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With the expansion of software system scale, the study of software complexity has become a hot topic in software engineering. However, the domestic research on software complexity analysis technology is not mature, especially the measurement and evaluation methods of software complexity are not perfect. In order to solve the problem of prediction and evaluation of program structure complexity in software engineering more effectively, this paper proposed a program complexity measurement technique based on OINK framework. The technology uses the data sharing interface design to analysis target program by extracting the complex relationship between OINK components. On this basis, the technology adopts the layered software architecture to realize the automatic design of the function of the measurement data acquisition module, the complexity measurement module and the data management module of measurement results, thus, the structure complexity of the target program can be analyzed more clearly and accurately. At the same time, this technique applies multiple measurement methods to quantify the complexity of program structure, such as McCabe, HalStead, and Line Count. Experimental results show that this method can effectively measure the complexity of program structure. The solution on software complexity based on the open source ONIK framework will be open up worldwide, and will be continuously supported and improved by global communities and teams under the constraints of common driving forces.

Understanding the effects of cerium in the formaldehyde (HCHO) catalytic oxidation performance over Ag/MCM-41 catalysts, cerium modified MCM-41 mesoporous materials (Ce-MCM-41) with different ratios were synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method. The activity test results showed that Ag/Ce-MCM-41 with the ratio of Si:Ce = 1:1 catalysts could reach complete HCHO oxidation above 130 °C. These Ag/Ce-MCM-41 catalysts with different Si:Ce ratios were characterized by IR, SXRD, XRD, TEM, UV–Vis, Raman, XPS and H2-TPR. The results show that the interactions between Ag and Ce, between Ce and SiO2 in our Ag/Ce-MCM-41 are enhanced due to adding Ce to MCM-41. The presence of Ce-SiO2 interaction dramatically enhances the reducibility of surface-capping oxygen of CeO2, promotes the bulk oxygen migration to the surface and creates oxygen vacancies in the bulk region of CeO2 and the presence of more oxygen vacancies can facilitate the anchoring and dispersing of Ag particles, which lastly improves the interaction between Ag and Ce. In addition, the amount of formed oxygen vacancy is the highest when the Si:Ce = 1:1. The activation of surface oxygen is closely related to oxygen vacancy, O2 may be transformed into the highly active O2−. The high active O2− in surface adsorbed oxygen promotes the activation of oxygen molecules and enhanced the catalytic oxidation of HCHO.

The performance of the combination system of tapered variable diameter biological fluidized bed (TVDBFB) with electrochemistry (EC) was evaluated for removing azimsulfuron and zoxamide under different temperatures and influent concentrations. Maximum removal efficiency of azimsulfuron and zoxamide could reach 94% and 98% under higher influent concentration (about 780 mg/L). As temperature decreased from 32 ℃ to 8 ℃, the mS

Simultaneous (SPW and propyzamide) wastewater treatment and the production of biochemicals by Rhodopseudomonas capsulata (R. capsulata) were investigated with supplement of soybean processing wastewater (SPW). Compared to control group, propyzamide was removed and biochemicals production were enhanced with the supplement of SPW. Propyzamide induced camH gene expression through activating MAPKKKs gene in MAPK signal transduction pathway. The induction of camH gene and CamH occurs after 1 day for R. capsulata. However, lack of organics in original wastewater did not maintain R. capsulata growth for over 1 day. The supplement of SPW provided sufficient carbon source for R. capsulata under three addition dosages. This new method resulted in the mixed (SPW and propyzamide) wastewater treatment and improvement of biochemicals simultaneously, as well as the realization of reutilization of wastewater and R. capsulata as sludge. Meanwhile, high-order nonlinear mathematical model of the relationship between propyzamide removal rate, Xt and Xt/r, was established.

The relevant information on the impacts of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) on the ecological environment, especially on the group of more vulnerable activated sludge is relatively less. In order to track biological activity of the aerobic sludge which is the most extended biological stage in the process of waste water treatment, the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) on urease, invertase and dehydrogenase were analyzed by spectrophotometry. It was found that the effects of BPA on urease and invertase mainly showed activation. The maximum relative impact rate on urease and invertase reached +91.7% and +182.3% respectively. The influence of BPA on dehydrogenase was observed to show visible inhibition. The maximum relative impact rate of BPA on dehydrogenase reached −89.9%. Effect of PCP on 3 kinds of enzyme were included activation (+) and inhibition (−) with different periods and concentration of exposure experiments. The maximum of the relative impact rates were +41.2% and −19.6% for urease, +84% and −76.8% for invertase, +18.0% and −54.8% for dehydrogenase respectively. Based on evaluating the sensitivity of physiological and biochemical indicators, and the accuracy of analytical methods as well, invertase activity could be recommended as a sensitive index for characterization of activated sludge. The obtained results could be used to analyze the potential impact of EOCs on ecological environment and even social and economic activities with significant information collected. It is helpful to serve as the basis for implementing relevant environmental regulatory and making decision, and for the relating enterprises to cope with adverse changes induced by community function under stress instantly.

Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) models are commonly used for risk assessment of emerging contaminants. The objective of this study was to use a toxicity rank order (TRO) as an integrating parameter to improve the toxicity prediction by QSAR models. TRO for each contaminant was calculated from collected toxicity data including acute toxicity concentration and no observed effect concentration. TRO values associated with toxicity mechanisms were used to classify pollutants into three modes of action consisting of narcosis, transition and reactivity. The selection principle of parameters for QSAR models was established and verified. It showed a reasonable prediction of toxicities caused by organophosphates and benzene derivatives, especially. Compared with traditional procedures, incorporating TRO showed an improved correlation coefficient of QSAR models by approximately 10%. Our study indicated that the proposed procedure can be used for screening modeling parameter data and improve the toxicity prediction by QSAR models, and this could facilitate prediction and evaluation of environmental contaminant toxicity.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of Editors-in-Chief and first Author. The article duplicates significant parts of a paper that had already appeared in FishShellfish Immunology, Volume 93 (2019) 726-731, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.052. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that the paper has not been previously published and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. As such this article represents a misuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process. The article was published without the knowledge of the co-authors.

Zn2SnO4 quantum dots (QDs) decorated Bi2WO6 nanocomposites were prepared via a two-step hydrothermal reaction progress. The Zn2SnO4 QDs were highly dispersed onto the surface of plate-shaped n-type Bi2WO6, which allows more photons to be harvested and effectively improve the separation and utilization efficiencies of photoinduced electrons and holes due to the formation of heterojunction. Among them, 3% Zn2SnO4 QDs/Bi2WO6 nanocomposite showed the highest photocatalytic performance (95.5% of acetone degradation), compared with other different amounts of Zn2SnO4 QDs, which are 5.86 and 1.99 times higher than those of pure Bi2WO6, respectively. Meanwhile, the hybridized sample was investigated by four successive photocatalytic degradation of acetone under visible light, displaying great photo-stability. Furthermore, through in-situ FTIR, acetaldehyde, acetic acid and formaldehyde were certified as intermedias during the photocatalytic degradation of acetone. Based on these results, the relationship between photocatalytic activity and the formation of Zn2SnO4 QDs/Bi2WO6 heterojunction is further discussed and the possible reaction mechanism is proposed. Such novel photocatalyst as visible light responsive catalyst provides a new choice for the efficient degradation of contaminants.

The environmental residues of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are associated with environmental risks and health problems, the influence to environment have become a matter of public concern. In this paper, the individual and joint toxicities to vibrio fischeri of three APIs, including ibuprofen, azithromycin, and triclosan were investigated. The EC50 endpoint values of the above tested APIs were 36.5 × 10−5 mol L−1, 30.26 × 10−5 mol L−1, and 0.0155 × 10−5 mol L−1 respectively. It was indicated that the endpoint toxicities to vibrio fischeri for different mixtures are higher than those of the individual toxins. The joint toxicities of the multiple systems of three pharmaceuticals were evaluated by the additive index, toxicity unit, and mixed toxicity index methods. The consistent evaluation results were obtained. It was observed that antagonistic effects in binary and ternary systems were appeared different antagonistic strengths. It was deduced that different functional groups of the studied pharmaceuticals could affect the physiological and biochemical reaction processes of organisms. The obtained data of the acute toxicities of pharmaceuticals to vibrio fischeri can facilitate the evaluation of the environmental risks associated with emerging pollutants. Keywords: Ibuprofen, Azithromycin, Triclosan, Joint toxic effects

As a promising advanced oxidation process, it is still a challenging issue to develop low-cost and high efficient photocatalysts for removal technique of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Herein, the V2O5/g-C3N4 composites were synthesized by solvothermal–calcination method. The results indicate that the introduction of V2O5 leads to the formation of heterojunction structure and enhances the separation of photo-induced electron–hole pairs. The obtained V2O5/g-C3N4 heterojunction composites exhibit a higher photocatalytic activity for the decomposition of gaseous o-DCB compared to pure g-C3N4 and V2O5 under visible light irradiation due to its strong absorption in visible-light region, excellent charge separation characteristics and large specific surface area. Specially, the main reaction products, such as formates, acetates, and maleates were certified during the photocatalytic degradation process by in situ FTIR spectroscopy. Moreover, it is found that the OH· and O2·− acting as the dominant photo-induced active species are involved in the photocatalytic degradation of o-DCB. Such novel catalyst as visible light responsive catalyst provides a new choice for the efficient degradation of chlorinated VOCs in the ambient environment.

