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To report a rare case of cystoid macular edema (CME) as a presentation of acute hydroxychloroquine-related retinal toxicity.A 37-year-old female patient visited our ophthalmology department in October 2019 complaining of bilateral blurred vision and metamorphopsia for 3 days. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 6/6 in the right eye and 6/7.5 in the left eye under the Snellen E chart. Before presentation, she had taken hydroxychloroquine as a "reproduction-facilitating medication" prior to the in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures with the daily dose of 200 mg for 1 week in March 2019 and 400 mg for 1 month in September 2019. She also took a combination of several herbal medicine including "Angelica sinensis" for 6 months in this period. On examination, typical signs of hydroxychloroquine maculopathy such as bilateral paracentral retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) change in blue autofluorescence and loss of the paracentral ellipsoid zone in optical coherence tomography ("flying saucer sign") were noted. CME was also found in fluorescein angiography. Her symptoms improved gradually after cessation of hydroxychloroquine and herb medicine without any further treatment. Resolution of bilateral CME was revealed at 16 weeks with final bilateral BCVA 6/6.Although rare, acute hydroxychloroquine maculopathy could occur in patients with concomitant usage of medications that could interfere with P450 enzymes system. Careful acquisition of drug history and serial ophthalmological examinations are advised in using hydroxychloroquine for disease management even for a short period of time.

Over 95% of Indian households have liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) connections, however, cooking with solid biomass fuel (SBF) still persists, with calamitous consequences for air pollution and climate. Here, we make country-wide surveys on fuel, stove technology and practices and exploit them in a regression model framework to estimate fuel stacking, energy demand, and cooking fuel use in Indian households. We find overwhelming persistence of SBF cooking, with 68% of India’s rural population cooking exclusively or with a fuel mix predominant in SBF. We estimate a cooking energy demand of 1240 PJ y− 1, over half of which is met by SBF (291 MT y− 1). Despite a national initiative for LPG dissemination, below poverty level households have experienced a decline in purchase parity of 7 kg consumer− 1 y− 1 LPG during 2018–2022. A complete shift to clean cooking energy is key in a portfolio of clean air and climate solutions for India.

Bovine hepacivirus (BovHepV) is a member of the genus Hepacivirus of the family Flaviviridae, which can cause acute or persistent infections in cattle. Currently, BovHepV strains identified in cattle populations worldwide can be classified into two genotypes with eight subtypes in genotype 1. BovHepV has been identified in a wide geographic area in China. Interestingly, the viral RNA of BovHepV has also been detected in ticks in Guangdong province, China. In this study, Rhipicephalus microplus tick samples were collected in Heilongjiang province, northeastern China, and BovHepV was screened with an overall positive rate of 10.9%. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed that the BovHepV strains detected in this study belong to the subtype G. This is the first report about the detection of BovHepV in ticks in Heilongjiang province, China, which expands our knowledge that ticks may be a transmission vector of BovHepV.

In the working environment of rural schools, whether and how does the identity of new comprehensive teachers change before and after service? Research on this problem is beneficial to optimize pre-service training and provide effective support for in-service training. In this study, phenomenological interviews were conducted to understand the formation and change of their identities in the three stages of pre-service, working and current teaching of four new teachers with 3-year teaching experience in the minority areas of western China. The results show that in the working environment of rural schools, three comprehensive teachers in primary schools have gradually changed from being excellent subject teachers to caring teachers. Another determined to become a caring teacher before her career, she retained her own identity in her work and focused more on the healthy growth of her students. The results show that the working environment of rural schools has a significant impact on the identity of first-term teachers of primary schools. Pre-service training should be integrated into local culture to promote the integration of pre-service and in-service and realize its sustainable development.

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Flow diagram for clinical study design with two independent cohorts of HCC patients enrolled. Fig S2. The proliferative ability of primary liver fibroblasts (LFs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Fig S3. CAFs infiltration in HCC clinical samples. Fig S4. Egfl7 expression in LFs/CAFs and HCC clinical samples. Fig S5. Establishment of working cell lines. Fig S6. Collagen gel contraction assays were used to detect contraction ability of indicated liver fibroblasts (LFs). Fig S7. In vitro and in vivo assays to confirm the biological roles of Egfl7 in HCC cells.

Supplementary Material 6

Supplementary Material 2

Supplementary Material 1

Additional file 2: Table S1. Clinicopathologic variables of HCC patients in the training cohort and validation cohort. Table S2. The primers of gene used for qRT-PCR. Table S3. Antibodies used in this study. Table S4. The Cox proportional hazard regression analyses for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in the training cohort. Table S5. The Cox proportional hazard regression analyses for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in the validation cohort. Table S6. A list of the secreted proteins differentially expressed by HCC cells with different metastatic potential.

The molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized using 3-aminopropylthiosilane-methacrylic acid monomer (APTES-MAA) as the functional monomer and 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) as the template, based on computer simulation. The hybrid molecularly imprinted polymers (HMIPs) were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, particle size measurement, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It has been shown that HMIPs are irregularly shaped and porous, with particle sizes ranging mainly from 130 to 211 nm. At 298 K, the HMIPs exhibit a maximum adsorption capacity of 8.35 mg·g−1 for HCPT and demonstrate good adsorption specificity (α = 5.38). The pseudo-second-order reaction mechanism suggests that the equilibrium adsorption capacity of HCPT on HMIPs is 8.11 mg·g−1. Finally, HCPT was successfully separated and enriched from the extract of Camptotheca acuminata Decne. seeds using HMIPs.

Supplementary Material 7

Supplementary Material 3

Additional file 1 Table S1. Pearson correlation coefficients between daily meteorological factors and air pollutants for Sichuan (2017–2018). Table S2. RR (95% CI) of stratified analyses for each air pollutant in the single-pollutant model. Based on the largest effect estimates in single-pollutant model, pneumonia PM2.5 is lag4, PM10 and SO2 are lag010，NO2 is lag07; In bronchitis, PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NO2 are lag010. PM2.5 fine particulate matter, PM10 inhalable particulate matter, SO2 sulfur dioxide, NO2 nitrogen dioxide, CI confidence interval. Table S3. Association between air pollutants (10 μg/m3 increase) and the daily hospitalization in children with ALRI by degrees of freedom per year. Table S4. Associations between air pollutants (every 10 μg/m3 increase in the later period of retention) and hospitalization in children with pneumonia (Eliminate the data from the home address to the monitoring station greater than 50 km). Table S5. Associations between air pollutants (every 10 μg/m3 increase in the later period of retention) and hospitalization in children with bronchiolitis (Eliminate the data from the home address to the monitoring station greater than 50 km.

Supplementary Material 4

Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are severe, life-threatening adverse drug reactions that are collectively known as epidermal necrolysis. The abrupt detachment of the skin and mucositis results in systemic complications such as fluid and electrolyte disturbances, hypothermia, sepsis, organ failure, and death. Management is multidisciplinary and complex.This present article reviews the principles and best practices in the care of patients with epidermal necrolysis. These include having prompt admissions to optimal care facilities, coordinated specialized care during the acute phase, as well as long-term follow-up to manage chronic sequelae.Patients with epidermal necrolysis should be managed in specialized/reference centers that are experienced with the management of the disease. Multi-disciplinary supportive care remains the cornerstone. Current evidence precludes definitive recommendation on any immunomodulatory agent as treatment. Long-term follow-up is required in order to diagnose and treat any chronic sequelae.

