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The aim of this study was to compare the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) with equal energy expenditure on glycaemic and cardiometabolic risk factors in people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) when compared to the control. Sixty-three people with T2DM were randomly assigned to HIIT, MICT, or non-exercising controls. Individuals were trained with HIIT at 90 and 30% of their VO(2)peak (1:2 min ratio) starting from 8 up to 16 intervals and MICT at 50% of VO(2)peak, on a cycle ergometer, 3 times/week for 12 weeks under supervision. The primary outcome measure was the change in HbA1c. Aerobic capacity, cardiovascular responses, anthropometric measures, body composition, glycaemic, and cardiometabolic risk factors were measured at the beginning and the end of the 12-week training period. There was no significant difference between HIIT and MICT or when compared to the control for HbA1c, glucose, insulin resistance, blood lipids, cardiovascular responses, anthropometric measures, body composition, and abdominal and visceral fat (p(adj )> 0.05). HIIT and MICT increased VO(2)peak significantly compared to controls (p < 0.05) but not to each other (p > 0.05). Both HIIT and MICT improved VO(2)peak and HbA1c after 12 weeks of training compared to their baseline, furthermore, only MICT caused additional improvements in cardiovascular responses, anthropometric measures, and abdominal fat compared to baseline (p < 0.05). As a conclusion, isoenergetic HIIT or MICT did not improve HbA1c. The two protocols were equally efficient for improvement in aerobic capacity but had little effect on other cardiometabolic factors.

To determine the association between adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines during adolescence with obesity at adulthood 14 years later in a nationally representative cohort. We analyzed data from 6984 individuals who participated in Waves I (1994–1995) and IV (2008–2009) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) in the USA. Obesity was defined by the International Obesity Task Force cut-off points at Wave I and adult cut-points at Wave IV (body mass index [BMI]≥30 kg/m2 and waist circumference [WC]≥102 cm in male and 88 cm in female). Physical activity, screen time and sleep duration were self-reported. Adolescents who met screen time recommendation alone (β = −1.62 cm, 95%CI −2.68 cm to −0.56), jointly with physical activity (β = −2.25 cm, 95%CI −3.75 cm to −0.75 cm), and those who met all three recommendations (β = −1.92 cm, 95%CI −3.81 cm to −0.02 cm) obtained lower WC at Wave IV than those who did not meet any of these recommendations. Our results also show that meeting with screen time recommendations (IRR [incidence rate ratio] = 0.84, 95%CI 0.76 to 0.92) separately and jointly with physical activity recommendations (IRR = 0.86, 95%CI 0.67 to 0.97) during adolescence is associated with lower risk of abdominal obesity at adulthood. In addition, adolescents who met all 24-h movement recommendations had lower risk of abdominal obesity later in life (IRR = 0.76, 95%CI 0.60 to 0.97).Conclusion: Promoting the adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines from adolescence, especially physical activity and screen time, seems to be related with lower risk of abdominal obesity later in life, but not for BMI. What is Known:• Some studies have shown a relationship between adherence to 24-h movement guidelines and adiposity or obesity markers in youth. However, most of these studies have a cross-sectional design or a short follow-up. What is New:• This is the first study which determined the association between adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines during adolescence with obesity at adulthood 14 years later in a nationally representative US cohort.• Meeting the 24-h movement guidelines from adolescence seems to be related with lower risk of abdominal obesity later in life, but not for body mass index.

Background: Creation of a hypertension risk stratification model and development of an algorithm to detect hypertension in teenagers. Methods: The study group consisted of 690 middle and high school students, aged 15–17 years, from the metropolitan area of Warsaw, Poland. Information concerning family history and presence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease was gathered. Three-time blood pressure measurements were taken during at least two separate visits, which were at least a week apart, using the auscultatory method, according to standard procedures. Anthropometric measurements included: body weight, height, arm, hip and abdominal circumference, skin-fold thickness measured on the rear surface of an arm, below the inferior angle of the scapula and at the belly. Following indexes were determined: body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), waist to height ratio (WHtR), hip to height ratio. Results: A logistic regression model, describing the risk of hypertension in adolescents aged 15–17 was invented. π (x)=e^(g (x))/(1+e^(g (x)) ) where: g (x) = –0.097 × height + 0.085 × weight + 7.764 × WHR + 1.312 × hypertens_1(=yes). Hypertens_1 means presence of hypertension among members of the closest family.The formula was created, allowing the pre-selection of adolescents at risk of hypertension during screening. Next an algorithm for the detection of hypertension for practical use was proposed. Conclusions: Body weight, WHR and incidence of hypertension in the family are the strongest predictors of hypertension in teenagers. Proposed screening algorithm can be a useful tool for selecting teenagers at risk of hypertension and in need of specialized diagnostics and care.

We investigated the effects of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, including a body shape index (ABSI), on increased arterial stiffness measured using the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) according to sex and age strata.A total of 7127 asymptomatic Korean participants aged 21-90 years (men, 69.4%) were included. Age-sex-specific increased CAVI was defined as having the highest quartile of CAVI in each age group.The CAVI increased with age and was higher in men. MetS was associated with an increased risk of high CAVI by 1.30 times in men and 1.45 times in women. The risk of high CAVI with an increasing MetS risk score was greater in women. MetS was significantly associated with increased CAVI in men only aged 51-70 years and in women aged ≥ 51 years, and the size of association increased with age (odds ratio (OR) of 1.41 in 51-70 years vs. OR of 2.96 in ≥ 71 years of women). Among MetS components, triglyceride (men, all ages), hypertension (men, 51-70 years; women, ≤ 70 years), glucose intolerance (men, 51-70 years; women, ≥ 51 years), and HDL-cholesterol (women, ≥ 71 years) were associated with increased CAVI.Unlike increased waist circumference (WC), increased ABSI revealed an association with high CAVI. MetS diagnosed with ABSI instead of WC was more significantly associated with increased CAVI in all age-sex groups.The association of MetS and its components with increased CAVI differed with age and sex, which might provide a new insight for the management of MetS risk factors to promote vascular health.

The present systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of capsinoids on body mass index (BMI), body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), visceral fat area (VFA), and percentage body fat (PBF).Four databases were searched from inception to November 2020 using relevant keywords. All clinical trials investigating the effects of capsinoids supplementation on body composition and anthropometric measures were retained.Overall, 19 effect sizes and 13 trials with a total sample size of 838 participants were included. Capsinoids supplementation had no effect on BW (P = 0.230), BMI (P = 0.182), WC (P = 0.611), FM (P = 0.946), FFM (P = 0.917), WHR (P = 0.599), VFA (P = 0.836), and PBF (P = 0.973). Findings from subgroup analysis revealed a significant reduction in BW in trials conducted on overweight participants, and lasted ≥12 weeks, However, no significant non-linear associations were found between capsinoids supplementation dosage and study duration with both BW (For dosage: PCapsinoids supplementation has no significant effect on obesity indicators. However, capsinoids in trials conducted on overweight participants, and lasted ≥12 weeks may have a significant and modest reduction in BW. Well-designed RCTs with larger sample size and longer duration are needed to confirm these results.

The association between obesity severity and duration with the transition from metabolically healthy obese/overweight (MHO) phenotype to metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) phenotype is not well understood.This study includes the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study participants who were initially classed as MHO. Cumulative excess weight (CEW) and cumulative excess waist circumference (CEWC) scores, which represent the accumulation of body mass index and waist circumference deviations from expected values over time (kg/mOver 15 years of follow-up in TLGS, general and central obesity accumulation was associated with the increased transition from MHO to MUO among women participants. More research with a larger sample size is needed to confirm and explain why the results are different for men and women.

To determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its related risk factors in a group of healthy subjects.This cross-sectional analytic investigation used a convenient sample of 300 apparently healthy university students from Wasit, Iraq, between October 2021 and February 2022. The data was collected using a structured direct interview with a self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements (waist circumference [WC], body mass index [BMI], height, weight, and the blood pressure), total cholesterol level, triglyceride level, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were all measured. IDF/AHA/NHLBI criteria were used to diagnose metabolic syndrome.Overall, 41.3% of students had MetS, with female (66.9%) students having the highest frequency. The most common component of MetS was elevated FBG (98.3%), followed by increased WC (87.9%), and finally a low HDL-C level (85.4%). The following factors were found to be predisposing to MetS: being female (OR=2.32), over the age of 20 (OR=1.96), obese (OR=9.46), high consumption of fast food (OR=2.35), and physically inactive.Metabolic syndrome prevalence and defining criteria are significantly high among Iraqi university students. Fasting blood glucose was the most common component followed by increased WC. The significant risk factors for MetS were older age, females, high BMI (≥25), low physical-activity, and eating of fast foods, and can remedy the risk if the components of the disease are reported at a younger age.

To determine the correlation between excessive daytime sleepiness and body mass index, waist circumference, and lipid profile of shift workers at Dr. Moewardi General Hospital, Surakarta.This cross-sectional study was carried out at the Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia between October 2018 and July 2019. The participants were recruited using purposive sampling. Multiple linear regression with backward elimination was performed to identify the odds ratios between Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores, anthropometric measurements, and lipid profiles. AOf the 150 included participants, 127 (84.67%) were women. Statistical analyses revealed odds ratios of 2.38 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-4.89,Increased total cholesterol and decreased high-density lipoprotein levels increase the risk of excessive daytime sleepiness in shift workers.

To evaluate epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) which is known to be closely associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, age, smoking) and which is a more specific marker of visceral adiposity than waist circumference using echocardiographic examination in subclinical hypothyroidism which is one of the most common endocrine system diseases in the community but is mostly missed due to its asymptomatic nature.The study included 60 individuals aged 18-65 years, comprising 30 patients with newly diagnosed subclinical hypothyroidism and 30 age- and gender-matched control subjects that had a normal thyroid hormone profile. 2D transthoracic echocardiography was utilized for measuring EAT thickness and other basic echocardiographic parameters.No significant difference was found between the two groups with regard to gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and other diameters and measurements obtained by 2D transthoracic echocardiography. EAT thickness was significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (plt; .001).Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is increased in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.

To evaluate the association of a history of infertility with long-term weight, body composition, and blood pressure.We studied 1581 women from the prospective cohort Project Viva. History of infertility was based on self-reported time to pregnancy ≥12 months or use of medical treatment to conceive for the index or any prior pregnancy; a diagnosis of infertility; claims for infertility treatments/prescriptions abstracted from medical records. The outcomes were weight, waist circumference, and body fat assessed through 12 years postpartum; and blood pressure assessed through 3 years postpartum. We used linear mixed-effect models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, income, education, marital status, parity, and age at menarche.Three hundred forty-two women (21.6%) had a history of infertility. In adjusted models, women with versus without infertility, had higher average weight (3.29 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35-5.24), waist circumference (2.46 cm, 95% CI: 0.78-4.13) and body fat (1.76 kg, 95% CI: 0.09-3.43). Among younger (18-29 years), but not older (≥30 years) women, infertility was associated with higher systolic (4.08 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.93, 7.23) and diastolic blood pressure (2.16 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.11-4.20).A history of infertility may serve as a marker to identify women at higher cardiometabolic risk.

Background: Obesity is associated with adverse health events among diabetic patients, however, the relationship between obesity fluctuation and risk of microvascular complications among this specific population is unclear. We aimed to examine the effect of waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) variability on the risk of diabetic microvascular outcomeMethods: Annually recorded anthropometric data in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study was used to examine the association of WC and BMI variability defined as variability independent of mean, with the risk of microvascular outcomes, including neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov., no. NCT00000620).Results: There were 4,031, 5,369, and 2,601 cases of neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy during a follow-up period of 22,524, 23,941, and 23,850 person-years, respectively. Higher levels of WC and BMI variability were associated with an increased risk of neuropathy. Compared with the lowest quartile, the fully-adjusted HR (95% CI) for the highest quartile of WC and BMI variability for neuropathy risk were 1.21 (1.05 to 1.40) and 1.16 (1.00 to 1.33), respectively. Also, higher quartiles of BMI variability but not WC variability were associated with increased risk of nephropathic events. The fully-adjusted HR (95% CI) for the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile of BMI variability was 1.31 (1.18 to 1.46). However, the results for retinopathic events were all insignificant.Conclusion: Among participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus, WC and BMI variability were associated with a higher risk of neuropathic events, whereas BMI variability was associated with an increased risk of nephropathic events.

BACKGROUND: Early identification of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is urgent. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is a reference predictor of obesity-related diseases, but its predictive value for MAFLD remains unclear. No studies have reported whether its combination with waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) can improve the predictive performance for MAFLD. AIM: To systematically explore the relationship between AIP and MAFLD and evaluate its predictive value for MAFLD and to pioneer a novel noninvasive predictive model combining AIP, WC, and BMI while validating its predictive performance for MAFLD. METHODS: This cross-sectional study consecutively enrolled 864 participants. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve were used to evaluate the relationship between AIP and MAFLD and its predictive power for MAFLD. The novel prediction model A-W-B combining AIP, WC, and BMI to predict MAFLD was established, and internal verification was completed by magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis. RESULTS: Subjects with higher AIP exhibited a significantly increased risk of MAFLD, with an odds ratio of 12.420 (6.008-25.675) for AIP after adjusting for various confounding factors. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of the A-W-B model was 0.833 (0.807-0.858), which was significantly higher than that of AIP, WC, and BMI (all P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis illustrated that the A-W-B model had significantly higher area under receiver operating characteristic curves in female, young and nonobese subgroups (all P < 0.05). The best cutoff values for the A-W-B model to predict MAFLD in males and females were 0.5932 and 0.4105, respectively. Additionally, in the validation set, the area under receiver operating characteristic curve of the A-W-B model to predict MAFLD was 0.862 (0.791-0.916). The A-W-B level was strongly and positively associated with the liver proton density fat fraction (r = 0.630, P < 0.001) and significantly increased with the severity of MAFLD (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: AIP was strongly and positively associated with the risk of MAFLD and can be a reference predictor for MAFLD. The novel prediction model A-W-B combining AIP, WC, and BMI can significantly improve the predictive ability of MAFLD and provide better services for clinical prediction and screening of MAFLD.

It has been established that for youth without disabilities, muscular strength (MS) is negatively associated with total and central adiposity. However, this relationship has not been clearly established for youth with intellectual disability (ID). The purpose of this study was to examine the association of MS with total and central adiposity in adolescents with ID.Participants were 59 adolescents (40 males and 19 females: age 16.29 ± 1.66 years) with ID. Total and central adiposity were evaluated with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, waist circumference (WC), and conicity index (C-index). MS was evaluated with the score on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (range, 0 to 42, with higher scores indicating better performance). Sex-specific maturity offset equations were used to evaluate somatic maturity. Spearman's correlation coefficients and sequential multiple regression were used to examine associations between MS and adiposity.Muscular strength score was negatively associated with BMI (sr = -0.32; P 0.05), percent body fat (%BF; total, trunk, android and gynoid regions) (sr = -0.51 to -0.58; P 0.01), and android-to-gynoid fat ratio (sr = -0.29; P 0.05). After control for somatic maturity and sex, regression analysis indicated that MS score explained 10%-17% of the variance in BMI, BMI z-score, %BF (total, trunk, android and gynoid regions), WC, C-index and android-to-gynoid fat ratio.These findings suggest that MS is associated with DXA- and anthropometric-determined total and central adiposity among adolescents with ID.

