Search

Polyploids generated by the replication of a single genome (autopolyploid) or synthesis of two or more distinct genomes (allopolyploid) usually show significant advantages over their diploid progenitors in biological characteristics, including growth and development, nutrient accumulation, and plant resistance. Whereas, the impacts of genomic replication on transcription regulation and chromatin structure in pak choi have not been explored fully. In this study, we observed the transcriptional and genomic structural alterations between diploid B. rapa (AA) and artificial autotetraploid B. rapa (AAAA) using RNA-seq and Hi-C. RNA-seq revealed 1,786 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the diploids and autotetraploids, including 717 down-regulated and 1,069 up-regulated genes in autotetraploids. Of all the 1,786 DEGs, 23 DEGs (10 down-regulated DEGs in autotetraploids) were involved in Compartment A-B shifts, while 28 DEGs (20 up-regulated DEGs in autotetraploids) participated in Compartment B-A shifts. Moreover, there were 15 DEGs in activated topologically associating domains (TADs) (9 up-regulated DEGs in diploids) and 80 DEGs in repressed TADs (49 down-regulated DEGs in diploids). Subsequently, eight DEGs with genomic structural variants were selected as potential candidate genes, including four DEGs involved in photosynthesis (BraA01003143, BraA09002798, BraA04002224, and BraA08000594), three DEGs related to chloroplast (BraA05002974, BraA05001662, and BraA04001148), and one DEG associated with disease resistance (BraA09004451), which all showed high expression in autotetraploids. Overall, our results demonstrated that integrative RNA-seq and Hi-C analysis can identify related genes to phenotypic traits and also provided new insights into the molecular mechanism of the growth advantage of polyploids.

Background The incidence of traumatic arteriovenous fistula (TAVF) between the middle meningeal artery (MMA) and the petrosal vein (PV) is rare. Although TAVF has been reported involving the MMA several sinus and veins, this is the first incidence of a fistula involving the extracranial MMA and PV. Case Description We present a 47-year-old male with sudden onset of weakness of his right limb and speech difficulty a few hours before admission to our facility. He had a 6-month history of mild traumatic head injury. Initial computed tomography revealed midbrain hemorrhage while digital subtraction angiography revealed a TAVF of the left MMA. Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, however, revealed communication between the MMA and PV. We treated the patient with coil embolization via the transarterial route. Conclusions This is the first incidence of a fistula connecting the extracranial MMA and PV. We managed the patient with only coil embolization without any further neurologic deficits.

Interface fracture often occurs in systems of soft substrate and hard coatings during the service process, which is related to the weak interface strength and the unstable expansion of cracks along the interface induced by the residual thermal stress. The residual thermal stress mainly comes from the mismatch of thermal physical properties between matrix and hard coatings. In this study, a gradient carburized layer was prepared on TC4 substrate before the deposition of TiN(Ti) coatings using double glow plasma carburization. And then the mono- and multilayer TiN(Ti) coatings were synthesized on the carburized layer, forming composite hard coatings. The effect of substrate carburizing on properties of coatings was studied. The results show that the composite coatings' hardness can be increased nearly 2 times and the bonding strength is enhanced to over 80 N, compared with that of mono-and multilayer TiN(Ti) coatings. Also the interface brittle fracture tendency is restrained obviously by the hardened substrate, and the coordinative deformation ability of the coating at extra load is optimized. The composite coating composed of pre-carburized layer and TiN hard coating shows a higher strength and toughness.

Rationale: The incidence of double aneurysms on the ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is very rare. Nevertheless, delayed rupture of a parent artery instead of the aneurysmal sac following pipeline embolization device (PLED) is unusual. Patient concerns: We present a 72-year-old female who was admitted at our facility with gradual onset of nonspecific visual changes. Diagnosis: Conventional angiography revealed 2 aneurysms located at the ophthalmic segment of the left ICA. Interventions: Both aneurysms were successfully treated with PLED. Outcomes: Two months after discharge, the patient was rushed into the emergency with bilateral conjunctival congestion. Computed tomography revealed intracranial hemorrhage at left temporal lobe while digital subtraction angiography established a left direct carotid cavernous fistula. We utilized stent (Solitaire 6∗30) assisted coils to occlude the fistula. The patient is well and go about her normal duties. Lessions: Manipulation of the tortuous parent artery resulted in a focal traumatic weakness in the artery and subsequently a delay tear. We are of the view that, endovascular surgeons should be on the lookout for this complication following flow deviation treatment modalities.