Understanding the climate impact of residential emissions starts with determining the fuel consumption of various household activities. While cooking emissions have been widely studied, non-cooking energy-consumption activities in the residential sector such as heating and lighting, have been overlooked owing to the unavailability of data at national levels. The present study uses data from the Carbonaceous Aerosol Emissions, Source Apportionment and Climate Impacts (COALESCE) project, which consists of residential surveys over 6000 households across 49 districts of India, to understand the energy consumed by non-cooking residential activities. Regression models are developed to estimate information in non-surveyed districts using demographic, housing, and meteorological data as predictors. Energy demand is further quantified and distributed nationally at a 4 × 4 km resolution. Results show that the annual energy consumption from non-cooking activities is 1106 [201] PJ, which is equal to one-fourth of the cooking energy demand. Freely available biomass is widely used to heat water on traditional stoves, even in the warmer regions of western and southern India across all seasons. Space heating (51%) and water heating (42%) dominate non-cooking energy consumption. In comparison, nighttime heating for security personnel (5%), partly-residential personal heating by guards, dominant in urban centers and kerosene lighting (2%) utilize minimal energy. Biomass fuels account for over 90% of the non-cooking consumption, while charcoal and kerosene make up the rest. Half of the energy consumption occurs during winter months (DJF), while 10% of the consumption occurs during monsoon, when kerosene lighting is the highest. Firewood is the most heavily used fuel source in western India, charcoal in the northern hilly regions, agricultural residues and dung cake in the Indo-Gangetic plains, and kerosene in eastern India. The study shows that ∼20% of residential energy consumption is on account of biomass-based heating and kerosene lighting activities.

Additional file 3: Table S1. Clinicopathologcal characteristics of HCC patients in training cohort and validation cohort. Table S2. Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors associated with overall survival and disease-free survival of HCC patients in validation cohort. Table S3. High expressed pathways in the result of Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Table S4. Low expressed pathways in the result of Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Table S5. Volume data of the orthotopic xenograft tumors in Fig. 3F.

One new chamigrane sesquiterpene, antroalbol A (1), was isolated from the cultures of the higher fungus Antrodiella albocinnamomea. Its structure was established by means of spectroscopic methods, and the absolute configuration of 1 was confirmed by single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis. The compound was evaluated for its cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines, but no significant cytotoxicity was found.

Additional file 2: Fig. S1. Piezo1 and Piezo2 protein quantification in western blotting shown in Fig1. A (n=3,*P

Additional file 1. Distribution of sample institutions in Sichuan Province in 2018.

Additional file 1.

Titanium alloy is widely used in manufacturing because of its high heat resistance, excellent corrosion resistance, high specific strength, and low thermal conductivity. This study led to the development of a multi-physics field-coupling model of vibrating feed electrolysis processing of diamond-shaped hole in titanium alloy TC4. The model is based on the coupling relationships among the electric, flow, and temperature fields of electrolytic processing. The distributions of the electric field, flow field, temperature field, and bubble rate were obtained via vibration feed electrolysis processing of three kinds of flutes for the cathode tool. Compared with the diamond-shaped and circular liquid channels, no liquid vacancy arises at the acute angle of the rhombic hole, and the stability of the flow field is good when the cathode tool has a short circular arc liquid channel. In addition, the test results show that a channel with this form allows sufficient fluid at the acute angle of the diamond-shaped hole, and the quality of the sidewall and the bottom surface are uniform. The coupling of the electric, flow, and temperature fields increases the forming accuracy of the short circular arc liquid channel. This is consistent with the results of the multi-physics field coupling calculation of the titanium alloy vibration feed electrolysis processing. The reciprocating motion of the cathode tool at the time of vibration feed also facilitates the discharge of insoluble matter on the surface of the titanium alloy in the processing area.

Tacrolimus is an important immunosuppressant produced by microbial fermentation. In this study, a modified nanoscale polymeric adsorbent, Ag

This report describes a patient with COVID-19 who developed spontaneous pneumothorax and subpleural bullae during the course of the infection. Consecutive chest computed tomography images indicated that COVID-19-associated pneumonia had damaged the subpleural alveoli and distal bronchus. Coughing might have induced a sudden increase in intra-alveolar pressure, leading to the rupture of the subpleural alveoli and distal bronchus and resulting in spontaneous pneumothorax and subpleural bullae. At the 92-day follow-up, the pneumothorax and subpleural bullae had completely resolved, which indicated that these complications had self-limiting features.

Additional file1 Table S1. Detailed ICD codes for the identification of sepsis. Table S2. Limit of pollutant concentration and Individual air quality index. Table S3. The city-specific percentage increase (estimates and 95% CI) in daily hospital admissions of sepsis associated with 10-μg/m3 increase in NO2 and O3 concentrations at lag day with the highest estimates of basic models for total populations. Table S4. Percentage increase (estimates and 95% CI) in daily hospital admissions of sepsis associated sepsis of 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, PM10 and SO2 concentrations, and 1 mg/m3 increase in CO, stratified by age and sex.

Summary Currently, the reports on esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) assisted by traction with a snare are rare. Because a snare is a commonly used endoscopic accessory and is easily available, its application in mucosal traction is worth exploring. The present study aims to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of snare-endoclip traction-assisted ESD for esophageal intraepithelial neoplasia. Cases of esophageal intraepithelial neoplasia resected using ESD in the Digestive Endoscopy Center of Guangzhou Nanfang Hospital, China from June 2013 to March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The procedure of snare-endoclip traction-assisted ESD was compared with nontraction-assisted ESD by using a propensity score matching analysis. Operation time, en bloc and R0 resection, intra- and postoperative complications, and surgery-related costs were mainly evaluated. Overall, 99 cases of esophageal intraepithelial neoplasia under tissue biopsy were included in the present study. Further, 22 exact matched pairs were obtained. There were no differences in en bloc and R0 resection rates, intra- and postoperative complications, and costs of disposable surgical accessories between the traction group and the nontraction group. However, median operation time showed a significant difference: traction group, 50.0 min (range, 20–100 min); nontraction group, 70.0 min (range, 35–133 min), P=0.012. In conclusion, snare-endoclip traction-assisted ESD for esophageal intraepithelial neoplasia was safe and shortened operation time in the study, thereby improving the efficiency of ESD. Despite the additional use of a snare and endoclips for traction, the total costs of endoscopic accessories seemed not to be increased.

Wind parks are usually located in places where few people live and is far from control center. Now, wind turbines often are embedded in so many sensors that operators can obtain their performance. But there are some important alarms difficultly to be monitored directly by sensors, such as blade icing which wind turbines in cold regions often encounter. These alarms involve many problems, such as energy losses, mechanical drawbacks and security. These complex alarms usually attribute to combination of many factors such as low temperature, wind speed, blade accelerator. Many scientists and researchers have proposed different methods or created new sensors to detect complex alarms. But these methods or facilities have different drawbacks that can cause low prediction accuracy, even high failure or error rate etc. This paper, taking blade icing for example, provides a practical method to detect remote alarm using monitoring data of wind turbine by machine learning algorithm without any new equipment. This method consists of four processes: preprocessing monitoring data, main features extraction, remote warning model construction, and deploying every sub-model as edge computing node. Firstly, getting massive historic monitoring data of wind turbine in wind park, and classifying; secondly, extracting main trait factors associating with blade icing; and then constructing detection model for each type wind turbine separately via machine learning according to massive historic monitoring data; finally, building edge computing nodes for every wind turbine to predict blade icing with model. This method has many advantages, such as low cost, high accuracy, clearly targeting, and early icing warning. Furtherly, with the help of edge computing, the generalization of machine learning model is improved. This study was completed with practical monitoring data of wind turbines in some park. Results show that the way to detect blade icing via machine learning is feasible and accuracy.

Ceraclea (C.) megalophyllon Yang & Morse, n. sp. C. (Athripsodina) aerumnula Yang & Morse, n. sp. C. (Ath.) lamellata Yang & Hu, n. sp. Oecetis (O.) discedens Yang & Morse, n. sp. Oe. (Pleurograpta) spinellosa Yang & Hu, n. sp. Setodes charax Yang & Morse, n. sp. S. scutatus Yang & Morse, n. sp., Published as part of Yang, Lian-Fang, Hu, Ben-Jin & Morse, John C., 2020, Interesting new Chinese species of Leptoceridae and Odontoceridae (Insecta Trichoptera) from several recent collecting efforts, pp. 593 in Zootaxa 4766 (4) on page 593, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4766.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3765771

Ceraclea (C.) megalophyllon Yang & Morse, n. sp. C. (Athripsodina) aerumnula Yang & Morse, n. sp. C. (Ath.) lamellata Yang & Hu, n. sp. Oecetis (O.) discedens Yang & Morse, n. sp. Oe. (Pleurograpta) spinellosa Yang & Hu, n. sp. Setodes charax Yang & Morse, n. sp. S. scutatus Yang & Morse, n. sp.

