Search

Mongolotettix baohuashanensis sp. nov. (Figs. 1-9) Male: Body small in size. Head shorter than pronotum. Face oblique in profile. widened downward gradually. Antennae ensiform. Eyes oval, vertical diameter 1.5 times horizontal diameter and 1.2 times length of subocular furrow. Pronotum median keel visible, distinctly cut by hind transverse sulcus, lateral keels almost parallel, prozona 1.6 times of metazona in length. Tegmina longer, reaching the hind margin of 7 th abdominal tergite, apically concave in the middle, maximum width of cubital area 1.6 times maximum width of medial area. Interspace of mesosternum distinctly narrowed in the middle ��� length 2.3 times minimum width. Lateral lobes of metasternum separated. Upper keel of hind femur smooth, length of hind femur 5.6 times its maximum width, end of lower knee lobes angular, inner side with 88 stridulatory pegs. Hind tibia with 13 spines on inner and 12 spines on outer sides, external apical spine absent. Second joint of hind tarsus shorter than the first one. Tympanum large and round. Furculae distinct, apex rounded. Cercus long conical, almost reaching tip of epiproct. Subgenital plate long conical. Width of epiphallus larger than high, with indistinct projection on both inner sides. Female: Body more robust than male. Vertical diameter of eyes 1.3 times horizontal diameter and 1.1 times the length of subocular furrow. Prozona 1.7 times metazoan in length. Tegmina short, extending over the middle of 2nd abdominal tergite slightly, length 2.8 times its maximum width. Length of hind femur 5.4 times its maximum width. Cercus shortconical, not reaching end of epiproct. Upper ovipositor valve longer, length 3.3 times maximum width, with small teeth on outer margin. Coloration: Male body brown. Antennae yellow. Pronotum yellowish-brown. Tegmina of male without a white stripe on the fore margin at base. Tegmina of female with a black longitudinal stripe in the middle. Subgenital plate brown. Abdomen of female yellowish-brown, with a brown longitudinal stripe on both sides, other as same male. Measurement (in mm): Length of body: ♂ 20.1-20.7, ♀ 27.9-28.6. Length of tegmina: ♂ 11.1-11.3, ♀ 4.5-5.5. Length of hind femur: ♂ 11.5-13.2, ♀ 15.8-16.4. Holotype ♂, paratypes 1♂, 2♀, Jiangsu, Baohuashan 32��10��N, 119��16��E, 1984-7-23. leg. unknown. 1 Diagnosis. The new species is similar to M. fujianensis Chen et al, 2018. The major differences are listed in Table 1. Etymology: The specific epithet is named after Baohuashan the type locality., Published as part of Zhang, Da-Peng, Wang, Sheng-Nan, Dai, Li & Yin, Zhan, 2021, A new species of the genus Mongolotettix Rehn, 1928 from Jiangsu, China (Orthoptera, Acridoidea, Acrididae), pp. 448-450 in Zootaxa 5068 (3) on pages 448-449, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5068.3.10, http://zenodo.org/record/5706799, {"references":["Chen, S. - Z., Shi, J. P. & Dai, Li (2018) Description of a new species of the genus Mongolotettix Rehn, 1928 (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Fujian, China. Zootaxa, 4410 (2), 387 - 389. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4410.2.8"]}