Herein, uniform AgX/Ag2CrO4 (X = Cl, Br, I) NR hybrids were successfully prepared by a facile in-situ anion exchange reaction at room temperature. When AgX was formed on the surface of Ag2CrO4 NRs, the light absorption range AgX/Ag2CrO4 hybrids show apparent red shifting by compared with the pure Ag2CrO4 NRs, which indicates the enhanced ability of utilizing solar energy. Moreover, the as-prepared AgBr/Ag2CrO4 NR hybrids exhibit the highest photocatalytic activity for degradation of phenol under visible light irradiation owing to more suitable band offset between AgBr and Ag2CrO4 to form type-II heterojunction in comparison with the other two hybrids with type-I heterojunction. The kinetic constant over AgBr/Ag2CrO4 NR hybrids is 4 times as high as the pure Ag2CrO4 NRs, which demonstrates that the formation of heterojunction is beneficial for suppressing the recombination of photogenerated holes and electrons. Moreover, the radO2− and h+ are proven to be main active species involving in the photocatalytic degradation of phenol. Apart from that, chlorine radicals are found to be produced simultaneously to enhance photocatalytic activity of AgCl/Ag2CrO4.

Optimization in performance and membrane fouling of an electrochemical anaerobic membrane bioreactor (R1) for treating pesticide wastewater was investigated and compared with a conventional anaerobic membrane bioreactor (R2). The maximum COD removal efficiency of R2 was 80.1%, 80.0%, 67.4%, 61.1% with HRT of 96, 72, 48 and 24 h, which of R1 was enhanced to 84.7%, 84.3%, 82.0% and 66.3%. These results demonstrated that the optimum HRT of R1 was shortened to 48 h, which of R2 required 72 h. R1 reduced the contents of particulate and colloidal COD, and the fraction of COD converted to sludge was 5.0-8.2% lower than that of R2. The fouling rate was 0.99-1.44 kPa/d and reduced by 31.0%-38.5% compared with R2. Detoxification was enhanced by 7.8-47.7% with the assistance of bio-electrochemistry. Ultimately, ensuring similar performance, R1 achieved a 65.6% improvement in environmental benefit, a 26.3% and 38.9% reduction in unit capital and operating costs.

CeVO4 microspheres were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method using glycerine as surfactant. The products were characterized by XRD, SEM, HRTEM, XPS, DRS and PL. The results showed that CeVO4 microspheres were self-assembled with nano-hexahedron, and its absorption edge and energy gap was about 800 nm and 1.49 eV, respectively. Meanwhile, its photocatalytic property was investigated by the degradation of MB under visible light irradiation, and the highest efficiency of 99% was obtained within 300 min.

Application of traditional bait in aquaculture caused environment pollution and disease frequent occurrence. Residual papaya could be re-utilized to culture Tilapia mossambica as dietary supplement. Therefore, a novel integrated system of the improvement of yield, antioxidant and nonspecific immunity of Tilapia mossambica by dietary residual papaya was proposed and investigated. Tilapia mossambica could grow well in all supplement residual papaya groups. Survival rate, yield, whole fish body composition under 15–45% groups were increased compared with control group (CK). Bioactive substances (polyphenols and vitamin) in residual papaya enhanced ALP, ACP, phagocytic, SOD, CAT activities through up-regulating ALP, ACP, SOD, CAT genes expression levels. Theoretical analysis showed bioactive substances regulated these genes expressions and enzyme activities as stimulus signal, component, active center. Moreover, residual papaya improved mTOR and NF-kB signaling pathway. Furthermore, residual papaya inhibited Aeromonas hydrophila that increased resistance to diseases. This technology completed the solid waste recovery and the Tilapia mossambica growth performance simultaneously.

