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Two novel molecular scaffolds, dibenzo[f,h]furo[2,3-b]quinoxaline (diBFQ) and its derivative, 3,6-bis(4-isopropylphenyls)-11-phenyldibenzo[f,h]furo[2,3-b]quinoxaline (dP-diBFQ), and furo[2',3':5,6]pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline (FPPhen), were designed and syn-thesized for highly efficient pure and deep blue emission. The unsubstituted molecule scaffold diBFQ and FPPhen exhibit 424~445 nm emission with ~70% PLQY, and disubstituted derivative of diBFQ, dP-diBFQ, shows 79.1% PLQY. Our experimental and theoretical investigations re-vealed the additional N atoms in FPPhen facilitate electron distribution of HOMO orbital localizing on smaller π-conjugate fragment as com-pared with diBFQ, which resulted in emission peak blue-shifting from 445 nm of diBFQ to 424 nm of FPPhen. Furthermore, introducing the steric substituent isopropylphenyl into diBFQ scaffold would help to suppress aggregate of dP-diBFQ molecules and improve fluorescence efficiency. The OLEDs using dP-diBFQ as dopants shows pure blue emission with a CIE coordinates (0.154, 0.102) and an EQE of 2.28%. In-creasing dopant concentration, the EQE and current efficiency could be improved to 2.63 % and 4.7 cd/A, but aggregate emission with a peak of 472~476 nm was clearly observed due to molecular aggregate. Our studies clearly suggested that diBFQ and FPPhen scaffolds are promising fluorescence core for deep and pure-blue emissions.

The quantum entanglement, that violates the local realism and other classical physics theories, leads to various counterintuitive phenomena, is a primary feature of quantum mechanics and probably results from the quantum state’s conservation and the quantum state’s transition with the matter wave’s phase velocity at the fast-than-light speed. The quantum state transition of entangled particles proceeds with the phase velocity, while the observer measures the process with the electromagnetic or the light speed. This speed difference makes the causality law no longer fully valid everywhere except in certain areas.

The Wave-Particle Duality is a basic property of microscopic particles. As a basic concept of quantum mechanics, the wave-particle duality theory from elementary particles to big molecules had been verified by lots of experiments. Different from electromagnetic wave, the matter wave’s propagation is not only fast but also adjustable. According to the special relativity theory, the group velocity with which the overall envelope shape of the wave, namely the related particle’s propagation and information convey speed is changeable with its energy and related wavelength, among which only the energy exceeds over the minimum value, the propagation can be starting and the velocity is not allowed to surpass the maximum value i.e. the light speed in vacuum. Take electron as an example, if the free electron beam gains energy higher than around 8.187×10ˉᴵ⁴J and the related wavelength is shorter than around 5.316×10ˉ³nm, the matter wave with information can start to propagate.

Additional file 1. Figure S1. Differentiation of human iPSCs into mEBs. (Related to Figure 1) (A). The morphology (left panel) and expression of pluripotency markers (right panel) of human iPSCs. Bar, 50 μm. (B). The morphology of mEBs after 3, 5, 7 and 10 days of suspension culture (d: days). (C). The expression profiles of different markers in mEBs after 5, 7, 10 and 14 days’ culture. Figure S2. HFF facilitates MLOs branching. (Related to Figures 1 and 4) (A). Representative bright-field images of MLOs-HFF (left panel). HFF expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) was shown in MLOs (middle panel). HFF expression fibroblast marker α-SMA (α-Smooth Muscle Actin) and vimentin were detected (right panel). Bar, 50 μm. (B). Representative bright-field images of MLO generated from human iPSCs (left), human iPSCs with HFF (center) and human iPSCs with HFF conditioned medium (right). Bar, 50 μm. Figure S3. Co-culture of MLOs with mesenchymal cells. (A). Co-culture of mEBs with different mesenchymal cells. Bar, 500nm. (B). The organoids displayed increased branching structures after adding HFF alone or all of three mesenchymal cell lines. Bar, 100 μm. Figure S4. HFF promotes MLOs differentiation. The differential expression profiles of mammary epithelial markers between MLOs and MLOs-HFF after 30 days’ culture (d: days). The expression of CK 14 and EPCAM were increased in MLOs-HFF. Table S1. Antibody list related to Figure 1, S1, 4and S4. Table S2. The list of primer in RT-qPCR. Table S3. The information ofmRNA sequencing data quality control and genome alignment.

Additional file 1. Supplementary Material for Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis. Supplementary Table 1. List of reference human adenovirus (HAdV) strains used in the manuscript’s hexon gene phylogenetic comparisons.

New emitters with deeply red emission and slow efficiency roll-off in non-doped organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are highly expected. In this work, we used our recently developed 2-phenylbenzo[g]furo[2,3-b]-quinoxaline as the acceptor (A) and triphenylamine (TPA) as the donor (D), synthesized a D-A type red emitter, TPA-PFQ. The TPA-PFQ presented a high quantum yields of 88.03% in toluene solution. Using it as emitter, the non-doped OLEDs showed a saturated red emission with a peak of 620 nm and a maximum luminance of 11190 cd m−2. Moreover, the non-doped OLEDs presented a maximum EQE of 2.09% (2.47 cd A-1) at 100 cd m−2, and remained 2.0% (2.40 cd A-1) at 1000 cd m−2, 2.03% (2.49 cd A-1) at 5000 cd m−2, only 2.9% efficiency roll-off with the luminance changed from 100 cd m−2 to 5000 cd m−2. Our experiments demonstrated benzo[g]furo[2,3-b]quinoxaline skeleton could serve as a promising acceptor unit for constructing deep red emitters.

Without employing any transition metal, a mild, practical, and environmentally attractive methodology has been developed for the chloroazidation of 1,6-enynes at room temperature. In this radical cascade process, three new chemical bonds, including C–Cl (Br, I), C–N, and C–C bonds, are formed in one step for the construction of 2-pyrrolidinones. The method is valuable because of its mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity, and the rich biological activity of the corresponding 2-pyrrolidinone products.