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Microbial diseases are a global health threat, leading to tremendous casualties and economic losses. The strategy to treat microbial diseases falls into two broad categories: pathogen-directed therapy (PDT) and host-directed therapy (HDT). As the typical PDT, antibiotics or antiviral drugs directly attack bacteria or viruses through discerning specific molecules. However, drug abuse could result in antimicrobial resistance and increase infectious disease morbidity. Recently, the exosome therapy, as a HDT, has attracted extensive attentions for its potential in limiting infectious complications and targeted drug delivery. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) are the most broadly investigated. In this review, we mainly focus on the development and recent advances of the application of MSC-Exos on microbial diseases. The review starts with the difficulties and current strategies in antimicrobial treatments, followed by a comprehensive overview of exosomes in aspect of isolation, identification, contents, and applications. Then, the underlying mechanisms of the MSC-Exo therapy in microbial diseases are discussed in depth, mainly including immunomodulation, repression of excessive inflammation, and promotion of tissue regeneration. In addition, we highlight the latest progress in the clinical translation of the MSC-Exo therapy, by summarizing related clinical trials, routes of administration, and exosome modifications. This review will provide fundamental insights and future perspectives on MSC-Exo therapy in microbial diseases from bench to bedside.

The interfacial friction between solid and liquid under applied voltage are vital to actuate droplets. In this paper, the pinning and adhesion force between solid and liquid were measured to study the interfacial friction behaviors under applied voltage. Results showed that the pinning force increased firstly and then decreased with increasing of surface roughness. Moreover, the adhesion forces for the surface with lower roughness were bigger than that for the surface with higher roughness. It suggested that the interfacial friction force was closely associated with the quantity of realigned interfacial water molecules under applied voltage. These findings will extend the understanding of solid/liquid interfacial friction mechanisms under applied voltage, and then to lower the actuation voltage of droplets.

For the purpose of the effect analysis on meteorological factors to residential electricity consumption in Fujian Province, this article used the lowest, highest, and average temperatures and other meteorological factors from January 2019 to June 2019 to process the analysis, building the multiple nonlinear regression. And it also identified the abnormal data from the residual analysis on regression equation coefficients resulting from least square method. Data repair based on the identification was at last applied to testing regression results.

In this paper, a Duration Normalization algorithm is presented based on feature space trajectory to improve the accuracy in pathological speech recognition. In this method, speech MFCC features are divided into K segments dynamically, then the intra-segment mean values of each K segment are used to be new features. Our approach makes the difference (dispersity) between different segments the largest, and the difference between the feature vectors within the same segment is the smallest. Therefore, the redundant information and the distortion phenomenon of the speech signal could be removed. Experiment shows that in speech recognition system, using our approach, the accuracy increases by 11%-15% and the run time decreases by 14%-40%.

Camera link interface is a standard interface commonly used in current industrial camera and image acquisition card and it is usually realized by special chips. The embedded image processing platform has the FPGA chips, if the camera link interface can be implemented on the FPGA chips, the circuit design will be simplified and the system integration can be improved.

Based on the current development situation of tea industry in Leiyang City, this paper analyzes the existing problems such as small scale of high quality tea plantation, insufficient brand awareness, inadequate funding input, extensive tea plantation management, rising labor costs and outdated mechanical equipment. Finally this paper expounds the development goal and sets forth the corresponding recommendations.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makinopolysaccharides (GPMP) supplementation on exercise tolerance and oxidative stress induced by exhaustive exercise. Male rats were divided into 5 groups of 10 animals each. The first, second, third and forth groups designated as PGP treatment group was administered with GPMP of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight by gavage every day, respectively. The fifth group designated as control group was administered with the equal volume of distilled water. After 30 days, exhaustive swimming exercise of rats was performed, and then the exhaustive swimming time, liver glycogen level, antioxidant enzymes activities and MDA concentrations were determined. Results of the aforementioned study showed that GPMP supplementation prolonged exhaustive swimming time and improved liver glycogen reserve, which suggested that GPMP supplementation improved exercise tolerance. Furthermore, GPMP supplementation could promote increases in the activities of super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPH-Px), and reduce MDA concentrations, which suggested that PGP supplementation reduced oxidative stress induced by exhaustive exercise. Key words: Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino, polysaccharides, exercise tolerance, oxidative stress, rat.

A design flow of special customization is put forward with a view to meeting customers' specific needs as well as reducing difficulties in subsequent design and manufacturing. As the basis of this design flow, a similarity evaluation method is put forward which includes the following steps: (a) establishing customization product families; (b) constructing product conceptional function matrix; (c) evaluating matrix elements for customer requirements importance value; (d) constructing benchmark product and figuring out the similarity indexes of various design schemes.

Pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, and toxicology are the major determinants of the success or failure of candidates during drug development. Because inappropriate pharmacokinetics often leads to inefficacy, even toxicity, pharmacokinetics studies have been regarded as crucial components in drug preclinical and clinical research. However, new data increasingly reveal that drug concentrations in plasma or tissues cannot totally explain the efficacy of drug on the target organ. For most drugs that interact with targets localized in cells, intracellular penetration, accumulation, distribution, and elimination are important parameters governing the efficacy in the target cells. So, there is a pressing need to clarify the cellular pharmacokinetics and thus evaluate the efficacy of drugs in the target cells. This review provides a general overview regarding current knowledge about cellular pharmacokinetics in some specific cells and also summarizes the factors that can influence cellular pharmacokinetics. It concludes by discussing potential strategies for optimizing cellular pharmacokinetics and advocating that global cellular pharmacokinetics studies be conducted in future research toward improving drug efficacy. Refereed/Peer-reviewed