2010 and continued in a series of aftershocks through the remainder of 2010 and early 2011, before the devastating M W6.2 Christchurch earthquake of 22 February 2011 which resulted in 185 deaths, more than NZ$11 billion of damage and extensive liquefaction. Another significant M W6.0 aftershock occurred on 13 June 2011 causing more liquefaction and damage in the eastern hill suburbs, while further activity, including events of M W5.8 and M W5.9, occurred offshore from Christchurch in December 2011. Only the Darfield earthquake resulted in visible surface faulting, with a c. 30-km-long east–west-trending surface rupture exhibiting horizontal displacements of up to 5 m. The earthquakes displayed a variety of strike-slip and reverse faulting mechanisms. The entir...

Superheated steam drying is an energy saving and effective drying technology, in which the waste heat is recycled with the loop system and the moisture removal is much faster than that of conventional low temperature drying. The computation methods for the estimation of wood mass diffusivities were evaluated and the first ten terms of the analytic solution of Fick’s Second Law was considered sufficiently accurate, but Crank’s method was rejected, due to its large errors. The experimental data show that higher temperature significantly accelerated the drying rate. In addition, no visible surface or internal checks have been found in the superheated steam dried samples (dry-bulb temperature 160, 180, 200, 220 oC). The highly effective super heated steam drying is definitely an advantage. However, samples were browned when dried above 220 oC, which may be regarded as the critical temperature for quality control.

При помощи данных инструмента HMI, установленного на борту орбитальной обсерватории SDO, рассчитан магнитный поток от АО, находящихся на видимой солнечной поверхности в период с 2010 по 2017 гг. Области распределены по категориям по принципу соответствия теории глобального динамо среднего поля: А - правильные биполярные области; U - одиночные пятна; В - биполярные области с отклонениями от одной из основных закономерностей теории динамо (либо закона полярностей Хейла, либо закона Джоя, либо с лидирующим пятном, меньшим, чем основное последующее пятно). Группа В разбита, в свою очередь, на соответствующие подмножества. Всего изучено 1684 АО с потоком не менее 1020 Мх. Составлен каталог, содержащий для каждой АО вычисленный нами магнитный поток, установленную категорию и другие данные. Каталог может быть использован для изучения изменений магнитного потока от АО выделенных категорий с солнечным циклом. На его основе могут быть проведены исследования соотношения между глобальным динамо среднего поля и мелкомасштабным турбулентным динамо для выяснения источников генерации магнитного поля Солнца.

The projected height of an object in a scene relative to a ground surface influences its perceived size and distance, but the effect of height should change when the object is moved above the horizon. In four experiments, observers judged relative size or relative distance for pairs of objects varying in height with respect to the horizon. Higher objects equal in projected size were judged larger below the horizon, but the relative size effect was reversed either when one object was on the horizon and one was above the horizon or when both objects were above the horizon. With the real horizon not explicitly present in the display, relative size judgments were affected both by the boundary of the visible surface and the vanishing point implied by the converging lines. For relative distance judgments, the higher object was judged more distant regardless of the height of the objects relative to the perceptual horizon, resulting in a reversal of the relation between size and distance judgments for objects above the horizon.

A research project was undertaken on full-scale wood-framed wall assemblies to evaluate the transport of mold spores from slightly moldy wood studs within the stud cavity to the indoor environment. A series of tests were performed with variations of such parameters as rates and patterns of air leakage, presence or absence of insulation and vapor barrier. Wood studs with slightly visible surface molds (10% of surface area) were used for some of the wall assemblies, while clear studs were used for the remainder. A pressurization setup was used to create an air infiltration through the wall assemblies. Air samples were taken to measure the spore concentrations in the stud cavities, infiltrating air, and laboratory background. Statistical significance testing methods were used to draw observations and conclusions from these data. The results from this experiment do not support a statistically significant increase of spore movement out of stud cavities into the indoor space due to the use of slightly moldy studs in the wall assemblies.

