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In ITER, it is important how the CODAC system conducts many plant systems including diagnostic systems. In order to establish necessary communications between the diagnostics systems and the CODAC system, Japan domestic agency (JADA) has proposed the new concept of supervisory system for the diagnostic system based on our experiences in operating plasma diagnostic systems. The supervisory system manages operation sequences, current state and configuration parameters for the measurement. JADA designed the supervisory system satisfying the requirements from both CODAC system and diagnostic systems. In our design, the tool which converts operational steps described as flowcharts into the EPICS (experimental physics and industrial control system) records source codes is introduced. This tool will ensure reduction of the system designers’ efforts. We designed a communication protocol to configure measurement parameters and proposed configuration parameter validation function. We also analyzed the management of the central/local control mode for the diagnostic systems. The function which selects the adequate limit values and consistency check algorithms in accordance with the conditions of the diagnostics system is proposed. JADA will develop a prototype of the supervisory system and validate the design in 2013.

Serotype 23B Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from a 67-year-old Japanese patient with meningitis. This isolate was susceptible to penicillin G, while genotyped as gPISP with a mutation in a penicillin-binding motif in PBP2b. The 23B isolate was assigned to ST11996 that is related to CC439, a dominant group among serotype 23B.

This paper introduces an architecture for computer communications applied to the operation and maintenance of power systems, the distributed real-time computer network architecture (DRNA). The architecture consists of four functional entities, namely, application programs associated with information models, an adaptation function, a transport function, and network- and security-management functions to achieve seamless, real-time, adaptive, and secure information exchange between distributed power system control devices. DRNA uses off-the-shelf and standardized technologies along with dedicated ones. Through careful application of the technology, an experimental setup of a distributed cooperative voltage-control network was constructed in a power system simulator to verify the architectural concept. The implemented technologies include mobile agents, middleware for prioritized and redundant communication schemes, label-switched and Ethernet-based transport networks, and a secure virtual private network. The experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of DRNA.

Investigating the pair correlation in medium-mass nuclei near the neutron drip-line, we find that the pairing involving several weakly bound neutrons exhibits a significant spatial correlation of the di-neutron type. We suggest that the strong spatial correlation is an inherent property of the pair correlation in nuclear matters at low densities. The di-neutron correlation influences strongly properties of the soft dipole and octupole excitations of the neutron-rich nuclei.

This paper describes prudent considerations for applying asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) transmissions, which can provide broadband and multimedia communications as well as flexible, efficient and wide-area networks, to microprocessor-based current differential teleprotection systems. As both functions of current data transmission and simultaneous sampling among remote terminals are required for the telecommunication systems, measures against cell losses and cell delay variations in ATM network elements such as terminal adapters and switches are proposed for the present delay-sensitive teleprotection systems. Allowable system configurations are examined under severe delay constraints in Japan. A new concept of an ATM-native teleprotection system employing time synchronous systems such as GPS is also proposed.

A simplified SDW (synchronous digital hierarchy)-based time synchronous system that does not need modification of existing SDH transmission equipment (STE) and clock supply equipment (CSE) is proposed. The system has auxiliary time synchronizing equipment attached to existing STE and CSE, where frequency and time are separately synchronized, and which enables us to partially time-synchronize an SDH network or to introduce a time synchronous system locally. Experimental time synchronizing devices using a data communication channel (DCC) in the section overhead (SOH) showed potentially satisfactory performance; synchronization errors of a 4-link system are of the order of sub-microseconds.

As precise time information is particularly useful for power system communications, a time transfer system using terrestrial fiber optic digital networks, or SDH (synchronous digital hierarchy)-based time synchronous networks, is proposed in addition to radio- or satellite-based time dissemination systems such as GPS (Global Positioning System). In the system, auxiliary synchronizing equipment is attached to existing networks composed of SDH transmission equipment and digital clock supplies, and not only frequency but also frame phase or time is synchronized. Experimental time synchronizing devices showed potentially satisfactory performance; synchronization errors between two devices were of the order of sub-microseconds.

