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The effect of roller structural parameters on polishing flow field pressure during linear hydrodynamic polishing (LHP) was optimized by applying orthogonal test design. We used CFD simulation results to analyze the effect of structural parameters on the magnitude and uniformity of hydrodynamic pressure. By using the nlinfit fitting method, multiple nonlinear regression equations for the hydrodynamic pressure mean and mean square deviation of the structural parameters were obtained. A genetic algorithm that could globally search for the optimal solution in the independent variable range was used to obtain optimal structure parameters. We found that the magnitude and uniformity of dynamic pressure on the polished surface were improved. Experimental results showed that surface scratches on the polished surface were significantly reduced, and the excellent surface roughness could be obtained under different polishing processing conditions.