Mongolotettix baohuashanensis sp. nov. (Figs. 1-9) Male: Body small in size. Head shorter than pronotum. Face oblique in profile. widened downward gradually. Antennae ensiform. Eyes oval, vertical diameter 1.5 times horizontal diameter and 1.2 times length of subocular furrow. Pronotum median keel visible, distinctly cut by hind transverse sulcus, lateral keels almost parallel, prozona 1.6 times of metazona in length. Tegmina longer, reaching the hind margin of 7 th abdominal tergite, apically concave in the middle, maximum width of cubital area 1.6 times maximum width of medial area. Interspace of mesosternum distinctly narrowed in the middle • length 2.3 times minimum width. Lateral lobes of metasternum separated. Upper keel of hind femur smooth, length of hind femur 5.6 times its maximum width, end of lower knee lobes angular, inner side with 88 stridulatory pegs. Hind tibia with 13 spines on inner and 12 spines on outer sides, external apical spine absent. Second joint of hind tarsus shorter than the first one. Tympanum large and round. Furculae distinct, apex rounded. Cercus long conical, almost reaching tip of epiproct. Subgenital plate long conical. Width of epiphallus larger than high, with indistinct projection on both inner sides. Female: Body more robust than male. Vertical diameter of eyes 1.3 times horizontal diameter and 1.1 times the length of subocular furrow. Prozona 1.7 times metazoan in length. Tegmina short, extending over the middle of 2nd abdominal tergite slightly, length 2.8 times its maximum width. Length of hind femur 5.4 times its maximum width. Cercus shortconical, not reaching end of epiproct. Upper ovipositor valve longer, length 3.3 times maximum width, with small teeth on outer margin. Coloration: Male body brown. Antennae yellow. Pronotum yellowish-brown. Tegmina of male without a white stripe on the fore margin at base. Tegmina of female with a black longitudinal stripe in the middle. Subgenital plate brown. Abdomen of female yellowish-brown, with a brown longitudinal stripe on both sides, other as same male. Measurement (in mm): Length of body: ♂ 20.1-20.7, ♀ 27.9-28.6. Length of tegmina: ♂ 11.1-11.3, ♀ 4.5-5.5. Length of hind femur: ♂ 11.5-13.2, ♀ 15.8-16.4. Holotype ♂, paratypes 1♂, 2♀, Jiangsu, Baohuashan 32º10´N, 119º16´E, 1984-7-23. leg. unknown. 1 Diagnosis. The new species is similar to M. fujianensis Chen et al, 2018. The major differences are listed in Table 1. Etymology: The specific epithet is named after Baohuashan the type locality.

Sinohaplotropis amurensis sp. nov. (Figs. 9,10, 13���17) Holotype ♂, Amur River, Russia, East Asia 51��28��N, 126��73��E, 1977-8-11, leg. unknown. Male: Body large in size. Head larger and shorter than pronotum. Face slightly oblique in profile. Frontal ridge gradually widened downward. Antennae filiform, 20 segmented, length of joint 4.2 times width in middle part. Eyes globose, vertical diameter 1.7 times horizontal diameter and 1.4 times subocular furrow. Pronotum cylindrical, anterior margin angular in middle, median keel distinct, not cut by hind transverse sulcus, lateral keels short, hind margin reaching first abdominal tergite. Minimum width of interspace almost equal to length in mesosternum, straight in the middle, lateral lobes of metasternum separated. Tegmina shorter, extending over the hind margin of first abdominal tergite slightly, length of tegmina 1.9 times width, cover 2/5 tympanum. Upper keel of hind femur smooth, length of hind femur 3.6 times its maximum width, the end of lower knee lobes angular. Hind tibia with 8 spines on inner and 10 spines on outer sides, external apical spine present. Second joint of hind tarsus shorter than first joint. Tympanum distinct, big and rotundity. Krauss��� organ with narrow top, length 1.4 times width of mid-part, having 14 keels. Tergum of terminal abdomere with longitudinal groove in middle. Cercus conical, not reaching tip of epiproct, apical half part gently tapering. Subgenital plate short-tapered, apex deep bifurcate in dorsal view. Measurement (in mm): Length of body: 29.3. Length of tegmina: 6.9. Length of hind femur: 15.0. Female unknown. Diagnosis. The new species is similar to Sinohaplotropis erenchuanensis Cao et Yin, 2008. The major differences are listed in Table 1. Etymology. The specific epithet is named after Amur River the type locality., Published as part of Yin, Hai-Xiang, Zhang, Da-Peng & Yin, Zhan, 2020, A new species of the genus Sinohaplotropis Cao et Yin, 2008 (Orthoptera, Acridoidea, Pamphagidae) from Amur River, Russia, pp. 139-143 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on pages 139-141, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/4401165, {"references":["Thunberg, C. P. (1815) Hemiterorum maxillosoum genera illustrata. Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersburg, 5, 211 - 301.","Johannson (1763) In Linnaeus. Amoenitates Academicae seu dissertationes variae Physicae, Medicae, Botanicae anthehac seorsim editae. 2 nd Edition. Vol. 6. Apud Godofredum Kiesewetter, Holmiae et Lipsiae, 398 pp.","Fischer von Waldheim, G. (1846) Orthoptera Rossica. Nouveaux memoires de la Societe imperiale des naturalistes de Moscou, 8, 259.","Bey-Bienko, G. Ya. (1959) New grasshopper (Acridoidea) from North China. Proceedings of the Academy of Science of the USSR, 128 (2), 414 - 417.","Cao, C. Q. & Yin, X. C. (2008) A new genus and new species of grasshopper from Inner Mongolia Autonomous of China. (Orthoptera: Acridoidea, Pamphgidae, Pamphaginae). Acta Zootaxonomic Sinica, 33 (2), 272 - 274."]}

