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This paper focuses on the structure of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) engineered using Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano-particles sensitized by extract from leaves of Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br. TiO2 thin films are screen printed over flexible Cu foil which serves as the back contact for the device structure. Fluorine doped Tin Oxide (FTO) grown over glass substrate using chemical spray pyrolysis technique is used as the front electrode with KOH as the electrolyte. The optical characterization of the dye is conducted using optical absorption and emission spectroscopic studies. A DSSC of the configuration (Cu|TiO2|Dye(danthapala)|KOH(Electrolyte)|FTO) was engineered. The electrical parameters of the engineered Dye Sensitized Solar Cells were characterized. The two-diode model was used to extract the series and shunt resistance, saturation current and diode ideality factor for the device from the room temperature current–voltage characteristics.

Wrightia tinctoria is a medium sized ever green tree grows up to 18 m tall and to 20 cm which produces milky white latex from the leaves which is directly applied on inflammation. Since from ancient period this plant constantly been used as a source of medicine. This plant shows a very important component of the health care system in India. In ayurvedic system the drug activity of W.tinctoria is defined as titka, kashaya, rooksha, sita and katu. Various parts of this plant such as stem bark, leaves, flowers also seed have been known to have medicinal assets. Phytochemical studies have shown that it contains alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, phenolics, carbohydrates, lipids etc. Wrightia tinctoria has been allotted to have good analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, antiulcer, antidysentric, antidiabetic, anticancer, antipyretic activities as well as active in the treatment of psoriasis. The present review primed to describe the botanical classification, vernacular names, species, Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Properties and pharmacological activities of the plant Wrightia tinctoria.

This study was intended to understand suitability of Wrightia tinctoria calli proteases (CCE) as vegetable coagulant through delineating their milk clotting potential and casein (whole and κ-casein) hydrolysis pattern in comparison to their plant stem crude enzyme (PSCE), rennin and Enzeco® (positive controls). Stem calli was induced using two concentrations of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) [0.5 mg/L (M1), 1 mg/L (M2)] with fixed concentration (1 mg/L) of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Healthy calli, with significant growth at the end of 14th, 28th, and 48th days, were chosen for enzyme extraction. Overall activity calculated as per gram of fresh weight of callus revealed 3-fold high milk clotting index (MCI) by 28th day CCE in comparison to PSCE (p

Background Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (Apocyanaceae) is known as a biologically effective plant for the treatment of jaundice in the Indian traditional system of medicine. It is a wild medicinal tree possessing anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antipsoriatic, anticancerous, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. Its constituents are of utmost interest to pharmaceutical industries owing to their many actions and biological activities. Method Methanolic extract of W. tinctoria (MEWT) was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and provided affirmative results assisting in the identification and characterization of therapeutic claims regarding this species in the traditional system. The antioxidant activity of MEWT was determined by the most suitable DPPH method. Results The basic compounds found in MEWT were β-caryophyllene (0.22%), mome inositol (12.02%), neophytadiene (1.61%), eicosanoic acid methyl ester (0.32%), 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester (0.60%), phytol (0.94%), phytol palmitate (1.37%), squalene (1.57%), flavone 4-OH, 5-OH, 7-di-O-glucoside (29.34%), γ-tocopherol (0.49%), stigmast-5-en-3-ol (3.14%), methyl commate B (1.76%), methyl commate A (5.20%), and 24-norursa-3,12-diene (20.36%). The obtained results in the analysis of antioxidant activity of MEWT exhibited considerable free radical scavenging capacity against DPPH-generated free radicals. Conclusions This study expands the knowledge of MEWT chemical composition and provides evidence to substantiate ethno-medicinal use of the plant by exploring antioxidant activity. The substantial antioxidant activity of MEWT could be due to presence of terpenes, flavonoids, vitamin E, and other reported compounds. Highlights This study includes identification of phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of methanolic extract of Wrightia tinctoria, assisting in therapeutic claims regarding this species in the traditional system.

Natural fiber reinforced composite materials are now a days replacing many conventional materials because of its good properties such as less weight, easy availability, etc. Mechanical property is one of the important parameter for choosing the material. Composite materials are widely used in many areas because of its excellent features. This work, deals about the significance of the newly identified Pala Indigo (Wrightia tinctoria) in which fibers are extracted manually. In this work, the different properties of the Pala Indigo fiber are studied and compared with the existing other natural fibers. The Pala Indigo fiber reinforced composite specimen is prepared with iso-polyester resin. Iso-polyester resin is easy to handle and available at low cost. Iso-polyester resin is used mainly in marine applications because of its less water absorption and good wax content. For obtaining the different properties of this fiber, different tests are carried out such as tensile, flexural, impact and water absorption tests. The detailed description of the various tests and the properties of the Pala Indigo fibers are presented in the paper. This study revealed that the combination of Pala Indigo reinforced Iso-polyester matrix shoes better mechanical properties with minimum water absorption.

