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Aims Atmospheric nitrogen deposition derived from fossil-fuel combustion, fertilization, land clearing and biomass burning is occurring over almost the entire world. As an important ecosystem, wetland in industrialized regions has experienced greater rates of nitrogen deposition in recent decades. Our objectives were to determine the effect of increased nitrogen deposition on the diurnal and seasonal variation of soil respiration in a reed (Phragmites australis) wetland and to relate the variation to environmental and biological factors. Methods From June to October 2012, we conducted a simulated nitrogen deposition field experiment in a reed wetland in the Yellow River Delta, China. The levels of nitrogen deposition were control (CK), low nitrogen (LN) and high nitrogen (HN) with 0, 50 and 100 kg N·hm–2·a–1 , respectively. Soil respiration was measured during the growing season by using a LI-8100 soil CO2 efflux system. Important findings Nitrogen deposition promoted soil respiration in the reed wetland during the entire growing season. Compared with CK, the LN and HN treatments increased the average rates of soil respiration by 19% and 58%, respectively. Surface ponding had a significant effect on the diurnal variation patterns of soil respiration. When there was no surface ponding, the diurnal variation of soil respiration in different treatments all showed "a unimodal" pattern. When surface ponding occurred, the diurnal variation of soil respiration did not show a unimodal pattern or the peak value of soil respiration rate was delayed. In addition, response of soil respiration to air temperature was affected by surface ponding. When there was no surface ponding, soil respiration exhibited a significantly positive exponential relationship with air temperature, which explained 69.9%, 64.5% and 59.9% of the seasonal variation of soil respiration in CK, LN and HN, respectively. However, there was no significant relationship between soil respiration and air temperature when surface ponding occurred. The Q10 (temperature sensitivitycoefficients of soil respiration) of CK, LN and HN were 1.68, 1.75 and 1.68, respectively, suggesting that low nitrogen deposition increases the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration and high nitrogen deposition has no significant influence on it.

生物同质化是指特定时间段内两个或多个生物区在生物组成和功能上的趋同化过程, 包括遗传同质化、种类组成同质化和功能同质化三个方面.近年来, 生物同质化问题已引起生态学界的高度重视, 成为保护生物地理学的一个全新议题, 但在国内的相关研究较少.本文从生物同质化概念的发展历程入手, 对生物同质化三个方面的度量方法和驱动因素分别做了介绍和评述, 指出外来物种入侵和本土物种灭绝是导致生物同质化的最主要原因, 其他能促进这两个过程的活动, 如环境退化和干扰、城市化和生境同质化等都会对生物同质化有影响; 生物同质化具尺度效应, 在不同生物地理区域以及不同生态系统和生物类群之间, 生物同质化程度不同, 主要驱动力也各异.探讨了生物同质化在生态、生物进化和人文经济方面的影响以及生物同质化与生物多样性保护的关系.最后对我国开展生物同质化研究的必要性和需要解决的问题做了探讨, 以期能推动生物同质化研究在我国的发展.