Sinohaplotropis amurensis sp. nov. (Figs. 9,10, 13–17) Holotype ♂, Amur River, Russia, East Asia 51º28´N, 126º73´E, 1977-8-11, leg. unknown. Male: Body large in size. Head larger and shorter than pronotum. Face slightly oblique in profile. Frontal ridge gradually widened downward. Antennae filiform, 20 segmented, length of joint 4.2 times width in middle part. Eyes globose, vertical diameter 1.7 times horizontal diameter and 1.4 times subocular furrow. Pronotum cylindrical, anterior margin angular in middle, median keel distinct, not cut by hind transverse sulcus, lateral keels short, hind margin reaching first abdominal tergite. Minimum width of interspace almost equal to length in mesosternum, straight in the middle, lateral lobes of metasternum separated. Tegmina shorter, extending over the hind margin of first abdominal tergite slightly, length of tegmina 1.9 times width, cover 2/5 tympanum. Upper keel of hind femur smooth, length of hind femur 3.6 times its maximum width, the end of lower knee lobes angular. Hind tibia with 8 spines on inner and 10 spines on outer sides, external apical spine present. Second joint of hind tarsus shorter than first joint. Tympanum distinct, big and rotundity. Krauss’ organ with narrow top, length 1.4 times width of mid-part, having 14 keels. Tergum of terminal abdomere with longitudinal groove in middle. Cercus conical, not reaching tip of epiproct, apical half part gently tapering. Subgenital plate short-tapered, apex deep bifurcate in dorsal view. Measurement (in mm): Length of body: 29.3. Length of tegmina: 6.9. Length of hind femur: 15.0. Female unknown. Diagnosis. The new species is similar to Sinohaplotropis erenchuanensis Cao et Yin, 2008. The major differences are listed in Table 1. Etymology. The specific epithet is named after Amur River the type locality.

Genus Sinohaplotropis Cao et Yin, 2008 Type species: Sinohaplotropis erenchuanensis Cao et Yin, 2008 Cao, C.Q. & Yin, X.C. 2008. Acta Zootaxonomic Sinica 33(2): 272–274. Synonym of Haplotropis Saussure, 1888 by Storozhenko & Paik 2011 Zootaxa 2897: 29.

Genus Sinohaplotropis Cao et Yin, 2008 Type species: Sinohaplotropis erenchuanensis Cao et Yin, 2008 Cao, C.Q. & Yin, X.C. 2008. Acta Zootaxonomic Sinica 33(2): 272���274. Synonym of Haplotropis Saussure, 1888 by Storozhenko & Paik 2011 Zootaxa 2897: 29., Published as part of Yin, Hai-Xiang, Zhang, Da-Peng & Yin, Zhan, 2020, A new species of the genus Sinohaplotropis Cao et Yin, 2008 (Orthoptera, Acridoidea, Pamphagidae) from Amur River, Russia, pp. 139-143 in Zootaxa 4822 (1) on page 139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4822.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/4401165, {"references":["Cao, C. Q. & Yin, X. C. (2008) A new genus and new species of grasshopper from Inner Mongolia Autonomous of China. (Orthoptera: Acridoidea, Pamphgidae, Pamphaginae). Acta Zootaxonomic Sinica, 33 (2), 272 - 274.","Saussure, H. de (1888) Additamenta and prodromum Oedipodiorum. emorias de la Sociedad Physics Genev, 30 (1), 1 - 180, pl. ii.","Storozhenko, S. Y. & Paik, J. C. (2011) Review of the genus Haplotropis Saussure, 1888 (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae), with notes on classification of the subfamilies Pamphaginae and Trinchinae. Zootaxa, 2897 (1), 27 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2897.1.3"]}