As power systems grow larger, it is becoming difficult to achieve reach and time coordination in backup protection when using distance relays. To cope with those problems, current differential backup protection for a busbar and transmission circuits connected to that busbar on an inter-station or wide-area basis is proposed. The proposed system can operate better than conventional systems with respect to operation time, section selectivity, etc. A system configuration is also proposed to utilize ATM transmission networks and time synchronous systems which make the construction and operation of the proposed wide-area protection system easy and flexible.

A dramatic reduction of the internal operating voltage and a high-speed clocking technique are the keys to low-power, high-speed memory technologies. When the memory core supply voltage is reduced to below 1.8 V, the electrical performance significantly degrades in two ways. First, sensing speed slows due to the noticeable threshold voltage of source-floated transistors. Second, the necessity of a relatively high Vpp voltage for the word lines may require a tripler-pumping circuit that significantly increases power. In this 1 Gb synchronous DRAM, the bitline precharge level is Vss (ground). The word line reset level is -0.5 V to prevent cell leakage current while reducing the threshold voltage of pass transistors and thus to eliminate word line boosting. Power consumption is thus decreased since inefficient tripler boosting is no longer necessary. This technology is also suitable for merged DRAM and logic circuits.

Round-trip transmission delays in a 128.5-km optical ground wire (OPGW) link and 12.5-km and 12-km overhead fiber-optic cable links were measured to clarify the effect of meteorological conditions, dominantly atmospheric temperature, on the delay variation. Transmission delays measured at 5 a.m. can be well expressed only in terms of atmospheric temperature along the links, while those at 1 p.m. can be expressed using four meteorological parameters of atmospheric temperature, sunshine duration or solar radiation, wind speed and precipitation. The coefficients of delay variation with respect to atmospheric temperature range approximately from 60 to 100 ps/km//spl deg/C where the cable links are more affected by temperature than the OPGW link, and delays in the daytime vary more than in the nighttime due to solar radiation. The results could be used for estimating the increase of cable temperature due to solar radiation and for designing fiber-optic time transfer networks effective for power system protection.

The importance of Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control (WAMPAC) has being increasing as it can form the basis for power system stabilization systems. It is also an important component of a smart grid. The standardization of communication interfaces along with the ability to integrate several subsystems is important in building a standard WAMPAC system. This paper proposes a hierarchical WAMPAC system and develops several functions of WAMPAC for further improving power system stability. The usefulness and performance of our proposed WAMPAC system are demonstrated on an evaluation system with promising results.

A single basin biological denitrification system with alternative aeration is an excellent system which consists of simple components and performs flexible operation. Usually indirect parameters such as DO or ORP etc. have been used to control denitrification reactors. The authors tried to monitor NH4-N in a reactor by using a newly developed automated analyzer combined with UF sampler. Then the authors tried to control the operation of a denitrification reactor by using fuzzy inference. The fuzzy control system infers a suitable condition from multi variables (NH4-N, DO, ORP and pH) obtained in an actual process. The direct ammonium control system using fuzzy inference performed quick response and high nitrogen removal with stability and easy maintenance.

Electrostatic waves in an electron–beam–plasma system are studied in the low‐temperature‐beam regime and the warm‐beam regime. The field‐aligned electron beam is assumed to have a Gaussian density profile. The fully kinetic integral eigenmode equation in wave‐number space is used to describe the nonlocal behavior of these waves. The case of strongly magnetized electrons and unmagnetized ions, which corresponds to the waves in a frequency range from the lower‐hybrid to the electron plasma frequency, is examined in detail. Three groups of wave modes are found. The first group consists of modes that have dispersive properties similar to the uniform, infinite beam–plasma system. Depending on the beam width, the growth rates are, however, strongly reduced. The modes are localized, with the maximum amplitudes at the center of the beam. The behavior of the wave modes is interpreted as an emission of perturbations from the unstable region toward the surrounding medium which is stable to these perturbations. The second group, surface modes, are localized at the periphery of the beam region and are less unstable than the unstable modes of the first group. The third group represents natural oscillations of the background plasma. These modes are nearly unaffected by the beam. Their frequencies are very close to those expected in the uniform thermal plasma and all the modes are damped. The main effect of the beam appears as an exclusion of the modes from the beam region.