Background: Fat accumulation around the abdomen is an important consideration in obesity studies and management. Generalized obesity indices alone without considering abdominal obesity are not sufficient in the study and treatment of obesity and the related escalating cases of preventable non-communicable diseases globally. Objective: This study assessed the relationship between abdominal obesity and some selected non-communicable diseases such as generalized obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes among adults in Calabar Metropolis. Materials and methods: A multistage sampling technique was used to select 500 participants (20-70 years). The cross-sectional descriptive study adapted the WHO STEPwise questionnaire for surveillance of non-communicable diseases. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics including frequency, percentages, chi-square, correlation, and logistic regression; significant differences were established at p

The aim of this meta-review was to establish the effects of green tea (GT) intake on some cardiometabolic risk factors including anthropometric measures, blood pressure as well as blood glucose and lipids using evidence from previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses.Articles were identified via searches in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, Web of Knowledge database from the index date of each database through January 31, 2021. A total of 13 meta-analyses were finally included in the synthesis. Meta-meta-analysis revealed significant effects of GT on weight and waist circumference with weighted mean difference (WMD) of -0.89 (95% CI -1.43 to -0.34, p 0.001) and -1.01 (95% CI -1.63 to -0.39, p 0.001), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, with WMDs of -1.17 (95% CI -2.18 to -0.16) and -1.24 (95% CI -2.07 to -0.4), respectively. There was similar effect on fasting blood glucose (WMD, -1.3, 95% CI -2.09 to -0.51, p 0.001) but not on other glycemic indicators. The findings also revealed a significant effect size of total cholesterol and LDL-C (WMD -4.93; 95% CI -6.41 to -3.46, p 0.001, WMD -4.31; 95% CI -6.55 to -2.07, p 0.001, respectively).Regular consumption of GT and probably its bioactive constituents as supplements have beneficial effects on different health aspects including weight, blood pressure, blood glucose and lipids. However, these effects might be influenced by several factors such as the amount and frequency of consumption, health/disease condition and life style including dietary habits and physical activity.

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns for worsening cardiometabolic health in children.This study evaluates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent social restrictions on pediatric cardiometabolic health factors.Retrospective review of patients in a pediatric lipid clinic in the year prior to (3/18/2019-3/17/2020) and during (3/18/2020-3/17/2021) the COVID-19 pandemic was performed. Physical findings (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], and blood pressure), laboratory markers of cardiometabolic health (lipid panel, insulin resistance, and liver transaminases), self-reported exercise time, and lipid-lowering medications (metformin, statin, omega-3 fatty acids, fenofibrate) were compared.297 subjects met inclusion criteria. Among subjects prescribed no medications or on stable medication doses (n=241), there were few changes in lipid panels. Among subjects with new or increased medication doses between pre-pandemic and pandemic intervals (n=62), there were increases in triglycerides (p= 0.019) and HgbA1c (p=0.046). There was no change in z-scores for both BMI and WC for either group.We observed concerning trends in markers of cardiovascular disease health (dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and diabetes), independent of changes in weight, in at-risk children during the recent COVID pandemic. Our findings suggest that this vulnerable population may benefit from more frequent monitoring and intense management during such events.

This cross-sectional study examined whether the probation office setting was feasible to screen adults on probation for cardiometabolic risk factors, measure risk profiles, and estimate the prevalence of obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. During June and August 2019, screening included blood pressure, anthropometrics, total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and glucose. A survey included demographics, medical history, and current medication. The participation rate was 36% (

Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a marker of glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Increased waist circumference (WC) is known to be associated with T2DM. Therefore, we investigated the relationship of WC with HbA1c and explored its optimal cutoff for identifying prediabetes and diabetes risk. This study included 2339 participants between 18 and 84 years of age [mean (SD) age, 43.5 (11.9) years] with valid data on WC, HbA1c and related variables in the Shenzhen–Hong Kong United Network on Cardiovascular Disease study. Participants on anti-diabetic medications were excluded. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between HbA1c and WC. Cutoff values of WC indicating an HbA1c level of 5.7% and 6.5% were also assessed using optimal binning. There was a significant linear relationship between WC and HbA1c in the overall population (B = 0.261, P B = 0.206, P B = 0.311, P B = 0.201, P B = 0.186, P B = 0.182, P

OBJECTIVE: Ultraprocessed food (UPF) intake is associated with BMI, but effects on regional adipose depots or related to minimally processed food (MPF) intake are unknown. METHODS: Data included 12,297 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011 to 2016. This study analyzed associations between usual percentage of kilocalories from UPFs and MPFs and three adiposity indicators: supine sagittal abdominal diameter to height ratio (SADHtR, estimates visceral adiposity); waist circumference to height ratio (WHtR, estimates abdominal adiposity); and BMI, using linear and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Standardized β coefficients per 10% increase in UPF intake were 0.0926, 0.0846, and 0.0791 for SADHtR, WHtR, and BMI, respectively (all p < 0.001; p > 0.26 for pairwise differences). For MPF intake, the β coefficients were −0.0901, −0.0806, and −0.0688 (all p < 0.001; p > 0.18 pairwise). Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for adiposity tertile 3 versus tertile 1 (comparing UPF intake quartiles 2, 3, and 4 to quartile 1) were 1.33 (1.22-1.45), 1.67 (1.43-1.95), and 2.24 (1.76-2.86), respectively, for SADHtR; 1.31 (1.19-1.44), 1.62 (1.37-1.91), and 2.13 (1.63-2.78), respectively, for WHtR; and 1.27 (1.16-1.39), 1.53 (1.31-1.79), and 1.96 (1.53-2.51), respectively, for BMI. MPF intake showed inverse associations with similar trends in association strength. CONCLUSIONS: Among US adults, abdominal and visceral adiposity indictors were positively associated with UPFs and inversely associated with MPFs.

Among the main consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are menstrual dysfunction, infertility, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and weight gain; in aggravated cases, it can become a risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that green tea can be an option to complement the treatment of PCOS. Thus, this systematic review aims to evaluate the effects of green tea supplementation in women with PCOS. We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated women with PCOS who received green tea compared with placebo in electronic databases: MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE via Elsevier, Cochrane Library, LILACS via BVS, and Web of Science using the terms: "polycystic ovary syndrome," "green tea," "Camellia sinensis," "epigallocatechin gallate." The outcomes listed in the study protocol were body weight, fasting insulin, body mass index, body fat percentage, daily caloric intake, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist/hip ratio. Four double-blind RCTs were included, with a total of 169 women: 85 in the green tea group and 84 in the placebo group. We found a significantly lower body weight (kg) for green tea group (mean difference, -2.80; 95% confidence interval, -5.25 to -0.35; P = .03; I² = 0%; 4 studies, 169 participants, very low-quality evidence). Green tea has potential positive effects for the reduction of weight, and future studies will be needed to confirm the estimated effect size; we reasonably expect this to be an option of adjuvant treatment in PCOS clinical management. Registration number: CRD42021226296.

We hypothesized that a plant-based diet, without excluding any specific animal food, may be beneficial for body composition. This study aims to evaluate if the consumption of a plant-based diet affects body composition of adults, through a systematic review of the literature. The review was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. The literature search was conducted in EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science in February 2021. Cross-sectionals, interventional trials, and cohort studies were included if changes in the body composition were associated with plant-based index (PDI). Meta-analyses were performed using DerSimonian and Laird random effects model with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) even in the absence of statistical heterogeneity. A total of 6680 citations were found in the systematic search, and after the screening process, 12 studies were included. Of the 11 studies evaluating body mass index, 8 provided data of body mass index (BMI) from a total of 134,128 participants among the quantiles of PDI. A meta-analysis was performed (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.17 kg/m²; 95% CI, 0.02-0.32). Of the 7 studies that evaluated waist circumference (WC), 4 provided data of WC among the quantiles of PDI from a total of 12,968 participants. As with BMI, the pooled analysis indicated an increase (SMD = 0.50 kg/m²; 95% CI, 0.01-1.00) of WC as greater was the PDI. Both analyses were influenced by a large study, and in the sensitive analysis the significance was lost. Our findings did not reflect an association between a higher PDI and body composition. Also, most studies evaluating total and central adiposity did not find any association with the PDI. Probably, PDI must be considered in the context of food processing, considering that not all vegetable foods are healthy.