Phraepsyche acuminata Yang & Morse, n. sp. Psilotreta longicornis Yang & Morse, n. sp. In contravention of Article 16.4.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1999), the repository for the holotypes of these species was not mentioned by Yang et al. (2020), such that the names proposed for these species are presently nomina nuda. The holotypes of these 9 species are all deposited in the Insect Collection of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People���s Republic of China. Accordingly, by indication (a bibliographic reference to a name that is accompanied by a description or definition that purports to differentiate the species; International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1999, Article 13.1.2) and by the above statement providing the name and location of the holotype repository, all 9 of these new species names are validated on the date of publication of this notice., Published as part of Yang, Lian-Fang, Hu, Ben-Jin & Morse, John C., 2020, Interesting new Chinese species of Leptoceridae and Odontoceridae (Insecta Trichoptera) from several recent collecting efforts, pp. 593 in Zootaxa 4766 (4) on page 593, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4766.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3765771, {"references":["Yang, L. - F., Hu, B. - J. & Morse, J. C. (2020) Interesting new Chinese species of Leptoceridae and Odontoceridae (Insecta: Trichoptera) from several recent collecting efforts. Zootaxa, 4732 (1), 138 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4732.1.6"]}

Background 18F-FDG PET/CT is a key molecular imaging modality to noninvasively assess and differentiate benign and malignant cardiac tumors. However, few benign cardiac tumors can be characterized by increased 18F-FDG uptake, which makes differential diagnosis difficult. This study sought to retrospectively evaluate whether combined 18F-FDG PET/CT with thoracic contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) helps in assessing primary cardiac tumors in adult patients, compared with CECT or PET/CT alone. Methods Forty-six consecutive patients who were diagnosed as primary cardiac tumors were enrolled. All patients underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT followed by thoracic CECT before biopsy or surgery. Visual qualitative interpretation and quantitative analysis were performed, and diagnostic performance was evaluated. Results More than half (16/29) of benign tumors exhibited with mild 18F-FDG uptake. There were significant differences in 18F-FDG uptake and the degree of absolute enhancement between benign and malignant tumors (P < 0.001). The combination of two modalities improved the specificity from 79 to 93%, the positive predictive value from 73 to 89%, and the accuracy of diagnosis from 85 to 93%. There were significant differences between PET/CT alone or thoracic CECT alone and combined modalities (P = 0.034 and P = 0.026, respectively). The combination with the optimal SUVmax cutoff value generated 94% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 97% negative predictive values, 100% positive predictive values, and 98% accuracy rates. Conclusions Combining 18F-FDG PET/C with thoracic CECT significantly improved specificity and accuracy compared to CECT or PET/CT alone in detecting tumors. This combination of diagnostic imaging is effective in differentiating malignant from benign masses.

Setodes scutatus n. sp. Yang & Morse (Fig. 9) Diagnosis. This species belongs to the Setodes argentiferus Group (Schmid, 1987), and is most similar to Setodes trilobatus Yang & Morse 1989 from northern China (Shaan-xi) in the following characters: 1) abdominal tergum X is broad, roof-like, its apicomesal portion is distinctively protruded backward beyond two apicolateral ends; 2) each inferior appendage is tri-branched; 3) the phallicata of the phallus is dilated subapically with a beak-like tip. It can be differentiated easily from S. trilobatus in the following characters: 1) the lower branch of each inferior appendage is long, blade like, with its length 1.2 times the length of the ventral margin of segment IX, and with a triangular projection on its dorsal margin in lateral view (the lower branch of each inferior appendage is a short oval lobe, with its length 2/3 the length of the ventral margin of segment IX in S. trilobatus); 2) the parameres are each branched subapically into two decurved hooks (not branched subapically in S. trilobatus); 3) the mesal branch of each inferior appendage is stout, with its apex strongly produced mesad into a triangular process and with the mesal end acute in caudal view, (the mesal branch is a narrow band, its apex with the mesal process slender in caudal view in S. trilobatus); 4) the paired basomedian lobes of tergum X are about as broad as the preanal appendages and with truncate apices in dorsal view (much smaller and subtriangular in S. trilobatus); and 5) the phallus has a narrow crescent phallobase (the phallobase is semicircular in S. trilobatus). Adult. Length of each male forewing 6.5���7.0 mm (n = 5). Specimen in alcohol generally pale yellow, forewings without evidence of golden spots or striae, covered with concolorous fine hair. Wing venation typical for genus, cell R3 (between veins R3 and R 4+5) almost as long as fork of MA and MP (between veins M1+2 and M3+4), tips of fore- and hind wings acute (Figs. 9F, 9H). Male genitalia. Segment IX longitudinally short dorsally, forming narrow transverse band (Fig. 9A). Preanal appendages large, setose mounds, positioned beside basomedian lobes of tergum X in dorsal view (Fig. 9B). Tergum X long and broad, roof-like with prominent median ridge (Fig. 9A); in dorsal view 1.5 times as long as wide, basal median lobes each with truncate apex and about as broad as preanal appendage (Fig. 9B), apicomesal end distinctively protruding backward beyond two apicolateral ends, forming trilobed apex (Fig. 9B). Inferior appendages each trifurcate, lower branch of appendage elongate blade-like, 1.2 times as long as ventral margin of segment IX and with triangular projection on midlength of dorsal margin in lateral view (Fig. 9A lower arrow); mesal branch short, 1/2 as long as upper branch of inferior appendage, with apex blunt in lateral view but in caudal or dorsal views strongly produced mesad into triangular process with acute mesal end (Figs. 9A middle arrow, 9A-a); small, setose papilla visible at base in caudal view (Fig. 9 C-a arrow); upper branch slender and sinuate, 2/3 as long as lower branch of inferior appendage, with apex bearing two long setae (Figs. 9A upper arrow, 9C-a.). Phallus with narrow crescentic phallobase; pair of parameres stout, originating above phallobase, curved caudad then sloping caudoventrad, each branched subapically into two decurved hooks with inner hook nearly transparent; phallicata strongly arched, slender, parallel sided in basal half in lateral view, with distal half expanded dorsolaterally into two broad subapical lobes, with abruptly narrowed beak-like apex directed downward (Fig. 9D). Holotype male. PR CHINA: Shan-xi Province: Yi-cheng County, Xi-yan-zhen Town, Da-he Villege, Sangou-he Stream, N35.451, E111.932, alt. 996 m, water temperature 16��C, 15 Jun 2013, Coll. Sun Ch-h. and Xu Ji-h. Paratypes. Same data as holotype, 4 males. Etymology. Latin, scutatus, adjective, meaning shield-shaped, with reference to the broad, plate-like tergum X. Distribution. East Palearctic Biogeographic Region, Northeast China., Published as part of Yang, Lian-Fang, Hu, Ben-Jin & Morse, John C., 2020, Interesting new Chinese species of Leptoceridae and Odontoceridae (Insecta: Trichoptera) from several recent collecting efforts, pp. 138-160 in Zootaxa 4732 (1) on page 153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4732.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3662615, {"references":["Schmid, F. (1987) Considerations diverses sur quelques genres leptocerins (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie, 57 (Supplement), 1 - 147.","Yang, L. - F. & Morse, J. C. (1989) Setodini of the People's Republic of China (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae, Leptocerinae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 25, 1 - 77."]}