Background: Aqueous leaf extract of Wrightia tinctoria has been in use for artisanal cheese preparation in diverse parts of India. Scientific validation behind the milk clotting potential of W. tinctoria stem proteases purified through three-phase partitioning (TPP) has been attempted. However, its contribution to cheese quality standards has not been tried yet. Objective: To evaluate the suitability of three-phase partitioned W. tinctoria (WT) stem proteases in fresh cheese making. Methods: Fresh cheese was prepared using W. tinctoria TPP proteases and its characteristics were compared with that of commercial plant milk coagulant, Enzeco® (CEz) and rennin (CRn). Yield, organoleptic and textural properties, total fat, protein and moisture content of all cheese were determined according to FSSAI standards. Toxicity of the TPP proteases was assessed on the shrimp model (Artemia salina egg and Litopenaeus vannamei post-larval shrimps). Results: TPP proteases were found to be non-toxic and safe for human consumption with no change in egg hatchability and survival of the shrimps in comparison to that of control. Cheese analysis results indicated perceptible resemblance in nutritional characteristics of WT cheese with control cheese. Yield, textural properties and organoleptic acceptance of WT cheese resembled more closely with that of CEz cheese. Conclusion: Observation from the study paves the way for the acceptance of W. tinctoria proteases as a suitable vegetable rennet for fresh cheese making.

Objective: Psoriasis is the most common chronic autoimmune disease. The main objective of the present study was to develop Nanosponge (NS) based Topical gels of Wrightia tinctoria extract using cross-linker and polymer by melting method. It is used in treating Psoriasis. Methods: Phytoconstituents present in the herbal extract were identified by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) studies. In vitro drug release and Entrapment Efficiency of all NS were determined. The optimized NS were incorporated in the gel to formulate nano topical gel. Evaluation studies like homogenicity, viscosity, spreadability, pH and In vitro studies were carried out for all gel formulations. Results: The prepared gels were transparent, had good viscosity and spreadability. SEM photographs confirmed that the prepared formulation were roughly spherical and porous in nature. In vitro diffusion studies showed drug release of 92.15% in 24 h. Conclusion: From this study it can be concluded that constituents responsible for treating psoriasis are present in the obtained extract and prepared NS based topical gel has significant effect in providing sustained drug release.

In this study, eco-friendly natural dye sensitizers were extracted from the dried leaves of Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (commonly known as “Pala indigo” or “Dyer’s oleander”) by cold methanolic and soxhlet extraction and used in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The acidification of the extracted pigments was carried out using 0.1 N HCl. The absorption characteristics were studied by UV–visible spectroscopy, and the functional groups were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. DSSCs constructed using these sensitizers were evaluated in terms of current density–voltage characteristics and electrochemical response. The DSSC fabricated with natural dye extracted by cold methanol exhibited maximum power conversion efficiency of 0.19%. The efficiency of the acidified cold methanolic extract-based DSSC was 0.06%.

Various parts of Wrightia Tinctoria Roxb have been utilized broadly in conventional Indian medication for treatment of anthelmintic, antidiarrhoeal, antidysenteric, astringent, febrifuge, seminal weakness and as an aphrodisiac. Current research on Wrightia Tinctoria Roxbis directed towards finding naturally‐occurring antioxidants of plant origin that provided efficacy by added substance or synergistic exercises since cell reinforcements from plant root are basic to avoid the movement of free radical interceded issue. Antioxidant activity of methanolic Wrightia Tinctoria Roxbroot extract/fractiondiscover by utilizing distinctive in-vitro models. It includes Free radical scavenging activity of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), ABTS radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity, o-phenanthroline assay/Iron chelating activity. Plant contains a lot number of Phenolic compounds and Flavonoids. Plant shows significant antioxidant activity. The ponder was directed to investigate the utilization of root separate/portions of W. Tinctoria

Making out animal skins or hides to leather is commonly called as tanning. This research was done for utilizing tannins of some medicinal plants and tannin induced green-synthesized silver nanoparticles along with minimal concentration of chromium to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of leather and thereby reducing the pollution caused by chromium in effluent which crucially affect the soil fertility, ground and surface water. In this study, Cassia alata, Euphorbia hirta, Thespesia populnea and Wrightia tinctoria were collected and tannins were extracted from the leaves. Tannins were utilized for production of silver nanoparticles. The extracted tannins and tannin induced silver nanoparticles were characterized, where the silver nanoparticles were found to be crystalline. Further, the tannin and tannin induced silver nanoparticles were used in leather processing either alone or in combination with chromium. The quality of tannin/silver nanoparticle treated leather was compared with chemically tanned leather for its tensile strength, tear strength, shrinking temperature, etc.

In this study, metabolites like tannin, saponin, alkaloids and flavonoids from Cassia alata, Euphorbia hirta, Thespesia populnea and Wrightia tinctoria were utilized for green synthesize of silver nanoparticles, where crude extracts were commonly used. The silver nanoparticles produced using the metabolites were crystalline and found to be spherical and rod shaped with size range between 17 and 30 nm. All the silver nanoparticles were effective against the microorganisms used in this study. Minimum inhibitory concentration of silver nanoparticles produced using flavonoid and tannin of E. hirta and saponin of C. alata, was found to be at 0.5 µg concentration against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. All the nanoparticles were able to disturb the cell membrane and released out internal protein and also showing impact on swarming motility of both the bacteria used in this study.