Application of traditional bait in aquaculture caused environment pollution and disease frequent occurrence. Residual coconut could be re-utilized to culture Spinibarbus sinensis as dietary supplement. Therefore, a novel integrated system of the improvement of yield, antioxidant and nonspecific immunity of Spinibarbus sinensis by dietary residual coconut was proposed and investigated. Spinibarbus sinensis could grow well in all supplement residual coconut groups. Survival rate, yield, whole fish body composition under 15–45% groups were increased compared with control group (CK). Bioactive substances (polyphenols and vitamin) in residual coconut enhanced AKP, ACP, phagocytic, SOD, CAT activities through up-regulating AKP, ACP, SOD, CAT genes expression levels. Theoretical analysis showed bioactive substances regulated these genes expressions and enzyme activities as stimulus signal, component, active center. Moreover, residual coconut improved mTOR and NF-kB signaling pathway. Furthermore, residual coconut inhibited Aeromonas hydrophila that increased resistance to diseases. This technology completed the solid waste recovery and the Spinibarbus sinensis culture simultaneously.

In this study, a novel combination system of the tapered variable diameter biological fluidized bed (TVDBFB) with electrochemistry (EC) has been developed and its performances are investigated at different seasons. The results showed that the COD removal efficiency of TVDBFB increased from 61% to 67% and compliance rate increased from 84% to 88% when the carrier packing rate increased from 15% to 30% and temperature was 12 ℃. However, COD removal efficiency and compliance rate increased to 87% and 100% when EC was a post treatment unit. The mathematical models could fit well with the attached biomass, which can be applied to reflect and predict the biomass per unit carrier under different conditions, and the EC removal of COD follow the first-order reaction kinetic model. The economic and environmental benefit analysis indicated that TVDBFB and EC were feasible for treating pesticide wastewater.

In this study, the removal efficiency of nitrogen, specific nitrification rate (SNR), specific denitrification rate (SDNR) and compliance rate of the novel tapered variable diameter biological fluidized bed (TVDBFB) and anoxic/oxic (AO) process were compared at different temperatures. The results showed that the optimal TN, NH4+-N, and TKN removal efficiencies of the TVDBFB were 76%, 89% and 88%, respectively, and those of AO were 65%, 67% and 69%, respectively. The SNR and SDNR of the TVDBFB were significantly higher than those of AO. The TVDBFB had a smaller footprint than AO. The alkalinity/NH4+-N, BOD5/TN and temperature play important roles in the compliance rate. Increasing the carrier packing rate has emerged as a new strategy for enhancing the compliance rate. Mathematical models were developed and determined to be well-fitted with the experimental values, which can be employed to predict the SNR and SDNR of the TVDBFB.

In this paper, in order to enhance photo-induced electron-hole pairs separation of BiOBr, flowers-like BiPO4/BiOBr p-n heterojunction composites was fabricated by a mixing in solvent method. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), UV–vis absorption spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and N2 adsorption-desorption. Meanwhile, their photocatalytic properties were investigated by the degradation of gaseous o-dichlorobenzene under visible light irradiation. Due to its strong adsorption capacity and the formation of p-n heterojunction, compared with BiPO4 and BiOBr, the BiPO4/BiOBr composites showed higher photocatalytic activity in the degradation of gaseous o-DCB under visible light. Among them, 2% BiPO4/BiOBr showed the maximum value of the activity, whose degradation rate was about 2.6 times as great as the pure BiOBr. Furthermore, the OH was confirmed the main active species during the photocatalytic process by the trapping experiments. The outstanding performance indicated that the photocatalysts could be applied to air purification for chlorinated volatile organic compound.

Simultaneous (SPW and propyzamide) wastewater treatment and the production of biochemicals by Rhodopseudomonas capsulata (R. capsulata) were investigated with supplement of soybean processing wastewater (SPW). Compared to control group, propyzamide was removed and biochemicals production were enhanced with the supplement of SPW. Propyzamide induced camH gene expression through activating MAPKKKs gene in MAPK signal transduction pathway. The induction of camH gene and CamH occurs after 1 day for R. capsulata. However, lack of organics in original wastewater did not maintain R. capsulata growth for over 1 day. The supplement of SPW provided sufficient carbon source for R. capsulata under three addition dosages. This new method resulted in the mixed (SPW and propyzamide) wastewater treatment and improvement of biochemicals simultaneously, as well as the realization of reutilization of wastewater and R. capsulata as sludge. Meanwhile, high-order nonlinear mathematical model of the relationship between propyzamide removal rate, Xt and Xt/r, was established.