Soil erosion on spoil heaps is one of the global environmental issues, where grass recovery is often implemented. However, information regarding how the erosion processes and control efficiency on spoil heaps differ as functions of grass types and components is lacking. In this study, a series of artificial rainfalls (48, 72, and 108 mm h−1) were conducted on eight plots (each one was replicated) that were established on steep spoil heaps and treated with three different grass types (Artemisia gmelinii (AG), Medicago sativa (MS), and Cynodon dactylon (CD)), with measurements of the runoff generation, sediment yield, and runoff velocity. Bare plot (BS) was set up as a control. Three scenarios regarding erosion efficiencies that by intact grass (IG), a combination of grass stems and roots (NL), and only grass root (OR), were considered. The results showed: 1) grass recovery can significantly reduce soil loss rate (SLR) on spoil heaps up to 99%, and there was no significant difference in erosion reduction efficiency between grasses with a taproot (AG: 93%) and fibrous root (MS: 92%; CD: 89%) systems under the IG treatments (P > 0.05); 2) The effect of the different grass treatments on SLR reduction depended on the rainfall intensity. The contribution rate of roots to SLR reduction was 68%–90% at a rainfall intensity of 48 mm h−1, while the stem and leaf contribution rates were 39%–156% at intensities of 72 and 108 mm h−1, respectively. While incomplete grass even increased the SLR, especially in the OR treatment, where the contribution rate of root to SLR reduction was −2%– −68%. 3) The IG treatment reduced soil erodibility (Kr) by 81.43%–83.80%, while the Kr values of the OR treatment were 1.51–3.53 times greater, as compared to the BS plots. In most cases, the critical shear stress (τc) on the grass plots was 1.09–2.14 times greater than those in the BS plots. These results would guide the selection of grass species for controlling spoil heaps erosion, also highlight the necessity of maintaining grass to maximize its control efficiency.

Metal nitride hard coatings, such as TiN and TiAlN are widely used to protect materials because of their higher hardness and wear properties. However, these coatings always contain a high degree of internal stress which could arouse adhesion problems. It is hard to synthesize monolayer TiN or TiAlN coatings thicker than 10 μm by PVD (physical vapor deposition). The multilayer composite structure, offering efficient means of controlling residual stress, is a successful way to synthesize thicker hard coatings. In the present study, a series of multilayer composite Ti/TiN coatings with different composite periods were synthesized by plasma enhanced ion plating and the effects of multilayered structure mechanical properties of the coating was studied. The result shows that the mechanical properties of the coating are strengthened with increasing the periods of composite Ti/TiN layer. The micro hardness (HV0.25) can reach to about 27 500 MPa and better toughness and higher thickness (≥50 μm) are obtained. The toughness of the coating is almost directly proportional to hardness. Meanwhile, the tribological performance of the coating is improved with a lower dry friction coefficient (about 0.35) and higher wear resistance by alternating 48 periods of Ti/TiN layer. However, the bonding strength of the coating is weakened with further increasing the period of Ti/TiN layer due to the weak interface of coating and substrate.

Introduction: Coil migration (CM) is an extraordinary delayed complication associated with coil embolization as the definitive treatment for pseudoaneurysm (PA). Our case is a recurrent one with episodes occurring in approximately 2-year intervals. Case presentation: A teenager presented with a PA after a car accident in 2014. He was admitted and treated with stent-assisted coils at our institution. The patient experienced delayed coil migration into the nostril in 2017 which we resolved by cutting off the migrated coils under nasal-endoscopy. The remaining coils migrated into the oral cavity in 2019 and were completely pulled out under nasal-endoscopy. Conclusion: When a patient experienced CM in vitro, it is advocated that, the extruding coils be cut off while the remaining coils are left in-situ. As much as possible, coil should not be forcefully pulled out. Keywords: Recurrent, Pseudoaneurysm, Coil migration, Endovascular

Rationale Dual aneurysms arising from the internal cerotic artery (ICA) is a very rare occurrence. Clinoid segment aneurysms (CSAs) are often seen at the carotid dural rings while cavernous carotid aneurysms (CCAs) are often a direct communication between the ICA and the cavernous sinus (CS). We present a case of complex concomitant occurrence of a CSA and a CCA complicated with delay aneurysmal rupture (DAR) resulting in carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) after our initial treatment of the patient with pipeline embolization devices (PLEDs) PATIENT CONCERNS:: We present a 64-year old female who we admitted at our institution due to one-year history of double vision. Neurological examinations were unremarkable. Diagnosis Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer tomography (CT)-scan revealed dual aneurysms on the ICA. Digital subtracting angiogram (DSA) confirmed a small CSA and a large CCA on the right ICA. Interventions We treated both aneurysms with PLED and subsequently observed DAR of CCA as a complication. Outcomes We successfully occluded the fistula with ONYX (ev3, Irvine, CA) via the trans-venous approach. Lesions PLED was the best endovascular treatment option though DAR was inevitable. Although the trans-arterial approach may be the gold standard for the managing of CCF, the complex nature of our case made us opt for trans-venous approach. The trans-venous route is very appropriate for fistulas with complex parent arteries.