Ceraclea (Ceraclea) megalophyllon sp. n. Yang & Morse (Figs. 1 A–1D, 4A–4C) Diagnosis. The male adult of this new species somewhat resembles that of Ceraclea (C.) nigronervosa (Retzius, 1783) which is widely distributed in the Palearctic and Nearctic Biogeographic Regions. Both species possess a large, hood-like tergum X, especially with the caudal portion divided into three lobes, of which the large mesal lobe is much longer than the lateral lobes. The general shape of the inferior appendages and the phallus are also of a similar pattern. It differs from that of C. nigronervosa by the following characters: (1) tergum X is extremely broad, with its median caudal lobe slightly longer than, and 1.5 times as broad as its lateral caudal lobes and all three lobes are visible in dorsal view (the median caudal lobe is much longer than the lateral caudal lobes and the lateral lobes are visible only in lateral view in C. nigronervosa); (2) the basoventral lobe of each inferior appendage is short, stub-like and has two short, stout setae apically (this lobe is represented as a blunt triangular projection in lateral view and without stout setae apically in C. nigronervosa,). The broad median caudal lobe of male tergum X of this new species is unique among all presently known species in subgenus Ceraclea. The female of the new species is also similar to that of C. nigronervosa by lamallae having distinctive membranous regions at the bases of the lamellae, internal gonopod VIII (i.gon.VIII) composed of a broad semicircular lobe apicoventrally and a small tongue-shaped lobe apicodorsally. However, it can be distinguished from that of C. nigronervosa by the following characters: (1) the pair of gonopod plates (e.gon.VIII + e.gon.IX) are closely approximate on the meson anteriorly and divergent posteriorly, forming two sub-truncate lobes (the pair of gonopod plates are distantly situated, each forming an elliptical lobe in C. nigronervosa), (2) the internal gonopod VIII is semicircular apicoventrally, much broader than the paired gonopod plates, with apex extending far beyond the tips of the gonopod plates (the internal gonopod VIII is almost identical with the paired gonopod plates in shape and with its apex scarcely surpassing the tips of the gonopod plates in C. nigronervosa). Adult. Length of each male forewing 8.7 mm (n = 1), of each female forewing 8.0 mm (n = 1). Type specimens preserved in alcohol for 7 years such that the color is faded and the wing and body hairs lacking. Head, basal two segments of antennae, and thorax generally brown.Wings brown, covered with fine light brown hair, wing venation of male and female typical for genus (e.g., Morse 1975, figs. 27, 28). Male genitalia. Preanal appendages broadly oval, not fused with each other basally, widely divergent in dorsal view (Fig. 1B), elongate-triangular lateral and dorsal views (Figs. 1A, 1B). Tergum X large, hood-like with caudal portion strongly upturned (Fig. 1A) and divided into three large lobes, median caudal lobe about as long as and 1.5 times as broad as lateral caudal lobes in dorsal view (Fig. 1B). Basoventral lobe of each inferior appendage short, stub-like, truncate at apex, with two short stout setae apically (Figs. 1A arrow, 1C arrow); main body of inferior appendage erect in lateral view; phallic guide with blunt right angle near base, setose; harpago at least 3/4 as long as subapicodorsal lobe, with triangular apex directed mesad in caudal view (Fig. 1C). Phallobase projecting both dorsally and ventrally with dorsal projection about 2 times as long as ventral projection, 2 long paramere spines slender and nearly straight (Fig. 1D). Female genitalia. Segment IX with anterodorsal region (IXa) ending posteriorly in small, paired papillae, mostly fused with each other mesally; preanal appendages (IXb) transverse, setose bands, and separated mesally by papillae at apex of IXa (Fig. 4B); IXc forming transverse plate (Figs. 4A, 4B) with shallow apical incision in dorsal view; lamellae (IXd) short sclerotized lobes each with posteroventral margin nearly straight, shallowly excised at 1/3 distance from tip in lateral view (Fig. 4A); membranous regions at bases of lamellae distinctive. Pair of deep concavities (“longitudinal grooves” of Carnagey & Morse 2006) on either side of conical genitalia just above gonopod plates (Fig. 4A arrow), visible also in dorsal and ventral views (Figs. 4B arrow, 4C arrow). Pair of gonopod plates (e.gon.VIII + e.gon.IX) closely approximate or fused on meson anteriorly, without intervening median plate, abruptly divergent and forming two broadly sub-truncate lobes beyond middle (Fig. 4C); dorsal internal gonopod IX (d.i.gon.IX) large, highly scletotized and with deep V-shaped apicomesal excision in dorsal view (Fig. 4B); internal gonopod VIII (i.gon.VIII) composed of broad semicircular lobe apicoventrally and small tongue shaped lobe apicodorsally (Fig. 4C). Spermathecal sclerite nearly circular, chufa-tuber-shaped, about as wide as long (Fig. 4C). Holotype male. PR CHINA: Guang-xi Province: Xi-ning City, Wu-ming District, Da-Ming-shan [Mt.], N23.4964, E108.4401, alt. 1254 m, 21–27 May 2011, Coll. Zhou S-y. Paratypes. Same data as holotype, 1 female. Etymology. Greek, megalophyllon, neuter noun in apposition, meaning “large leaf,” referring to the distinctively large median caudal lobe of tergum X. Distribution. East Palearctic Biogeographic Region, southeastern China.