Various morphologies and structure properties of CeVO4 photocatalysts were prepared via ethylene glycol (EG)-aided hydrothermal method and characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, XPS, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance, PL emission and transient photocurrent responses, respectively. The influence of EG content on morphology and structure of as-prepared samples was examined as regard the photodegradation performance of naphthalene (Nap) in natural seawater. The results showed that Ce2 (CeVO4) sample with 10 mL EG addition exhibited the highest photodegradation efficiency of Nap, because the fusiform morphology of Ce2 sample favored the transportation of visible light and the separation of photoexcited carriers. In addition, the possible intermediate products were detected by FTIR, 3D fluorescence and GC–MS and the results showed only one mechanism of Nap direct conversion to CO2 and H2O was include in the photocatalytic reaction by Ce2 sample. The active species were detected by ESR and trapping experiments and the results showed that ∙OH played a more significant role in the photochemical degradation. Finally, the possible photodegradation mechanism of Nap over Ce2 sample was proposed on the basis of intermediate products and the active species formed in photodegradation process, and Ce4+/Ce3+ redox centers of Ce2 sample was performed under the irradiation of visible light.

A novel cobalt monoxide/tungsten trioxide p-n heterojunction was fabricated via a two-step hydrothermal method for improving the photocatalytic activity for gaseous pollutant degradation and oxygen evolution. The TEM characterization results indicated that the CoO nanoparticles with diameter of 30 nm were uniformly distributed on the surface of WO3 nanoplates, which not only increased the light absorption efficiency but also promoted charge separation efficiency owing to a formed internal electric field in p-n junction hybridized system. In all samples, 15 wt% CoO/WO3 displayed the highest photocatalytic activity, where the degradation conversion of toluene achieved to 85.4% in 4 h, which were 2.0- and 20.3-folds higher than that of WO3 and CoO, respectively. Besides, the as-prepared CoO/WO3 composite also exhibited significantly increased photocatalytic oxygen production under visible light irradiation. Moreover, by in-situ infrared spectra, the main intermediate products, including benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid and formate or acetate were clearly clarified at the interface over the catalysts. Combined with the ESR, VB-XPS and UPS, a possible mechanism for the photocatalytic process over the CoO/WO3 p-n heterojunctions were proposed and discussed.

Background Sevoflurane and isoflurane had been reported to improve ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) through amelioration of the inflammatory response. We aimed to explore and compare the molecular mechanisms involved in sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia in liver ischemia-reperfusion of rat model. Methods Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham group, I/R group, sevoflurane group, and isoflurane group. The liver I/R injury model was established to investigate the effect of sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia on liver ischemia/reperfusion. The inflammatory markers and complement C3, C5a, and C6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oxidative stress was detected by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nitric oxide (NO). Results Our results showed that sevoflurane anesthesia significantly decreased alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels compared with isoflurane and controls. Sevoflurane inhibited I/R injury induced production of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and promoted interleukin 10 production more significantly compared with isoflurane. Reduced MDA and NO and elevated SOD release suggested that oxidative stress was attenuated by sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia. Both sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia significantly decreased plasma C3 levels compared with the I/R injury group without differences. Conclusion Sevoflurane anesthesia produced a more significant inhibitive effect on inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in liver I/R injury model than isoflurane, suggesting that sevoflurane is more suitable in surgery.

Sensors are of increasing interest since they can be applied to daily life in different areas from various industrial sectors. As a natural nanomaterial, nanocellulose plays a vital role in the development of novel sensors, particularly in the context of constructing multidimensional architectures. This review summarizes the utilization of nanocellulose including cellulose nanofibers, cellulose nanocrystals, and bacterial cellulose for sensor design, mainly focusing on the influence of nanocellulose on the sensing performance of these sensors. Special attention is paid to nanocellulose in different forms (1D, 2D, and 3D) to highlight the impact of nanocellulose constructed structures. The aim is to provide a critical review on the most recent progress (especially after 2017) related to nanocellulose-containing sensors, since there are significantly increasing research activities in this area. Moreover, the outlook for the development of nanocellulose-containing sensors is also provided at the end of this work.

Simultaneous (SPW and propyzamide) wastewater treatment and the production of biochemicals by Rhodopseudomonas capsulata (R. capsulata) were investigated with supplement of soybean processing wastewater (SPW). Compared to control group, propyzamide was removed and biochemicals production were enhanced with the supplement of SPW. Propyzamide induced camH gene expression through activating MAPKKKs gene in MAPK signal transduction pathway. The induction of camH gene and CamH occurs after 1 day for R. capsulata. However, lack of organics in original wastewater did not maintain R. capsulata growth for over 1 day. The supplement of SPW provided sufficient carbon source for R. capsulata under three addition dosages. This new method resulted in the mixed (SPW and propyzamide) wastewater treatment and improvement of biochemicals simultaneously, as well as the realization of reutilization of wastewater and R. capsulata as sludge. Meanwhile, high-order nonlinear mathematical model of the relationship between propyzamide removal rate, X

