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Menin interacts with oncogenic MLL1-fusion proteins, and small molecules that disrupt these associations are in clinical trials for leukemia treatment. By integrating chromatin-focused and genome-wide CRISPR screens with genetic, pharmacologic, and biochemical approaches, we discovered a conserved molecular switch between the MLL1–Menin and MLL3/4–UTX chromatin-modifying complexes that dictates response to Menin–MLL inhibitors. MLL1–Menin safeguards leukemia survival by impeding the binding of the MLL3/4–UTX complex at a subset of target gene promoters. Disrupting the Menin–MLL1 interaction triggers UTX-dependent transcriptional activation of a tumor-suppressive program that dictates therapeutic responses in murine and human leukemia. Therapeutic reactivation of this program using CDK4/6 inhibitors mitigates treatment resistance in leukemia cells that are insensitive to Menin inhibitors. These findings shed light on novel functions of evolutionarily conserved epigenetic mediators like MLL1–Menin and MLL3/4–UTX and are relevant to understand and target molecular pathways determining therapeutic responses in ongoing clinical trials. Significance: Menin–MLL inhibitors silence a canonical HOX- and MEIS1-dependent oncogenic gene expression program in leukemia. We discovered a parallel, noncanonical transcriptional program involving tumor suppressor genes that are repressed in Menin–MLL inhibitor–resistant leukemia cells but that can be reactivated upon combinatorial treatment with CDK4/6 inhibitors to augment therapy responses. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1

ChIP-Seq results

Sequences of sgRNAs and primers

Menin interacts with oncogenic MLL1-fusion proteins, and small molecules that disrupt these associations are in clinical trials for leukemia treatment. By integrating chromatin-focused and genome-wide CRISPR screens with genetic, pharmacologic, and biochemical approaches, we discovered a conserved molecular switch between the MLL1–Menin and MLL3/4–UTX chromatin-modifying complexes that dictates response to Menin–MLL inhibitors. MLL1–Menin safeguards leukemia survival by impeding the binding of the MLL3/4–UTX complex at a subset of target gene promoters. Disrupting the Menin–MLL1 interaction triggers UTX-dependent transcriptional activation of a tumor-suppressive program that dictates therapeutic responses in murine and human leukemia. Therapeutic reactivation of this program using CDK4/6 inhibitors mitigates treatment resistance in leukemia cells that are insensitive to Menin inhibitors. These findings shed light on novel functions of evolutionarily conserved epigenetic mediators like MLL1–Menin and MLL3/4–UTX and are relevant to understand and target molecular pathways determining therapeutic responses in ongoing clinical trials.Significance:Menin–MLL inhibitors silence a canonical HOX- and MEIS1-dependent oncogenic gene expression program in leukemia. We discovered a parallel, noncanonical transcriptional program involving tumor suppressor genes that are repressed in Menin–MLL inhibitor–resistant leukemia cells but that can be reactivated upon combinatorial treatment with CDK4/6 inhibitors to augment therapy responses.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1

RNA-Seq results

CRISPR screen results

Persistence of malignant clones is a major determinant of adverse outcome in patients with hematologic malignancies. Despite the fact that the majority of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) achieve complete remission after chemotherapy, a large proportion of them relapse as a result of residual malignant cells. These persistent clones have a competitive advantage and can re-establish disease. Therefore, targeting strategies that specifically diminish cell competition of malignant cells while leaving normal cells unaffected are clearly warranted. Recently, our group identified YBX1 as a mediator of disease persistence in JAK2-mutated myeloproliferative neoplasms. The role of YBX1 in AML, however, remained so far elusive. Here, inactivation of YBX1 confirms its role as an essential driver of leukemia development and maintenance. We identify its ability to amplify the translation of oncogenic transcripts, including MYC, by recruitment to polysomal chains. Genetic inactivation of YBX1 disrupts this regulatory circuit and displaces oncogenic drivers from polysomes, with subsequent depletion of protein levels. As a consequence, leukemia cells show reduced proliferation and are out-competed in vitro and in vivo, while normal cells remain largely unaffected. Collectively, these data establish YBX1 as a specific dependency and therapeutic target in AML that is essential for oncogenic protein expression.

Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs) are expanding in modern oceans due to anthropogenically-driven climate and environmental change. In the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS), OMZs developed in the early Holocene as a result of decreased intermediate water ventilation, increasing temperature, and increased Nile discharge and primary productivity. Here, we report benthic foraminiferal numbers (BFN) and species abundances, together with redox-sensitive trace metals (RSTM), and iron and phosphorus speciation from two sediment cores sampled at intermediate depths (1200 and 1430 m) from the SE Levantine shelf. The main aim of our study is to better understand the sequence of redox changes during sapropel S1 deposition caused by biogeochemical processes affecting the sapropel intermediate water mass. The use of benthic foraminifera indices (diversity and oxygen) together with iron speciation and RSTM (V, Mo and U) enables detailed description of the changing oxygen/redox status of the overlying water. Prior to sapropel S1 deposition at ∼10.2 ka BP, RSTM suggest that the overlying water was well oxygenated, but benthic foraminifera numbers (BFN) suggest that oxygen levels had already begun to decrease. There was then a pulse of increased export carbon from the enlarged Nile flood plume, as shown by increased BFN at the beginning of sapropel S1. Shortly after, RSTM and Fe-S systematics suggest that the water column transitioned from dysoxic to anoxic, non-sulfidic. Anoxic conditions then persisted at 1200 m depth, but RSTM and benthic foraminifera indices suggest that deeper waters at 1430 m were more likely dysoxic, until the 8.2 ka BP global cooling event. The benthic foraminifera and inorganic redox proxies then suggest a second period of anoxic, non-sulfidic conditions, with a gradual return to well ventilated waters at the end of sapropel deposition at ∼6 ka BP. There was enhanced burial of authigenic P throughout sapropel deposition, derived from the deposition and subsequent release of organic-P and iron bound-P during diagenesis. Phosphorus recycling from the sediment and in the overlying water column added reactive P to these mid-depth waters, a process which has the potential to result in a positive feedback in systems where such waters are upwelled into the photic zone. The past EMS thus represents a template which can be used to predict biogeochemical changes in settings that evolve towards anoxic, non sulfidic conditions, which may occur in some areas as modern climate and environment change causes the continued expansion of modern OMZs and hypoxic areas adjacent to modern major rivers.

To improve the accuracy and generalization ability of hyperspectral image classification, a feature extraction method integrating principal component analysis (PCA) and local binary pattern (LBP) is developed for hyperspectral images in this article. The PCA is employed to reduce the dimension of the spectral features of hyperspectral images. The LBP with low computational complexity is used to extract the local spatial texture features of hyperspectral images to construct multifeature vectors. Then, the gray wolf optimization algorithm with global search capability is employed to optimize the parameters of kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) to construct an optimized KELM model, which is used to effectively realize a hyperspectral image classification (PLG-KELM) method. Finally, the Indian pines dataset, Houston dataset, and Pavia University dataset and an application of WHU-Hi-LongKou dataset are selected to verify the effectiveness of the PLG-KELM. The comparison experiment results show that the PLG-KELM can obtain higher classification accuracy, and takes on better generalization ability for small samples. It provides a new idea for processing hyperspectral images.

Expanded ocean anoxia and global cooling have been invoked as major causal mechanisms for the Late Ordovician mass extinction, but the factors underpinning the extinction remain unresolved. Here, we document two intervals of particularly intense phosphorus recycling in marine rocks deposited across a bathymetric transect in the Yangtze Shelf Sea. The first occurred during the initial phase of the extinction and, coincident with global cooling, drove the development of ocean euxinia on the shelf. The second re-established shelf euxinia after the peak of glaciation, leading to the second phase of extinction. Integration of these data into a global biogeochemical model indicates that phosphorus recycling would have doubled the long-term burial rate of organic carbon, driving ~4°C of global cooling. Thus, through its impact on both the spread of anoxia and global cooling, extensive redox-promoted phosphorus recycling was a critical factor in Earth’s first catastrophic loss of animal life.

Background Physical rehabilitation is often prescribed immediately following a neurological event or a neurological diagnosis. However, many individuals require physical rehabilitation after hospital discharge. The purpose of this scoping review was to determine the amount of physical rehabilitation that individuals living in the community with neurological conditions receive to understand current global practices and assess gaps in research and service use. Methods This scoping review included observational studies that 1) involved adults living with a neurological condition, and 2) quantified the amount of rehabilitation being received in the community or outpatient hospital setting. Only literature published in English was considered. MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and PEDro databases were searched from inception. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts, followed by full texts, and data extraction. Mean annual hours of rehabilitation was estimated based on the amount of rehabilitation reported in the included studies. Results Overall, 18 studies were included after screen 14,698 articles. The estimated mean annual hours of rehabilitation varied greatly (4.9 to 155.1 h), with individuals with spinal cord injury and stroke receiving the greatest number of hours. Participants typically received more physical therapy than occupational therapy (difference range: 1 to 22 h/year). Lastly, only one study included individuals with progressive neurological conditions, highlighting a research gap. Discussion The amount of rehabilitation received by individuals with neurological conditions living in the community varies greatly. With such a wide range of time spent in rehabilitation, it is likely that the amount of rehabilitation being received by most individuals in the community is insufficient to improve function and quality of life. Future work should identify the barriers to accessing rehabilitation resources in the community and how much rehabilitation is needed to observe functional improvements.