Oecetis (Pleurograpta) spinellosa sp. n. Yang & Hu (Figs. 6, 7D, 7F) Diagnosis. This new species belongs to the Oecetis (Pleurograpta) testacea Group in which the males have the last abdominal tergites with “Maschenplatten” (Malicky 2005, or “honeycomb reticulation areas” of Yang & Morse 2000). The male resembles those of Oe. (Pl.) t. testacea (Curtis 1834) (widely distributed in the Palearctic Region), Oecetis (Pl.) testacea kumanskii Yang & Morse 2000 (Korea), Oe. (Pl.) tsudai Fischer 1970 (Japan), and Oe. (Pl.) palamedes Malicky 2005 (Indonesia-Sumatra) in the distribution of honeycomb reticulation areas and the general shape of the genitalia. This new species, from Oriental China, differs from them in the following characters: 1) The posterolateral corners of the upper half of segment IX are not protruded backward, but instead each forms a vertical, elliptical region with its height 2 times its longitudinal length and densely covered with minute spines and setae (Fig. 6A upper arrow; the posterodorsal corners of segment IX each protrudes in an acute triangle with minute spines in Oe. testacea kumanskii and protrudes in a rounded lobe almost without spines in Oe. t. testacea and Oe. palamedes); 2) the dorsal branch of each inferior appendage slopes backward forming a 60° angle with the basoventral branch and the apex of the dorsal branch is smooth, acute, and pointed upward (the dorsal branch is straight and points upward forming at least a 100° angle with the basoventral branch and the apex of the branch bears several stout teeth and is curved mesad in Oe. t. testacea, Oe. testacea kumanskii, Oe. tsudai, and Oe. palamedes); 3) the basoventral branch of each inferior appendage has a distinctive small mesodorsal seta-bearing chalaza (Fig. 6A lower arrow; each inferior appendage is without a mesodorsal chalaza in the above four species); 4) the phallus has two long, identical paramere spines (the phallus has one long paramere spine and three short spines in Oe. t. testacea and Oe. testacea kumanskii, one long and one shorter spine in Oe. palamedes; phallic spines are unknown in Oe. tsudai). Tergum X is much longer in Oe. palamedes than in the other four species and the preanal appendages are not evident. The females of Oe. tsudai and Oe. palamedes are unknown. The females of Oe. t. testacea and Oe. testacea kumanskii were illustrated by Kumanski (1991). The female of the new species can be distinguished from those of Oe. t. testacea and Oe. testacea kumanskii by the following characters: 1) The lamellae are well sclerotized, each quadrate in its basal half with the distal half narrowing to a finger-like process in lateral view (Fig. 7D; each lamella is a short or elongate lobe without a slender finger-like apical process in Oe. t. testacea and Oe. testacea kumanskii); 2) the gonopod plate is broader posteriorly and with a pair of rounded posterolateral corners in ventral view (Fig. 7F; the gonopod plate is nearly circular, broadest at midlength, narrowed and rounded anteriorly and posteriorly in Oe. t. testacea; a ventral view of Oe. testacea kumanskii is not available). Adult. Length of each male forewing 5.7–6.7 mm (n = 3), of each female forewing 6.0– 6.5 mm (n = 5). Head and thorax yellowish brown. Forewings hyaline, faintly yellowish; forks of veins and anastomosis lightly shaded with fuscous, veins of anastomosis aligned (Fig. 6F). Thick honeycomb reticulation areas covering terga V, VI, and VII in pairs, and an undivided honeycomb reticulation are covering tergum VIII. Male genitalia. Segment IX longitudinally long ventrally, very short dorsally, anterior margins of pleura IX strongly produced forward in lateral view, posterodorsal corners each forming vertical, elliptical concavity with its height 2 times its longitudinal length and densely covered with minute spines and setae (Fig. 6A upper arrow, 6B pos.cr.IX); preanal appendages slender, divergent, curved slightly downward, gradually slightly thicker apically. Upper part of tergum X (Fig. 6B up.pt.X) single, rod-like, lower part of tergum X (Fig. 6B lo.pt.X) composed of pair of flat, semimembranous lobes, each bearing few setae apically. Dorsal branch of each inferior appendage sloping backward forming 60° angle with basoventral branch, very broad in basal half with distal half gradually reducing to smooth, acute, triangular tip pointed upward (Fig. 6A d.br.), in caudal view with basomesal region of dorsal branch set with many minute spines (Fig. 6C arrow); basoventral branches of inferior appendages divergent, each with distal half finger-like and with blunt tip in ventral view (Fig. 6 C-bv), in lateral view each with small triangular seta-bearing chalaza on upper surface near middle (Fig. 6A lower arrow, 6C-bv arrow). Phallus asymmetrical, right piece of phallobase tall, well developed, with left piece much lower, its dorsal margin expanded outward, forming narrow longitudinal ridge (arrow); two long paramere spines essentially identical (Fig. 6D). Female genitalia. Pleural region of segment IX produced outward, appearing as subvertical ridge in lateral view (Fig. 7D left arrow); in ventral view, each side forming large plate, rounded at outer margin with median portion moderately concave (Fig. 7F). Dorsum IXc and segment X forming short anal tube, its bottom semimembranous with U-shaped cleft apically (Fig. 7F). Lamellae well sclerotized, broadly quadrate in basal half, each with its dorsolateral margin forming round, setose ridge (Fig. 7D right arrow), distal half reduced to finger-like process in lateral view (Fig. 7D). Posterior margin of gonopod plate broader than anterior margin and slightly sinuate in ventral view (Fig. 7F). Internal part of gonopod VIII semimembranous, with its exposed portion short and rectangular in ventral view and triangular in lateral view (Figs. 7D, 7F). Diagonal striations on lower regions of pleura (Fig. 7F arrow). Holotype. Male; CHINA: An-hui Province, Qi-men County, Li-xi Village, Qi-yang-keng, N29.52, E117.42, alt. 360 m, 14 Aug. 2001, Coll. Hu B-j. and Wang B-x. Paratypes. Same data as holotype, except Gu-niu-jiang Nature Preserve Shuang-he-kou, Tao-yuan-li stream, alt. 480 m, 25 May 2001, Coll. Wang B-x. and Yang W-f., 2 males, 11 females; Same data as holotype, except Peng-long, Xiang-dong Village, alt. 380 m, 27 Sep. 2003, Coll. Sun C-h. and Shan L-n., 1 male. Etymology. Latin, spinellosa, adjective, meaning “with many minute spines,” with reference to the basomesal region of the dorsal branch of each inferior appendage set with many minute spines. Distribution. Found only at the type localities, Oriental Region, Southeast China.

Phraepsyche acuminata, n. sp. Yang & Morse (Fig. 10) So far Phraepsyche consists of only 4 species from Southeast Asia, Phraepsyche danaos Malicky & Sompong 2000 (in Malicky et al. 2000) from Thailand, Ph. epha Malicky 2008 and Ph. pectinata Ol��h & Johanson 2010 from Vietnam, and Ph. yitungshana Ol��h & Johanson 2010 from Hong Kong, China. The diagnostic characters for this genus have been given by Ol��h & Johanson 2010. Diagnosis. This species is most similar to Ph. epha from Vietnam in the wing venation, the distribution of the hair belt on the forewings, the wing fold pattern of the hind wings, and the similar general shape of male genitalia. The new species is distinguished from Ph. epha in the following characters: 1) the longitudinal hair belt on each forewing extends from the wing base (base of Cu), crosses over the anastomosis, then bends upward between R5 and the MA area to a blunt wing tip (in Ph. epha the longitudinal hair belt on each forewing is distributed only from the anastomosis to an acute wing tip); 2) the anal margins of the hind wings are sinuate and bear long marginal hairs and a row of dark, robust setae directed upward (in Ph. epha, anal margins of hind wings are not sinuate and without the additional row of dark, robust setae); 3) inferior appendages of the male genitalia have harpagones that are slender and smooth, goat-horn-like, each with its distal 1/3 sharpened to an acute apex and turned downward and mesad, (in Ph. epha, harpagones are thick and bearing many tiny setae, each evenly tapered and straight to blunt apex); and 4) the phallicata is about 2/5 as long as the phallobase and separated from it by a dorsal indentation and a ventral constriction in lateral view (dorsal and ventral margins parallel in Ph. epha). Adult. Length of each male forewing 6.2���8.2 mm (n = 3). Specimens in alcohol for more than 10 years generally yellowish brown. Head, maxillary palps each 5-segmented, first to third segments fringed with short setae, fourth and fifth segments almost bare and equal in length (10E). Scape of each antenna almost as long as head, with anterior surface concave, densely filled with hairs (Fig. 10I); pectination on flagellum from first to twelfth segments, first pectinal branch very short, only 1/2 as long as any others, all other branches subequally long. Wings translucent yellowish brown, venation of fore- and hind wings somewhat similar to that of Ph. epha, with Forks I, II, and V in forewings and Fork V in hind wings, but longitudinal hair belt on each forewing from wing base to wing tip distinctive, densely bearing fine hairs and scale hairs from base of Cu to anastomosis, then bending upward between R5 and MA area to blunt wing tip, membrane of belt area concave below wing surface and with paler color than rest of wing (Fig. 10F). Hair belt on each hind wing between stems of R and M in basal half then at anatamosis crossing membrane at base of cell R5 to fill cell R3 between apparent R2+3 and R4+5; in addition two wing folds located anterior of stem of M and anterior of basal half of Cu2; anal margin sinuate, fringed with ordinary marginal hairs and distinctive row of dark robust setae directed upward (Fig. 10H). Long, digitate projection arising from posterior margin of abdominal sternum VI, densely covered with short, fine setae, with its apex reaching posterior margin of sternum VII (Fig. 10G). Male genitalia. In lateral view (Fig. 10A), greatest longitudinal length of segment IX 1/3 height, its anterior margins protruding forward in 80�� angle at 1/4 distance from ventral margin. Distal half of tergum X, in dorsal view, forming pair of triangular lobes, each with 4���5 stout setae on outer margin and with its medial margins parallel to each other; in addition, setose medial hump present mesally at bases of triangular lobes (Fig. 10B) prominent in lateral view (Figs. 10A, 10 B-a). Preanal appendages as long as segment IX with rounded apices in lateral view. Inferior appendages with coxopodite stout, erect, with distal half slightly curved backward (Fig. 10A), length between base of appendage and subapical lobe about 3 times its width in ventral view and subapicodorsal lobe curving mesad, about half as broad as mean width of coxopodite (Fig. 10C). Harpagones long, goat-horn-like, stout in basal 1/4 with distal 1/3 sharp and turned downward and mesad (Figs. 10 A���10C), each arising from distal 1/3 of appendage in ventral view (Fig. 10C). Phallus about as long as inferior appendages, tubular phallobase nearly straight, phallicata appearing as continuation of sclerotized phallobase, about 2/5 length of phallobase and separated from it by dorsal indentation and ventral constriction, then narrowing to blunt triangular apex in lateral view (Fig. 10D); in ventral view, phallicata widely opened with endotheca visible (Fig. 10 Da); ejaculatory duct with conspicuous twist at 1/2 length of phallus; phallotremal sclerite appearing as circular ring in lateral and ventral views (Figs. 10D, 10 D-a). Holotype male. PR CHINA: Guang-xi Province: Tian-lin County, Cen-wang-lao-shan Provincial Forest Preserve, Yang-cun He, tributary of Bu-liu He, trailhead at An-jia-ping, County Road 794 marker 43.2 km, ~ 2.5 km trail, elev. 1155 m, 09 June 2004, Coll. Zhou, Kjer; CN 04060902. Paratypes. PR CHINA: Guang-xi Province: Long-lin County Jin-zhong-shan Provincial Forest Preserve Duo-gui Gou, ~ 1.5 km N of Xi-she village N24.58245, E104.91415, elev. 1145 m, 11 Jun 2004, Coll. Morse, Sun; CN04061102; 1 male. Guang-dong Province: Longmeng County Nan-kun Shan Provincial Nature Preserve Tian Tang Ding He N23.64370, E113.84729, elev. 542 m 16 May 2004 Coll. Morse, Yang, Tong, Zhou, Sun, Geraci; CN04051602; 1 male. Etymology: Latin, acuminata, adjective, meaning ���gradually pointed or sharpened,��� referring to the goat-hornlike harpago of each inferior appendage with distal 1/3 sharpened to acute apex. Distribution: Oriental Region, southern China (Guang-dong and Guang-xi)., Published as part of Yang, Lian-Fang, Hu, Ben-Jin & Morse, John C., 2020, Interesting new Chinese species of Leptoceridae and Odontoceridae (Insecta: Trichoptera) from several recent collecting efforts, pp. 138-160 in Zootaxa 4732 (1) on pages 155-157, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4732.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3662615, {"references":["Malicky, H., Chantaramongkol, P., Chaibu, P., Prommi, T., Silalom, S., Sompong, S. & Thani, I. (2000) Neue Kocherfliegen aus Thailand (Insecta, Trichoptera) (Arbeit uber thailandische Kocherfliegen Nr. 30). Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 32, 861 - 874.","Malicky, H. (2008) Beschreibungen von neuen Trichopteren aus Asien. Braueria, 35, 45 - 57.","Olah, J. & Johanson, K. A. (2010) Description of 33 new species of Calamoceratidae, Molannidae, Odontoceridae and Philorheithridae (Trichoptera), with detailed presentation of their cephalic setal warts and grooves. Zootaxa, 2457 (1), 1 - 128. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2457.1.1"]}

