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Thermogravimetric (TG) curve of UiO-66 (a) and N-U-1 (b).;Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of simulated UiO-66 (a), UiO-66 (b), N-U-1 (c), N-U-2 (d), N-U-3 (e), N-U-4 (f), N-U-5 (g).; N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of as-synthesized UiO-66 (A); the pore size distribution of UiO-66 (B); N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of N-U-1 (C); the pore size distribution of N-U-1 (D).;SEM images of UiO-66 (A) and N-U-1 (B) (The inserted image of A and B is the SEM image at high magnification).; CV behaviors of PC-900/CNTF (A) and NPC-1-900/CNTF (B) at scan rate of 100-500 mV s-1 (from down to up is 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mV s-1).

Arc efficiency is a critical criterion for assessing the performance of the ion source. High arc efficiency is necessary for a high power ion source, because it can decrease the load of the arc power supply. Thus the relationship between the discharge parameters (gas pressure, arc voltage, filament current, bias resistance connecting between the anode and plasma grid) and the arc efficiency is investigated in experiment especially. It is found that with increasing pressure, the arc efficiency increases fast if the pressure is below 0.4 Pa, but when it is above 0.4 Pa, the arc efficiency remains unchanged or increases slowly. If we increase the arc voltage or filament current, the arc efficiency decreases. The bias resistance also influences the arc efficiency, at the same pressure the arc efficiency increases with resistance.

For heating the tokamak plasma effectively, the ion source must be capable of producing ions with high proton ratio. The proton ratio, which is found to be more than 65.6% at the ion current of 19.6 A with the extraction voltage of 39.6 kV, is measured with an image spectrograph by Doppler shift effect of Balmer-α-radiation spectrum emitted from fast hydrogen particles. The tendency of proton ratio with the ion density in experiment is almost the same as the mode devised by Zhang et al. Okumura et al. only gave the affection of the plasma volume and ion loss area on the proton ratio, but the relationship between the ion density in chamber and the proton ratio was not presented. We give the relationship.

A circular magnetic multi-pole line-cusp ion source with a nominal 45 keV 25 A hydrogen ion beam is developed for the neutral beam injector of the HL-2A tokomak. At present, this bucket ion source can produce a 40 keV 20 A hydrogen ion beam for less than 100 ms on a test bed, and a 35 keV 13 A ion beam for 300 ms on the injector of the HL-2A tokomak. The 1/e half-width of the ion beam power profile is about 6.0 ± 0.2 cm at the position of 3.26m downstream from ion source, and the corresponding divergence degree is nearly 1.1. The optimum perveance matched conditions were obtained experimentally, and were in good agreement with the values from experiential equation of Uhlemann et al. The maximum of optimum perveance reached 2.2 × 10−6 A/V1.5 for 38 keV beam energy. An ion beam with above 60% H+ species fraction can be achieved, which was measured by Hα light Doppler shift spectroscopy. According to research results, a neutral beam with a total power of more than 0.6 MW was successfully injected into the plasma of the HL-2A Tokomak in 2008.

Many interesting long-time dynamic properties of solid interface, such as deep diffusion, pervasion and phase forming, cannot be simulated directly using traditional molecular dynamics (MD) because of nanosecond timescale limitations. Thus, a simpler bias potential form has been proposed within the Voter's hyper dynamics scheme. In this method, the potential energy wells are raised by adding a coefficient, which was defined as the accelerating factor, to the original potential. So, the escape rate from potential wells was enhanced, which extends the timescale by several orders of magnitude comparing to the traditional MD simulations. What's more important, the features of potential surface are reserved even without any in_advance knowledge of the location of either the potential energy wells or saddle points. We demonstrate this method by applying it to the mutual diffusion of atoms in Mg/Zn interface with different accelerating factors using a simple Lennard-Jones potential. The results showed that long-time MD simulation can be realized very easily by our approach.