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The benthic foraminiferal assemblages are commonly used to indicate different oxygenation conditions. In the last few decades, pore characteristics of the benthic foraminiferal tests from the micro-perspective using high-spatial-resolution analysis have been extensively suggested to indicate redox changes. Based on the whole test of the living shallow-infaunal species Bolivina robusta using a more representative and comprehensive method, we observed a significant negative correlation between the pore density (PD) and bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, and the average PD was about 36% higher in hypoxic environments (DO3 mg/l). In terms of reproduction pattern in hypoxic environments, the species seemed to mainly choose the asexual life cycle (74.60%) to get more small generations with larger pore size (PS) (asexual 7 μm vs. sexual 4 μm) and exterior ornamentation (irregular papillae) as their survival strategy. The results provide new insight into the benthic foraminiferal ecology to reconstruct the pale-oceanography and paleo-ecology changes in the East China Sea. Moreover, this study has the potential to be applied in broad regions as an independent proxy by comparison to other widely-distributed benthic foraminiferal species.

The chemical composition and hardness of bovine bone, porcine bone, chicken bone, and rabbit bone were compared, as well as the influence of nanoprocessing on the physicochemical characteristics of these bone powders. A series of nanofabrication processes led to an increase in bone minerals and the loss of protein and fat. The hardness of softened bovine bone was still the largest, whereas chicken and rabbit bones were relatively soft. There were no significant differences in the functional groups between nanoscale bone powders. Overall, nanomachining significantly reduced and homogenized the bone particle size and improved the color and release rate of calcium ions of bone powders at the same time; these effects were different for several bones. Nanoscale rabbit bone had higher comminution efficiency, as well as satisfactory nutritional value, color, and product yield, which supports its strong development potential., This study mainly described the application of nanoprocessing in common mammalian bones (bovine and porcine), common poultry bone (chicken), and new material rabbit bone. The effects of nanoprocessing on the physicochemical properties of rabbit bone and other three common bones were compared. The excellent properties of nanoscaled rabbit bone (NRB), which support its great development potential.