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) aerumnula sp. n. Yang & Morse (Figs. 2 A���2D) Diagnosis. This new species is somewhat similar to C. (A.) excisa (Morton 1904), C. (A.) shuotsuensis (Tsuda 1942), and C. (A.) globosa Yang & Morse 1988 from northeastern China (Yang & Morse 2000) in the following character of the male genitalia: Inferior appendages each with well-developed phallic guide, but it differs from those in having the phallic guide broadly trapezoidal in caudal view (triangular in C. excisa, C. shuotsuensis, and C. globosa). On the other hand, the new species is somewhat similar to C. (A.) emeiensis Yang & Tian 1987 from central China, and C. (A.) brachyacantha Yang & Tian 1987 from southeastern China in the following character: Tergum X is slender with its distal half highly elevated in lateral view. However, it differs from those in having the basoventral lobe of each inferior appendage bearing a long, stick like black rod apically (lacking from the basovental lobe in C. emeiensis, a very short apical spine in C. brachyacantha); and in the phallus has only one stout, rod-like paramere spine with the distal 1/3 twisted to the left, which is different from all of the five species above. Adult. Length of each male forewing 7.0��� 7.5 mm (n = 5), of each female forewing 6.0 mm (n = 2). Most type specimens teneral, generally pale; only holotype non-teneral, fully mature. Head and thorax brownish-black, antennae light brown. Wings dark brown, covered with concolorous fine hair; with traces of few small white spots sparsely scattered on distal half of each forewing near anterior margin. Male genitalia. Segment IX basically rectangular, abruptly shorter longitudinally on dorsal 1/ 3 in lateral view (Fig. 2A), forming narrow transverse band projecting caudad in arch in dorsal view. Preanal appendages short, oval in lateral view (Fig. 2A); fused with each other in basal half, each obtuse apically in dorsal view (Fig. 2B). Tergum X about 2 times as long as preanal appendages, broadly triangular at basal half with distal half abruptly narrowing to blunt apex in dorsal view (Fig. 2B); narrow, with basal 2/3 elevated obliquely then smoothly curved downward and backward in lateral view (Fig. 2A); lateral processes of tergum X stout, originating basally, about 2/3 as long as tergum, divergent from tergum X apically, apex of each bearing short, upturned, spine-like process (Figs. 2A, 2B). Basoventral lobe of each inferior appendage broad basally, about as long as main body of appendage including apicodorsal lobe, with single, stick-like sclerotized rod apically, nearly 1/2 as long as basoventral lobe (Fig.); main body of inferior appendage about 1.5 times as long as thick, subapicodorsal lobe as long as main body of appendage in lateral view (Fig. 2A), mesal ridge represented as small setose lobe, phallic guide produced in large plate in caudal view (Fig. 2C); harpago 1/2 as long as subapicodorsal lobe, with triangular apex directed mesad in caudal view (Fig. 2C). Phallobase with anterior portion nearly 3 times as broad as posterior apicoventral lobes and about 1/2 as long; one stout paramere about 3/4 as long as phallobase with distal 1/4 curving to left (Fig. 2C). Holotype male. PR CHINA: Zhe-Jiang Province: City of Tai Zhou, Lin-hai County, Kuo-cang-shan [Mt.], N28.83, E120.98, alt. 450 m, 5 May 2016, Coll. Xu J-h. Paratypes. Same data as holotype, 2 males and 2 females. Zhe-jiang, Lin-an, Qing-quan-ju (West Tian-mu Mt.), Chi-wu-li, N30.50, E119.60, alt. 263 m, 12 May 2015, Coll. Xu J-h., 2 males. Zhe-jiang, An-ji, Long-wang-shan, alt. 400 m, 3 June 1999, Coll. Du Y-z., 10 males. Etymology. Latin, aerumnula, feminine noun in apposition, meaning a ���traveler���s stick for carrying a bundle,��� with reference to the stick-like apical rod of the basoventral lobe of each inferior appendage. Distribution. East Palearctic Biogeographic Region, Southeast China., Published as part of Yang, Lian-Fang, Hu, Ben-Jin & Morse, John C., 2020, Interesting new Chinese species of Leptoceridae and Odontoceridae (Insecta: Trichoptera) from several recent collecting efforts, pp. 138-160 in Zootaxa 4732 (1) on page 142, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4732.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3662615, {"references":["Morton, K. J. (1904) A new species of Trichoptera from Western Finland, Leptocercus excisus. Meddelanden af Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 30, 67 - 69.","Tsuda, M. (1942) Japanische Trichopteren, I: Systematik. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University, Series B, 17 (1), 239 - 339. [in German]","Yang, L. - F. & Morse, J. C. (1988) Ceraclea of the People's Republic of China (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 23, 1 - 69.","Yang, L. - F. & Morse, J. C. (2000) Leptoceridae (Trichoptera) of the People's Republic of China. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 64, i-viii + 1 - 309.","Yang, L-F. & Tian, L-X. (1987) Three new species of the genus Ceraclea Stephens (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae). Entomotaxonomia, 9, 213 - 216."]}