Objective: The study aimed to identify periods of heightened susceptibility to the effects of pre- and postnatal secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure on body composition at age 12 years. Methods: The study used data from 217 children from the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, a prospective cohort in Cincinnati, Ohio. Using multiple informant models, the study estimated associations of maternal serum cotinine (16 and 26 weeks of pregnancy) and child serum cotinine concentrations (at age 12, 24, 36, and 48 months) with measures of body composition obtained with anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at 12 years. We examined whether there were differences between these associations for pre- and postnatal exposure periods and potential effect measure modification by sex.Results: Postnatal cotinine concentrations were associated with higher weight, BMI, body fat and lean mass, waist circumference, and visceral, android, and gynoid fat. Each 10-fold increase in postnatal cotinine was associated with 76% increased risk of overweight or obesity (95% CI: 1.13-2.75). Associations between prenatal concentrations and measures of body composition at 12 years were generally null.Conclusions: Postnatal exposure to SHS may increase adolescent adiposity and lean mass. Future studies should determine whether early-life exposures to SHS are associated with other cardiometabolic risk markers. Objective: The study aimed to identify periods of heightened susceptibility to the effects of pre- and postnatal secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure on body composition at age 12 years. Methods: The study used data from 217 children from the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, a prospective cohort in Cincinnati, Ohio. Using multiple informant models, the study estimated associations of maternal serum cotinine (16 and 26 weeks of pregnancy) and child serum cotinine concentrations (at age 12, 24, 36, and 48 months) with measures of body composition obtained with anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at 12 years. We examined whether there were differences between these associations for pre- and postnatal exposure periods and potential effect measure modification by sex.Results: Postnatal cotinine concentrations were associated with higher weight, BMI, body fat and lean mass, waist circumference, and visceral, android, and gynoid fat. Each 10-fold increase in postnatal cotinine was associated with 76% increased risk of overweight or obesity (95% CI: 1.13-2.75). Associations between prenatal concentrations and measures of body composition at 12 years were generally null.Conclusions: Postnatal exposure to SHS may increase adolescent adiposity and lean mass. Future studies should determine whether early-life exposures to SHS are associated with other cardiometabolic risk markers. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Grant Numbers: P01 ES011261, R01 ES014575, R01 ES015517 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Grant Numbers: P01 ES011261, R01 ES014575, R01 ES015517 SI SI

Childhood hypertension has become a global public health issue due to its increasing prevalence and association with cerebral-cardiovascular disease in adults. In this study, we developed a predictive model for childhood hypertension based on environmental and genetic factors to identify at-risk individuals. Eighty children diagnosed with childhood hypertension and 84 children in the control group matched by sex and age from an established cohort were included in a nested case-control study. We constructed a multiple logistic regression model to analyze the factors associated with hypertension and applied the 10-fold cross-validation method to verify the prediction stability of the model. Childhood hypertension was found positively correlated with triglyceride level ≥150 mg/dL; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level ≥110 mg/dL; body mass index Z score; waist-to-height ratio Z score; and red blood cell count (all P .01) and negatively correlated with the relative expression level of retinol acyltransferase; relative expression level of vitamin D receptor; and dietary intake of fiber, vitamin C and copper (all P .05) in this study. BMI Z score, triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL, RBC count, VDR/β-actin and LRAT/β-actin ratios were used to construct the predictive model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 94.45% (95% CI = 89.35%∼98.65%, P .001). The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were all above 80% in both the training and validation sets. In conclusion, this model can predict the risk of childhood hypertension and could provide a theoretical basis for early prevention and intervention to improve the cardiovascular health of children.

The aim of the study is to see if visceral fat volume (VFV), subcutaneous fat volume (SFV), and visceral-subcutaneous fat ratio (VSR) can be used to detect metabolically obese normal weight individuals in Asian Indian population.This is a single center prospective cross-sectional study and 80 cases having either hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia with normal waist circumference and 80 controls having normal metabolic parameters with normal waist circumference were evaluated. Visceral and subcutaneous fat volumes and visceral to subcutaneous fat ratios were determined by computed tomography (CT) at L4-L5 level with a slice thickness of 5 mm.Visceral fat volume, subcutaneous fat volume, and VSR are significantly higher in patients with metabolic risk factors as compared to those without risk factors. Volume of subcutaneous fat is significantly higher in females as compared to males. VSR is higher in males in our study. The cutoff values for VFV, SFV, and VSR to predict at least one metabolic syndrome are 8.5 cmFor individuals with normal waist circumference, VFV, SFV, and VSR can effectively predict the presence of one metabolic risk factor.• Visceral fat volume, subcutaneous fat volume, and visceral-subcutaneous fat ratio can predict individuals at risk of metabolic syndrome having normal waist circumference. • Higher VSR in Indian population is due to low reservoir of primary adipose tissue fat compartment which leads to diversion of adipocytes into the secondary adipose tissue fat compartment. • This data can be used as a screening tool in preventive radiology for identifying individuals at risk of developing metabolic syndrome.

Food insecurity (FI) is a public health concern that affects health status. In this study, we aimed to investigate the FI status, and the probable link between FI and a number of risk factors related to Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in Alborz Province, Iran. This was a cross-sectional study in which 983 housewives living in Alborz Province, with the age range of 18-65 years were selected randomly using a multi-stage cluster sampling method, between 2018 and 2019. Demographic Questionnaire, Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Anthropometric Measurements (weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist, hip, and Neck Circumferences (WC,HC, and NC)), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were measured. Multivariable binary logistic regressions were used to evaluate the association between mentioned variables and FI status. The prevalence of FI in the study population was 61.24 percent (95 percent CI: 58.11-64.30). In a Multivariable binary logistic regressions model, participants in the highest stages of FI had significantly lower risk of BMI (OR: 0.62 95 percent CI 0.45-1.10) (

This study investigated the association between longitudinal changes in weight and waist circumference and breast cancer risk according to menopausal status.This retrospective cohort study used data from the population-based Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHI) database. The study population included women aged ≥40 years who consecutively underwent three biennial breast cancer screenings between 2009-2014 and were followed up until 2020. The percentage changes in weight and waist circumference during the three screenings were calculated and categorized into five groups based on the level of increase or decrease in these two factors. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for breast cancer risk were calculated and adjusted for other factors.Of 691,253 premenopausal and 1,519,211 postmenopausal women, 9485 and 12,553 breast cancer cases were identified, respectively, during a median 6.9 follow-up years. Postmenopausal women with two consecutive weight gains had an increased risk of breast cancer risk (HR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.22); meanwhile, consecutive weight loss was associated with a decreased risk (HR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.76 to 0.93). Single time and continuous decreases in waist circumference were associated with a decreased risk (HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.85 to 0.98, and HR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.76-0.93), while single time and continuous increases were associated with an increased risk (HR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.15, and HR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.22). Single weight gain was associated with the increased breast cancer risk in premenopausal women (HR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01 1.13).Our findings suggest a dose-response relationship between weight, waist circumference change, and the risk of future breast cancer.

COVID-19 restriction measurements have enhanced the obesity status in the pediatric population which might further contribute to obesity-related glucose-insulin metabolism alterations. Therefore, we retrospectively compared anthropometric and OGTT data on children with obesity during the 13 years before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Data from 741 children with obesity and overweight were retrieved and clustered into seven groups starting from year 2008-2009 until 2020-2021. Differences in anthropometric measurements and glucose/insulin metabolism were evaluated between the different groups.Children with overweight and obesity in the COVID-19 restriction group did not present increased values of SDS-Body Mass Index (BMI). Significantly higher values for Waist Circumference (WC), SDS-WC, Waist/Height ratio (WHtR), and body mass fat were detected in these children (all P 0.01). Fasting glycaemia, glucose, and insulin excursions were significantly higher compared to pre- pandemic children (all P 0.01). Insulin resistance was higher while insulin secretion was lower (all P 0.01) determining a significantly higher percentage of impaired glucose tolerance in the COVID-19 restriction group (P 0.002). Furthermore, High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was significantly lower (P 0.01) and SDS for systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were significantly higher (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively).COVID-19 restriction measurements determined profound alterations in glucose and insulin metabolism in children with obesity and overweight. Urgent strategies are needed in order to reverse COVID-19 restriction measures' effects on glucose and insulin metabolism.