The chromatin adaptor Menin interacts with oncogenic fusion proteins encoded byMLL1-rearrangements (MLL1-r), and small molecules that disrupt these associations are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of leukemia. By integrating chromatin-focused and genome-wide CRISPR screens with genetic, pharmacological, and biochemical approaches in mouse and human systems, we discovered a molecular switch between the MLL1-Menin and MLL3/4-UTX chromatin modifying complexes that dictates response to Menin-MLL inhibitors. We show that MLL1-Menin safeguards leukemia survival by impeding binding of the MLL3/4-UTX complex at a subset of target gene promoters. Disrupting the interaction between Menin and MLL1 leads to UTX-dependent transcriptional activation of a tumor suppressor gene-program that is crucial for a therapeutic response in murine and human leukemia. We establish the therapeutic relevance of this mechanism by showing that CDK4/6 inhibitors allow re-activation of this tumor-suppressor program in Menin-inhibitor insensitive leukemia cells, mitigating treatment resistance. The discovery of a molecular switch between MLL1-Menin and MLL3/4-UTX complexes on chromatin sheds light on novel functions of these evolutionary conserved epigenetic mediators and is particularly relevant to understand and target molecular pathways determining response and resistance in ongoing phase 1/2 clinical trials.

Supplemental Material, sj-docx-1-crd-10.1177_1479973121993494 for Muscle and cerebral oxygenation during cycling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A scoping review by Melissa Miles, Antenor Rodrigues, Shirin Tajali, Yijun Xiong, Ani Orchanian-Cheff, W Darlene Reid and Dmitry Rozenberg in Chronic Respiratory Disease

Introduction: Impaired muscle coordination is associated with fatigue and may contribute to respiratory muscle dysfunction, dyspnea and respiratory failure if affecting the respiratory muscles. We aimed to determine the inter- and intra-rater reliability of manually measuring the coordination of respiratory muscle activation. Methods: Electromyography (EMG) of the diaphragm, sternomastoid, scalene and parasternal intercostal were recorded during inspiratory threshold loading (ITL) at 50% of the maximal inspiratory pressure in 7 healthy adults (age 24±1, yrs; 5 ♂) until task failure (Tlim). The phase angle (θ) was used to quantify the timing coordination between respiratory muscle activation (EMGonset) and inspiratory flow onset relative to the duration of the respiratory cycle (Ttot). Phase angle was expressed in degrees as calculated by θ=([EMGonset–flowonset]/Ttot)×360. Two investigators evaluated the θ during the 1st minute of ITL and at Tlim; one of the investigators evaluated the θ twice so we could determine the inter- and intra-rater reliability of measures. Results: Inter- and intra-rater reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) ranged from 0.700 to 0.990 (p Conclusion: A manual method of measuring respiratory muscle coordination has good to excellent inter- and intra-rater reliabilities.

The method of phase synchronization (PS) of chaotic is applied and the difference of electroencephalograms (EEGs) recorded from lie detection (LD) experiment between the truth and the lying responses from the two kinds of subjects is explored. In this study, the LD experiment based on the standard three stimuli protocol was designed to gather information of the twenty subjects' EEG. Phase Locking Value (PLV) was used as a statistical measure from PS for the aim of few stimulus in LD experiment. Experimental result shows first a specific spatial and temporal disparity in PS that guilty group has a stronger /higher PLV than innocent group. In particular, the result of pattern recognition---high accuracy is up to 88%. It is concluded that functional connectivity network for lie detection can help to collect more insight into the deception process. Therefore, PLV can be considered to be a valid method to identify deception and guide us to understand cognition processing with connectivity network of lie.

Publisher's Note: There is a Blood Commentary on this article in this issue.

A binary-structured metamaterial absorber (BMA) consisting of a low-permittivity dual-layer all-dielectric resonance surface (ADRS) and reflector was simulated and experimentally validated. Analyses of relative impedance, electric/magnetic field and power loss density indicated that the proposed BMA exhibits two absorption peaks at 14.65 GHz and 16.61 GHz, resulting from the magnetic and electrical responses of ADRS, respectively. The dependences of absorption properties on the dimensions of the ADRS and material parameters of the ADRS are discussed. It is concluded that the upper layer of the ADRS acts as an impedance-matching layer directly influencing the absorption intensity, while the bottom layer offers frequency selectivity in the 13–15 GHz range. The current design uses a low-permittivity ADRS, with simplified design and easy preparation and is notably different from conventional ternary-structured metamaterial absorbers based on a metallic resonance surface. The simplicity of the proposed BMA makes it a promising low-cost ambient temperature alternative to conventional metamaterial absorbers and could open up practical applications.

