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Coleman's theorem states that continuous internal symmetries cannot be spontaneously broken in two-dimensional quantum field theories (QFTs). In this work we consider surface (i.e. two-dimensional) defects in $d$-dimensional conformal field theories (CFTs) invariant under a continuous internal symmetry group $G$. We study under which conditions it is possible for a surface defect to break spontaneously a continuous internal symmetry. We find that spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) is disallowed under reasonable assumptions on the defect Renormalization Group (RG) flow. Counterexamples are possible only for exotic RG flows, that do not terminate at a fixed-point. We discuss an example of this kind. We also illustrate the mechanism with which quantum effects prevent SSB for generic defect RG flows. We find a generic weakly coupled defect universality class, where correlation functions decay logarithmically. Our analysis generalizes the recent discovery by Metlitski of the extraordinary-log boundary universality class in the $O(N)$ model., Comment: 37 pages+appendices, 3 figures

A severely comatose female patient was diagnosed with Japanese encephalitis (JE). Her condition was complicated by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). After antiviral, glucocorticoid, and immunoglobulin treatment, the patient’s consciousness was restored, and she could breathe spontaneously. Following this, new-onset, primarily demyelinating GBS developed, which progressed to demyelination combined with axonal injury. The patient was switched to protein A immunoadsorption (PAIA) therapy, and her Hughes score decreased rapidly, from 4 to 1 after 6 months. This patient is the first to receive PAIA combined with an antiviral-glucocorticoid-immunoglobulin regimen to treat encephalitis, meningitis, HT, and GBS caused by JE infection, thereby reflecting the importance of clinical application of PAIA in the treatment of immunological complications of JE.

Keloids are benign dermal tumors that arise from abnormal wound healing processes following skin lesions. Surgical excision followed by radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of keloids. Nevertheless, radioresistance remains a serious impediment to treatment efficacy. Investigation of the molecular response of keloids to radiation may contribute to radiosensitizing strategies. Primary keloid fibroblasts from human keloids were isolated and irradiated with X-ray. The expression profiles of messenger RNA (mRNA) in nonradiated and irradiated primary keloid fibroblasts were measured by mRNA sequencing analysis. Then, we identified common motifs and corresponding transcription factors of dysregulated mRNAs by using bioinformatic analysis of the proximal promoters. Whereafter, GO and KEGG were used to analyze the functional enrichment of the differentially expressed genes. We found that radiation not only suppressed proliferation but also increased cell senescence of primary keloid fibroblasts. There were 184 mRNAs and 204 mRNAs that showed significant changes in 4 and 8 Gy irradiated primary keloid fibroblasts, respectively. Among them, 8 upregulated and 30 downregulated mRNAs showed consistent alterations in 4 and 8 Gy irradiated primary keloid fibroblasts. More importantly, the xForkhead box O1 (FOXO1) signaling pathway was involved in the irradiation response. Pretreatment with the FOXO1 signaling inhibitor AS1842856 significantly promoted LDH release, apoptosis and senescence of primary keloid fibroblasts following irradiation. Our findings illustrated the molecular changes in human keloid fibroblasts in response to radiation, and FOXO1 pathway inhibition is expected to provide a novel strategy for the radiosensitization of keloids.

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-dos-10.1177_15593258211067060 for Serum Metabolomic Analysis of Radiation-Induced Lung Injury in Rats by Yahui Feng, Yiying Gao, Wenling Tu, Yang Feng, Jianping Cao and Shuyu Zhang in Dose-Response

LaCrO3 shows excellent thermal stability and good emissivity, and can be used as a potential thermal protection material for hypersonic vehicle. In this study, LaCrO3 and Ca2+-Sr2+ doped LaCrO3 were prepared by solid state reaction at 1400 °C for 2 h. The microstructures of the samples and effects of Ca2+-Sr2+ doping on the infrared emissivity of LaCrO3 were studied by XRD, XPS, FT-IR, and UV–VIS–NIR spectrophotometer. The results show that after doping Ca2+ and Sr2+ ions, the infrared emissivity of all samples has significantly improved at 2.5–10 μm, from 0.61 (minimum value) to above 0.90. In the range of 10–14 μm, the emissivity of pure LaCrO3 and La0.8CaxSr0.2-xCrO3 samples shows a similar trend and all remains above 0.97. Therefore, doping Ca2+ and Sr2+ can significantly increase the emissivity of LaCrO3 at 2.5–10 μm, which makes it have a wider application prospect in the field of high temperature thermal protection.