There is growing evidence that Body Mass Index (BMI) is unfit for purpose. Waist circumference (WC) indices appear to be the preferred alternative, although it is not clear which WC index is optimal at predicting cardio-metabolic risk (CMR) and associated health outcomes.We obtained a stratified random probability sample of 53,390 participants from the Health Survey for England (HSE), 2008-2018. The four available CMR factors were; high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Strength of association between the four cardio-metabolic risk factors and competing anthropometric indicators of weight status [BMI, Waist-to-height ratio (WHTR), unadjusted WC, and a new WC index independent of height, WHT·5R = WC/heightWaist-circumference indices were superior to BMI when explaining/predicting our CMR factors, before and after controlling for age, sex and ethnicity. No single WC index was consistently superior. Results suggest that WHTR is the strongest predictor of HbA1c, confirming that shorter individuals are at great risk of diabetes. The most appropriate WC index associated with blood pressure was WHT·5R for DBP, or unadjusted WC for SBP. Given HDL cholesterol is independent of height, the best predictor of HDL was WHT.5R. Clearly, "no one size fits all!". MANCOVA identified WHT·5R to be the best single WC index associated with a composite of all four CMR factors.

Previous studies have demonstrated stronger associations between metabolic alterations and neck circumference (NC) than with body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC). However, most of these studies were performed in individuals presenting overweight or mild obesity.To determine which adiposity index among BMI, WC, NC and fat mass (FM) can best predict metabolic alterations in men and women presenting severe obesity.Anthropometric and plasma biochemical parameters were measured in 81 participants presenting severe obesity (19 men, 62 women; age: 44.5 ± 8.9 years; BMI: 43.5 ± 4.1 kg/mNC was positively correlated with fasting insulin concentrations, C-peptide concentrations and HOMA-IR values and negatively correlated with HDL-C concentrations. NC was the best predictor of glucose homeostasis indices and HDL-C concentrations in models also including sex, BMI, WC, and FM. The ROC curve analysis indicated that a NC ≥ 37.8 cm best predicted type 2 diabetes.NC seems a better predictor of insulin resistance and lower HDL-C concentrations in patients presenting severe obesity compared to other standard anthropometric indices, and particularly in women. The small sample size in men prevent us to draw clear conclusions. NC could be useful in targeting patients with metabolic alterations who could benefit from medical or surgical treatment of obesity.

Objective To examine whether patterns of body mass index (BMI) percentile gains across childhood predict BMI percentile, overweight and obesity, waist circumference, and elevated or prehypertensive blood pressure at age 15. Methods Trained technicians in the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development assessed children's weight and height from birth to 15 years and waist circumference and blood pressure at age 15 (n = 1,132). Children's BMI percentile trajectories from age 2 to age 13 along with 28 demographic and social covariates were used to predict BMI percentile, waist circumference, overweight, obesity, and elevated or prehypertensive blood pressure. Linear and logistic regressions were used to predict BMI percentile, overweight, obesity, waist circumference, and elevated or prehypertensive blood pressure. Results Children were classified into one of four BMI percentile trajectories: "low stable" (28.4%), "low-to-high" (11.8%), "median stable" (29.0%), and "high rising" (30.7%). Children in trajectory classes characterized by persistent above average BMI percentile or by periods of rapid BMI percentile gains were more likely than their peers to experience poor weight and elevated or prehypertensive outcomes in adolescence. Trajectory class membership explained substantially more variance in adolescent health outcomes than demographic covariates alone. Estimated maternal BMI was a key independent predictor of adolescent outcomes. Conclusions Different patterns of BMI percentile gains, namely those with rapid gains or persistently above average BMI percentile, from ages 2-13 predicted weight, waist circumference, and elevated or prehypertensive blood pressure at age 15, above and beyond demographic and social characteristics.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the current study is to examine the association between non-exercise estimated cardiorespiratory fitness and incident hypertension by gender. METHODS: A total of 5513 participants (4403 men and 1110 women) free of hypertension from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study, were followed for incident hypertension, which was determined as resting systolic or diastolic blood pressure at least 130/80 mm Hg or physician diagnosis. Non-exercise estimated cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated in METs (metabolic equivalent) with sex-specific algorithms which was developed by Jackson. Age, body mass index, waist circumference, and resting heart rate were used as continuous variable whereas being physical active and current smoking were dichotomous variable. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to examine the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of developing hypertension. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported as an index of strength of association. RESULTS: During an average follow up of 5 years, 61.7% men and 39.5% women developed hypertension. In men, the upper and middle tertiles of cardiorespiratory fitness had 22% (95% CI 0.71–0.86) and 10% (95% CI 0.82–0.99) lower risk of developing hypertension compared to those in the lower tertile, respectively. In women, the upper and middle tertiles of cardiorespiratory fitness had 30% (95% CI 0.55–0.88) and 6% (95% CI 0.74–1.18) lower risk of developing hypertension. Each one-MET increment was associated with an 10% lower risk of incident hypertension in the overall sample. CONCLUSION: Cardiorespiratory fitness estimated using a non-exercise algorithm is inversely associated with risk of developing hypertension in men and women.

This article aims to critically overview the current interplay of genetic/epigenetic factors and several nutritional aspects influencing obesity susceptibility and adiposity outcomes for obesity management and weight status monitoring.Single nucleotide polymorphisms located in or near genes participating in energy homeostasis, fatty acid metabolism, appetite control, brain regulation, and thermogenesis have been associated with body composition measures (body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and visceral adipose tissue) depending on nutrient intakes, dietary patterns, and eating behaviors. Moreover, studies analyzing interactions between the epigenome and dietary intakes in relation to adiposity outcomes are reported. The main epigenetic mechanisms include methylation levels of promoter sequences, telomere length, and micro-ribonucleic acid expression profiles, whereas covalent histone modifications remain less studied.Exploring potential interactions between the genetic/epigenetic background and nutritional features is improving the current understanding of the obesity physiopathogenesis and the usefulness of translating this precision information in the clinical setting for weight gain prediction, the design of personalized nutrition therapies as well as individual responsiveness estimation to dietary advice. The analysis of further relationships between the genotype, the epigenotype and other precision markers including the gut microbiota and the metabolome is warranted.

Observational studies reveal that different body fat measures are associated with cardiometabolic disease with different effects. However, causality is not reflected by such observations. To explore and compare the causal relationships of general obesity (measured by body mass index (BMI)), adipose obesity (measured by fat mass percentage (FMP)) and central obesity (measured by waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)) with cardiometabolic traits among children.We conducted one sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis in 3266 children from Beijing Children and Adolescents Metabolic Syndrome Study. Genetic instruments based on 28 SNPs were performed to explore and compare the causal associations of genetically BMI, FMP and WHtR with cardiometabolic traits. The genetic instruments were robustly correlated with observed BMI, FMP and WHtR. Each genetically 1-SD increment in BMI, FMP and WHtR were causally associated with increment in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), log-transformed fasting plasma glucose (FPG), log-transformed HOMA-β, and decrease in log-transformed high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), respectively (all P 0.05 after Bonferroni correction). The receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that BMI and FMP showed stronger effects on SBP, DBP, HOMA-β and HDL than WHtR (all P 0.05). We also observed causal associations of BMI and FMP with log-transformed fasting insulin and HOMA-IR.The MR analysis based on population-based cohort indicated a causal relationship of adiposity and body fat distribution with cardiometabolic traits. When compared with central obesity, general obesity and adipose obesity might own stronger effects on blood pressure and blood lipids among children.

The need for adherence to a healthy and sustainable dietary pattern in the pediatric stage is discussed worldwide, being linked to a progressive incidence of noncommunicable diseases in adulthood. The aims of this systematic review were to summarize the healthy and/or sustainable dietary patterns, defined a priori, described in the literature for use during the pediatric stage; to evaluate the adherence to these dietary patterns; and identify the health-related benefits associated with adherence to these patterns. A literature search was carried out on Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science from 2010 up to 2021, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 128 articles were included according to the following criteria: participants 2–17 y old, healthy and/or sustainable dietary patterns defined by an a priori methodology; articles written in English or Portuguese; and published since 2010. Fifty instruments with 14 adaptations that measure adherence to healthy and/or sustainable dietary patterns in children and adolescents were found. The Mediterranean Diet was the most studied dietary pattern. Adherence to healthy and/or sustainable dietary patterns has wide variations worldwide. Most of the instruments described have been little studied at pediatric ages, reducing the ability to extrapolate results. Higher adherence to these dietary patterns was associated with lower body fat, waist circumference, blood pressure, and metabolic risk. There is no consensus regarding the association with BMI. No studies have proofs of the sustainability characteristics of these instruments, it being necessary to produce a new sustainable instrument or test the association of the previous ones with, for example, the ecological footprint. Further validations of these instruments in each country and more prospective studies are needed to establish temporal relations with health-related outcomes. This systematic review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ as CRD42020221788.