The authors describe a bit error ratio (BER) requirement for a pulse-code-modulation current differential teleprotection system employing digital microwave links. Assuming random errors in the microwave communication channel, relay downtime ratio due to errors or relay lock ratio was evaluated. To meet an existing relay lock ratio in an FM current differential teleprotection system with analog microwave links, a threshold BER to determine the propagation path unavailability should be 10/sup -7/ to 10/sup -6/. The teleprotection system unavailability is also discussed. >

Simplified regression models based on radio operators' knowledge and statistical data are proposed for characterizing fading occurrences on microwave radio circuits in mid-northern Japan. The potential validity of the models is examined with the aim of developing fading occurrence forecasts useful for radio telecommunication network management. Typical phenomena experienced by radio operators were used for a preliminary selection of meteorological parameters and for a single-parameter analysis. A multivariable logistic regression model using several parameters such as temperature, vapor pressure, and atmospheric stability or implicit Pasquill index showed good regression performance. >

Conventional path loss models, i.e. the diffraction model, Okumura model and two-ray model, were evaluated with 400 MHz land mobile radio field measurements, and a method of improving path loss prediction by using each of these conventional models selectively was proposed. The ratio of error between -10 dB and +10 dB for the method applying the correction factors derived from our field measurements was 71.41 %, while the ratios for the conventional diffraction and Okumura models without any correction factors were 26.71 % and 49.42 %, respectively. Keywords-land mobile radio; macro-cell; path loss; 400 MHz band

This paper discusses the applicability of common information exchanges based on IEC standards as well as conventional and state-of-the-art methodologies for power system management, and clarifies necessary improvements for the information exchange process as case studies. A SCADA and telecontrol system require an integrated information model with device, system configuration and information exchange model components. A special protection system can easily determine power system stability or system separation by utilizing an abridged substation model as topology information. Remote operation and maintenance of protective relays can be also simplified by employing standardized information exchanges.

A background method for precise mismatch detection is proposed. This technique uses a correlation between selection-codes and the output of DAC, which corrects all element errors in the internal DAC of a pipelined ADC. The proposed mismatch detection method realizes background mismatch detection without interrupting conversion sequence and reduces an effect of quantization errors. Simulation results applying the proposed method to the 14-bits pipelined ADC show 19dB SNDR and 23dB THD improvement

The rapid advance of network technologies leaves no doubt that client-server applications running over the Internet will in the future be one of the most prevalent types of software program. This extension of client-server applications to Internet is based on available technologies and outlines a preliminary framework for developing applications, which extends a traditional client-server application to the Internet and allows the developers to follow a standard procedure and focus on the implementation of application functions. An Internet extended client-server application takes advantage of all currently available Internet technologies, such as open network communication protocol, well-proven application models and flexible system architecture.

An active telecommunication network plays an important role in achieving intelligent data processing for the next generation power system operation, which facilitates the collection of accurate power system status and the transfer of proper signals and commands based on active routers. Active routers enable new applications and services that leverage network-based computation and storage to fully enhance traditional network functions. The paper implements an active router based on Web site technologies, in which a Web server provides network computation services to clients through a set of Active Server Page files, and a SQL server is used to establish a distributed database system to deal with data flow in a power system.

Based on the authors' previously proposed wide-area current differential backup protection utilizing broadband packet communications and time synchronous systems for achieving better selectivity, smaller outage areas and faster operation times than conventional distance backup protection, experimental microprocessor-based protection devices have been examined with respect to both telecommunication and protection functions. The experimental wide-area protection system consists of one central equipment (CE) unit and three terminal equipment (TE) units connected by a 155-Mbps ATM backbone network with a LAN interface and GPS time acquisition and features a simplified and effective method for expanding protection zones after primary or minimum-zone protection operation. In an AC power system simulator configuring a busbar and a power line, each TE at a circuit breaker location transmits sampled current data to the CE and receives a tripping command initiated by it, and operate satisfactorily in various states of power system and telecommunications.

We previously proposed a priority control scheme in an ATM switch to guarantee the quality of service (QoS) of important power system communications and evaluated its implementation for a single ATM node. We are now interested in the QoS guarantees for total ATM network system which contains many ATM switch nodes, traffic paths from end to end. This paper shows the applicability of our proposed priority control model in the total ATM network system and the limit of network configuration parameters, for example number of channels and ATM switch nodes, under the required QoS conditions for both teleprotection signals and other traffic in the ATM network. Also, to keep the fairness among teleprotection signals in an ATM switch, and thus to reduce two-way differential delays, we improved our priority control for teleprotection signals by adding a delay time control. Under the required QoS conditions, we show that the ATM network with our improved priority control can transmit more channels of teleprotection signals and data traffic than networks using current priority control methods.

