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Understanding the origins of intrinsic stress in Si nanowires (NWs) is crucial for their successful utilization as transducer building blocks in next-generation, miniaturized sensors based on nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). With their small size leading to ultrahigh-resonance frequencies and extreme surface-to-volume ratios, silicon NWs raise new opportunities regarding sensitivity, precision, and speed in both physical and biochemical sensing. With silicon optoelectromechanical properties strongly dependent on the level of NW intrinsic stress, various studies have been devoted to the measurement of such stresses generated, for example, as a result of harsh fabrication processes. However, due to enormous NW surface area, even the native oxide that is conventionally considered as a benign surface condition can cause significant stresses. To address this issue, a combination of nanomechanical characterization and atomistic simulation approaches is developed. Relying only on low-temperature processes, the fabrication approach yields monolithic NWs with optimum boundary conditions, where NWs and support architecture are etched within the same silicon crystal. Resulting NWs are characterized by transmission electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The interpretation of results is carried out through molecular dynamics simulations with ReaxFF potential facilitating the incorporation of humidity and temperature, thereby providing a close replica of the actual oxidation environment-in contrast to previous dry oxidation or self-limiting thermal oxidation studies. As a result, consensus on significant intrinsic tensile stresses on the order of 100 MPa to 1 GPa was achieved as a function of NW critical dimension and aspect ratio. The understanding developed herein regarding the role of native oxide played in the generation of NW intrinsic stresses is important for the design and development of silicon-based NEMS., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK)

Here, we report the characterization of a novel (-)ssRNA mycovirus isolated from Auricularia heimuer CCMJ1222, using a combination of RNA-seq, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends, and Sanger sequencing. Based on database searches, sequence alignment, and phylogenetic analysis, we designated the virus as "Auricularia heimuer negative-stranded RNA virus 1" (AhNsRV1). This virus has a monopartite RNA genome related to mymonaviruses (order Mononegavirales). The AhNsRV1 genome consists of 11,441 nucleotides and contains six open reading frames (ORFs). The largest ORF encodes a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; the other ORFs encode hypothetical proteins with no conserved domains or known function. AhNsRV1 is the first (-)ssRNA virus and the third virus known to infect A. heimuer.

Boreal peatlands emit a substantial amount of CH4, a potent greenhouse gas, to the atmosphere. Despite decades of effort made on studying CH4 efflux to the atmosphere, understanding the dynamics of the different co-occurring processes underlying CH4 emission remains a challenge in peatland CH4 modeling, especially during the non-growing seasons. Stable isotope signatures of the soil pore water and emitted CH4 can provide information on these processes. To this end, we conducted a first systematic study using stable isotope methods on in-situ major CH4 turnover processes along a peat profile in a typical boreal peatland (Siikaneva fen) in Southern Finland.We run a cavity ring-down spectrometer continuously in 2022 to capture the dynamics of belowground dissolved CH4 and CO2 concentrations and their δ13C natural abundance signatures at 10, 30 and 50cm. Same variables were measured at 40cm above peatland surface to estimate ecosystem-scale average δ13C value of the emitted CH4 using nocturnal boundary-layer accumulation approach. These data were used to indicate CH4 production pathways, in-situ CH4 oxidation and transport pathways on an annual basis. Additionally, 13C pulse labelling experiments targeting acetoclastic methanogenesis, hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis and methanotrophy were performed both in-situ and in the lab condition to trace all these processes which cannot be separated by the isotope natural abundance approach alone.Preliminary results indicated a successful implementation of these novel methods. Continuous measurement of soil gas showed systematic differences in the vertical profile of soil pore water isotopes between winter and summer. δ13C-CH4 values were highest in the deepest layer during winter but they were the lowest in summer. As expected, CH4 production pathway moved towards acetoclastic methanogenesis through winter-summer transition. In winter, the δ13C-CH4 values from emitted CH4 was higher than those from the soil which indicating CH4 oxidation, while in summer the opposite was found due to CH4 diffusive plant transport. CH4 concentrations were higher in summer than in winter from all the depths, while at -30cm had the highest concentration. In-situ labelling experiments showed a higher rate of acetoclastic methanogenesis at -30cm than at -50cm, while hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was similar at both depths. Experiments also demostrated that there was substantial methanotrophy in the soil as deep as 50cm belowground.