Haplotropis heiheensis sp. nov. (Figs. 1–9) Holotype: ♂, paratype 1♂, 6 ♀♀ Heilongjiang, Heihe City, 50º19´N, 127º17´E, altitude 266m, 2018-VII-25, collected by Da-Peng Zhang. Male: Body large in size. Head larger and shorter than pronotum. Face slightly oblique in profile. Frontal ridge gradually widened downward. Antennae filiform, 20 segmented, length of joint 2.2 times width in middle part. Eyes globose, vertical diameter 1.4 times horizontal diameter and 1.2 times subocular furrow. Pronotum cylindrical, anterior margin angular in middle, median keel distinct, not cut by hind transverse sulcus, lateral keels short, hind margin with small concave in the middle. minimum width 1.4 times length in mesosternum, lateral lobes of metasternum separated. Tegmina shorter, extending over the hind margin of first abdominal tergite slightly, length of tegmina 2.5 times width, cover 2/5 tympanum. Upper keel of hind femur smooth, length of hind femur 4.0 times its maximum width, the end of lower knee lobes angular. Hind tibia with 9 spines on inner and 11 spines on outer sides, external apical spine present. Second joint of hind tarsus shorter than first joint. Tympanum distinct, big and rotundity. Krauss’ organ washboard-like, length 1.5 times width of mid-part, without ramified keel. Tergum of terminal abdomere with longitudinal groove in middle, furculae absent. Cercus conical, not reaching tip of epiproct, apical half part gently tapering. Subgenital plate short-tapered, apex acute. Epiphallus with 36 spikes, ancorae not oblique inward, lower margin without projection in the middle, Female: Body more robust. Vertical diameter of eyes 1.7 times horizontal diameter and equal subocular furrow. An- terior margin of pronotum with distinct acute angular in middle. Tegmina shorter, extending over hind margin of the 1st abdominal tergite, length 1.8 times its width, cover 4/5 tympanum. Length of hind femur 3.3 times its maximum width. Cercus short-conical, reaching end of epiproct. Length of subgenital plate longer than width, both sides of subgenital plate straight, hind margin acute angle in the middle. Ovipositor valve slender, apex angle, outer margin smooth. Coloration: Male body brown. tegmina dark brown. Hind tibia brown, upper and inner sides blue, outer side brown. Abdomen brown, with dark broad longitudinal stripe on both sides. Female color same as male, except abdomen without dark broad longitudinal stripe on both sides. Measurement (mm): Length of body: ♂ 38.5–38.9, ♀ 40.8–46.2. Length of tegmina: ♂ 7.3–8.4, ♀ 6.7–9.6. Length of pronotum: ♂ 10.7–11.8, ♀ 12.5–13.8. Length of hind femur: ♂ 15.9–16.10, ♀ 17.0–20.6. Diagnosis. The new species Haplotropis heiheensis sp. n. is similar to Haplotropis aqiensis Zhang, Lin & Yin, 2018. The major differences are listed in Table 1. Etymology: The specific epithet is named for Heihe, the type locality.

The genus Haplotropis Saussure, 1888 belongs to family Pamphagidae, superfamily Acridioidea. It contains five species: Haplotropis brunneriana Saussure, 1888; Haplotropis xiai Ye, Shi & Li 2016; Haplotropis zhuoluensis Ye, Shi & Li 2016; Haplotropis aqiensis Zhang, Lin et Yin, 2018 and Haplotropis shandongensis Zhang, Yin et Liu, 2019 distributed mainly in Amur River region of Asia and China only (Saussure, 1888; Bey-Bienko et Mishchenko, 1951; Otte, 1994; Yin, Shi et Yin, 1996; Storozhenko & Paik, 2011; Yin et al, 2014; Dong et al, 2015; Ye et al, 2016; Zhang et al, 2017; Zhang et al, 2018; Zhang et al, 2019; Cigliano et al, 2019). A new species Haplotropis heiheensis sp. nov. is described in this paper. The new species is similar to Haplotropis aqiensis Zhang, Lin et Yin, 2018, but differs from latter by Krauss’ organ of male without ramified keel; tegmine narrower, length 2.4 times width; cercus of male gently tapering at apical half part; minimum width 1.4 times length in mesosternum and epiphallus with 36 spikes. Type specimens are deposited in the College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Risk of bias graph with RevMan 5.3.

