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This research articulates a relationship between the physical community of Harlem, New York and the digital community comprising TripAdvisor, the world's largest travel related social media website. The purpose of this research is to identify forces of racial commodification in the tourism industry and analyze the role of digital technologies in this process. This research is important because tourism and digital technologies are active sites of racial formation and inequality, and TripAdvisor helps mediate the way they interact. This research employs a mixed-method qualitative approach to articulating the Harlem-TripAdvisor relationship: discourse analysis of online reviews of a prominent cultural tourism company in Harlem, ethnography of that company's tour experiences, and techniques designed to bridge methodological gaps between these two. I find that the Harlem-TripAdvisor relationship produces a three-layered discursive structure, with each successive layer less visible relative to each other. The first—and most visible layer—contains a discourse based in newly emerging conventions of online travel writing. The second layer contains a discourse reflecting touristic valuations of racial difference in capitalistic markets. The third—and least visible layer—contains a discourse reflecting histories and current patterns of racial oppression and inequality. Each of these layers are necessary to create a definition of race emphasizing its supposed benefits to economic growth at the same time it remains a hierarchical and exploitative social construction. Doctor of Philosophy This research articulates a relationship between the physical community of Harlem, New York and the digital community comprising TripAdvisor, the world’s largest travel related social media website. The purpose of this research is to identify forces of racial commodification in the tourism industry and analyze the role of digital technologies in this process. This research is important because tourism and digital technologies are active sites of racial formation and inequality, and TripAdvisor helps mediate the way they interact. This research employs a mixed-method qualitative approach to articulating the Harlem-TripAdvisor relationship: discourse analysis of online reviews of a prominent cultural tourism company in Harlem, ethnography of that company’s tour experiences, and techniques designed to bridge methodological gaps between these two. I find that the Harlem-TripAdvisor relationship produces a three-layered discursive structure, with each successive layer less visible relative to each other. The first—and most visible layer— contains a discourse based in newly emerging conventions of online travel writing. The second layer contains a discourse reflecting touristic valuations of racial difference in capitalistic markets. The third—and least visible layer—contains a discourse reflecting histories and current patterns of racial oppression and inequality. Each of these layers are necessary to create a definition of race emphasizing its supposed benefits to economic growth at the same time it remains a hierarchical and exploitative social construction.

The ordering of thyroid function tests (TFTs) is increasing but there is not a similar increase in thyroid disorders in the general population, leading some to query whether inappropriate testing is taking place. Inconsistent clinical practice is thought to be a cause of this, but there is little evidence of the views of general practitioners, practice nurses or practice managers on the reasons for variation in the ordering of TFTs.To find out the reasons for variation in ordering of TFTs from the perspective of primary healthcare professionals Methods: Fifteen semi-structured interviews were carried out with primary healthcare professionals (general practitioners, practice nurses, practice managers) that used one laboratory of a general hospital in South West England for TFTs. Framework Analysis was used to analyse views on test ordering variation at the societal, practice, individual practitioner and patient level.A number of reasons for variation in ordering across practices were suggested. These related to: primary healthcare professionals awareness of and adherence to national policy changes; practices having different protocols on TFTs ordering; the set-up and use of computer systems in practices; the range of practice healthcare professionals able to order TFTs; greater risk-aversion amongst general practitioners and changes in their training and finally how primary healthcare staff responded to patients who were perceived to seek help more readily than in the past.The reasons for variation in TFTs ordering are complex and interdependent. Interventions to reduce variation in TFTs ordering need to consider multiple behavioural and contextual factors to be most effective.

This study is about how Harlem--an ethnically diverse community regarded by many as a primary site of the African American Experience--is represented in the online tourism domain. More specifically, it is about identifying loci of value in the content of online tourist reviews which contribute to a color-blind and politically sanitizing discourse about Harlem that reinforces a neoliberal understanding of Harlem as an underdeveloped economic frontier. Tourism has been identified by New York policy makers to be a way to generate revenue in culturally diverse, low-income areas, and especially in Harlem. In order for tourism to be successful, a neighborhood needs to be considered a place that can offer tourists a valuable experience. Online reviews, particularly those on social media sites, are becoming increasingly influential within the tourism industry because of their influence with consumers, who regularly consult them to guide purchasing decisions. This study examines online reviews of a prominent Harlem tourism company as a way to analyze the valuating discourse needed to keep tourists coming back to the community. What do reviewers find valuable during the tour? And what elements of the tour are responsible for producing value for tourists? These questions are investigated using a four-step qualitative approach to analyzing online tourist reviews on TripAdvisor.com posted about Harlem Heritage Tours. Master of Science

The hour of death Fionn in search of his youth Cromwell and the friar the Girl and the Sailor the Four-leafed Shamrock and the Cock the Cow that Ate the Piper Conal and Donal and Taig Adventures of a Strolling Player, Oliver Goldsmith the Limerick Gloves, Maria Edgeworth the Death of a Devotee, William Carleton the Brown Man, Gerald Griffin Green Tea, Sheridan Le Fanu Albert Nobbs, George Moore the Sphinx without a Secret, Oscar Wilde Philippa's Fox-hunt, E.E.Somerville and Martin Ross the Priest, Daniel Corkery the Weaver's Grave, Seumas O'Kelly the Dead, James Joyce my Little Black Ass, Padraic O Conaire the Triangle, James Stephens Bush River, Joyce Cary the Pedlar's Revenge, Liam O'Flaherty the Fanatic, Lian O'Flaherty Her Table Spread, Elizabeth Bowen the Faithless Wife, Sean O'Faolain the Sugawn Chair, Sean O'Faolain Guests of the Nation, Frank O'Connor the Majesty of the Law, Frank O'Connor Pastorale, Patrick Boyle the Hare-lip, Mairtin O'Cadhain the Poteen Maker, Michael McLaverty the Ring, Bryan MacMahon Sarah, Mary Lavin Desert Island, Terence De Vere White the Pilgrims, Benedict Kiely Weep for our Pride, James Plunkett Loser, Val Mulkerns the Bird I Fancied, Aidan Higgins Death in Jerusalem, William Trevor the Diviner, Brian Friel an Occassion of Sin, John Montague Irish Revel, Edna O'Brien First Conjugation, Julia O'Faolain the Beginning of an Idea, John McGahern Life Drawing, Bernard MacLaverty the Airedale, Desmond Hogan.

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The case to be reported of obstruction of the descending colon as a result of swallowing of air is of interest as I have been unable to find mention of a similar case in the world literature. Partial obstruction of the descending colon after swallowing of air by the patient over a period of several days was proved by roentgen-ray study with a barium enema. A total laryngectomy had been performed on this patient for cancer four years previously and, in order to speak, the patient used an esophageal voice necessitating the swallowing of quantities of air to be eructated so that the sound could be converted into speech by the lips, teeth, tongue, and palate. The mechanism of the obstruction can probably be explained by the fact that, owing to increasing distension of the proximal descending colon, the sigmoid folded over on itself near its peritoneal attachment, thus completing