Methane emission from northern mires shows typically strong spatial and seasonal variations. These variations have been assigned to e.g. differences in methane production due to variation in substrate input, transport pathways, methane oxidation in aerobic peat layers, and temperature variations. Stable isotope signatures of the emitted methane and methane in pore water can help us to constrain our hypotheses of these variations.We have measured δ13C of methane emission in Mycklemossen mire in Sweden by automated chamber system for two years. We also have measured δ13C of methane in pore water in three depths in Siikaneva mire in Finland by an automated diffusion tube system for one seasonal cycle. At both sites ecosystem scale δ13C of emitted methane was measured using nocturnal boundary layer accumulation (NBLA) approach.We observed systematic spatial variation in δ13C of emitted methane at Mycklemossen site, which mostly indicated the importance of substrate availability in explaining the spatial variability. At Siikaneva we observe systematic differences in the depth distribution of δ13C of pore water methane. Interestingly, this distribution is different in summer and winter. The ecosystem scale δ13C of emitted methane derived by chambers and NBLA approach very close to each other. We will discuss the observations, their implications, and future integration of the data and new measurement.

Cellular decomposition employing bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) has been consistently under investigation due to its high fidelity, ease of use, and cost-effectiveness compared to single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). However, the intricate nature of the tumor microenvironment, and the significant heterogeneity among patients and cells have made it challenging to precisely evaluate the cellular composition of solid tumors using a unified model. In this work, we developed DeSide, a deep learning and single-cell decomposition method for solid tumors, to estimate proportions of cell types presented in tumor samples. Our new deep neural network (DNN) architecture considers only non-cancerous cells during the training process, indirectly calculating the proportion of cancerous cells. This approach avoids directly handling the often more variable heterogeneity of cancerous cells, and instead leverages scRNA-seq data from three different cancer types to empower the DNN model with a robust generalization capability across diverse cancers. Additionally, we used a new sampling method and filtering strategies to simulate the gene expression profiles (GEPs) of solid tumors, creating a carefully controlled training set that could be compared to the bulk RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), a database of bulk RNA-seq data collected from cancer patients. Relying on limited yet diverse scRNA-seq data, our approach outperformed current methods in accurately predicting the celluar composition of samples from TCGA and an additional validation set. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the predicted cellular composition can be utilized to stratify cancer patients into different groups with varying overall survival rates. With increased availability of scRNA-seq data for various types of tumors, DeSide holds the potential for a more precise cellular decomposition model using bulk RNA-seq.

Epitaxial growth is one of the most commonly used strategies to precisely tailor heterostructures with well-defined compositions, morphologies, crystal phases, and interfaces for various applications. However, as epitaxial growth requires a small interfacial lattice mismatch between the components, it remains a challenge for the epitaxial synthesis of heterostructures constructed by materials with large lattice mismatch and/or different chemical bonding, especially the noble metal-semiconductor heterostructures. Here, we develop a noble metal-seeded epitaxial growth strategy to prepare highly symmetrical noble metal-semiconductor branched heterostructures with desired spatial configurations, i.e., twenty CdS (or CdSe) nanorods epitaxially grown on twenty exposed (111) facets of Ag icosahedral nanocrystal, albeit a large lattice mismatch (more than 40%). Importantly, a high quantum yield (QY) of plasmon-induced hot-electron transferred from Ag to CdS was observed in epitaxial Ag-CdS icosapods (18.1%). This work demonstrates that epitaxial growth can be achieved in heterostructures composed of materials with large lattice mismatches. The constructed epitaxial noble metal-semiconductor interfaces could be an ideal platform for investigating the role of interfaces in various physicochemical processes.