The Nasca geoglyphs in the stone desert in southern Peru are part of our world cultural heritage. These remarkable drawings have roused the interest of scientists from different disciplines. Here we report the results of integrated geophysical, petrophysical, mineralogical, and geochemical investigations of the geoglyphs at six test sites in the stone desert around Nasca and Palpa. The geomagnetic measurements revealed clear indications of subsurface structures that differ from the visible surface geoglyphs. The high-resolution geoelectrical images show unexpected resistivity anomalies underneath the geoglyphs down to a depth of about 2 m. Remarkable structures were revealed in both vertical and lateral directions. No evidence was found of geochemical or mineralogical alterations of the natural geogenic materials (desert pavement environment versus geoglyphs). Neither salts nor other mineral materials were used by the Nasca people to alter or prepare the surfaces of geoglyphs. This supports the hypothesis that the Nasca people simply removed stone material down to the natural hard pan horizon to create the geoglyphs.

Chest trauma is the second greatest cause of mortality from trauma, a leading cause of death in children over the age of one. Prompt diagnosis can be difficult as the underlying thoracic injuries are often disproportionately severe compared to the visible surface injury and symptoms may not appear for several hours. Diagnosis is easily underestimated, delayed or missed. This is a two part article reviewing paediatric chest trauma and its current management. The injuries are usefully classified into six lethal injuries that need excluding in the primary survey and six hidden injuries that must be considered in the secondary survey. The first article reviews paediatric anatomy and biomechanics, and mechanisms of injury with a view to improving the awareness and understanding of the unique response of children to thoracic trauma. This is followed by an in depth review of each of the six lethal injuries. The subsequent article reviews the six hidden injuries as well as the role of chest trauma in non-accidental injury.

So that we’re all speaking the same language about solar eclipses, this chapter will provide a brief list of the most popular terms you’ll encounter, many of them with illustrations. You should get familiar with them because you will see them again.

In this paper, we present a new method to determine the “next best view” (NBV) solution for accurate 3D reconstruction of an object with minimum prior information about the object's geometry. The proposed method determines the best visible surface of unknown objects using an adaptive mean shift algorithm which avoids the inaccessible position. The proposed method automatically generates the 3D model of objects in real time with a minimum number of best visible surface patches while the objects are moving on a turntable. By generating a set of potential next views, the proposed method ensures proper avoidance of unreachable positions. The number of views required to reconstruct a 3D model of objects depends upon their complexity. The proposed method is applicable to all kinds of range sensors and experimental results validate the proposed method for 3D modeling of real objects and prove its robustness.

This paper proposes a novel stereovision framework for multi-view 3D reconstruction relying on inputs of both several sets of multi-baseline views and a visual hull [3]. The pipeline is illustrated in figure 1. Our Contributions of this paper are threefold: (i) improvement of our multi-baseline stereovision method [2] by VH guidance, (ii) carving VH from stereovision surface and (iii) merging differently carved volumes. Our approach builds on a previously proposed framework [2] for multi-baseline stereo-vision which provides upon the Disparity Space (DS) introduced by [5], a materiality map expressing the probability for 3D sample points to lie on a visible surface. Our acquisition system [4] composed of the cameras which are scattered around the observed scene in order to build the VH, with several groups laid as multi-scopic units dedicated to multi-baseline stereovision. Multi-scopic units are composed of aligned and evenly distributed cameras.

For various reasons, world-wide numerous concrete structures have to be repaired due to corrosion problems of the steel reinforcement. In some cases, frequent use of road salt in past winters, not foreseen during the planning of older traffic structures, has led to damage; in other cases the causes lay in deficient planning and execution, as for example • irregular, insufficient concrete cover of the reinforcement; • unsuitable concrete mixture proportions for outdoor structures; • insufficient concrete curing, subsequently bad concrete quality in the concrete cover. The model investigations described in this paper relate to construction practice, in which local damages due to reinforcement corrosion, e.g., spalls and cracks, are repaired solely in the area of visible surface damage. When damage is dealt with in this way, the carbonated or chloride contaminated concrete is often not removed completely, to avoid stability problems in the structure. In consequence, even after the repair measure there are areas of the reinforcement where there is no guarantee of sufficient protection against corrosion and a high corrosion risk remains. The reinforcement in the repaired area may even accelerate corrosion in unrepaired areas adjacent to it.