Afamin is a member of the hepatokine that are strongly associated with various metabolic diseases. The relationship between afamin and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the correlation between serum afamin levels and NAFLD. We analyzed 88 NAFLD patients and 88 age- and sex-matched healthy controls who took their health examinations at the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. The association was further confirmed in 22 biopsy-confirmed NAFLD patients and 36 healthy controls. Serum afamin levels were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). NAFLD patients had significantly higher serum afamin levels than the healthy controls (14.79 ± 5.04 mg/L versus 10.83 ± 3.24 mg/L; P < 0.001 ). Serum afamin levels were positively correlated with metabolic parameters including the body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, liver enzymes, and lipid profiles. A multiple regression analysis showed that serum afamin levels were independently related to the risk of NAFLD (OR: 1.289, 95% CI, 1.141–1.456; P < 0.001 ). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that the area under curve (AUC) of serum afamin plus the BMI for detecting NAFLD was 0.878. In participants with liver biopsies, the serum afamin plus the BMI detected NAFLD with an AUC of 0.758. In conclusion, serum afamin levels were positively associated with prevalence and risk of NAFLD, and serum afamin plus the BMI had a high diagnostic performance for NAFLD. This study provides epidemiological evidence of afamin in NAFLD.

Prior studies have suggested reciprocal relationships between cognitive function and adiposity, but this has not been investigated with population representative data sets. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between cognitive function and adiposity in a large population-based sample of middle-aged and older adults. It was hypothesized that better scores on tests of cognitive function would be associated with lower adiposity, and this association would be primarily mediated through life-style behavior and physical health status.Using baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging ( N = 30,097), we tested our hypotheses using three indicators of cognitive function (animal fluency, Stroop interference, and reaction time) and four indicators of adiposity (body mass index, total fat mass, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio). Hierarchical multivariable linear regression modeling was conducted followed by tests for moderation by socioeconomic status and mediation through diet, physical activity, hypertension, and diabetes status.All measures of cognitive indicators were significantly associated with adiposity after adjusting for confounders. In general, superior performance on animal fluency, Stroop, and reaction time tasks were associated with lower adiposity by most metrics. Stroop interference was associated with lower adiposity across all metrics, including body mass index ( b = - 0.04, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = - 0.06 to - 0.01), total fat mass ( b = 19.35, 95 % CI = 8.57 to 30.12), waist circumference ( b = 33.83, 95 % CI = 10.08 to 57.58), and waist-hip ratio ( b = 0.13, 95 % CI = 0.01 to 0.24). These associations were more substantial for moderate- and high-income subpopulations. Mediation analyses suggested that the aforementioned effects were mediated through life-style behavior (e.g., diet and physical activity) and physical health conditions (e.g., diabetes and hypertension).Reliable associations exist between cognitive function and adiposity in middle-aged and older adults. The associations seem to be mediated through life-style behavior and physical health conditions.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between waist circumference and hypertension risk in normal-weight/overweight individuals with normal cardiometabolic profiles. The authors included 7217 normal-weight and overweight individuals with normal cardiometabolic profiles from the 2001 to 2014 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The authors summarized demographic characteristics, cardiometabolic profiles, and behavioral factors across waist circumference quartiles. Then, in the logistic regression analysis, the authors observed a positive and significant association between waist circumference (as a continuous variable) and the prevalence of hypertension in all three models (nonadjusted, minimally adjusted, and fully adjusted), with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.76 (1.65-1.86), 1.29 (1.20-1.39), and 1.24 (1.09-1.40), respectively. When analyzed as a categorical variable, individuals in the highest waist circumference group had a 1.48-fold increased risk of hypertension than the lowest group in the fully adjusted model. Moreover, the Cox regression analysis revealed a positive and significant association between waist circumference and all-cause mortality in individuals with hypertension in the nonadjusted model (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.10-1.47) and the fully adjusted model (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.22-2.06). In conclusions, our results showed that, even in those with normal metabolic profiles, high waist circumference was significantly associated with the increased prevalence of hypertension. And once hypertension has been established, patients with high waist circumference showed elevated all-cause mortality. Therefore, waist circumference should be routinely measured and controlled regardless of metabolic profiles.

Choline and its metabolites apppear to have relationships with body mass index (BMI), body fat, and body weight, but the research results have proved inconsistent. We thus investigated the associations of plasma levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), choline, and betaine with anthropometric measurements, including modulatory effects of genetics and diet.The study was performed on a group of 421 adults, aged 20-40 years, who had been recruited in Poland. Plasma concentrations of choline, betaine, and TMAO were determined using reverse-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. The following polymorphisms were genotyped using TaqMan probes: rs180113 (MTHFR), rs70991108 (DHFR), rs2236225 (MTHFD1), and rs7946 and rs12325817 (PEMT). We employed multivariate linear regression to examine the associations between anthropometric measurements, one-carbon metabolism metabolites, and genotypes.Higher plasma choline was associated with higher BMI (β = 0.17; p 0.01), body weight (β = 0.11; p 0.05), body fat mass (FM) (β = 0.10; p 0.05), and waist circumference (WC) (β = 0.14; p 0.01), whereas higher choline intake was associated with lower body FM (β = -0.14; p 0.01) and lower WC (β = -0.12; p 0.01). After stratification by sex, plasma betaine was found to be associated with lower BMI (β = -0.20; p 0.05) and body weight (β = -0.16; p 0.05) in men only, whereas choline intake was associated with lower body FM (β = -0.19; p 0.05) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (β = -0.19; p 0.05) and MTHFR CC genotype was associated with WHR (β = 0.15; p 0.05) in women only.Higher plasma betaine and higher dietary choline are associated with lower FM and body weight, whereas higher plasma choline is positively associated with body weight status and adiposity. Moreover, these associations appear to be sex-specific.

Background Inflammation and metabolic syndrome (MetS) may act synergistically and possibly accelerate the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). We prospectively examined the joint effect of MetS and inflammation on the risk of CRC. Methods We studied 92,770 individuals from the Kailuan study. MetS was defined based on the presence of three or more of the following components. (1) high glucose: FPG > 5.6 mmol/L; (2) high blood pressure: SBP ≥ 130 mmHg or DBP ≥ 85 mmHg; (3) high triglycerides: triglycerides > 1.69 mmol/L; (4) low HDL-C: HDL-C Results Compared with metabolically healthy noninflammatory individuals, inflammatory participants without MetS and inflammatory participants with MetS were associated with a 1.3-fold and 4.18-fold increased risk of CRC with corresponding HRs (95% CI) of 1.34 (1.09, 1.64) and 4.18 (3.11, 5.62), respectively. The combination of MetS and inflammation was associated with the highest risk of CRC in all subgroups, especially among participants who were female, in younger age, and obese. Sensitivity analyses further validated our primary findings. Conclusions We found the combination of MetS and inflammation could significantly increase the risk of CRC. Including CRP in the diagnosis of MetS may help to identify additional high-risk participants who should be targeted for early diagnosis and prevention of CRC. Trial registration Kailuan study, ChiCTR–TNRC–11001489. Registered 24 August, 2011-Retrospectively registered, http:// www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=8050