Using the micro data of Chinese manufacturing firms, this study analyzes the impact of financial constraints on firms’ markup and their influence mechanism. The findings suggest that financial constraints significantly reduce firms’ markup. The result is still valid after a series of robustness tests, such as key indicator substitution, analysis of endogeneity problems, controlling for other policy changes, dynamic panel model estimation, and quantile regression. An analysis of the influence mechanism shows that, on the one hand, financial constraints inhibit the improvement of firms’ production efficiency and reduce its markup through the productivity channel; on the other hand, financial constraints also reduce firms’ market pricing power and exert a significant negative impact on firms’ markup through the market pricing channel. At the same time, significant heterogeneity exists in the negative impact of financial constraints among different firm types. This paper not only enriches our understanding of the relationship between financial constraints and firms’ markup, but also provides a new perspective for a more comprehensive grasp of the micro economic effects of financial constraints.

Pretreatment or treatment with anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, or anti-oxidative approaches could be critical for attenuated the severity of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Naringin, a natural flavonoid, plays important roles in inflammation-related diseases. Immature dry fruits of Citrus wilsonii Tanaka (Xiang Yuan) are rich in naringin that can be used as traditional Chinese medicine to treat inflammation-related symptoms. However, its roles in cardioprotective role remain unclear. This study aimed to isolate naringin from Citrus wilsonii Tanaka fruit and tested their cardioprotective effect. The dry fruits of Citrus wilsonii Tanaka were extracted with boiling water and then supernatants were freeze-dried to yield aqueous extract (ZQAE). The extract was chemoprofiled using UPLC-MS/MS to stand for major constituents, and then subjected to different chromatographic separation steps, and naringin was isolated in a high yield. The cardioprotective effects of the aqueous extract of ZQAE and naringin were investigated in a myocardial I/R rat model and to elucidate the mechanism underlying its cardioprotective effect. Our results indicated that 5-day ZQAE and naringin pretreatments both promoted histopathological changes and reduced myocardial enzymes (cTnl, CK-MB, CK and LDH) induced by I/R. Moreover, the 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg ZQAE dose pretreatments presented a significantly decreased infarct size as well as myocardial enzyme levels but also inhibited myocardial apoptosis (cleaved-caspase3 protein expression), the inflammatory response (IL-23, IL-6, and TNF-α) and oxidative stress (MDA and SOD). The cardioprotective effect of 5 mg/kg dose of naringin pretreatment is comparable with that of 5 mg/kg drug ditiazem pretreatment. Additionally, naringin pretreatment exhibited striking decreases in the apoptosis index and downregulation of the protein expression levels of cleaved-Caspase3, Bcl2 and Bax. Meanwhile, naringin downregulated HMGB1 expression and upregulated SIRT1 expression in the myocardium. These findings suggest that short-term pretreatments with ZQAE and naringin both protect against myocardial I/R injury by suppressing myocardial apoptosis, the inflammatory response, and oxidative stress. The cardioprotective effect of naringin involves SIRT1 activation and may interact with HMGB1 and inhibit the release of HMGB1.

A fault-tolerant hybrid current control is proposed for dual 3-phase permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) with one phase open in this paper. The maximum torque control, minimum copper loss control, and single 3-phase mode control are unified in the proposed method, which is a combination of single 3-phase mode control and maximum torque control with different percentages. When the percentage of single 3-phase mode control (k) varies from 0% to 100%, the hybrid current control transitions from maximum torque control (k=0%), to minimum copper loss control (k=50%), and then to single 3-phase mode (k=100%). Therefore, the hybrid current control can be switched among the aforementioned three control methods easily and smoothly. Meanwhile, it can be a mixed-mode with a tradeoff between the maximum torque control and minimum copper loss control, such as the minimum copper loss control for a given torque within the full torque range, which can be achieved by changing k. The smoothness of transition among the maximum torque control, minimum copper loss control, and single 3-phase mode control is verified by experimental results on a prototype machine.