The present study investigated the toxic effects of parental (maternal/paternal) exposure to heavy fuel oil (HFO) on the adult reproductive state, gamete quality and development of the offspring of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Adult sea urchins were exposed to effluents from HFO-oiled gravel columns for 7 days to simulate an oil-contaminated gravel shore, and then gametes of adult sea urchins were used to produce embryos to determine developmental toxicity. For adult sea urchins, no significant difference in the somatic size and weight was found between the various oil loadings tested, while the gonad weight and gonad index were significantly decreased at higher oil loadings. The spawning ability of adults and fecundity of females significantly decreased. For gametes, no effect was observed on the egg size and fertilization success in any of the groups. However, a significant increase in the percentage of anomalies in the offspring was observed and then quantified by an integrative toxicity index (ITI) at 24 and 48 h post fertilization. The offspring from exposed parents showed higher ITI values with more malformed embryos. The results confirmed that parental exposure to HFO can cause adverse effects on the offspring and consequently affect the recruitment and population maintenance of sea urchins.

The end-Permian mass extinction (EPME) has been linked with the widespread development of oxygen-poor oceanic conditions. However, information on the spatial extent of anoxia in the Panthalassa super-ocean has been limited. This study reports oceanic redox records from a deep-sea chert succession (the Waiheke 1 section, WHK 1, New Zealand) that was located in southern mid-latitudes of Panthalassa. High-resolution carbon isotope (δ13C) correlation between Waiheke and the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) type section indicates that the EPME is recorded in a thin black claystone interbedded between siliceous mudstone beds at WHK 1. Pyrite-dominated enrichment in highly reactive iron, coupled with elevated U/Al and Mo/Al ratios, are prevalent through this black claystone bed and the overlying Permo-Triassic transition strata, suggesting the development of euxinic water column conditions. Similar redox variations across the EPME horizon have been reported from other Panthalassic deep-sea PTB sections. Comparison with these PTB sections indicates that euxinic conditions were widespread in low-latitude regions of the Panthalassan ocean, and such conditions developed earlier than in mid-latitude settings, up to 100,000 years before the EPME. This suggests there was a gradual expansion of ocean anoxia from low to middle-high latitude regions during the Permo-Triassic transition. The extent of ocean anoxia resulted in a decrease in the seawater inventory of redox sensitive trace metals (e.g., Mo), which is evident in the earliest Triassic strata of the studied section and other PTB sections. Panthalassic anoxia during the EPME coincides with extreme climate warming and the associated effects (e.g., changes in ocean circulation, marine eutrophication intensified by terrestrial weathering) were likely critical triggers for ocean deoxygenation.

The early Toarcian (~183 Ma) was characterized by a prominent volcanism-induced warming event associated with a massive addition of 12C-enriched carbon to the ocean-atmosphere system. This warming likely contributed to marked ocean deoxygenation during this time, giving the event its name: the early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE). Although the T-OAE has been recognized globally, clear geographic differences in the character of the event and its environmental effects have been noted. Here we present new carbon isotope, element abundance and organic geochemical data from a lower Toarcian succession on the Isle of Raasay, Scotland (Hebrides Basin, Northwest European Shelf). These data provide the first evidence of the T-OAE in Scotland. The succession is generally enriched in organic matter through the T-OAE interval, though redox-sensitive trace element data indicate that oxic-suboxic bottom water conditions prevailed, potentially interspersed with ephemeral anoxic episodes. Our elemental data contrast with evidence for persistent anoxia/euxinia in nearby basins, and emphasize how deoxygenation was spatially variable and dependent on water depth and basin hydrography. Similarly, the data emphasize how anoxia was not a prerequisite for the deposition of organic-rich lithologies during the T-OAE. Sedimentological evidence, coupled with inorganic geochemical data, indicates increased coarse-grained detrital flux and enhanced chemical weathering during the T-OAE. Our findings support emerging evidence for a marked strengthening of hydrological cycling and increased storminess at tropical and subtropical latitudes globally in response to global warming during the T-OAE.

Drug abuse can make people appear mental excitement and other symptoms, among which the damage to the brain is particularly serious. As a new kind of drug, methamphetamine (meth) spreads rapidly among people, and its number of users has ranked second in the world. In recent years, more and more studies have been conducted on meth users using EEG signals. However, most of the current studies have only performed ERP analysis and psychological tests on meth patients. In this study, 40 subjects were asked to receive specific stimuli and give correct feedback, and their EEG signals were recorded in the process. Statistical analysis showed that the differences in the extracted features between the two groups were significant. The electrode pairs with significant difference between the two groups were selected as the classification features, and the accuracy rate of recognition could reach more than 70 percent.