One of the simplest but most effective tools for studying additive colour mixing and complementary colours is the colour top, which is a rapidly spinning disc whose visible surface has been coloured. The spinning of the disc visually mixes the light reflected by the different colours on the disc to produce the illusion of a single pure hue. In this work we have used a commercial PC program (Corel Photo-Paint 9) to design a collection of coloured discs. The characteristics of this program have permitted us to select the most suitable primary colours and the development of an analytical method to calculate the relative proportions of each primary colour necessary to produce a wide variety of colours. We recommend these spectacular visual exhibits for educational purposes in order to show both additive colour mixing and the colour vision mechanism.

The problems of designing optoelectronic quality-control systems are considered using as an example systems for the detection and classification of visible surface defects of sheet metal roll. The structure, working principles, and features of such systems are presented. The stages of defect detection and classification are characterized and basic approaches to their practical realization are proposed.

Perceptual completion consists of bridging the gaps imposed by occlusion, such as perceiving the unity of center-occluded objects. It is unknown at present what developmental mechanisms underlie the emergence of functional perceptual completion in infancy. One current debate centers on the role of visible surface motion. According to a core-principles account, perceptual completion emerges simultaneously with the onset of motion discrimination, the sole determinant of unity percepts in infants. According to a contrasting constructivist account, motion discrimination is but one of several independent inputs to perceptual completion. In the present study, 2-month-old infants were tested for both unity perception and motion discrimination in partial-occlusion displays. Motion discrimination obtained under all conditions, even under circumstances in which infants were unable to perceive completion. Four-month-olds showed marked improvements in perceptual completion, most likely because of improvements in information integration. Taken together, these findings support a constructivist view of early perceptual and cognitive development.

Bei der Herstellung von Getrankedosen aus Weisblech kommt der Oberflachenstruktur und der Schmierung der Grundmaterialien eine entscheidende Bedeutung zu. Die Beschaffenheit der ca. 0,5-0,7 μm dicken Zinnschicht und die Mikrostruktur der darunter liegenden Stahl-Oberflache bestimmen die tribologische Qualitat des Weisbleches. Die Fertigung der Dosenrumpfe geschieht durch die beiden aufeinander folgenden Prozessschritte Tiefzug und Abstreckzug, deren Prozessrandbedingungen extreme Anforderungen an das Grundmaterial stellen. Zur Vermeidung von Rissen mussen die Umformkrafte und die Verteilung von Inhomogenitaten in der Stahlmatrix sehr genau kontrolliert werden. Weiterhin muss die Prozesstemperatur in der Umformzone unter dem Schmelzpunkt von Zinn (ca. 232 °C) gehalten werden, da ein Aufschmelzen das optische Erscheinungsbild und den Korrosionsschutz der Dosenoberflache zerstoren wurde. Es wird anhand von Experimenten gezeigt, dass die Zinnschicht des Weisbleches eine entscheidende Bedeutung fur die Schmierung des tribologischen Gesamtsystems hat, sowohl im Tiefzug als auch im Abstreckzug. Die Veranderung der Morphologie und der Oberflachenverteilung dieser Zinnschicht wahrend der einzelnen Prozessschritte wird gezeigt und die Einflusse von Temperaturverlauf und Werkzeugauslegung werden beleuchtet. Der Einfluss von zusatzlich eingesetzten Kuhlmitteln auf die Temperaturverteilung und auf die Reibungsverhaltnisse in der Umformzone wird unter spezieller Berucksichtigung des Verschleises der eingesetzten Abstreckwerkzeuge dargestellt. Stabilization of the tinplate beverage can production process by optimization of the overall tribological system Lubrication and surface-conditions have been a subject of major concern in the design of materials for the DWI - steel can production. Consistency of the tin-layer (thickness below 1 μm) and structure of the steel matrix are mainly responsible for the tribological quality of the tin-plate material. During can production, deep drawing is made at more than 200 strokes per minute and successive ironing takes place with a rate of more than 300 strokes per minute. This leads to very ambitious process boundary conditions. Cooling and lubrication have to assure maximum process temperatures below the melting point of tin (232 °C). Resulting can wall thickness is below 70 μm, which results in a high risk of crack formation and requires accurate tension control. Results of different experiments are presented, that show the main influence of the tin layer on lubrication for the deep drawing as well as for the ironing process. The tin is also responsible for the appearance of the can by providing a visible surface shine. The morphology of the tin layer and its surface distribution passing through different process steps is presented together with tooling variations and temperature measurements. The influence of additional coolants on friction and temperature is also shown with a special focus on tool wear appearance.