As more high tibial osteotomy (HTO) and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) are performed, orthopaedic surgeons realize that more HTO and UKA failures will require revision to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the future. To systematically evaluate the clinical outcomes of TKA after HTO and TKA after UKA, the Embase, PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies investigating revision TKA after HTO and UKA published up to June 2021. RevMan version 5.3 was used to perform the meta-analysis. The revision TKA after HTO and revision TKA after UKA groups were compared in terms of operative time, range of motion (ROM), knee score, postoperative complications, postoperative infection, revision, and revision implants used. Nine studies were ultimately included in the meta-analysis. Results revealed that the knee score for the revision TKA after HTO group was better than that of the revision TKA after UKA group (MD 4.50 [95% CI 0.80-8.20]; p = 0.02). The revision TKA after HTO group had a lower revision rate (OR 0.65 [95% CI 0.55-0.78]; p 0.00001) and fewer revision implants used (OR 0.11 [95% CI 0.05-0.23]; p 0.00001). There were no statistical differences in operation time (MD -2.00 [95% CI -11.22 to 7.21]; p = 0.67), ROM (MD -0.04 [95% CI -3.69-3.61]; p = 0.98), postoperative complications (OR 1.41 [95% CI 0.77-2.60]; p = 0.27), or postoperative infections (OR 0.89 [95% CI 0.61-1.29]; p = 0.53). To conclude, the revision rate of revision TKA after UKA was greater, and more revision implants were required. It is important for orthopaedic surgeons to preserve bone during primary UKA.

Many studies focusing on integrating reviews with ratings to improve recommendation performance have been quite successful. However, these works still face several shortcomings: (1) The importance of dynamically integrating review and interaction data features is typically ignored, yet treating these fusion features equally may lead to an incomplete understanding of user preferences. (2) Some forms of soft attention methods are adopted to model the local semantic information of words. As features thus captured may contain irrelevant information, the generated attention map is neither discriminatory nor detailed. In this paper, we propose a novel Adaptive Hierarchical Attention-enhanced Gated network integrating reviews for item recommendation, named AHAG. AHAG is a unified framework to capture the hidden intentions of users by adaptively incorporating reviews. Specifically, we design a gated network to dynamically fuse the extracted features and select the features that are most relevant to user preferences. To capture distinguishing fine-grained features, we introduce a hierarchical attention mechanism to learn important semantic information features and the dynamic interaction of these features. Besides, the high-order non-linear interaction of neural factorization machines is utilized to derive the rating prediction. Experiments on seven real-world datasets show that the proposed AHAG significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