Cytokines involved in pathogenesis of psoriasis such as interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, IL-23), interferon-α, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ can also become therapeutic targets. Research currently uses murine models of imiquimod-induced psoriatic-type dermatitis in order to analyze potentially helpful phytotherapeutics for psoriasis treatment: Curcuma longa, Aloe vera, Nigella sativa, Rubia cordifolia, Smilax china, Thespesia populnea, Wrightia tinctoria, Scutellaria baicalensis, Cassia tora, Pongamia pinnata and various Chinese herbal formulas. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with complex pathogenic mechanisms that yield abnormal immune responses with clinical and morphological echoes (erythematous, scaly plaques with a histopathological basis made up of alterations i.e. keratinocyte aberrant proliferation, parakeratosis or chronic inflammation). The current therapeutic approach has only been able to manage the disease, without ensuring a certified treatment, thus giving rise to the need for better medications. This novel therapeutic approach has shown promising results in preclinical studies, giving hope for future phytochemical animal-based studies.

Morphology and powder microscopy of Holarrhena antidysentrica and Wrightia tinctoria bark.

It is a flowering plant found in India, southeast Asia and Australia. Sometimes, it is confused with Wrightia antidysenterica (Holarrhena antidysenterica or Holarrhena pubescens). Unani physicians describe the seeds as carminative, diuretic, lithotriptic, aphrodisiac and spermatogenic; and used them to disintegrate kidney stones, and with other drugs as aphrodisiac and to increase semen production; leaves are astringent, aphrodisiac, and used for palpitation of heart and chronic cough. Seeds are also used for the treatment of hypertension and dyslipidemia in certain South Asian traditional systems of medicine. The plant is considered preservative and the juice of tender leaves is regarded efficacious in jaundice. In Siddha system of medicine, it is used for psoriasis and other skin diseases. Chemical constituents isolated from various parts of the plant include 3,4-seco-lup-20(29)-en-3-oic acid, lupeol, stigmasterol, campetosterol, indigotin, indirubin, isatin, tryptanthrin, anthranilate, rutin, triacontanol, wrightial, cycloartenone, cycloeucalenol, β-amyrin, α-amyrin, β-sitosterol, and 14α-methylzymosterol. Seed extract is a potent human platelet aggregation inhibitor. Chlorogenic acid, a phenolic substance isolated from ethanol seed extract has been identified as the most probable active constituent responsible for platelet antiaggregation effect. Aqueous methanol seed extract caused a dose-dependent decrease in arterial pressure in anesthetized rats, and lowered serum TC and TGs in tyloxapol-induced dyslipidemia, and decreased serum TC and LDL-C, improved HDL-C, and prevented increase in body weight by decreasing diet consumption in high-fat diet-induced dyslipidemia in rats.

Wrightia tinctoria stem proteases were partially purified for the first time through a non-chromatographic technique, three phase partitioning (TPP), to concentrate the milk clotting proteases. Various parameters like salt and solvent concentration that affect the partitioning of the protease were examined. Maximum recovery and purification fold of the protease activity were found in the interfacial phase (IP) with 60% ammonium sulphate and 1:1 crude enzyme to t-butanol. Optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme fraction were found to be 7.5 and 50 °C respectively. Inhibition studies revealed its serine nature. Non-denaturing PAGE, Zymography and 2D PAGE of IP revealed presence of three different caseinolytic proteases of molecular weights 95.62 kDa, 91.11 kDa and 83.23 kDa with pI 3.89, 5.45 and 5.43 respectively. Both aqueous and lyophilized form of IP were remarkably stable retaining complete activity at 4 °C for 3 weeks. Electrophoretic analysis of casein hydrolysate by IP at different incubation time indicated a time dependent substrate subunit specificity with hydrolysis of κ-casein commencing after 10 min followed by α and β caseins. This pattern was found similar to that by commercial vegetable coagulant, Enzeco®. Study details the effectiveness of TPP concentrated W. tinctoria proteases as a vegetable coagulant alternative in cheese making.

This work aims at research on characterization of Wrightia tinctoria fiber, such as fiber content, fiber longitudinal view, cross-sectional view, fiber diameter, moisture content, SEM analysis, sur...

The synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using Wrightia tinctoria (Wt) R.Br extract is defined in this article as being convenient, environmentally friendly, and non-toxic. UV-visible spectrophotometry, FT-IR, XRD, particle size analyser, SEM-EDAX and TEM methods were used to describe the physicochemical properties of Wt extract mediated synthesized CuNPs (Wt-CuNPs). The Wt-CuNPs synthesized was found to be monodispersed and spherical, with an average size of 15 nm. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) research revealed that the Wt R.Br plant extract contains various phytochemical compounds. The properties of Wt-CuNPs were verified by the findings of characterization tests. Via in silico molecular docking experiments with established targets, the underlying mechanisms of cytotoxicity against breast cancer and larvicidal behaviour against Aedes aegypti of Wt-CuNPs were investigated. Interestingly, in vitro cytotoxicity studies showed 50% cell death (IC50) of Wt-CuNPs treated MCF-7 cells and Vero Cells (Kidney epithelial cells) were displayed at 119.23 μg.mL−1 and 898.75 μg.mL−1, respectively. Also, Wt-CuNPs showed least LC50 and LC90 values for larvicidal activity against A. aegypti were of 32.10 μg.mL−1 and 21.70 μg.mL−1, respectively. Furthermore, Wt-CuNPs is found to be less toxic and biocompatible in haemolytic assays. The findings clearly showed that biosynthesized Wt-CuNPs have been used as a possible anticancer and larvicidal agent, as well as being environmentally friendly., Wrightia tinctoria R.Br, GC-MS, copper nanoparticles, anticancer activity, larvicidal activity, molecular docking and hemolytic assay.

