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Coronaviruses, especially Beta coronaviruses (β)is a threat to humans since it spreads easily. Although we are yet to find a cure to COVID-19, there are various approaches to prevent its spread, including UV and heat inactivation. However, recently scholars have identified an increased relationship between vitamin D-deficiency and the severe COVID-19, making it a feasible intervention to treat or prevent COVID-19. We can obtain vitamin D directly through sunlight, diet, or supplementation. Vitamin D, especially vitamin D2 and D3 prevents COVID-19 by enhancing anti-inflammatory and eradicating pro-inflammatory cytokines and acting as an antiviral by augmenting B-defensin and antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin, declining viral replication. People with vitamin D deficiency are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 than normal peopole. Vitamin D is safe and has limited adverse events because although it is a fat-soluble vitamin, humans rarely experience vitamin D overdose, including vitamin D overdoses due to sunlight.

Heterogeneous solids, also known as cellular materials, have significant advantages for impacting energy absorption and blasting effect attenuation. This study focuses on analysing the stress wave propagation in the heterogeneous solids using a novel meso-scale model through an experimental analysis. Six different specimens were designed and manufactured for this experiment and suitable apparatuses were selected and assembled to satisfy the test requirements to maximise the accuracy and reliability. The experiment provided a clear understanding of the wave propagation characteristics, and it was found that when the structure of transmission medium increases in complexity and the input frequency of stress waves becomes higher, the negative effects on the output will become more significant.

Conversion among different moisture-binding types of single Hebei wheat kernels during isothermal drying processing at 60 °C was studied by low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), and moisture migration was studied by MRI. Water inside wheat kernels exists in four types: chemically combined water (T21), strong bound water (T22), loosely bound water (T23), and free water (T24). A new method to obtain the contents of different moisture-binding types is forwarded according to the transverse relaxation time distribution curve of dried wheat kernels. Moisture conversion inside wheat kernels during drying occurs mainly through the following mechanisms: high-temperature drives T24 to diffuse to lower moisture areas and transform into other moisture-binding types, and moisture-gradient drives T22 to transform into T24. The drying process can be divided into two stages. Moisture migrates from endosperm to epidermis during drying. As the drying rate of the wheat kernel significantly decreases, the dr...