Additional file 2: Figure S2. Risk of bias summary with RevMan 5.3.

Additional file 4: Figure S3. Funnel plot of mean difference of LVEF%.

Additional file 3: Table S1. Treatment rankings.

Zhang, Da-Peng, Yin, Hai-Xiang, Yin, Zhan (2018): A new species of the genus Xya Latreille, 1809 from Shandong, China (Orthoptra, Tridctyloidea, Tridactylidae). Zootaxa 4455 (3): 593-596, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4455.3.17

Xya shandongensis sp. nov. (Figs. 1–6, 10) Holotype. ♂, paratypes 4♂♂, 2♀♀, China, Shandong, Junan county, 35°12′ 29"N, 118°51′23"E, alt. 106m, 27. May, 2017, collected by Da-Peng Zhang, Hai-Xiang Yin and Zhan Yin. Male Body with luster. Head black. Antennae black, 10-segmented, near moniliform, length 1.2 times maximum width. Three ocelli, median and lateral ocelli, placed median part of eyes. Carinae from eye to vertex mostly absent. Pronotum black, with larger yellow stripe on hind apical part of both sides. Fore wings dark. Hind wings dark, reaching the base of epiproct. Fore legs and mid legs dark, with obscure white markings. Femur of hind legs black, upper side with a yellowish-white spot at the base of 1/3 place. Tibia of hind leg dark with a small white marking near base, tibial serrae small, with three (inside) and four (outside) pairs of articulated lamellae. Cercus and stylus black. Epiproct near triangular. Female Body larger than male in size. Abdominal segments black, apical part of abdomn with longitudinal sulcus in ventral view. Epiproct rounded. Others as same as male. Measurement (mm): Length of body: ♂ 4.8–5.2, ♀ 6.0–6.7. Length of pronotum: ♂ 1.0–1.4, ♀ 1.5–1.9. Length of fore wing: ♂ 1.5–1.7, ♀ 1.7–2.1. Length of hind wing: ♂ 1.8–2.0, ♀ 2.4–2.8. Length of hind femur: ♂ 2.8–3.0, ♀ 3.7– 4.1. Etymology. The specific epithet is named for the type locality Shandong. The new species is similar to Xya japonica (Haan, 1842). The major differences are listed in Table 1.

Xya shandongensis sp. nov. (Figs. 1���6, 10) Holotype. ♂, paratypes 4♂♂, 2♀♀, China, Shandong, Junan county, 35��12��� 29"N, 118��51���23"E, alt. 106m, 27. May, 2017, collected by Da-Peng Zhang, Hai-Xiang Yin and Zhan Yin. Male Body with luster. Head black. Antennae black, 10-segmented, near moniliform, length 1.2 times maximum width. Three ocelli, median and lateral ocelli, placed median part of eyes. Carinae from eye to vertex mostly absent. Pronotum black, with larger yellow stripe on hind apical part of both sides. Fore wings dark. Hind wings dark, reaching the base of epiproct. Fore legs and mid legs dark, with obscure white markings. Femur of hind legs black, upper side with a yellowish-white spot at the base of 1/3 place. Tibia of hind leg dark with a small white marking near base, tibial serrae small, with three (inside) and four (outside) pairs of articulated lamellae. Cercus and stylus black. Epiproct near triangular. Female Body larger than male in size. Abdominal segments black, apical part of abdomn with longitudinal sulcus in ventral view. Epiproct rounded. Others as same as male. Measurement (mm): Length of body: ♂ 4.8���5.2, ♀ 6.0���6.7. Length of pronotum: ♂ 1.0���1.4, ♀ 1.5���1.9. Length of fore wing: ♂ 1.5���1.7, ♀ 1.7���2.1. Length of hind wing: ♂ 1.8���2.0, ♀ 2.4���2.8. Length of hind femur: ♂ 2.8���3.0, ♀ 3.7��� 4.1. Etymology. The specific epithet is named for the type locality Shandong. The new species is similar to Xya japonica (Haan, 1842). The major differences are listed in Table 1., Published as part of Zhang, Da-Peng, Yin, Hai-Xiang & Yin, Zhan, 2018, A new species of the genus Xya Latreille, 1809 from Shandong, China (Orthoptra, Tridctyloidea, Tridactylidae), pp. 593-596 in Zootaxa 4455 (3) on page 593, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4455.3.17, http://zenodo.org/record/1457417