In this paper, in order to expand the light response range of TiO2, Ag3VO4/TiO2 nanorods photocatalysts were fabricated by a simple sol–gel method with microwave and hydrothermal method. The as-prepared samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, DRS, XPS and N2 adsorption–desorption. Meanwhile, their photocatalytic properties were investigated by the degradation of toluene under visible light irradiation. The degradation conversation of toluene had gotten to about 70% in 1% Ag3VO4/TiO2 nanorods after reaction 4 h. The predominant photocatalytic activity can be attributed to its strong absorption in visible light region and excellent charge separation characteristics. By using in situ FTIR, benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde species could be observed during the reaction and the formed intermediates would be partially oxidized into CO2 and H2O. Electron spin resonance confirmed that OH and O2 − were involved in the photocatalytic degradation of toluene.

This paper presents a neural network for solving the inverse variational inequality problems. The proposed neural network possesses a simple one-layer structure and is suitable for parallel implementation. It is shown that the proposed neural networks are globally convergent to the optimal solution of the inverse variational inequality and are globally asymptotically stable, and globally exponentially stable, respectively under different conditions. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and satisfactory performance of the neural networks.

In order to enhance the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 in the visible light region, BiPO4/g-C3N4 nanocomposites photocatalysts with different BiPO4 contents were prepared through a hydrothermal method including calcination. Through N2 adsorption–desorption measurements, BiPO4/g-C3N4 showed a large surface area (172.9 m2 g−1) and small pore diameter and the incorporation of BiPO4 caused a red-shift of g-C3N4 in the visible light region by UV-vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy. The photocatalytic degradation of benzene over BiPO4/g-C3N4 was investigated. Degradation of benzene could be achieved up to 73% in 2 wt% BiPO4/g-C3N4 photocatalysts under optimum reaction conditions, which was 6 times more when compared with pure g-C3N4 at the same conditions. The improved photoactivity of BiPO4/g-C3N4 could be ascribed to its effective separation of photogenerated hole–electron pairs between BiPO4 and g-C3N4. Furthermore, the BiPO4/g-C3N4 photocatalysts showed excellent stability. By using an in situ FTIR technique, ethyl acetate, carboxylic acid and aldehyde could be regarded as the intermediate products, and CO2 and H2O were produced as the final products. Through electron spin resonance (ESR), OH˙ and O2˙− were examined in the photocatalytic degradation of benzene.

BiPO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 with different amounts of BiPO 4 was prepared through wet impregnation with calcination method. The BiPO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 showed large surface area (172.9 m 2 g − 1 ) and the incorporation of BiPO 4 caused a red-shift of g-C 3 N 4 in visible light. The photocatalytic degradation of toluene over the samples was investigated. The degradation of toluene could get 82% in BiPO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts under optimum reaction conditions. The BiPO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 exhibited a higher photocatalytic activity than pure g-C 3 N 4 or BiPO 4 . The improved photoactivity of BiPO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 could be attributed to strong absorption in visible light and effective separation of photo-induced hole-electron pairs between BiPO 4 and g-C 3 N 4 .

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is classified as a revolutionary, disruptive manufacturing technology. Cellulose (the most abundant natural polymer) and its many derivatives have been widely studied for many applications. The combination of 3D printing with cellulose-based feedstocks is therefore of critical interest. This review highlights many studies on 3D printing applications of plant-derived cellulose and its derivatives. Potential materials include cellulose ethers/esters, microcrystalline cellulose, nanocellulosic materials, and other products. It focuses on their roles and functions in 3D printing processes and the performance of the resultant printed objects. The outlook for future work is also provided, to underscore critical issues and opportunities.

There has been increasing concern regarding environmental problems arising from the widespread use of petroleum-based plastic materials for packaging. Many efforts have been made to develop sustainable and biodegradable packaging materials to replace plastic products. The current review summarizes recent research progress in developing cellulose packaging materials to replace plastics used for cushioning and barrier packaging functions based on pulp fibers, cellulose nanofibers, and regenerated cellulose films to benefit from their renewability, sustainability and biodegradability. The cushioning packaging materials include molded pulp products and bio-based foams. Advanced cellulose films and paper can be good barriers for oxygen and carbon dioxide gases, as well as for water vapor. Several cellulose fiber-based packaging products have been commercialized in areas that used to be occupied solely by plastic products.