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) lamellata sp. n. Yang & Hu (Figs. 3 A���3D, 4D���4F) Diagnosis. This new species is among the members of the Ceraclea (Athripsodina) riparia Group all sharing the character of the retracted paramere spines of the male phallus being aligned, such that the posterior end of the basal spine touches the anterior end of the distal spine. The male of this new species is most similar to that of C. (A.) nankingensis Yang & Morse 1988 from Jiangsu. It can be distinguished from the latter in male genitalia by the following characters: (1) The basoventral lobe of each inferior appendage has two stout apical spines and the basal half of the lobe is expanded ventromesad in a very thin, semicircular plate (there is only one stout spine apically and the basoventral branch does not have a thin semicircular plate in C. nankingensis), (2) the anterodorsal end of the phal- lobase is conspicuously expanded such that the phallic foramen is positioned on the ventral surface near the middle (the phallic foramen is positioned anteriorly in C. nankingensis). The female of the new species is most similar to that of C. (A.) yangi (Mosely, 1942), keying to that species in the work by Yang & Morse (1988). It differs from the latter by the following characters: (1) the preanal appendages (IXb) are transversely much narrower in the new species; and (2) tergum IXc is about 1/3 as long as the lamellae (IXd) in lateral view (half as long as the lamellae in C. yangi). Adult. Length of each male forewing 5.2���5.5 mm (n = 5), of each female forewing 4.0��� 4.5 mm (n = 5). Head and thorax reddish brown. Forewings yellowish brown, with white and brownish hairs intermixed. Dorsum of abdominal segments II���IV dark brown. Male genitalia. Preanal appendages oval, fused on basal 1/ 3 in dorsal view. Tergum X broad and triangular in basal half, 1.3 times as long as preanal appendages in dorsal view, with distal portion narrow and parallel-sided to rounded apex (Fig. 3B), lateral processes of X slender, arising near base, extending not quite to apex of segment X (Fig. 3A). Basoventral lobe of each inferior appendage forming 30��angle to main body (Fig. 3A), with its basal half expanded ventromesad in thin, semi-circular plate conspicuous in both lateral and ventral views (Figs. 3A arrow, 3C arrow), and lobe with two short spines apically; in ventral view, these two apical spines appearing appressed togeth- er as single projection (Fig. 3C); mesal ridges of main body inconspicuous except for patch of stiff hairs, just as in C. nankingensis (Yang & Morse 1988 p. 56, fig. 16C), but not visible in our Fig. 3C. Phallobase conspicuously expanded anteriorly, about 2.5 times as long as wide, phallic foramen positioned on ventral surface nearly half distance from anterior end; retracted two stout paramere spines arranged in line, anterior spine curved in ventral arc with its basal end touching anterior walls of endophallic membranes (Fig, 3D left arrow) and distal end connecting with base of posterior spine (Fig. 3D right arrow), latter strongly curved ventrad at 1/3 distance from base (Fig. 3D). Female genitalia. Tergum IXa thick and rounded in lateral view but small and nearly acute with pair of apicomesal papillae in dorsal view (Figs. 4D, 4E). Preanal appendages (IXb) transversely broad but longitudinally very short, mostly fused with segment IX (Figs. 4D, 4E). Dorsal apex of segment IX (IXc) acute in lateral view, undivided and ogival in dorsal view (Figs. 4D, 4E). Lamellae (IXd) large, about as long as segment IX in lateral view (Fig. 4D), especially setose on ventral surfaces (Fig. 4F). Gonopod plates separated by membrane mesally, with few longitudinal striae laterally, each plate with 2 apical projections, with mesal one (e.gon.VIII) short, semicircular, and lateral one (e.gon.IX) large, elliptical, visible in dorsal and ventral views (Figs. 4E, 4F). Spermathecal sclerite sub-rhomboid, about 1.5 times long as median width with anterior end extending to middle of segment VIII, and with side margins sinuate (Fig. 4F). Holotype male. PR CHINA: An-hui Province, Qi-men County, Lu-xi Town, Dao-hu Village, N29.52, E117.42, alt. 200 m, 16 Aug. 2001, Coll. Wang B-x. and Hu B-j. Paratypes. Same data as holotype, 49 males, 255 females. Etymology. Latin, lamellata, adjective, meaning ���having a small plate,��� referring to the basoventral branch of each inferior appendage expanded mesad in a thin, semi-circular plate on its basal half., Published as part of Yang, Lian-Fang, Hu, Ben-Jin & Morse, John C., 2020, Interesting new Chinese species of Leptoceridae and Odontoceridae (Insecta: Trichoptera) from several recent collecting efforts, pp. 138-160 in Zootaxa 4732 (1) on pages 142-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4732.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3662615, {"references":["Yang, L. - F. & Morse, J. C. (1988) Ceraclea of the People's Republic of China (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 23, 1 - 69.","Mosely, M. E. (1942) Chinese Trichoptera: A collection made by Mr. M. S. Yang in Foochow. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 92, 343 - 362. Nielsen, A. 1980. A comparative study of the genital segments and the genital chamber in female Trichoptera. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Biologiske Skrifter, 23 (1), 1 - 200."]}

Setodes charax Yang & Morse, n. sp. (Fig. 8) Diagnosis. This new species belongs to Setodes dhanavriddha Group (Schmid 1987), to which two additional species have been included: St. laertes Malicky & Chantaramongkol 2006 from Nepal and St. lailaps Malicky & Chantaramongkol 2006 from Thailand. The male genitalia of our new species have the form of those of St. antardhana Schmid 1987, St. gherni Schmid 1987, and St. divyarupa Schmid 1987 from India in the following characters: 1) The long lateral branches of segment X are positioned at 1/4 distance below the dorsal margin of segment IX, such that the dorsum of IX seems highly elevated in lateral view; 2) the lateral branches of X are serrate subapically and are usually fringed with long hair; and 3) the phallic parameres are very long and slender, arched parallel to the phallicata. However, the male genitalia of St. charax differ from those of these three species in the following characters: 1) The lateral branches of tergum X each is forked apically in lateral or dorsal views (not branched at the apex in St. antardhana and St. gherni, with the apex branched into three stout teeth in St. divyarupa); 2) the phallicata is slen- der, trough-shaped, and the dorsal ridges are not expanded laterally for reception of the parameres (the dorsal ridges are expanded for reception of the parameres in the above three species); 3) the parameres are very long and slender, each deeply divided at 1/4 length into two subparallel branches (the parameres are not divided in St. antardhana, St. gherni, and St. divyarupa). Adult. Length of each male forewing 6.0– 6.5 mm (n = 2). Specimens in alcohol generally pale, forewings pale brown, covered with concolorous fine hair. Wing venation similar to Setodes scutatus n. sp. (Figs. 9F, 9H), except hind wing cell M1+2 short, such that cell R3 at least 1.5 times longer than cell M1+2 (Fig. 8F arrows), tips of fore- and hind wings acute. Male genitalia. Segment IX anterior margin concave and strongly reduced subdorsally at 4/5 height and posterior margin deeply indented at bases of lateral branches of segment X (Figs. 8A, 8B), in dorsal view with mesal 3/5 forming trapezoid plate (Fig. 8B), and with pair of setal warts near its anterior margin (Figs. 8A, 8B); broadly rectangular and nearly 2/3 as long as wide in ventral view (Fig. 8C). Preanal appendages apparently absent. Tergum X represented by pair of highly sclerotized lateral branches, each arising at 1/4 distance from dorsal margin of segment IX, fringed with long hair near midlength, and with forked apex (Figs. 8A, 8B); in dorsal view, branches slightly asymmetrical in respect to one another, stout at basal 1/2, each gradually narrowing to forked and subapically toothed apex (Fig. 8B). Inferior appendages short and set vertically, generally kidney shaped in lateral view; each with three branches positioned on dorsal half, two of them located on inner posterior margin of appendage, upper one finger-like with acute tip and lower one rod-like with truncate tip; longest, third branch arising between the other two in lateral view, slender, set on outer posterior margin near top; in addition, below these branches near middle of appendage, stout seta arising from long chaza on outer posterior margin, posterolateral margin below chalaza sinuous and with few setae (Fig. 8A). Phallobase plate-like, phallicata long, trough-like; arched about 90° in middle, with basal 1/2 about 2 times as broad as distal 1/3, with pair of small, triangular phallotremal sclerites embedded subapically in endophallic membranes; pair of parameres slender, almost as long as phallicata, each deeply divided into two branches proximate to each other in basal 3/4, divergent slightly near apices (Figs. 8B, 8D). Holotype male. PR CHINA: Si-chuan Province: Chong-zhou City, Ji-guan-shan Town, An-zi River Natural Preserve Station, Shao-yao creek, 30.8018°N, 103.2192°E alt. 1540 m, 25 Aug. 2016, Coll. Xu J-h. Paratypes. Same data as holotype, 1 male. Etymology. Greek, charax, noun in apposition, meaning pointed stake, referring to the branched and irregularly toothed apices of the lateral branches of male abdominal segment X. Distribution. East Palearctic Biogeographic Region, Central China.