Wrightia tinctoria R.Br (family Apocynaceae) is a lesser known plant species used in indigenous system of medicine and dietary proposes in North Gujarat, India. The variation in nutritional and phytochemical attributes of W. tinctoria in different forest localities from North Gujarat aiming the possible effect of onsite soil factors on phytochemical and nutrients level of the species was studied. A significant level of variations in phytochemical, nutritional content and antioxidant activity was observed among localities and plant parts. Leaves exhibited higher levels of total phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol, saponin and protein content, while total alkaloid content was highest in fruits. Soil phosphorus showed negative relationship with total phenolic (p

Wrightia tinctoria Roxb. (Apocynaceae), widely used in traditional medicine for inflammatory conditions and cancer, has not been studied extensively for its anticancer potential. The present study evaluated the anticancer activity of ethanol extract (EE) and petroleum ether (PE) and ethyl acetate (EA) fractions of stem bark of W. tinctoria using in vivo models. The anticancer activity was evaluated in Dalton’s lymphoma ascites (DLA) solid tumor and Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma (EAC) liquid tumor models after treatment for 18 and 13 days respectively at 50 and 100 mg/kg i.p. EA at 100 mg/kg was most effective in DLA model with 71.1% inhibition in tumor volume. In EAC model, EA significantly inhibited body weight gain due to liquid tumor (p < 0.05). The mean survival time (MST) increased (p < 0.001) at both doses along with significant improvement in hematological, and antioxidant parameters. W. tinctoria possesses significant anticancer activity and further investigations are in progress to identify the phytochemical and mechanistic basis of action.

A serine protease was purified from the leaves of Wrightia tinctoria by sequential flow through method comprising screening, optimization, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and ion exchange column chromatography. The yield and purification fold obtained were 11.58% and 9.56 respectively. A single band of serine protease was visualized on SDS-PAGE and 2-D gel electrophoretic analyses were revealed with the molecular mass of 38.5 kDa. Serine protease had an optimum pH of 8.0 and was stable at 45°C with high relative protease activity. The addition of metal ions such as Mg2+ and Mn2+ exhibits a high relative activity. Serine protease had a potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. A 10 μg/ml of serine protease was tested against S. aureus, M. luteus, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae which had 21, 20, 18 and 17 mm of zone of inhibition respectively. Serine protease from W. tinctoria degrades the peptidoglycan layer of bacteria which was visualized by transmission electron microscopic analysis.

The ayurvedic medicine system of prescription suggests Wrightia tinctoria Roxb. (Apocynaceae), for the treatment of tumors. The investigation is required as malignant growth is the second most basic reason for death on the planet; the greater part of the customary medications have appeared, minimal effort approaches, and higher harmfulness of the current drugs. The present examination means to decide the method of cell death instigated by the alcoholic extract fractions of Wrightia tinctoria on human malignant growth cell lines. Amongst crude alcoholic extract of Wrightia tinctoria Roxb. investigate for potential anticancer action, there are two fractions selected for investigation these are WTD (dichloromethane fraction) and WTE (ethyl acetate fraction) hey were found to have capable cytotoxic potential on all cancerous cell lines contemplated by MTT test and SRB test. Ethyl acetate fraction found to have increasingly powerful action in A549, U343HeLa, BT549 and HCT15 cells lines. Strangely, ethyl acetate was less cytotoxic in HBL-100 cell line, demonstrate the particular action towards malignant growth cells. AO/EB staining assay and Hoechst-33342 staining assay demonstrate membrane blebbing, consolidated and fragmented nuclei upon treatment with ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fraction in A549, U343 and HeLa cell lines. DNA fragmentation stepping stool and genomic DNA discontinuity were seen with DNA fragmentation test dependent on gel electrophoresis and COMET test by fluorescent microscopy method. Essentially, cell cycle examination by flow cytometer demonstrates mutilation of ordinary cell cycle and expanded subG0phase. Ethyl acetate fraction was found genotoxic by micronuclei development. These outcomes show that both fractions instigate apoptosis however not cells decomposition in the malignant growth cells. This plant keeps potent anticancer activity in vivo and further researches are to recognize the responsible phytoconstituents and mechanism of action.