Summary Repair of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) during lymphocyte development is essential for V(D)J recombination and forms the basis of immunoglobulin variable region diversity. Understanding of this process in lymphogenesis has historically been centered on the study of RAG1/2 recombinases and a set of classical non-homologous end-joining factors. Much less has been reported regarding the role of chromatin modifications on this process. Here, we show a role for the non-redundant histone H3 lysine methyltransferase, Setd2, and its modification of lysine-36 trimethylation (H3K36me3), in the processing and joining of DNA ends during V(D)J recombination. Loss leads to mis-repair of Rag-induced DNA DSBs, especially when combined with loss of Atm kinase activity. Furthermore, loss reduces immune repertoire and a severe block in lymphogenesis as well as causes post-mitotic neuronal apoptosis. Together, these studies are suggestive of an important role of Setd2/H3K36me3 in these two mammalian developmental processes that are influenced by double-stranded break repair., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • Setd2/H3K36me3 is essential in maintaining a normal hematopoiesis • Loss of Setd2/H3K36me3 impairs lymphogenesis and V(D)J recombination • Loss of Setd2/H3K36me3 and ATM kinase activity leads to mis-repaired recombination • Setd2/H3K36me3 prevents apoptosis of post-mitotic neuronal cells, Biological Sciences; Molecular Biology; Immunology; Cell Biology

The present study investigated the developmental toxicity of water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of Oman crude oil (OCO) and Merey crude oil (MCO) on zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) in early-life stages (ELS). Based on total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), LC 50 values manifested that OCO WAF was 1.2-fold more lethal to zebrafish embryos than MCO WAF. As for hatching rate, EC 50 value for OCO WAF was 5.7-fold lower than that for MCO WAF. To evaluate the sublethal morphological effects, semi-quantitative extended general morphological score (GMS) and general teratogenic score (GTS) systems were adopted. The GMS and GTS scores indicated that the WAFs caused remarkable developmental delay and high frequencies of malformation in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, OCO and MCO WAFs exposure exhibited severe bradycardia (reduced heart rate) and overt reduction of stroke volume, with a concomitant decrease in the cardiac output. Meanwhile, the WAFs also induced dose-dependent down-regulated expressions of several key functional genes of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes, including ryr2 , atp2a2a , atp2a2b , ncx1h , and kcnh2 . For key gene markers of swim bladder development, results showed that high dose of TPH induced significant down-regulation of hb9 and anxa5 with no obvious change of acta2 , suggesting that the WAFs could affect the specification and development of epithelium and outer mesothelium of swim bladder in zebrafish ELS. A strong negative relationship between the failure of swim bladder inflation and cardiac dysfunction via cardiac output was found. All these findings provide novel insights into the complicated mechanisms of the developmental toxicity of crude oil on fish in ELS.

To further understand the underlying mechanisms involved in the developmental toxicity of crude oil and chemically dispersed crude oil on fish early-life stages (ELS), zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to GM-2 chemical dispersant (DISP), low-energy water-accommodated fractions (LEWAF), and chemically enhanced WAF (CEWAF) of Merey crude oil at sublethal concentrations for 120 h. We employed the General Morphology Score (GMS) and General Teratogenic Score (GTS) systems in conjunction with high-throughput RNA-Seq analysis to evaluate the phenotypic and transcriptomic responses in zebrafish ELS. Results showed that ΣPAHs concentrations in LEWAF and CEWAF solutions were 507.63 ± 80.95 ng·L−1 and 4039.51 ± 241.26 ng·L−1, respectively. The GMS and GTS values indicated that CEWAF exposure caused more severe developmental delay and higher frequencies of teratogenic effects than LEWAF exposure. Moreover, no significant change in heart rate was observed in LEWAF treatment, while CEWAF exposure caused a significant reduction in heart rate. LEWAF and CEWAF exposure exhibited an overt change in eye area, with a reduction of 4.0% and 25.3% (relative to the control), respectively. Additionally, no obvious impact on phenotypic development was observed in zebrafish embryo-larvae following DISP exposure. Significant changes in gene expression were detected in LEWAF and CEWAF treatments, with a total of 957 and 2062 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively, while DISP exposure altered only 91 DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that LEWAF and CEWAF exposure caused significant perturbations in the pathways associated with phototransduction, retinol metabolism, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and immune response-related pathways. Our results provide more valid evidence to corroborate the previous suggestion that ocular impairment is an equal or possibly more sensitive biomarker than cardiotoxicity in fish ELS exposed to oil-derived PAHs. All these findings could gain further mechanistic insights into the effects of crude oil and chemical dispersant on fish ELS.

Here we report a facile and effective strategy for the preparation of ordered mesoporous carbon materials with a high-nitrogen-content (8.1 at%) coating layer through a polymer–ionic liquid assembly strategy. The prepared N-doped mesoporous carbon materials demonstrated enhanced CO2 adsorption capacity (2.29 mmol g−1) compared with non-doped carbon (1.84 mmol g−1).