Oecetis (Pleurograpta) spinellosa sp. n. Yang & Hu (Figs. 6, 7D, 7F) Diagnosis. This new species belongs to the Oecetis (Pleurograpta) testacea Group in which the males have the last abdominal tergites with ���Maschenplatten��� (Malicky 2005, or ���honeycomb reticulation areas��� of Yang & Morse 2000). The male resembles those of Oe. (Pl.) t. testacea (Curtis 1834) (widely distributed in the Palearctic Region), Oecetis (Pl.) testacea kumanskii Yang & Morse 2000 (Korea), Oe. (Pl.) tsudai Fischer 1970 (Japan), and Oe. (Pl.) palamedes Malicky 2005 (Indonesia-Sumatra) in the distribution of honeycomb reticulation areas and the general shape of the genitalia. This new species, from Oriental China, differs from them in the following characters: 1) The posterolateral corners of the upper half of segment IX are not protruded backward, but instead each forms a vertical, elliptical region with its height 2 times its longitudinal length and densely covered with minute spines and setae (Fig. 6A upper arrow; the posterodorsal corners of segment IX each protrudes in an acute triangle with minute spines in Oe. testacea kumanskii and protrudes in a rounded lobe almost without spines in Oe. t. testacea and Oe. palamedes); 2) the dorsal branch of each inferior appendage slopes backward forming a 60�� angle with the basoventral branch and the apex of the dorsal branch is smooth, acute, and pointed upward (the dorsal branch is straight and points upward forming at least a 100�� angle with the basoventral branch and the apex of the branch bears several stout teeth and is curved mesad in Oe. t. testacea, Oe. testacea kumanskii, Oe. tsudai, and Oe. palamedes); 3) the basoventral branch of each inferior appendage has a distinctive small mesodorsal seta-bearing chalaza (Fig. 6A lower arrow; each inferior appendage is without a mesodorsal chalaza in the above four species); 4) the phallus has two long, identical paramere spines (the phallus has one long paramere spine and three short spines in Oe. t. testacea and Oe. testacea kumanskii, one long and one shorter spine in Oe. palamedes; phallic spines are unknown in Oe. tsudai). Tergum X is much longer in Oe. palamedes than in the other four species and the preanal appendages are not evident. The females of Oe. tsudai and Oe. palamedes are unknown. The females of Oe. t. testacea and Oe. testacea kumanskii were illustrated by Kumanski (1991). The female of the new species can be distinguished from those of Oe. t. testacea and Oe. testacea kumanskii by the following characters: 1) The lamellae are well sclerotized, each quadrate in its basal half with the distal half narrowing to a finger-like process in lateral view (Fig. 7D; each lamella is a short or elongate lobe without a slender finger-like apical process in Oe. t. testacea and Oe. testacea kumanskii); 2) the gonopod plate is broader posteriorly and with a pair of rounded posterolateral corners in ventral view (Fig. 7F; the gonopod plate is nearly circular, broadest at midlength, narrowed and rounded anteriorly and posteriorly in Oe. t. testacea; a ventral view of Oe. testacea kumanskii is not available). Adult. Length of each male forewing 5.7���6.7 mm (n = 3), of each female forewing 6.0��� 6.5 mm (n = 5). Head and thorax yellowish brown. Forewings hyaline, faintly yellowish; forks of veins and anastomosis lightly shaded with fuscous, veins of anastomosis aligned (Fig. 6F). Thick honeycomb reticulation areas covering terga V, VI, and VII in pairs, and an undivided honeycomb reticulation are covering tergum VIII. Male genitalia. Segment IX longitudinally long ventrally, very short dorsally, anterior margins of pleura IX strongly produced forward in lateral view, posterodorsal corners each forming vertical, elliptical concavity with its height 2 times its longitudinal length and densely covered with minute spines and setae (Fig. 6A upper arrow, 6B pos.cr.IX); preanal appendages slender, divergent, curved slightly downward, gradually slightly thicker apically. Upper part of tergum X (Fig. 6B up.pt.X) single, rod-like, lower part of tergum X (Fig. 6B lo.pt.X) composed of pair of flat, semimembranous lobes, each bearing few setae apically. Dorsal branch of each inferior appendage sloping backward forming 60�� angle with basoventral branch, very broad in basal half with distal half gradually reducing to smooth, acute, triangular tip pointed upward (Fig. 6A d.br.), in caudal view with basomesal region of dorsal branch set with many minute spines (Fig. 6C arrow); basoventral branches of inferior appendages divergent, each with distal half finger-like and with blunt tip in ventral view (Fig. 6 C-bv), in lateral view each with small triangular seta-bearing chalaza on upper surface near middle (Fig. 6A lower arrow, 6C-bv arrow). Phallus asymmetrical, right piece of phallobase tall, well developed, with left piece much lower, its dorsal margin expanded outward, forming narrow longitudinal ridge (arrow); two long paramere spines essentially identical (Fig. 6D). Female genitalia. Pleural region of segment IX produced outward, appearing as subvertical ridge in lateral view (Fig. 7D left arrow); in ventral view, each side forming large plate, rounded at outer margin with median portion moderately concave (Fig. 7F). Dorsum IXc and segment X forming short anal tube, its bottom semimembranous with U-shaped cleft apically (Fig. 7F). Lamellae well sclerotized, broadly quadrate in basal half, each with its dorsolateral margin forming round, setose ridge (Fig. 7D right arrow), distal half reduced to finger-like process in lateral view (Fig. 7D). Posterior margin of gonopod plate broader than anterior margin and slightly sinuate in ventral view (Fig. 7F). Internal part of gonopod VIII semimembranous, with its exposed portion short and rectangular in ventral view and triangular in lateral view (Figs. 7D, 7F). Diagonal striations on lower regions of pleura (Fig. 7F arrow). Holotype. Male; CHINA: An-hui Province, Qi-men County, Li-xi Village, Qi-yang-keng, N29.52, E117.42, alt. 360 m, 14 Aug. 2001, Coll. Hu B-j. and Wang B-x. Paratypes. Same data as holotype, except Gu-niu-jiang Nature Preserve Shuang-he-kou, Tao-yuan-li stream, alt. 480 m, 25 May 2001, Coll. Wang B-x. and Yang W-f., 2 males, 11 females; Same data as holotype, except Peng-long, Xiang-dong Village, alt. 380 m, 27 Sep. 2003, Coll. Sun C-h. and Shan L-n., 1 male. Etymology. Latin, spinellosa, adjective, meaning ���with many minute spines,��� with reference to the basomesal region of the dorsal branch of each inferior appendage set with many minute spines. Distribution. Found only at the type localities, Oriental Region, Southeast China., Published as part of Yang, Lian-Fang, Hu, Ben-Jin & Morse, John C., 2020, Interesting new Chinese species of Leptoceridae and Odontoceridae (Insecta: Trichoptera) from several recent collecting efforts, pp. 138-160 in Zootaxa 4732 (1) on pages 149-151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4732.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3662615, {"references":["Malicky, H. (2005) Beitrage zur Kenntnis asiatischer Oecetis (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae). Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 37 (1), 605 - 669.","Yang, L. - F. & Morse, J. C. (2000) Leptoceridae (Trichoptera) of the People's Republic of China. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 64, i-viii + 1 - 309.","Curtis, J. (1834) Description of some hitherto nondescript British species of mayflies of anglers. The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 3 (4), 120 - 125 + 212 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14786443408648304","Fischer, F. C. J. (1970) Anderung einiger praokkupierten Namen in der Ordnung Trichoptera. Entomologische Berichten, 30, 242 - 243.","Kumanski, K. (1991) Studies on the fauna of Trichoptera (Insecta) of Korea. II. Family Leptoceridae. Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, 3, 49 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650429209361478"]}