Apocynaceae are well-known for diverse specialized metabolites that are distributed in a phylogenetically informative manner. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) have been reported sporadically in one lineage in the family, the APSA clade, but few species had been studied to date. We conduct the first systematic survey of Apocynaceae for retronecine-type PAs, sampling leaves from 231 species from 13 of 16 major lineages within the APSA clade using HPLC-MS/MS. We also follow up on preliminary evidence for infra-specific variation of PA detectability in Echites umbellatus Jacq. Four precursor ion scans (PREC) were developed for a high-throughput survey for chemicals containing a structural moiety common to many PAs, the retronecine core. We identified with high confidence PAs in 7 of 8 sampled genera of tribe Echiteae, but not in samples from the closely related Odontadenieae and Mesechiteae, confirming the utility of PAs as a taxonomic character in tribal delimitation. The presence of PAs in Malouetieae was confirmed, as we report with high confidence their presence in Galactophora schomburgkiana Woodson and Eucorymbia alba Stapf, but currently we have low confidence of their presence in Holarrena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don (the one Malouetieae species where they were previously reported), as well as in Kibatalia macrophylla (Pierre ex Hua) Woodson and in Holarrena curtisii King & Gamble. For the first time the presence of PAs in species of Wrightia R. Br. (Wrightieae) and Marsdenia R. Br. (Marsdenieae) was confirmed. Detectability of PAs was found to vary among samples of Echites umbellatus and intra-individual plasticity contributes to this variation. Of toxicological importance, novel potential sources of human exposure to pro-toxic PAs were identified in the medicinal plants, Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. and Marsdenia tinctoria R.Br., and the food plant, Echites panduratus A. DC., warranting immediate further research to elucidate the structures of the candidate PAs identified. Method development and limitations are discussed.

The biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles provides an effective alternative to the chemical synthesis system. In the present work, biosynthesis of Zirconium Oxide nanopartices (ZrO2-NPs) using Wrightia tinctoria leaf extract for the evaluation of efficient photocatalyst and antibacterial activities. The ZrO2-NPs were studied with help of XRD, UV–Visible, SEM with EDAX, DLS, ZE, PL and FT-IR. The ZrO2-NPs were in tetragonal crystal structure which confirmed by using X-ray diffraction analysis and its average crystallite size was 9.15 nm. The photocatalytic degradation of organic dye Reactive Yellow (RY 160) under sunlight irradiation using biosynthesized ZrO2-NPs was performed. The biosynthesized ZrO2-NPs exhibited 94% degradation for RY 160 dye for 120 min. The antibacterial activity of different concentrations of the biosynthesized ZrO2-NPs was examined against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

Objective: The current study investigates the potential of alcoholic extract of Wrightia tinctoria leaves and its isolates in repairing the DNA damage induced by gamma radiation. Methodology: The ethanolic extract of Wrightia tinctoria ( EEWT ) the leaves was subjected to in vitro anti oxidant assay by DPPH radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging methods. He EEWT was investigated to the Micronucleus assay, spleen colony assay and comet assay in Sprague Dawley rats wherein DNA damage had already been induced by irradiation. Results: The ethanolic extract of Wrightia tinctoria leaves having good antioxidant activity. In the micronucleus assay, a 2 Gy quantum of whole-body gamma radiation significantly enhanced the levels of micronucleated reticulocytes and this induction was substantially reversed in the extract treatment group. Results of the spleen colony assay pointed to the extract’s ability to enhance the recovery of the hematopoietic system, in a dose-dependent manner, following 6 Gy gamma irradiation. The decrease in cellular repair index due to enhanced DNA repair was evident from the comet assay parameters. Moreover, the isolates from ethanolic extract of Wrightia tinctoria, when imperiled to DNA protection by in vitro gamma radiation method in plasmid pBR322 DNA, abetted DNA repair at higher dose. Conclusion: The DNA protection afforded is likely attributable to free radical scavenging properties along with a potential for regenerating the immune system through repair of post irradiated DNA. Key words: Comet assay, DNA damage, Micronucleus assay, Radioprotective, Spleen colony assay, Wrightia tinctoria.

Psoriasis is a common skin disease which is characterized by plaques and patches on the skin. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that involves T helper cells in the pathogenesis of the disease. Treatment of psoriasis is long term and not completely cures the disease. Plants have been extensively used in the treatment of different diseases so plants with anti-psoriatic activity have also been investigated. Results showed that Polypodium Decumanum, Wrightia Tinctoria, Cassia Tora and Givotia Rottleriformis Griff have significant activity in relieving symptoms of psoriasis.

We have reported the antidyslipidemic, antihypertensive, and Ca++ channel blocking activities of Viola odorata (VO) and Wrightia tinctoria (WT). This study extends our understanding of their therapeutic potential by exploring the effects on biomarkers of hepatic and vascular dysfunction together with phytochemical standardization and antioxidant potential. Total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids content, and proanthocyanins of the methanolic extracts were identified using HPLC. Antioxidant capacity was measured using the in vitro assays. Two studies of 6-week duration were conducted on a high-fat diet rat model to test the leaves and seed extracts of VO and WT (300 and 600 mg/kg) for their effect on biomarkers for hepatic and vascular dysfunction. The HPLC analysis showed high contents of total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids content, and proanthocyanins along with distinctive phenolic composition. Both extracts exhibited significant antioxidant potential in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays, comparable with synthetic standard antioxidants. The in vivo studies indicated a significant reduction in the high-fat-diet-induced rise in serum uric acid, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. This study indicates the potential of VO and WT to protect from vascular and hepatic damage and an antioxidant effect, thus making these herbs strong candidates for managing cardiometabolic disorders.