Multilingual abstracts in the five official working languages of the United Nations. (PDF 265 kb)

In order to improve the output power and processing quality in industrial applications, it is important to optimize the output characteristics of the high-power fiber lasers. The slope efficiency, backward leaking power and stimulated Raman scattering are key issues in high-power fiber laser design. The parameters matching the fiber gratings, which are the critical components, have a direct influence on the whole fiber laser system. In this paper, the parameters matching the fiber gratings in fiber lasers are investigated. Firstly, the origin of slope efficiency, backward leaking power and stimulated Raman scattering are analyzed in theory. Then the influences on output characteristics of fiber lasers comprised of the output coupler gratings, which have different bandwidths and reflectivities, are experimentally studied. Finally, the optimized parameters and matching principle of fiber gratings in high-power fiber laser are obtained , thus providing an alternative method to improve the output characteristics of high-power continuous wave fiber laser.

Multilingual abstracts in the six official working languages of the United Nations. (PDF 299Â kb)

Technical supplementary for practical community-based response strategy to interrupt Ebola transmission in Sierra Leone, 2014-2015. (DOC 721Â kb)

We propose a pseudo-hydrodynamic (PHD) model that has hyperbolic principal part. It formally converges to the corresponding energy-transport model in the limit of zero momentum relaxation time. Numerical examples have demonstrated the regularization effects of the PHD model.

X-ray pulsar navigation is a complete autonomous navigation system, which has broad application prospects. Because of the huge cost of the navigation system, the implementation of ground simulation system is essential to the application of X-ray pulsar navigation. At present, most of researches on the semi physical experiment system are static. The aim of this article is to develop the dynamic simulation experiment system as well as its performance test. Specifically, this system consists of the dynamic signal database, X-ray simulation source, vacuum system and detection system designed for different science purposes. The core component of the X-ray source is the gate controlled X-ray tube, which can simulate the pulse profile of arbitrary waveform. The detecting system is based on the silicon drift detector with high time response capability. It uses trapezoidal shape for signal processing, and the timing resolution of the detection system is better than 2 s. In addition, the dynamic signal generation method is given by analyzing the time transformation model while the SINC interpolation method is provided to generate the dynamic pulse profile. Finally, the spacecraft revolving around the earth for a circle and receiving a pulse signal of Crab is simulated. In the simulation, the orbital radius of satellite is 6578 km and the orbital period is 5400 s. The Crab pulsar is selected, and the pulse period is 33.4 ms, the number of photons received by the detector is 200 per second. As a contrast, a set of static experiments is also performed. The correlation coefficient between the cumulative pulse profile and the standard pulse profile is 0.9953. However, the correlation coefficient decreases gradually, from 0.9094 at 300 s to 0.4080 at 5400 s, in the dynamic experiment. Then, the pulse period is searched from the arrival time of photons. The periodicity of the pulse signal is sinusoidal when the search period is 60 s. The change rate of photon flux is less than 2\%, and the influence on the period search is negligible. The variation of pulse period is consistent with the motion law of spacecraft, which indicates that spacecraft motion is the dominant factor in time conversion. Finally, the arrival time of photons is transformed into the time at the solar system barycenter, indicating that the correlation coefficient between cumulative pulse profile and standard pulse profile is 0.9882. The result shows that the simulation system can simulate the X-ray pulse signal received by the spacecraft in orbit, which can provide the experimental basis for verifying the navigation algorithm and calibrating the detector performance.