Driving fatigue is a common occupational hazard for any long distance or professional driver, and fatigue detecting has major implications for transportation safety. Monitoring physiological signal while driving can provide the possibility to detect the fatigue and give the necessary warning. In this paper, fifty subjects participated in driving simulations experiment with their recorded EEG signals to induce two kinds of fatigue states: Alert and drowsy. Two nonlinear methods, approximate Entropy (AE) and Sample Entropy (SE), were used to characterize irregularity and complexity of EEG data. Subsequently Support Vector Machine (SVM) was applied to classify these two fatigue states. The experimental result shows that two complexity parameters are significantly decreased as the fatigue level increases. The result indicates that both of two nonlinear indicators can be used to characterize driver fatigue level. Furthermore, the combined measure feature results in higher classification accuracy, indicating the proposed classification method is more robust and effective, compared with single complexity measure.

To synthesize evidence for prefrontal cortex (PFC), quadriceps, and respiratory muscle oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during cycling in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A scoping review was performed searching databases (inception-August 2020): Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and Pedro. The search focused on COPD, cycling, and NIRS outcomes. 29 studies (541 COPD participants) were included. Compared to healthy individuals (8 studies), COPD patients at lower cycling workloads had more rapid increases in vastus lateralis (VL) deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb); lower increases in VL total hemoglobin (tHb) and blood flow; and lower muscle tissue saturation (StO2). Heliox and bronchodilators were associated with smaller and slower increases in VL HHb. Heliox increased VL and intercostal blood flow compared to room air and supplemental oxygen in COPD patients (1 study). PFC oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) increased in COPD individuals during cycling in 5 of 8 studies. Individuals with COPD and heart failure demonstrated worse VL and PFC NIRS outcomes compared to patients with only COPD—higher or more rapid increase in VL HHb and no change or decrease in PFC O2Hb. Individuals with COPD present with a mismatch between muscle oxygen delivery and utilization, characterized by more rapid increase in VL HHb, lower muscle O2Hb and lower muscle StO2. PFC O2Hb increases or tends to increase in individuals with COPD during exercise, but this relationship warrants further investigation. NIRS can be used to identify key deoxygenation thresholds during exercise to inform PFC and muscle oxygenation.

In this study, a 3D printing technology, selective laser sintering (SLS), and infiltration techniques were used to prepare a complex three-dimensional metamaterial absorber with high performance. The raw carbonyl iron (CI) powders were coated by polyamide12 (PA12), where the dissolution-precipitation method was used to improve their uniformity. The coated powders were then printed by SLS. The influence of laser power on the relative density of the composites was studied, where 18W was thought as the optimal laser power. And the SLS samples were infiltrated by thermosetting epoxy resin (EP, E−44) to increase their relative densities and strength. Mechanical tests showed that the infiltrated composites have an ultimate tensile strength of 41.98 MPa, almost 15 times higher than those without infiltration. The final metamaterial absorber (MMA) exhibited the reflection loss below −10 dB in 2.7–18 GHz. The above results indicate that the fabricated processes proposed in this paper have great potential for the preparation of three-dimensional metamaterial absorbers.

Recently many researches have focused on the lie detection (LD) using the event-related-potentials (ERPs) of EEG signals. Deception is a complex cognition process which involves activities in different brain regions. However, most of current ERP-based LD systems only focus on extracting the various features from the EEG signals on one or few channels. In this study, we used the phase lag index (PLI) to establish brain network connections and applied graph theory approach to investigate structure features in functional networks. Thirty participants were required to tell the truth or lie when facing certain stimuli, and their EEG signals were recorded. Statistical analysis indicates that the differences in the extracted graph-based features between the two groups were significant. Furthermore, calculated result shows that the guilty group shows more obvious small-world property than the innocent group, which provides a new approach that could automatically identify the deception in future.

Stranding of oil onto a coastline after an oil spill threatens the health of marine benthic organisms. Here, the transgenerational effects of exposure to stranded heavy fuel oil (HFO) on the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius were assessed. The column containing gravel coated with HFO was prepared in the laboratory to simulate HFO-contaminated gravel shorelines. Adult sea urchins were exposed for 21 days to either a HFO-oiled gravel column at the oil loading of 3000 μg oil/g gravel or a non-HFO-oiled gravel column (as the control treatment) and then offspring were either exposed to HFO or ambient seawater conditions. The sublethal exposure to HFO for 21 days induced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulation in gonads, accompanied by increased levels of oxidative lipid, protein and DNA damage and a reduction in total antioxidant capacity. Analysis of gametes indicated that both maternal and paternal exposure could result in the transfer of PAHs and DNA damage to their offspring. Parental (maternal, paternal or both) exposure to HFO caused increases in malformation rates of offspring compared to those from control parents under ambient seawater condition. Continued HFO exposure in the offspring resulted in further increased malformation rates compared with those reared in ambient seawater, as well as oxidative lipid, protein and DNA damage. Furthermore, mother exposure history reduced the total antioxidant capacity of larvae to response to continued HFO exposure. Overall, the results suggest an increased sensitivity to toxic effects of HFO in larvae from exposed both parents compared with those from control parents in S. intermedius, which may consequently affect the recruitment and population maintenance.