Cryptographic cores are the key components to enforce information security properties related to confidentiality and integrity. Since the security of a cryptographic core implementation and the security of the cryptographic algorithm itself from the mathematical perspective are two different problems, cryptographic cores may contain hidden security vulnerabilities such as design flaws and side channels. Security analysis methods based on functional verification rely heavily on the quality of test vectors and usually have low test coverage, which is difficult to meet the security verification requirements of security-critical components like cryptographic cores. This work proposes a cryptographic core security verification and vulnerability detection method from the perspective of information flow security. The proposed method can accurately measure all logical information flows in cryptographic core designs to formally verify security properties such as confidentiality and integrity. It can detect potential security vulnerabilities in cryptographic implementations by capturing harmful information flows. Experimental results show that our information flow security verification method is effective in detecting sensitive information leakage caused by the design vulnerabilities and side channels in cryptographic cores.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is often found in thoracic tumor patients after thoracic radiation therapy, and influences patient quality of life. However, systematic exploration of RILI, including its molecular biological mechanisms and standardized treatment, has not yet been fully elucidated. The main objective of the narrative review was to describe the available evidence concerning RILI, from the biological mechanism to the clinical management. The underlying causes of RILI are multifactorial, including gene-level changes, the influence of signaling pathways, the convergence of various cells, as well as the expression of cytokines and chemokines. Based on the various mechanisms of RILI, several novel treatment strategies have been proposed and gradually applied in clinical practice. METHODS: PubMed was used to collect articles about RILI from 1995 to 2021. The papers included clinical trials, reviews, as well as systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Based on the mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment, we synthesized and analyzed these papers to form a clearly logical and normative suggestion to guide clinical application. KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS: RILI is a constantly developing and changing process including radiation pneumonitis and radiation lung fibrosis. Different kinds of inflammatory and immune cells such as macrophages, fibroblasts, and T cells play key roles in the development of RILI, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-13, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) are also participants in this process. At present, glucocorticoids are mainly therapeutic drugs for the early stage of RILI, and drugs treatment should abide early period, sufficient doses, and the individual principles. Other novel drugs such as Azithromycin also have been tried in clinical application. radiation dose, combination therapy modality, the condition of the tumor, and the age and underlying conditions of patients all effect the occurrence of RILI. Importantly, RILI has a relatively higher incidence in patients who received radiotherapy combined with other treatments, especially immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of RILI after radiotherapy will greatly affect the prognosis and quality of life of patients. In clinical practice, early intervention, active treatment, and more effective therapeutic drugs should be found.

Na Li,1 Xuefei Li,1 Rui Su,1 Ruihe Wu,1 Hong-Qing Niu,1 Jing Luo,1 Chong Gao,2 Xiaofeng Li,1 Caihong Wang1 1Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China; 2Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USACorrespondence: Caihong Wang, Tel +8613603515399, Fax +863513365551, Email snwch@sina.comPurpose: Low-dose interleukin-2 (ld-IL-2) has been shown to regulate the balance between effector T and regulatory T (Treg) cells and has been used in several clinical trials to treat autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we investigated the effects of ld-IL-2 on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice.Methods: Arthritis severity in CIA mice was measured using the arthritis index (AI), radiographs, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Cytokines were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gut microbiota alterations and short-chain fatty acid production were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography.Results: The AI scores of CIA mice treated with ld-IL-2 were significantly lower compared to the model group, which significantly reduced the severity of arthritis. Ld-IL-2 also altered the gut microbiota in CIA mice. The diversity, composition, and dominant species of gut microbiota were altered by ld-IL-2 treatment. Ld-IL-2 also increased short-chain fatty acid levels. There was a strong correlation between ld-IL-2 treatment and improved gut microbiota.Conclusion: Ld-IL-2 significantly ameliorated joint inflammation and bone damage and improved gut microbial dysbiosis in CIA, indicating that it may be a promising therapy for RA patients.Keywords: low-dose IL-2, CIA, gut microbiota, SCFA, 16sRNA

A novel photocatalyst cobalt nickel tetroxide (NiCo2O4)/g-C3N4 quantum dot (CNQD) heterojunctions was successfully prepared on carbon cloth.

Hyperspectral images (HSIs) comprise hundreds of continuous spectral bands. How to effectively exploit the abundant spectral features of HSI to improve its classification accuracy is the focus of the research. Band weighting (BW) is extensively used due to its ability to emphasize usefully and suppress noisy bands adaptively. Most proposed works aggregate global information to construct band representation vectors in simple ways such as global averaging pooling. Those ways are not capable of retaining a more discriminating feature. Furthermore, modeling for interpixel positional relationships is something they have not considered. To address these problems, we propose a position embedding and importance aggregation BW module. The position embedding section encodes the position information by two 1-D features so that remote dependencies in one spatial direction can be obtained while retaining accurate position information in the other spatial direction. The importance aggregation section aggregates the global information. Finally, a group of weights is learned to recalibrate the raw input. Experiments on three public datasets of HSI demonstrate that our methods obtain competitive results compared to other methods.