The paper studies the sliding mode control of nonlinear, distributed parameter system described by partial differential equations. The nonlinear system is approximated by a sequence of linear, time-varying system which, under very mild conditions, globally converges in the limit to the nonlinear systems considered. This reduces the nonlinear control problem to linear, time-varying control problems. For each iterative approximation, an infinite-dimensional time-varying sliding surface and the corresponding control input is designed. The converged control input could exponentially stabilizes the nonlinear system. Here we give an example of nonlinear wave equation to illustrate the theory.

The measurement of rotor position for switched reluctance drive is essential to proper running. This paper introduces a method of detecting the rotor position based on fuzzy logic. In order to improve the measurement accuracy of the rotor position, some unique techniques are adopted. First, an optimized fuzzy model of the motor is created using an adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS).Secondly, the block of angle position selector and predictive filter are used. Position selector can modify the rotor-position, and predictive filter is used to examine and eliminate the noise of the feedback signal. The result of simulation indicates that the position obtained by this method is accurate for the operation of SRM.

Acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) is one of the key enzymes involved in the carbohydrate sink-organ development and the sink strength modulation in crops. The experiment conducted with ‘Starkrimson’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh) fruit showed that, during the fruit development, the activity of acid invertase gradually declined concomitantly with the progressive accumulation of fructose, glucose and sucrose, while Western blotting assay of acid invertase detected a 30 ku peptide of which the immunosignal intensity increased during the fruit development. The im-muno-localization via immunogold electron microscopy showed that, on the one hand, acid invertase was mainly located on the flesh cell wall with numbers of the immunosignals present in the vacuole at the late stage of fruit development; and on the other hand, the amount of acid invertase increased during fruit development, which was consistent with the results of Western blotting. The in vivo pre-incubation of fruit discs with soluble sugars showed that the activity of extractible acid invertase was inhibited by fructose or glucose, while Western blotting did not detect any changes in apparent quantity of the enzyme nor other peptides than 30 ku one. So it is considered that fructose and glucose induced the post-translational or translocational inhibitory regulation of acid invertase in developing apple fruit. The mechanism of the post-translational inhibition was shown different from both the two previously reported ones that proposed either the inhibition by hexose products in the in vitro chemical reaction equilibrium system or the inhibition by the proteinaceous inhibitors. It was hypothesized that fructose and glucose might induce acid invertase inhibition by modulating the expression of some inhibition-related genes or some structural modification of acid invertase.

To investigate the energy scaling level of large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber-based dissipative soliton mode-locked fiber oscillators under limited pump power, a multipass cell is inserted in the cavity to lower the repetition rate of the system, and thus higher single energy level can be mapped under the same average power level. High energy mode-locked fiber lasers based on two spectral filters with different bandwidths are demonstrated both working in the all-normal dispersion regime at a repetition rate of 15.58 MHz. Employment of filters with FWHMs of 6nm and 12 nm can achieve stable mode-locked pulses with average powers of 3.73 W and 4.9 W, corresponding to single pulse energies as high as 239 nJ and 314 nJ, respectively. The FWHM durations of the dechirped pulses by a transmission grating pair can reach 56 fs and 75 fs, which can generate pulses with peak powers exceeding 3MW in both cases.

High power Bessel pulses directly output from a fiber-based amplifier system are demonstrated. A compact solution based on the inverse micro-axicon (IMAX) on fiber end is proposed for the conventional ultrashort pulse fiber laser system to enable the direct generation of high power Bessel pulses from lasers without any additional exhausting alignments. The IMAX is fabricated on one facet of a ytterbium-doped large mode area fiber by focusing ion beam technique and constitutes an integrated beam shaper in combination with an inherent collimating lens in the fiber laser system. The experimental results accord qualitatively with the simulations. The system can directly generate chirped Bessel pulses with diffraction-free propagation in meter-scaled free space. The highest average power of such a wavepacket can reach 10.1 W, correspongding to 178 nJ, and the pulse duration can be dechirped to 140 fs.

With the complementarity of the nucleonic three-body force, we present the saturation points of symmetric nuclear matter with different interactions adopted within the Brueckner—Hartree—Fock scheme, and a more accurate empirical parameterization function for the equation of state of symmetric nuclear matter and pure neutron matter. On the basis of this fit formula, the symmetry energy and its derivatives are investigated, and ultimately the higher-order coefficient of the isobaric incompressibility for isospin asymmetric nuclear matter is predicted.