Introduction: Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (Family: Apocynaceae) commonly called “Indrajau” is well known in Indian traditional system for its traditional uses. Materials and Methods: The present investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components of plant seed ethanolic extract, pet ether fraction using GC-MS analysis. 22 components were identified from pet ether fraction obtained from elution of ethanolic extract packed in silica column. Results: The prevailing compounds from fraction F6to F9 were [1,1'-Bicyclopropyl]-2-octanoic acid, 2'-hexyl-, methyl ester (21.39%) , Trilinolein (7.74%), 2-Myristynoyl pantetheine (18.07%), 9-Octadecen12-ynoic acid, methyl ester (4.46%), 1Hexadecanol,2-methyl (3.77%), Cyclopropane tetradecanoic acid, 2-octyl-, methyl ester (2.36%), 1b, 4a-Epoxy-2H-cyclopenta [3,4] cyclopropa [8,9]cycloundec [1,2-b]oxiren-5 (6H)-one, 7-(acetyloxy) decahydro-2,9,10-trihydroxy-3,6,8,8,10a-pentamethyl (38.91%), Geranyl isovalerate (23.58%), cis13-Octadecenoic acid (5.91%), Quassin (3.82%), cis-10-Heptadecenoic acid (3.08%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid 2-phenyl-1, 3-dioxan-5-yl ester (31.50%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (14.35%), Cyclopropanebutanoic acid, 2-[ [2-[ [2- [(2-pentylcyclopropyl) methyl] cyclopropyl] methyl] cyclopropyl] methyl]-, methyl ester (10.13%), 6,9,12,15-Docosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester (3.39%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, (2-phenyl1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl ester, trans-( 2.73%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl ester, cis-(4.34%), Ursodeoxycholic acid (7.14%), Bufa-20,22-dienolide, 3-(acetyloxy)-14,15-epoxy-16-hydroxy-, (3a,5a,15a,16a)-(4.75%), 5H-Cyclopropa [3,4] benz [1,2-e]azulen-5-one, 9a (acetyloxy)-1,1a,1b,4,4a,7a,7b,8,9,9ade cahydro-4a,7b,9-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-,[1aR-(1aa,1ba,4aa,7aa,7ba,8a,9a,9 aa)]-(6.59%), Docosahexaenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (10.86%), Olean-12-ene-3,15,16,21,22,28-hexol, (3a,15a,16a,21a,22a)-( 4.40%) found as the major components. Conclusion: It could be concluded that, Wrightia tinctoria contains various bioactive compounds. So it is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

Boswellia serrata, an important source of oleo-gum resin commonly known as Indian olibanum and Wrightia tinctoria are well documented for their pharmaceutical properties. Indiscriminate removal, difficulty in vegetative propagation and poor germination accounts for the depletion of useful plant species. Plant tissue culture techniques are used as an alternative method for the production of specific metabolites and also for the propagation of plant species at a large scale. In the present study preliminary screening for the presence of secondary metabolites was reported in order to understand the levels of phytochemicals, so that in vitro production of secondary metabolites using cell cultures will be initiated in future studies. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the two plants show the presence of all the three major groups of secondary metabolites, like nitrogen containing alkaloids, phenolic compounds like flavonoids, tannins, terpenes like steroids, saponins etc. Significant levels of all three major secondary metabolites were present in both species. However, higher activities of phenols (277.0±4.36), tannins (240.67±5.21), alkaloids (963.3±11.7) and flavonoids (150.0±2.89) were observed in B. serrata. All the three major groups of secondary metabolites in both species demonstrate the rich content of many useful biochemicals like pharmaceuticals, flavors, fragrances, agricultural chemicals etc. However, higher quantities in B. serrata indicates its richness in medicinal properties over W. tinctoria.

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated disorder of the skin. The disease manifests itself with red or silvery scaly plaques distributing over the lower back, scalp, and extensor aspects of limbs. Several medications are available for the treatment of psoriasis; however, high rates of remission and side-effects still persist as a major concern. Siddha, one of the traditional systems of Indian medicine offers cure to many dermatological conditions, including psoriasis. The oil prepared from the leaves of Wrightia tinctoria is prescribed by many healers for the treatment of psoriasis. This work aims to decipher the mechanism of action of the W. tinctoria in curing psoriasis and its associated comorbidities.The work integrates various pharmacology approaches such as drug-likeness evaluation, oral bioavailability predictions, and network pharmacology approaches to understand the roles of various bioactive components of the herb.This work identified 67 compounds of W. tinctoria interacting with 238 protein targets. The compounds were found to act through synergistic mechanism in reviving the disrupted process in the diseased state.The results of this work not only shed light on the pharmacological action of the herb but also validate the usage of safe herbal drugs.