This paper presents a method to identify lying automatically using EEG signals. The wavelet entropy of event-related potentials (ERP) carries information about the degree of order associated with a multi-frequency brain electrophysiological activity. We used wavelet entropy to analyze ERP during a lying task. Ten subjects were divided into guilty and innocent groups randomly. They were instructed to make a truthful or deceptive responses on the stimuli. EEG recordings on Pz channel were collected and the features of wavelet entropy were extracted. Statistical result reveals that there is significantly lower wavelet entropy value for the guilty group than that for the control group. We concluded that guilty subjects showed much high order degree of the brain state than normal persons after about 300 ms after stimulus onset. Hence, wavelet entropy is an effective and reliable approach to detect deception, and can help us to understand cognition processing deeply for lying behaviors.

A new binary-structured metamaterial absorber (MA), consisting of a 3D cross-shaped dielectric (CSD) periodic array and a metal back plane, is proposed and fabricated. This structure realized six resonant absorption peaks below −10dB in the range of 8–18 GHz. Both simulated and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this design in generating multiband and low frequency absorption, which is difficult to achieve in previous 2D dielectric absorbers. The electromagnetic(EM) field and energy loss density distributions of absorption peaks were investigated as well as effects of structural parameters on the reflection loss spectra. It indicated that multimode resonance is generated by standing waves in the 3D dielectric structure. Moreover, since the structure is made of a low-permittivity dielectric resin, the fabrication is relatively easy and low-cost. The design of a three-dimensional low-permittivity all-dielectric structure described in this work has potential applications in the EM energy capture and stealth fields.

In this paper, we proposed a novel deception detection (authenticity monitoring) method based on functional connectivity of different brain regions. 12- channels EEG signals were recorded. A mutual information analysis method was used to describe and quantify the connectivity information (correlation) of different regions. Following that, we analysed the statistical difference in the connectivity values between the guilty and innocent groups, and the electrode pairs on which there was statistical difference between two groups were selected. Finally, those connectivity values on selected electrode pairs were combined into the feature vector that was then fed into support vector machine classifier to identify the liars and the truth-telling subjects. Experimental results shows that the classification accuracy of 99.85% is obtained. This study proves that the mutual information method is an effective method of feature extraction for EEG signals, which provides a new way for deception detection based on EEG signals.

The classification of EEG tasks has drawn much attention in recent years. In this paper, a novel classification model based on independent component analysis (ICA) and Extreme learning machine (ELM) is proposed to detect lying. Firstly, ICA and its topography information were used to automatically identify the P300 ICs. Then, time and frequency-domain features were extracted from the reconstructed P3 waveforms. Finally, two classes of feature samples were used to train ELM, Back-propagation network (BPNN) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers for comparison. The optimal number of P3 ICs and the values of classifier parameter were optimized by the cross-validation procedures. Experimental results show that the presented method (ICA_ELM) achieves the highest training accuracy of 95.40% with extremely less training and testing time on detecting P3 components for the guilty and the innocent subjects. The results indicate that the proposed method can be applied in lie detection.

In this paper, we propose a new multicast scheme called tree-shared multicasting (TS-MCAST) in optical burst-switched wavelength-division-multiplexing networks, taking into consideration overheads due to control packets and guard bands (GBs) associated with data bursts. In TS-MCAST, multicast traffic belonging to multiple multicast sessions from the same source-edge node to possibly different destination-edge nodes can be multiplexed together in a data burst, which is delivered via a shared multicast tree. To support TS-MCAST, we propose three tree-sharing strategies based on equal coverage, super coverage, and overlapping coverage, and present a simple shared multicast tree-construction algorithm. For performance comparison, we consider two other multicast schemes: separate multicasting (S-MCAST) and multiple unicasting (M-UCAST). We show that TS-MCAST outperforms S-MCAST and M-UCAST in terms of bandwidth consumed and processing load (i.e., number of control packets) incurred for a given amount of multicast traffic under the same unicast traffic load with static multicast sessions and membership.

The state-independent (SI) and state-dependent (SD) path restoration schemes for self-healing networks are studied in this paper. The integer programming (IP) formulations for the spare capacity allocation and restoration flow assignment are first presented. Based on the optimal IP solutions, the SI and SD restoration schemes are then compared quantitatively in terms of spare capacity requirement (SCR), restoration time, VPI (virtual path identifier) redundancy (in ATM) and nodal storage capacity requirement. The comparison is based on spare optimization, single link failure scenario and 100% restoration. The SCR is also compared under single node failure scenario. It is observed that using group VP (virtual path) restoration (for either SI or SD) can substantially reduce the restoration time with only a small increase in spare capacity cost. Further, the SI restoration seems better than the SD restoration for the cases we have studied, at least in spare optimization, as its implementation is relatively easier and the difference in SCR between SI and SD is not significant. The economies of scale in transmission facility cost is also investigated in the paper.