Colloidal CsPbX3 (X = Br, Cl, and I) perovskite nanocrystals exhibit tunable bandgaps over the entire visible spectrum and high photoluminescence quantum yields in the green and red regions. However, the lack of highly efficient blue-emitting perovskite nanocrystals limits their development for optoelectronic applications. Herein, neodymium (III) (Nd3+) doped CsPbBr3 nanocrystals are prepared through the ligand-assisted reprecipitation method at room temperature with tunable photoemission from green to deep blue. A blue-emitting nanocrystal with a central wavelength at 459 nm, an exceptionally high photoluminescence quantum yield of 90%, and a spectral width of 19 nm is achieved. First principles calculations reveal that the increase in photoluminescence quantum yield upon doping is driven by an enhancement of the exciton binding energy due to increased electron and hole effective masses and an increase in oscillator strength due to shortening of the Pb-Br bond. Putting these results together, an all-perovskite white light-emitting diode is successfully fabricated, demonstrating that B-site composition engineering is a reliable strategy to further exploit the perovskite family for wider optoelectronic applications.

The compressed air energy storage system has the potential to enable large-scale implementation of renewable energies. However, the exergy destruction in the throttle valve and cavern is an important factor that affects the overall performance of the system. The conventional diabatic compressed air energy storage system consisted of compressors, heat exchangers, cavern, combustion chambers and turbines was studied and parameters of the Huntorf plant were adopted for calculation. Mathematical models of the components in the compressed air energy storage system were developed based on the equation of state for the real gas and the thermodynamic laws. The models are derived on the basis of assumptions that the inlet and outlet air flow rates of the cavern are negligible and that the system is operated in steady state. The test data of the Huntorf plant during the initial test was used to validate the models. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to identify the domain parameters that affect the exergy destruction in the cavern and throttle valve. The results indicated that 18.85% of the stored exergy was lost in the cavern and throttle valve during a complete cycle. The exergy destruction in the cavern was higher than that in the throttle valve, and the exergy destruction coefficients in the cavern and throttle varied with opposite tendencies when the parameters were changed. The heat transfer coefficient, injected air temperature, and initial temperature of the cavern were found to highly affect the total exergy destruction coefficient. Higher injected air temperature and lower cavern initial temperature reduces the total exergy destruction in the cavern and throttle valve.

Background: To explore the triggering mechanism of interstitial lung disease (ILD) by establishing the effects of immunogenic and neurogenic calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) imbalance on the regulation of AQP5 expression and the repair responses to promote alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) apoptosis in pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: Newly diagnosed ILD patients (n=60) were enrolled, whoseserological levels of β-CGRP, α-CGRP, AQP5, RAMP1, and RCP were detected by ELISA. Th1 and Th2 cytokines and CD4+ and CD8+ cells were measured by flow cytometry method (FCM). In vivo, bleomycin (BLM) was set for modeling pulmonary fibrosis. The CALCA-HET model was set as a chronic pulmonary fibrosis model. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), immunohistochemistry, Masson's trichrome staining, and TUNEL staining was performed to assess the role of apoptosis in the injured lung. The concentrations of cytokines were determined by cytokine antibody arrays. Results: Abnormal activation of serological CD4+T lymphocytes and predominant Th2 response was established in patients with ILD. Moreover, the ratio of β-CGRP/α-CGRP was positively correlated with the increased level of AQP5 in patients with ILD. In vivo, a significant increase of AQP5 and β-CGRP at the chronic stage of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin in mice model, whereas the expression of AQP5 protein was the generally decreased in the acute alveolitis phase. Moreover, the levels of AQP5 and α-CGRP in the CALCA-HET rats were elevated. The high ratio βCGRP/α-CGRP enhanced the expression of AQP5, inhibited TGFβ1/PSmad1/Smad4 pathway, and upregulated NRF2 signal, whereas the apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells was significantly reduced in late-stage pulmonary fibrosis. Conclusions: The high ratio of β-CGRP/α-CGRP induced predominant Th2 response and promoted AEC apoptosis through inactivation of the TGFβ1/smad1 signaling pathway and upregulation of the Nrf2 signaling in the chronic stage of pulmonary fibrosis. Funding Statement: This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no.81800070 to Xiaoting Lv and no.81871293, no.81571613 to Qicai Liu), the Joint Fund for Program of Science innovation of Fujian Province (no.2016Y9011 to Feng Gao), the Sail Foundation of Fujian Medical University (no.2016QH063 to Xiaoting Lv). Declaration of Interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University (no. [2016]156). Consent for participation and publication the case reports was obtained. The animal experiment was approved by the Experimentation Ethics Committee on Animal Rights Protection of Fujian Medical University Animal Experiment Center (Fujian, China). During the experiments, the animals were treated in compliance with the “Guiding Opinions on the Ethical Treatments of Laboratory Animals” published by the Ministry of Science and Technology in 2006. All procedures strictly followed the National Institutes of Health guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.