Background: Given the strong tendency for different mental health symptoms to co-occur, there is considerable interest in identifying trans-diagnostic predictors of mental health that can be targets for intervention to efficiently prevent and treat issues across a range of domains. Emotion regulation difficulties have been identified as a correlate of a broad span of mental health issues, making them a key candidate transdiagnostic factor. However, there remains a lack of knowledge about which aspects of emotion regulation – especially as it manifests in the course of daily life – relate to a general risk of mental health issues as opposed to or in addition to specific symptoms.Methods: In the present study, we leverage an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study design with four measures per day over a two-week period to explore how negative affect levels, inertia, lability, and reactivity to provocation and stress in the course of daily life relate to mental health symptoms in young adults (n= 256, 99 males, 157 females) in the domains of anxiety, depression, psychosis-like symptoms, behaviour problems, suicidality, and substance use. Results: Dynamic structural equation modelling (DSEM) analyses suggested that negative affect levels in daily life were associated with depression, anxiety, indirect aggression, psychosis, anxiety, and self-injury; negative affective lability was associated with anxiety, proactive aggression, reactive aggression, suicidal ideation, ADHD symptoms, and indirect aggression; and negative affective inertia was associated with depression, anxiety, and cannabis use. Conclusions: Findings suggest that emotional lability may be a particularly important aspect of emotion dysregulation to target in transdiagnostic interventions for mental health, with other aspects having more domain-specific associations.

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) including radiation-induced pneumonitis and radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis is a side effect of radiotherapy for thoracic tumors. Azithromycin is a macrolide with immunomodulatory properties and anti-inflammatory effects. The immunopathology of RILI that results from irradiation is robust pro-inflammatory responses with high levels of chemokine and cytokine expression. In some patients, pulmonary interstitial fibrosis results usually due to an overactive immune response. Growing clinical studies recently proposed that the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of azithromycin may benefit patients with acute lung injury. It has been shown potential benefits for patients with RILI in preclinical studies. Azithromycin has a variety of immunomodulatory effect to improve the process of disease, including inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines production participating in the regulatory function of macrophages, changes in autophagy, and inhibition of neutrophil influx. We review the published evidence of mechanisms of azithromycin, and focus on the potential effect of azithromycin on the immune response to RILI.

In the bioremediation process, coexistence of lead (Pb) and cadmium causes complex toxicity, resulting in the difficulty of bioremediation. This study investigated the physiological responses and bioaccumulation mechanisms of the typical filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger under the coexistence of Pb and Cd. Four treatments were set up, i.e., control, sole Pb, sole Cd, and coexistence of Pb and Cd. The morphology of A. niger were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Then, nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) was applied to accurately investigate the distribution of heavy metals in the fungal cells under the coexistence of Pb and Cd. Finally, the metallogenic process and mineral types were simulated by Geochemist’s Workbench (GWB). The electron microscopic and NanoSIMS imaging showed that Pb and Cd were accumulated in both the extracellular and intracellular regions of the A. niger cells. In particular, the accumulated Pb content was ten times higher than that of Cd. However, Cd showed stronger toxicity than Pb to A. niger. Compared with the control treatment, Cd stress resulted in a two-fold increase of cell diameter and more extracellular substances, whereas the cell diameter increased nearly four times in the coexistence treatment. Moreover, the bioaccumulation of Pb was more intense than that of Cd during competitive sorption. The GWB simulation confirmed that Pb2+ can form multiple minerals (e.g., PbC2O4, PbHPO4, and Pb3(PO4)2, etc.), which significantly weakened its toxicity on the cell surface. This study elucidated the morphological characteristics of A. niger and competitive bioaccumulation under the coexistence of Pb and Cd, which would facilitate the application of microorganisms to the bioremediation of coexisted metals.