In this study, the performance and removal mechanisms of a novel lab-scale multiple draft tubes airlift loop membrane bioreactor (Mt-ALMBR) for treating high-strength ampicillin pharmaceutical wastewater under different temperatures (7 °C, 16 °C, 24 °C, 36 °C, 48 °C) were investigated. During 150 days operation, the optimal average chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ampicillin removal rates were 98.2 ± 0.2% (36 °C) and 63.2 ± 5.6% (7 °C), respectively. The main mechanisms of pollutants removal were membrane removal (7 ~ 16 °C) and bioreactor removal (16 ~ 48 °C). Adsorption and membrane rejection were main pathways at low temperature, as temperature increased, hydrolysis and biodegradation gradually occupied a dominant position. Meanwhile, the optimum temperature ranges for activated sludge microorganisms were 16 °C ~ 36 °C, the corresponding β-lactamase at 36 °C was the highest activity value among all the set temperature values. Experimental results showed that temperature had a significant impact on the removal rate, the optimum temperature range was proposed to be at 24 ~ 36 °C. The half-life ( t 1 2 ) of ampicillin drastically decreased from 330.0 d to 2.1 d when the temperature was increased from 7 °C to 48 °C. And the maximum adsorption capacity K f at the adsorption temperatures of 7, 16, 24, 36 and 48 °C was 0.1284, 0.2169, 0.0645, 0.1502 and 0.1524 mg/g, respectively. The values of Δ G ° were all negative, proving that the adsorption process of the ampicillin belonged to a spontaneous physical adsorption. In addition, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and mathematical fitting models were developed and well simulated the performance of Mt-ALMBR to treat the ampicillin wastewater. These results suggest that Mt-ALMBR holds great potential for application in ampicillin pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.

In this work, Lanthanum orthovanadate (LaVO4)/bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) hybridized heterojunction was fabricated through a facile hydrothermal method for enhancing separation and transferring efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers in photocatalytic advanced oxidation process. The photoelectrochemical data demonstrate that the introduction of LaVO4 not only improves the solar energy harvesting efficiency due to decreasing of bandgap energies from 2.71 eV to 2.17 eV, but also reduces the transfer resistance of charge carriers in the hybridized system. Furthermore, the LaVO4/BiOBr heterojunctions exhibit enhanced photocatalytic degradation for gaseous air pollutants under visible light irradiation in comparison with bare LaVO4 and BiOBr. Among them, 3% LaVO4/BiOBr displays the best photocatalytic performance and degradation conversions of acetone and toluene achieve to 95.4% for 3 h and 87.1% for 4 h, respectively, which are 2.6 and 5.3 times higher than that of pristine BiOBr sample, respectively. Moreover, the OH and O2 − were identified as the main radicals during the photo-degradation process. Based on the results of in-situ infrared spectra, a series of intermediates at different oxidation stages, including alcohols, aldehydes, and acids are captured, strongly supporting the proposed photoactive mechanism at gas/solid interface, which is beneficial for understanding the whole reaction process and pursuing new path to eliminating indoor air pollution.

In recent years, black-odorous water bodies have been seriously polluted, and the release of endogenous pollution from sediments has once again caused harm to water bodies. How to deal with the black-odorous water sediment has become a widespread concern in the process of building ecological civilization . This article analyzes the sources, hazards, types, and treatment technologies of sediment pollution, including dredging and dredging technology, dredging and post-treatment technology, sediment cover technology, chemical agent dosing technology, microbial remediation technology, and aeration recovery oxygen technology, submerged phytoremediation technology and so on . The article gives suggestions and measures for the treatment of sediment from the aspects of external pollution control, implementation of measures according to local conditions, and development of new technologies.rocesses.

The paper industry in China is motivated to increase the high-yield pulp (HYP) content to a very high level (40–50%) from the traditional level (10–20%) for the functionality (e.g. bulk, opacity) and cost advantage of the HYP. In this paper, two coated paper samples were obtained from a modern Chinese paper mill that were produced in mill trials with HYP contents of 17% (normal level) and 40% (a very high level), respectively. The commercial prints of these two paper samples were also received and evaluated. The print quality characterizations showed that these two sheets had similar printability except a significantly higher dot again for the 40% HYP sample. To find out what caused this difference (paper-caused reasons or press room-related reasons), we carried out print evaluation to quantify the differences in printing quality attributes and microscopic analysis to compare coating layer structure and ink layer thickness. In addition, lab printing on two commercial coated paper samples was carried out. It was concluded that there is no direct correlation between the HYP substitution level and the print quality. The difference of the print quality was attributed to the higher ink load for the 40% HYP sample, which in turn, leads to a higher half-tone dot gain. This finding indicates that if press room conditions are appropriately adjusted, coated wood-free paper containing a very high amount of HYP (e.g. 40%) can have print quality similar to that with low HYP level.