Ethno-pharmacological relevance The whole plant or the extracts obtained from them have long been used as medicine to treat various human diseases and disorders. Notably, those plants endowed with protease activity have been traditionally used as the agents for treating tumors, digestion disorders, swelling, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and also for immune-modulation. Aim of the study Proteases occupy a pivotal position in enzyme based industries. Plant proteases have been increasingly exploited for pharmaceutical, food, leather and textile processing industries. Earlier investigations have focused on the occurrence of proteases in medicinally unimportant plants. Therefore it has been aimed to study the occurrence of proteolytic enzymes from medicinally important plants establish any correlation exists between protease activity and medicinal use of individual plants. Methods Crude extract were obtained from the leaves of 80 different medicinal plants. Tris–HCl buffer was used as the extraction buffer and the supernatants obtained were used for determination of total protein and protease activity using spectrophotometric methods. Qualitative screening for the presence of protease was carried out with agar diffusion method by incorporating the substrate. SDS-PAGE was used to analyse the isoforms of protease and for determination of relative molecular mass. Results Relatively higher protease activities were observed in the extracts of leaves of Pongamia pinnata (Fabaceae), Wrightia tinctoria (Apocyanaceae) Acalypha indica (Euphorbiaceae), Adhatoda vasica (Acanthaceae) and Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae). No correlation was found between the total protein content and protease activity in individual plant species. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated the presence of multiple forms of protease of higher molecular weight range in several plant species. We found a strong correlation between the protease activity and medicinal application of the plant Conclusion The present study has unequivocally revealed that the leaves of medicinal plants could serve as excellent sources of proteases which could be exploited for various industrial, food and pharmaceutical applications.

The systematic chemical analysis of leaves of Wrightia tinctoria were found to contain two flavonoid glycosides Kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside and Quercetin 3-O-sophoroside and two flavonoid aglycone Kaempferol and Quercetin. The detailed UV 1H 13C NMR and Mass spectral data confirm the characterization of the above compounds. All these compounds are reported first time from the leaves of Wrightia tinctoria.

2 ABSTRACT: Aim of this study is to analyse the regression correlation between GBH and Carbon stock in the major tree species of Dharoi Range, Gandhinagar Forest Division. Major ten dominant tree species in Dharoi range were selected for study. Total biomass and carbon sequestered in the major tree species have been estimated using non- destructive method. Based on this analysis and interpretation the allometric model is prepared which will be helpful to estimate carbon stock of major tree species by Girth at Breast Height (GBH). Species like Anogeissus pendula Edgew, Acacia tortilis (Forsk) Hyne and Wrightia tinctoria R Br were dominant while Bauhinia racemosa Lam, Butea monosperma (Lam) Taub less in number. The maximum carbon stock estimated in Acacia tortilis (Forsk) Hyne, Anogeissus pendula Edgew, and Wrightia tinctoria R Br whereas Bauhinia racemosa Lam, Butea monosperma (Lam) Taub showed least carbon stock. On the basis of analysis the regression correlation between GBH and Carbon Stock is linear in Dharoi range for major tree species. On the basis of study following species showed a deviation from the correlation viz, Butea monosperma (Lam) Taub having very small ratio while Azadirachta indica A Juss having a very large ratio in the range. This shows that the species which having small ratio are poorly adapted to that particular ranges while the species shows large ratio are very well adapted to this range. The results are discussed in the context of their adaptive significance and use in determining suitability of the tree species for afforestation, forest regeneration and establishment of shelter belts to arrest deforestation.

method has been developed for different extracts of W. tinctoria for high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting analysis for identification and quantification of the marker compound. Result: the satisfactory resolution was obtained in the solvent system toluene:ethyl acetate v/v (8:2) for petroleum ether extract, toluene:ethyl acetate v/v (7:3) for chloroform extract and toluene:ethyl acetate:formic acid v/v (7:3:0.1) for alcoholic extract. Conclusion: The HPTLC fingerprinting profile developed for different extracts of W. tinctoria will help in proper identification and quantification of the marker compound.

Control of mosquitoes by using chemical insecticides creates several problems including development of resistance. This leads to find out alternative methods via plant products. Viewing this in mind, methanolic extracts of Colocasia esculenta, Eclipta prostrata and Wrightia tinctoria leaves were tested against II, III, IV instars and pupa of filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus. The LC50 value obtained for IV instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus is 165.697 ppm for C. esculenta while it is 114.257 ppm for E. prostrata and 210.298 ppm for W. tinctoria. Of the three plants studied E. prostrata is most effective in controlling mosquito larvae than the others.

Effects of standardized Wrightia tinctoria seeds extract (WTSE) and Stereospermum suaveolens root extract (SSRE) on erythrocyte membrane stabilization, mast cell protection, nitric oxide, and pro-inflammatory cytokines production were evaluated by in vitro methods. WTSE and SSRE were standardized against chlorogenic acid and lapachol, respectively, using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Standardized WTSE and SSRE inhibited erythrocyte membrane lysis, mast cell degranulation, and LPS-stimulated nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-β, IL-6 and TNF-α) production by RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in a dose-dependent manner.