Finnish landscape studies have long methodological traditions stretching back to the early 20th century. These are reflected in present-day landscape research, which is practised within various university disciplines and research institutions, representing both the sciences and the humanities and also applied fields. We have categorised Finnish landscape studies under four main themes: (1) theoretical and methodological, (2) ecological, (3) social and cultural, and (4) applied. The focus of Finnish landscape research has been on both physical landscape characteristics and their spatial and temporal interactions, and also on the diverse social context of landscapes. Finnish landscapes have been mapped and delineated on several occasions, the latest landscape map being based on a publication by the National Land Survey and the Geographical Society of Finland dating from 1994. This classification recognizes landscape areas defined hierarchically on three spatial levels using the proportions and spatial configurations of ground, water, vegetation and man-made forms. The future of Finnish landscape studies is tied to whether knowledge about nature-human interactions on the visible surface of the earth will be able to overcome the fragmentation brought about by specialization. What is needed is a common world of concepts, a new way of thinking. This will call for transdisciplinary concepts, intertraditional points of view, in which quantitative and explicatory methods are complemented by qualitative approaches and methods which emphasize understanding, meanings and symbols. L'étude des paysages finlandais possède de longues traditions méthodologiques remontant au début du XXe siècle, qui se reflètent dans la recherche paysagère pratiquée aujourd'hui par différentes disciplines universitaires et institutions de recherche, tant dans le domaine des sciences exactes que des sciences humaines ou appliquées. Nous avons classé ces études dans quatre catégories principales: 1.les études théoriques et méthodologiques; 2. les études écologiques; 3. les études socio-culturelles; 4.la recherche appliquée. En Finlande, la recherche en matière de paysages est centrée à la fois sur les carac­téristiques physiques des paysages et les interactions spatio-temporelles, ainsi que sur les divers contextes sociaux des paysages. Les paysages finlandais ont été cartographiés et délinéés à plusieurs occasions, dont la plus récente a été la publication, en 1994, d'une carte des paysages par le cadastre finlandais et la Société géographique de Finlande. Cette classification définit de manière hiérarchique des zones paysagères sur trois niveaux spatiaux, sur base des proportions et des configurations spatiales des sols, des eaux, de la végétation et d'autres formes dues à l'homme.L'avenir nous dira si la connaissance des interactions homme-nature sur la surface visible de la terre permettra de dépasser la fragmentation inhérente à toute spécialisation, ce qui nécessite un univers conceptuel commun et une nouvelle manière de penser. Ceci exigera des concepts transdisciplinaires et des vues intertraditionnelles où les méthodes quantitatives et explicatives se verront complétées par des approches et des méthodes qualitatives visant à la fois la compréhension, les significations et les symboles.

Fourteen Texas SPS-3 test sites were studied to determine the effectiveness of preventative maintenance treatments. These sections were built on four highway classifications (IH, US, SH, and FM) in different climates and with different levels of traffic and subgrade support. Almost all 14 SPS-3 sites were given preventative maintenance treatments (thin overlay, slurry seal, crack seal, and chip seal) in Fall 1990. The distress score concept used by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) was adopted in this study to judge the effectiveness of preventative maintenance treatments. TxDOT has used this concept since the early 1980s, though the utility factors have been revised few times. The distress score quantifies the visible surface wear due to traffic and environmental influences. Only very few sections experienced premature failures on the SPS-3 sites in Texas. In many cases, superior underlying pavement conditions have been found. The chip seal has the most sites in which it is rated the best pe...