Temporal and spatial variations in reference evapotranspiration (ET0) from 1980 to 2012 were investigated for 33 meteorological stations in the three-river source region (TRSR). Penman–Monteith reference evapotranspiration in the TRSR significantly decreased at a rate of 0.91 mm a−2 from 1980 to 2012, and the decrease was actually an offset of the positive effect of increasing air temperature on ET0 and the negative effect of decreasing net radiation, wind speed, and actual vapor pressure. A differential equation method based on the Penman–Monteith formula was used to attribute the change in ET0. As for the decrease of reference evapotranspiration from 1980 to 2012, the contributions of net radiation, wind speed, actual vapor pressure, and air temperature were −0.57, −0.49, −0.26, +0.41 mm a−2, respectively. Thus, ‘net radiation decrease’ was the major reason for the decrease in ET0 for the TRSR. In addition, it appears that the change in ET0 was more sensitive to meteorological variables in high-elevation regions than in low-elevation regions.

Radiation-induced acute skin injury and consequent fibrosis are common complications of cancer radiotherapy and radiation accidents. Stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) and its receptor, CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) have been shown to be involved in multiple cellular events. However, the role of SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis in radiation-induced acute injury and fibrosis of skin has not been reported. In this study, we found that the expression of SDF-1α and CXCR4 was significantly increased in irradiated skin tissues of humans, monkeys and rats, compared to their nonirradiated counterparts. Mice with keratinocyte-specific ablation of CXCR4 showed less severe skin damage than wild-type mice after receiving a 35 Gy dose of radiation. Consistently, subcutaneous injection of AMD3100, an FDA approved SDF-1α/CXCR4 inhibitor, attenuated skin injury and fibrosis induced by exposure to radiation in a rat model. Mechanically, the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis promotes pro-fibrotic TGF-b/Smad signaling through the PI3K-MAPK signaling cascade in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells and skin fibroblast WS1 cells. AMD3100 inhibited Smad2 nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of Smad2/3 induced by radiation, which suppressed the pro-fibrotic TGF-b/Smad signaling pathway activated by exposure. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the involvement of SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis in radiation-induced acute injury and fibrosis of skin, and indicate that AMD3100 would be an effective countermeasure against these diseases.

The present study presents us the first detailed inventory for volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions from vegetation over Beijing, China. The spatially and temporally resolved inventory was developed based on a Geographic Information system (GIS), Remote sensing (RS) data and field measurement data, such as digitized land-use data, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and temperature and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) data from direct real-time measurement. The inventory has a spatial resolution of 1×1 km 2 and a time resolution of 1 h . Urban, agriculture, and natural land-use distributions in Beijing were combined with biomass factors for each land-use category to produce a spatially resolved biomass inventory. A biogenic emission inventory was developed by combining the biomass inventory with hourly emission rates for tree, shrub, and ground cover species of the study area. Twenty-three kinds of the emission rate data of the 39 vegetation types in Beijing were identified using a bag-enclosure sampling method followed by GC-FID analysis in our field measurement. Other emission rate data were quoted from previous study or assigned with the taxonomic method. Correcting for environmental factors, including light intensity and temperature, we arrive a value of 1.6×10 10 g C for total annual biogenic VOC emissions from Beijing, including 7.9×10 9 g C for isoprene, 3.5×10 9 g C for monoterpenes, and 4.8×10 9 g C for OVOC. Some uncertainties are also discussed in this study.