Optical burst switching (OBS) is a promising solution for building terabit optical routers and realizing IP over WDM. In this paper, we describe the basic concept of OBS and present a general architecture of optical core routers and electronic edge routers in the OBS network. The key design issues related to the OBS are also discussed, namely, burst assembly (burstification), channel scheduling, burst offset-time management, and some dimensioning rules. A nonperiodic time-interval burst assembly mechanism is described. A class of data channel scheduling algorithms with void filling is proposed for optical routers using a fiber delay line buffer. The LAUC-VF (latest available unused channel with void filling) channel scheduling algorithm is studied in detail. Initial results on the burst traffic characteristics and on the performance of optical routers in the OBS network with self-similar traffic as inputs are reported in the paper.

The rapid increase of Internet traffic is pushing the deployment of WDM technology in the next-generation high-speed Internet backbone. Routers in the backbone could still be the potential bottleneck. In this article we consider some design issues of high-throughput optical routers which combine the advantages of WDM with the new optical switching technology. We first introduce a proposed Internet architecture based on the optical burst switching mechanism. Some important design issues in optical buffering and control function are addressed which are expected to have significant effects on router performance. Numerical results of a simulation study are also presented along with discussions.

This paper studies the capacity and flow assignment problem arising in the design of self-healing asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks using the virtual path concept. The problem is formulated here as a linear programming problem which is solved using standard methods. The objective is to minimize the spare capacity cost for the given restoration requirement. The spare cost depends on the restoration strategies used in the network. We compare several restoration strategies quantitatively in terms of spare cost, notably: global versus failure-oriented reconfiguration, path versus link restoration, and state-dependent versus state-independent restoration. The advantages and disadvantages of various restoration strategies are also highlighted. Such comparisons provide useful guidance for real network design. Further, a new heuristic algorithm based on the minimum cost route concept is developed for the design of large self-healing ATM networks using path restoration. Numerical results illustrate that the heuristic algorithm is efficient and gives near-optimal solutions for the spare capacity allocation and flow assignment for tested examples.

A (large) multicast ATM switch with external structure of output queueing and internal structure of buffered MINs (multistage interconnection networks) is considered in the paper, where the buffered MIN (also called switching network) is composed of switching elements with shared buffer output queueing. The cell replication while routing (CRWR) scheme is used in the switch to implement multicast function. In this paper, we study the performance of the switch with multicast traffic, mainly via computer simulations. The multicast traffic can be random and bursty. We found that compared to unicast traffic, multicast traffic with truncated geometric distribution of cell fanouts has only a slightly worse impact on the performance of switching elements in isolation or in the last stage of the switching network. The multicast traffic has no worse effect on the switch output buffer behavior and cell delay in the switching network. Moreover, using multiple MINs in parallel can substantially improve the switching network performance for highly bursty traffic. Some analytical approximations are given which could be useful in the dimensioning of switching networks.

In this paper, we analyze the performance characteristics of an ATM switch, where cell arrivals are generated according to a three-state Markovian arrival law. This arrival process is an extension for the two-state ON/OFF source model that has already been extensively treated in the literature, and it allows a much more flexible modeling of a wide variety of VBR sources. As a result, for the finite storage capacity case, the system contents distribution, as well as the cell loss ratio are derived. On the other hand, for the infinite storage capacity case, a method for deriving an expression for the probability generating function of the system contents is presented. Furthermore, an approximation (consisting of multiple geometric terms) for the tail distribution of the system contents is given. The accuracy of this approximation as well as the impact of the traffic parameters on the buffer behavior are discussed via some numerical examples.

In this paper, we investigate a discrete-time multiserver buffer system. Packets arrive in the system according to a general, possibly correlated, process, which is not further specified. The service times of the packets are of constant length. Explicit expressions are derived for the distribution, probability generating function, mean and variance of the packet delay, in terms of the distribution, probability generating function, mean and variance of the buffer contents. It is observed that knowledge of the exact nature of the arrival process is not required in order to be able to derive these (general) relationships between the statistics of the delay and the occupancy.

A statistical multiplexer with infinite buffer capacity and a finite number of independent (not necessarily identical) 2-state MMBP (Markov Modulated Bernoulli Process) traffic sources is considered in this paper, which is modeled as a discrete-time single-server queueing system with correlated arrivals. A simple analytic approach is presented to obtain an upper bound for the tail distribution of the buffer contents. This upper bound is good and even tight in many cases, as shown by the numerical results. Compared to a previously reported exact and general solution technique, our approximate analytic approach is very easy to use and not limited by the system size, and costs nearly no CPU-time. So it is useful in practice. This analytic method can also be easily extended to general m -state Markov modulated arrival processes (e.g., m -state MMBP's).