Type 2 diabetes Mellitus is related to the increase prevalence of mental health problems. The aim of this study was to a) verify the anxiety and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of diabetics with and without symptoms of depression; b) correlate HRQoL with blood glucose levels and abdominal adiposity and c) investigate if there is difference between genders. Ninety-six individuals, with an average age of 56.2 ± 9.6 years, men and women, carried out anthropometric measure: waist circumference (WC), body mass index, evaluation of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and fasting blood glucose. The Beck Depression Inventory, the Trait-State Anxiety Inventory and the SF-36 Questionnaire verified the presence of depressive symptoms, the anxiety level and the HRQoL respectively. Most individuals were overweight (78%) and altered WC (72.9%). The depression’s prevalence was 34.1%, and the levels of trait and state anxiety were 63.3% and 77%. Individuals with depression had worse HRQoL, anxiety (trait) and altered WC, but without differences in HR and BP. Men had better HRQoL and lower levels of depression than women. Cardiometabolic variables (abdominal adiposity and blood glucose) correlated with altered HRQoL, despite gender. In men, correlations between glycemia and functional capacity, and HR with mental health were observed. In women, anxiety levels correlated with functional capacity and abdominal adiposity. Diabetes is directly related to biopsychosocial factors, mainly HRQoL and depression. In addition, depressive diabetics have worse HRQoL, more anxiety and, in men, changes in body composition. La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 se relaciona con una mayor prevalencia de problemas de salud mental. El objetivo de este estudio fue a) verificar la ansiedad y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) de diabéticos con y sin síntomas de depresión; b) correlacionar la CVRS con la glucemia y la adiposidad abdominal yc) investigar si existe diferencia entre sexos. A 96 individuos, con una edad media de 56,2 ± 9,6 años, hombres y mujeres, se les realizaron mediciones antropométricas: circunferencia de cintura (CC), índice de masa corporal, presión arterial (PA), frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y glucemia en ayunas. El Inventario de Depresión de Beck, el Inventario de Ansiedad Rasgo-Estado y el Cuestionario SF-36 verificaron la presencia de síntomas depresivos, el nivel de ansiedad y la CVRS respectivamente. La mayoría de los individuos tenían sobrepeso (78%) y CC alterada (72,9%). La prevalencia de depresión fue del 34,1%, y los niveles de ansiedad rasgo y estado fueron del 63,3% y 77%. Los individuos con depresión tenían peor CVRS, ansiedad (rasgo) y CC alterada, pero sin diferencias en FC y PA. Los hombres tenían mejor CVRS y niveles más bajos de depresión que las mujeres. Las variables cardiometabólicas (adiposidad abdominal y glucemia) se correlacionaron con cambios en la CVRS, independientemente del sexo. En los hombres se observaron correlaciones entre la glucemia y la capacidad funcional y la FC con la salud mental. En las mujeres, los niveles de ansiedad se correlacionaron con la capacidad funcional y la adiposidad abdominal. La diabetes está directamente relacionada con factores biopsicosociales, principalmente la CVRS y la depresión. Además, los diabéticos depresivos tienen peor CVRS, más ansiedad y, en los hombres, cambios en la composición corporal. O diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 está relacionado ao aumento da prevalência de problemas de saúde mental. O objetivo deste estudo foi a) verificar a ansiedade e a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS) de diabéticos com e sem sintomas de depressão; b) correlacionar QVRS com glicemia e adiposidade abdominal ec) investigar se há diferença entre os sexos. Noventa e seis indivíduos, com idade média de 56,2 ± 9,6 anos, homens e mulheres, realizaram medidas antropométricas: circunferência da cintura (CC), índice de massa corporal, avaliação da pressão arterial (PA), frequência cardíaca (FC) e glicemia de jejum. O Inventário de Depressão de Beck, o Inventário de Ansiedade Trait-State e o Questionário SF-36 verificaram a presença de sintomas depressivos, o nível de ansiedade e a QVRS respectivamente. A maioria dos indivíduos apresentava excesso de peso (78%) e CC alterada (72,9%). A prevalência de depressão foi de 34,1%, e os níveis de ansiedade traço e estado foram de 63,3% e 77%. Indivíduos com depressão apresentaram pior QVRS, ansiedade (traço) e CC alterada, mas sem diferenças na FC e PA. Os homens apresentaram melhor QVRS e menores níveis de depressão do que as mulheres. Variáveis cardiometabólicas (adiposidade abdominal e glicemia) correlacionaram-se com alteração da QVRS, independente do sexo. Nos homens, foram observadas correlações entre glicemia e capacidade funcional e FC com saúde mental. Nas mulheres, os níveis de ansiedade correlacionaram-se com a capacidade funcional e adiposidade abdominal. O diabetes está diretamente relacionado a fatores biopsicossociais, principalmente QVRS e depressão. Além disso, diabéticos depressivos apresentam pior QVRS, mais ansiedade e, nos homens, alterações na composição corporal.

Chronotype, i.e., the individual attitude to carry out the daily activities at a certain time of the day, has been reported to play a role in metabolic diseases. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with chronotype categories in individuals with obesity.In this cross-sectional study, participants underwent to anthropometric, biochemical, and the Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) assessment. Chronotype categories were assessed by the Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). The following indirect indices of NAFLD were calculated: Liver Fat Equation (LFE), Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI) and Index of Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (ION).The study population consisted of 87 participants (40.3 ± 12.3 years; BMI 45.6 ± 6.3 kg/mEC is associated with more severe NAFLD independently of age, gender, and BMI than MC and IC in individuals with obesity.

Background/Objectives Neck circumference (NC) has been positively associated with visceral fat area (VFA) in cross-sectional studies. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of NC changes on VFA in a Chinese community-based longitudinal cohort. Subjects/Methods Subjects recruited from Shanghai communities were followed up for 1.1–2.9 years. A total of 1421 subjects (men 578, women 843) were included, aged 24–80 years, with an average age of 57.8 ± 7.1 years. Interventions/Methods Biochemical and anthropometric measurements, including NC, were obtained from all subjects. VFA was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Abdominal obesity was defined as a VFA ≥ 80 cm2. Results After a mean follow-up of 2.1 years, the NCs for men and women were 38.1 ± 2.3 cm and 33.8 ± 2.0 cm, respectively, and the average value of VFA was 84.55 (59.83–113.50) cm2. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, history of drinking, glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure and blood lipids, individuals who had gained a NC of more than 5% had 1.26 (95% CI: 1.05–1.49) times more visceral adipose tissue at follow-up than NC maintainers (NC change between –2.5% and 2.5%). In the non-abdominal obesity group at baseline (n = 683), after adjusting for confounding factors, changes in NC were associated with abdominal obesity (odd ratio 1.23, 95% CI: 1.09–1.39). Conclusions Changes in NC were positively associated with VFA in a Chinese community-based cohort, suggesting that NC measurement is practical for assessing abdominal obesity.

Background: Abdominal obesity is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction and death events. Thus, obtaining data on the status of abdominal obesity is important in risk factor assessment and prevention of non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the validity of using pictograms to classify abdominal obesity indices (waist circumference [WC], waist-hip ratio [WHR], and waist-height ratio [WHtR]) into normal and at-risk categories and determine the effects of demographic characteristics on this validity. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from Pars Cohort Study (PCS). Participants chose the most similar pictogram scores to their body size at 15, 30 years, and current age. Optimal normal/at-risk cut-off values for pictograms were calculated using sensitivity/specificity plots. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the validity of pictograms. Validity measures were analyzed across different subgroups of demographic characteristics. Results: A total of 9263 participants (46% males) were included in the study. The estimated area under the curves were 84% for WC, 77% for WHR, and 89% for WHtR in males, and 84% for WC, 73% for WHR, and 90% for WHtR in females. Optimal pictogram cutoffs to classify central obesity for WC, WHR, and WHtR were 4, 4, and 5 in males and 4, 4, and 6 in females, respectively. The majority of demographic characteristics were not associated with the validity of pictograms. Conclusion: Using pictograms to determine normal and at-risk categories of abdominal obesity indices is valid among adult population with a wide range of demographic characteristics. However, the results need to be interpreted with caution in those with a positive history of weight fluctuation.