While most passive repeaters are designed and installed so that they operate in the far-zone or Fraunhofer region, geographical conditions sometimes make it necessary to install reflectors closer to an antenna, or reflectors operating in the Fresnel region. In such close arrangements of two apertures, one could regard the antenna-reflector combination as an antenna system. Although the propagation loss on a reflector-equipped hop is usually greater than that on a line-of-sight hop of the same length, it is possible to receive more power from the antenna-reflector combination for certain wavelengths, antenna and reflector sizes and spacing than from the same antenna located at the reflector position. To calculate the antenna-reflector combination gain, methods for circular reflectors have previously been proposed, and examined by experiment. While microwave reflectors employed as passive repeaters are usually rectangular for ease of manufacture and installation, approximations by replacing rectangular reflectors with circular reflectors of the same area, or equi-area circular reflectors, have long been used to calculate the gain of the rectangular reflectors. The authors derive the calculation method for antenna-rectangular reflector combination gain and examine existing reflector-equipped microwave links and experimental millimeter-wave ones with four types of plane reflectors using the method. >

Androgenic steroids regulate the development and size of mammalian prostate epithelial cells. To evaluate the relationship between Fas-Fas ligand system and apoptosis in prostate epithelial cells of the castrated rats, we have examined immunocytochemical localization of Fas antigen in the castrated rat prostate glands at a series of different times. We used a rabbit polyclonal anti-Fas antibody with a streptavidin-biotin method and confocal laser scanning method or an immunogold method. Fas immunolocalization was examined in ventral lobes of prostate glands taken from intact or castrated adult male Wistar rats on day 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 by light or electron microscopy. At a light microscopic level, the castrated prostate epithelial cells showed mostly Fas immunolocalization in their apical parts of cytoplasm on day 2 after the castration. In addition, their extent of the Fas expression was expanded throughout the cytoplasm in proportion to the androgen ablation periods, and later the Fas expression was detected at luminar or basolateral sides of the epithelial cells. Both immunogold labeling with ultrathin sections and immunoperoxidase technique with cryostat sections demonstrated that Fas was localized mainly in secretory granules of the castrated prostate epithelial cells and some parts of their cell membranes at later stages. Our immunocytochemical findings showed that Fas expression was time-dependently induced in most of the prostatic epithelial cells after castration of rats. The rate of Fas-expressing epithelial cells was too high and inconsistent with the previously reported rate of TUNEL-positive ones. The membrane-associated Fas may have little effect on the apoptosis in the present case, bacause a lot of soluble Fas was secreted from the prostatic epithelial cells. A further study is needed to clarify some significance of the secretory Fas in the prostatic epithelium after the rat castration.

This paper describes the application of IP (Internet protocol)-based communications, now used broadly in a variety of utility applications, to two major types of delay-critical wide-area power system protection in conjunction with time transfer systems. One type of protection is a centralized multi-zone fault clearing protection with a current differential scheme, providing integrated primary and backup protection functions for better selectivity, smaller outage areas and faster operation times than conventional distance backup protection, The other is a system-wide stabilizing protection for preventing out-of-step. Transmission requirements are presented for each type of protection, and IP-based communications examined with respect to delays.

This paper describes experimental transmissions of severely time-critical teleprotection signals in ATM networks using the adaptive clock method developed by the authors, in order to assess its potential effectiveness. They examined the transmission delay variations of a commercially available terminal adapter with the method, which not only converts a constant-bit-rate teleprotection signal into ATM cells, and vice versa, but also transfers clock information from one device to another in an asynchronous manner. The experiments showed that one-way delay ranged from 1.7 to 1.94 ms, resulting in a maximum two-way differential delay of 240 /spl mu/s that leads to synchronization errors for the simultaneous sampling of currents at remote stations. The variations were mainly due to the irregularity of read timing of the receive cell buffer in transient states such as just after turning on the power. A method to reduce delay variations by correcting the initial read timing using cell arrival timings is proposed.