This paper focused on the performance of an up-flow bio-electrochemical system (UBES) for treating the β-lactams pharmaceutical wastewater under different hydraulic retention time (HRT). UBES is added a bio-electrochemical system below the three-phase separator based on up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). Comparisons of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, accumulation of volatile fatty acid (VFA) and biogas production were investigated during the 316-day operation time, which was divided into five parts with HRT of 96 h, 72 h, 48 h, 36 h and 20 h, respectively. The average COD removal efficiency of UBES could reach 45.3 ± 7.5%, 72.2 ± 3.5%, 86.2 ± 1.4%, 75.9 ± 1.8% and 64.9 ± 2.0%, which were 2.4%, 6.1%, 6.4%, 10.2%, 8.7% more than those of UASB under different HRTs, respectively. Biogas production as well as methane production of UBES were significantly higher than UASB during the whole changing HRT process, the maximum methane yield of UBES was 0.31 ± 0.07 L/gCODremoved. Accumulation of VFA in UBES was discovered to be lighter than UASB, the minimum average VFA in UBES was 131.9 ± 18.5 mg/L, which was obtained at HRT of 48 h. These results proved that UBES can slow down the inhibition of VFA on methanogens to make sure a good performance on COD removal and biogas production than UASB. Moreover, the relationships between methane production and VFA, biogas production and COD consumption were analyzed. A cost and benefit were analyzed for evaluating the potential of UBES in practical applications compared with UASB. Finally, radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) model was developed and fitted well with the experimental data, which can be employed to predict the effluent quality of the UBES and UASB.

Deacidification refers to chemical treatments meant to slow down the acid hydrolysis and embrittlement of books and paper documents that had been printed on acidic paper. From the early 1800s up to about 1990, papermakers used aluminum sulfate, an acidic compound, in most printing papers. Certain deacidification methods use non-aqueous media to distribute alkaline mineral particles such as MgO within the pages of the treated books. Evidence is considered here as to whether or not the proximity of alkaline particles within such documents is sufficient to neutralize the acidic species present. Because much evidence suggests incomplete neutralization, a second focus concerns what to do next in cases where books already have been treated with a non-aqueous dispersion system. Based on the literature, the neutralization of acidic species within such paper can be completed by partial moistening, by high humidity and pressure, by water condensation, as well as by optional treatments to enhance paper strength and a final drying step.

The effects of coating formulation on thermal characteristics of coating layers (namely thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity and heat conductivity) were systematically studied and their impact on xerography print quality was evaluated. Model coatings were prepared using ground calcium carbonate or kaolin pigment mixed with styrene butadiene latex binder in various proportions (from 6 to 25 pph). As expected, porosity was shown to be a key parameter for thermal conductivity of the coating layers, and is mainly determined by the latex concentration. Particle size distribution (PSD) and pigment morphology also affected the thermal characteristics of the coating layers. It was found that the bulk thermal conductivity of the coating layers can be accurately predicted by a geometric mean model based on the pigment, latex and air contents. Print quality on model coated papers was evaluated in terms of print gloss, toner adhesion and pairwise visual ranking. It was demonstrated that print gloss is improved by decreasing the bulk thermal conductivity of the coatings. The coating formulated with the pigments with the steepest PSD and 10 pph of latex had a relatively low thermal conductivity and the best print quality.

Although high-yield pulps (HYP) are gaining increasing use to replace hardwood kraft pulp in paper grades such as uncoated and coated fine papers, the amount has been typically limited to less than 20% because there are concerns about its potential impact on papermaking operation and product quality. To address these concerns, laboratory experiments that mimic the actual paper machine operation were carried out and coated paper samples from mill trials were examined to clarify the impact of high-level HYP substitution on the properties of coated wood-free papers. Results showed that the HYP substitution, even at 40%, did not yield negative effects on strength properties such as tensile and tear; in fact the Scott bond increased with the HYP addition. The small increase in the surface roughness from the HYP addition can be eliminated by the filler addition, precalendering, and coating process. The lower brightness and CIE (Commission Internationale d'Eclairage) whiteness of the HYP can be compensated for b...

TiO 2 –SiO 2 composite nanotubes were successfully synthesized by a facile sol–gel technique utilizing ZnO nanowires as template. The nanotubes were well characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N 2 adsorption–desorption analysis and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The nanotubular TiO 2 –SiO 2 composite photocatalysts showed diameter of 300–325 nm, fine mesoporous structure and high specific surface area. The results indicated that the degradation efficiency of gaseous toluene could get 65% after 4 h reaction using the TiO 2 –SiO 2 composite as the photocatalyst under UV light illumination, which was higher than that of P25.