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Aim This study investigated the cost-effectiveness of a community-based colorectal cancer-screening program (C-CRCSP) in Shanghai, China, with a comparison of urban, suburban, and rural areas. Methods A Markov model was constructed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a 25-year-long annual C-CRCSP with 100,000 samples. Cost-effectiveness was determined by the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) referring to either life-years gained, or quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained. The threshold was gross domestic product per capita. Univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyses were performed to investigate the influence of compliance, prevalence, technological performance, price, and an annual cost discount rate (3.5%) on ICERs. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis evaluated the probability of cost-effectiveness of C-CRCSP at different maximum acceptable ceiling ratios. Results Compared with no screening, the C-CRCSP could result in total gains of 7840 QALYs and 2210 life-years, at a total cost of CNY 58.54 million; that is, the ICERs were CNY 7460/QALY and CNY 26,650/life-year. Stratifying by residency, the highest cumulative gains in QALYs and life-years were estimated for the rural population, followed by the suburban and urban. The cost for the urban population was 3- and 6-fold that of the suburban and rural populations. The ICERS for QALYs ranged from 2180 (rural) to 16,840 (urban). Conclusion The cost-effectiveness of a C-CRCSP in Shanghai was most favorable for the rural population, while the urban population would realize lesser benefit in terms of QALYs. ICERs could be enhanced by measures that increase compliance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Pharmacological studies demonstrated that paclitaxel (Zisu®) was very active in the inhibition of the growth of human cancer cell panel including KB cells, HCT-8, A2780, andMCF-7 cells. The IC50 was as low as 0.0019, 0.0019, 0.0036 and 0.01 µ g/ml respectively. Experimental therapeutic studies indicated that paclitaxel(Zisu®) significantly inhibited the growth of melanoma B-16, Walker carcinomsarcoma and heterotransplanted human ovarian cancer in nude mice. Biochemical pharmacological studies showed that paclitaxel (Zisu®) could accelerate microtubule assembly and inhibit its deassembly; population in G1 was decreased while the cell population in G2+M phase was increased significantly. In addition, a polyploid cell population appeared. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the\(t_{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {2\alpha }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {2\alpha }}} \) was 0.12 h and\(t_{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {2\beta }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {2\beta }}} \) was 5.02 h when it was injected intravenously at a dose of 5 mg/kg in rats. The AUC, Vc and CLs were 11.82(µg.h)/ml, 0.50L/kg and 0.42L(h.kg) respectively.

We present a new model of an electron gun for generating subrelativistic femtosecond (fs) electron pulses. The basic idea is to utilize a dc acceleration stage combined with a time focusing region, the time focusing electrode generates an electron energy chirp for bunching at the target. Without considering the space charge effects, simulations of the electron gun were carried out under the conditions of different dc voltages and various slopes of the voltage added on the time focusing electrode. Tracing and simulating large numbers of photoelectrons through Monte—Carlo and finite difference methods, the electron pulses with 1 ps can be compressed to 55 fs, which will allow significant advances in the field of ultrafast diagnosis.