This study was aimed to offer a possible pharmacological basis regarding the remedial utilization of Wrightia tinctoria in hypertension and dyslipidemia in certain South Asian traditional systems of medicine, using in vivo and in vitro assays. The aqueous methanolic extract of W. tinctoria seeds (Wt.Cr) caused a dose-dependent (1-10 mg/kg) decrease in arterial pressure in anesthetized rats. In the right atria of isolated guinea pigs, Wt.Cr equally inhibited force and rate of spontaneous atrial contractions. When tested on phenylephrine-, high K(+)-, and low K(+)-induced vasoconstrictions in isolated rat aorta, Wt.Cr produced a concentration-dependent vasorelaxation, the most potent being against low K(+)-induced contraction. It also created a rightward shift in the Ca(++) concentration-response curves and suppressed phenylephrine control peaks in a Ca(++)-free environment. In the rat model of tyloxapol-induced dyslipidemia, Wt.Cr produced a decline in the serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. In high fat diet-induced dyslipidemia, it decreased serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, improved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and prevented the increase in average body weights by causing a decrease in diet consumption. These data suggest that Wt.Cr(++) lowers blood pressure through a combination of K(+)-channel opening and Ca(++)-channel blocking effects along with antidyslipidemic and weight-reducing properties.

Plan: The present study aims to facilitate an updated phytochemical and pharmacological activity study reports of various researchers pertaining to the plant Wrightia tinctoria. Preface: Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br (Apocynaceae) is widely distributed in the plains and slopes of Shevaroy hills of Yercaud Town, situated in Salem district, Tamilnadu. Wrightia tinctoria is extensively used in a number of traditional medicines. Outcome: Chemical constituents isolated from different parts of the plant W. tinctoria and their biological activities reported are summarised in this review.

Objective To determine the larvicidal activity of crude aqueous and petroleum ether extracts of Wrightia tinctoria fruits and leaves against the filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. Methods The larvicidal activity was evaluated at concentrations of 0.06%, 0.12%, 0.25%, 0.50% and 1.00%. Larval mortality was observed for 24 and 48 h. Results Among the plant parts tested, aqueous fruit extract exhibited highest larvicidal activity followed by aqueous leaf extract with LC50 values of 0.17% and 0.09%; 0.21% and 0.11% after 24 and 48 h respectively. Conclusions Further investigations are needed to elucidate this activity against a wide range of all stages of mosquito species and also the active ingredient(s) of the extract responsible for larvicidal activity should be identified.

Background: Several oil based AYUSH formulations are available for the treatment of psoriasis. In the recent time the importance given to Wrightia tinctoria has totally side-lined the quality of oil used in such preparation. Therefore, the importance of oil used in the formulation with reference to rancidity and how that would affect the therapeutic effect of Wrightia tinctoria needs to be studied.Methods: In the present study we have adopted the following methods such as acid value, DPPH assay, nitric oxide inhibition, anti-glycation, CAM assay and fibroblast toxicity. The base oil used was studied for the above then the oil that showed least acid value was incorporated with Wrightia tinctoria extract and then studied by the above methods.Results: The above study clearly show that the activity of Wrightia tinctoria decrease significantly when it was formulated in oil with high rancidity. Whereas the activity of Wrightia tinctoria was well preserved in oil with least rancidity. The contribution of acid value of oil in decreasing the activity of Wrightia tinctoria was much higher than the effect of acid value in increasing DPPH activity, Nitric oxide production, inducing glycation event and angiogenesis and causing fibroblast toxicity.Conclusions: The present study clearly concludes that the acid value of base oil would not only worsen psoriasis but also can inactivate and convert the herbal metabolites to toxic elements. Due diligence is necessary in preparing AYUSH drugs where not only the quality of herbs should be considered but also the oil base as well.

Wrightia tinctoria globulin (WTG), one of the major seed storage proteins, was isolated for the first time from seeds of the medicinal plant. WTG was extracted and purified to homogeneity in two steps using anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatographies. On an SDS-PAGE gel under non-reducing conditions, a major band of ~56 kDa was observed; under reducing conditions, however, two major polypeptides, one with molecular weight ~32-34 kDa and the other with molecular weight ~22-26 kDa were observed. Intact mass determination by MALDI-TOF supported this observation. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of WTG matched in NCBI database with an expressed sequence tag obtained from the c-DNA of developing embryo m-RNA of Wrightia tinctoria. The EST sequence was further substantiated by partial de novo internal sequencing using MALDI-TOF/TOF. The high sequence homology with seed storage protein 11S globulin confirmed that WTG is a type of 11S globulin. Circular dichroism analysis showed that the secondary structure of WTG consists predominantly of β-sheets (44.2%) and moderate content of α-helices (10.3%). WTG showed hemagglutinating property indicating that the protein may possess lectin-like activity. WTG was crystallized at 20 Å°C by the vapour diffusion method using PEG 400 as precipitant. The crystals belonged to the orthorhombic space group P212121 with cell dimensions of a=109.9Å, b=113.2Å and c=202.2Å with six molecules per asymmetric unit. Diffraction data were collected to a resolution of 2.2Å under cryocondition. Preliminary structure solution of WTG indicated the possibility of a hexameric assembly in its asymmetric unit.