In an electric utility, it would be necessary to predict and make a future view of electric energy strategy for long-term generation expansion planning. The planning problem of energy strategy is formulated as a decision problem of electric generation mix in a future horizon year. This problem is a sort of multiobjective planning problems under several constraints of which parameters are uncertain. The objectives and constraints need not be fulfilled rigorously but the violation tolerated by a decision-maker. That is, they can be regarded as fuzzy objectives and fuzzy constraints this paper presents the fuzzy decision analysis of strategic generation mix planning problems using a fuzzy linear programming technique and some numerical examples for a future power system are demonstrated.

Effects of multipath propagation on a digital radio hop employing a plane reflector as a passive repeater were analysed by using a ray tracing method. The calculations of raypath parameters on the hop show that a large-aperture plane reflector increases attenuation fading due to the main ray's angle-of-arrival variation by its sharp radiation pattern, and it can reduce dispersive fading. A digital transmission experiment on a reflector-equipped hop showed that plane reflectors could be used for small-capacity digital microwave systems.

A method for evaluating power transmission line interference with microwave radio communication circuits due to microwave scattering is presented and used to predict digital radio transmission performance degradation. Numerical results show that the effects of power line screening on highly efficient digital radio systems are more serious than on analog (FM) radio systems since power lines cause quadrature distortion and intersymbol interference as well as average level reduction. An experimental result using a communication satellite beacon shows that conductors within the first Fresnel zone cause the interference. >

In an electric utility, it would be necessary to predict and make a future view of electric energy strategy for long-term generation expansion planning. The planning problem of energy strategy is formulated as a decision problem of electric generation mix in a future horizon year. This problem is a sort of multiobjective planning problems under several constraints of which parameters are uncertain. The objectives and constraints need not be fulfilled rigorously but the violation tolerated by a decision-maker. That Is, they can be regarded as fuzzy objectives and fuzzy constraints, this paper presents the fuzzy decision analysis of strategic generation mix planning problems using a fuzzy linear programming technique and some numerical examples for a future power system are demonstrated.

The paper gives an historical overview of the design and construction of the JT-60 tokamak machine starting with its conceptual design in 1973 through to its completion in March 1985. Further the different components of the JT-60 tokamak are described (vacuum vessel, field coils, support structures, etc.).

Adrenal glands of the mouse, fixed either in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide or in a mixture of potassium dichromate and glutaraldehyde, and embedded in Epon 812, were investigated by light and electron microscopy. An argentaffin reaction was applied to semi-thin sections for light microscopy and to ultra-thin sections for electron microscopy. Since the mature secretory granules in the Small Granule Chromaffin (SGC) cell were argentaffin and were mainly located along the cell membrane, this cell was clearly distinguishable under the light microscope both from the A (adrenaline) cell whose secretory granules were non-argentaffin and from the NA (noradrenaline) cell whose cytoplasm was rich and was filled with large, strongly argentaffin granules. Chromaffinity of the SGC cell was demonstrated under the light microscope. The SGC cell was intensively stained with toluidine blue without revealing metachromasia. It was demonstrated at the EM level that not only the secretory granules but also the synaptic-like vesicles in the SGC cell contained argentaffin substances. Possible functional relationship between the secretory granules and the synaptic-like vesicles was discussed.

SGC (Small Granule Chromaffin) cells in the mouse adrenal medulla characterized by the smallness of the secretory granules and by the aggregations of synaptic-type vesicles may represent a third type of chromaffin cell.

Mice were supinely restrained on a board by pinning the limbs. The board was then made to stand vertically and immersed in water to the height of the hind limbs of the animals. At 4 ao 28 hr after this restraint plus water-immersion stress, a remarkable decrease in the number of secretory granules in the chromaffin cells was light microscopically demonstrated in silver-impregnated and toluidine-blue-stained semithin sections. Exocytotic invaginations containing pleomorphic granule materials were demonastrated by thin section and freeze-fracture replica electron microscopy. This stress-induced exocytotic degranulation of the chromaffin cells was accompanied by the occurrence of numerous small cytoplasmic vesicles resembling the synaptic-type vesicles of the small granule chromaffin cells.