This study investigates the associations of vigorous-intensity gardening time with cardiometabolic health risk markers. This cross-sectional study (AusDiab) analyzed 2011–2012 data of 3,664 adults (55% women, mean [range], age = 59.3 [34–94] years) in Australia. Multiple linear regression models examined associations of time spent participating in vigorous gardening (0

PURPOSE. Pediatric obesity is a growing public health concern. Previous work has observed diet to impact nucleus accumbens (NAcc) inflammation in rodents, measured by the reactive proliferation of glial cells. Recent work in humans has demonstrated a relationship between NAcc cell density—a proxy for neuroinflammation—and weight gain in youth; however, the directionality of this relationship in the developing brain and association with diet remain unknown. METHODS. Waist circumference (WC) and NAcc cell density were collected in a large cohort of children (n > 2,000) participating in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development(SM) (ABCD) Study (release 3.0) at baseline (9–10 y) and at a Year 2 follow-up (11–12 y). Latent change score modeling (LCSM) was used to disentangle contributions of baseline measures to two-year changes in WC percentile and NAcc cellularity. In addition, the role of NAcc cellularity in mediating the relationship between diet and WC percentile was assessed using dietary intake data collected at Year 2. RESULTS. LCSM indicates that baseline WC percentile influences change in NAcc cellularity and that baseline NAcc cell density influences change in WC percentile. NAcc cellularity was significantly associated with WC percentile at Year 2 and mediated the relationship between dietary fat consumption and WC percentile. CONCLUSIONS. These results implicate a vicious cycle whereby NAcc cell density biases longitudinal changes in WC percentile, and vice versa. Moreover, NAcc cell density may mediate the relationship between diet and weight gain in youth. These findings suggest that diet-induced inflammation of reward circuitry may lead to behavioral changes that further contribute to weight gain.

Background : Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by a cluster of biological irregularities. The purpose of this analysis was to examine the association of MetS with BC among Nigerian women, and for the first time evaluate this association by molecular subtype. Methods : MetS was defined as having at least 3 out of 5 of: high blood pressure (≥130/85 mm Hg), reduced HDL ( 150 mg/dL), high waist circumference (≥80 cm), and prior diagnosis of diabetes or elevated fasting glucose level (≥100 mg/dL). Among 296 newly diagnosed BC cases and 259 healthy controls, multivariable logistic regression models were utilized to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between MetS and BC overall. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to evaluate each molecular subtype (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched and triple-negative or TNBC). Results : After adjusting for age, socio-demographic and reproductive risk factors, there was a positive association between MetS and BC (aOR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.07, 3.16). In stratified analyses, MetS was associated with BC regardless of BMI status; however, the estimate was significant only among normal weight women (aOR: 3.85; 95% CI: 1.25, 11.90). MetS was significantly associated with TNBC subtype (aOR: 4.37, 95% CI: 1.67, 11.44); associations for other molecular subtypes were not statistically significant. Conclusion : MetS appears to be a robust risk factor for BC, particularly for TNBC. Public health and clinical interventions can provide substantial benefits in reducing the burden of MetS and preventing BC among Nigerian women. MICRO-ABSTRACT : Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of biological irregularities that is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes. In a case-control study of 555 Nigerian women, we observed that metabolic syndrome was strongly associated with breast cancer and the aggressive triple-negative molecular subtype, highlighting a need for clinical and lifestyle interventions targeting metabolic syndrome to reduce breast cancer risk in this population.

Aims/Hypothesis: To determine the relationship of dementia with preceding body mass index (BMI), changes in body weight and waist circumference in older people with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In the Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study (1064 men and women with type 2 diabetes, aged 60–75), body weight, waist circumference and BMI were measured at baseline and after 4 years in a subgroup (n = 821). Percentage body weight and waist circumference change over 4 years were calculated. Data on incident dementia was recorded during a median follow-up time of 10.84 years. Survival models considering a range of co-variables and/or death as a competing risk were used to estimate the risks of dementia associated with each weight-related variable. Results: A total of 105 incident dementia events were recorded. When compared with people in the lowest BMI group (2), risk of dementia was lower in intermediate BMI groups (25–29.9 kg/m 2, HR 0.44, p = 0.002; 30–34.9 kg/m 2, HR 0.41, p = 0.001) and the highest BMI group (≧35 kg/m 2, HR 0.35, p = 0.001). In the weight change subgroup, 78 incident dementia events were recorded between years 4 and 10. Body weight loss over 5% (compared with ≦5%) was associated with higher incidence of dementia (HR 2.06, p = 0.010). The association between waist circumference change and dementia was not significant. Conclusions/Interpretations: Both a lower BMI and weight loss over a period of years are indicative of increased dementia risk for older people with type 2 diabetes, while waist circumference changes may be less informative.

Uvod: Poslednjih godina se sve više usvaja koncept psorijaze kao sistemske bolesti zbog njene povezanosti sa brojnim komorbiditetima, prvenstveno sa metaboličkim sindromom i kardiovaskularnim bolestima. Mali broj radova se bavi korelacijom prevalencije metaboličkog sindroma i svih njegovih pojedinačnih komponenti sa težinom kliničke slike psorijaze, raširenošću promena i prisustvom psorijatskog artritisa, a rezultati su do sada oprečni. Ciljevi: Utvrditi da li postoji povezanost između težine kliničke slike psorijaze (PsO) i udruženosti sa psorijatskim artritisom (PsA) i prevalencije metaboličkog sindroma (MetS) i njegovih komponenti. Evaluirati da li su težina kliničke slike i PsA prediktori za razvoj insulinske rezistencije (IR), nezavisno od prisustva MetS-a. Utvrditi povezanost metaboličkog sindroma i njegovih komponenti sa nezavisnim varijablama, demografskim karakteristikama ispitanika i kliničkim karakteristikama plak psorijaze. Materijal i metode: Ova prospektivna, opservaciono deskriptivna studija je sprovedena na Klinici za kožno-venerične bolesti u Univerzitetskom kliničkom centru Vojvodine. U studiju je uključeno 105 pacijenata sa hroničnom plak psorijazom koji su podeljeni u tri grupe. Grupa sa lakšim oblikom psorijaze (Psoriasis area severity index-PASI

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is reportedly a crucial risk factor for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since the epidemiological studies that examine this association are few and include small samples, we investigated the relationship between MetS and COVID-19 severity and death using a larger sample in the Republic of Korea.Methods: We analyzed 66,321 patients, 4,066 of whom had COVID-19. We used chi-square tests to examine patients’ characteristics. We performed logistic regression analysis to analyze differences in COVID-19 infection and clinical outcomes according to the presence of MetS.Results: Although MetS was not significantly associated with COVID-19 risk, acquiring MetS was significantly associated with the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes (odds ratio [OR], 1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34 to 2.91; P=0.001). The mortality risk was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients with MetS (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.17 to 2.59; P=0.006). Patients with abnormal waist circumference were approximately 2.07 times more likely to develop severe COVID-19 (PP=0.012).Conclusion: COVID-19 is likely associated with severity and death in patients with MetS or in patients with MetS risk factors. Therefore, patients with MetS or those with abnormal waist circumference and HDL-C levels need to be treated with caution.

The aim of this study was to determine the association between hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) phenotype and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a middle- to older-aged Chinese population.In this cross-sectional study, a total of 9015 participants (age 40-79 years) were recruited and grouped into four phenotypes, as follows: NWNT: normal waist-normal triglyceride; NWET: normal waist-elevated triglycerides; EWNT: elevated waist-normal triglycerides; and hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW). Logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess the associations between HTGW phenotype and NAFLD. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn to evaluate the utility of waist circumference-triglyceride index (WTI) as a reference factor for screening for NAFLD.HTGW phenotype had a higher prevalence of NAFLD (53.3%), diabetes (19.6%), and hypertension (79.8%) than the other three subgroups. After adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, HTGW phenotype was associated with NAFLD (odds ratio (OR) 6.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.11-7.32). Further adjusted for potential confounders, the HTGW phenotype was still significantly associated with NAFLD (adjusted OR 5.18; 95% CI 4.30-6.23) regardless of gender. The subgroup analyses generally revealed similar associations across all subgroups. ROC curve analysis showed that when the maximum area under the curve was 0.748, the WTI was 90.1, and the corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 90.6 and 59.5%, respectively.HTGW phenotype is strongly associated with NAFLD and can be used as a reference factor for NAFLD screening.