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Additional file 1: Figure S1. Characterizations of the specificity of BLA- and NAc- projecting neurons in mPFC. A Representative images showing the co-labeling of mPFC→BLA PNsand pyramidal neuronal marker-CaMKIIα. Scale bar: 100 μm. B Summary plots showing the ratio of CaMKIIα expressing cells in mPFC→BLA PNs. C Representative images showing the colabeling of mPFC→NAc PNsand CaMKIIα. Scale bar: 100 μm. D Summary plots showing the ratio of CaMKIIα expressing cells in mPFC→NAc PNs. Figure S2. CUS significantly induces anxiety-like behavior in mice. A Experimental procedures. B Representative activity tracking in EPMT. C, D Summary plots of time in open arms and open-arm entries during EPMT. E Representative activity tracking in center area OFT. F Summary plots of time in center area during OFT. G Summary plots of total distance travelled during OFT. H Summary plots of mean speed during OFT. Figure S3. CUS markedly decreases inhibitory synaptic transmission onto dmPFC→BLA PN in layer V. A Representative traces showing mEPSCs in dmPFC layer II/III. B, C Summary plots of averaged mEPSCs frequency and amplitude . D Representative traces showing mEPSCs in dmPFC layer V. E,F Summary plots of averaged mEPSCs frequency and amplitude . G Representative traces showing mIPSCs in dmPFC layer II/III. H, I Summary plots of averaged mIPSCs frequency and amplitude. J Representative traces showing mIPSCs in dmPFC layer V. K, L Summary plots of averaged mIPSCs frequency and amplitude. M Summary plots of I/E frequency ratio in dmPFC layer II/III. N Summary plots of I/E amplitude ratio in dmPFC layer II/III. O Summary plots of I/E frequency ratio in dmPFC layer V. P Summary plots of I/E amplitude ratio dmPFC layer V. Figure S4. CUS does not changes synaptic transmission onto both vmPFC→BLA or vmPFC→NAc PN. A Representative traces showing mEPSCs in vmPFC layer II/III. B, C Summary plots of averaged mEPSCs frequency and amplitude. D Representative traces showing mEPSCs in vmPFC layer V. E,F Summary plots of averaged mEPSCs frequency and amplitude. G Representative traces showing mIPSCs in vmPFC layer II/III. H, I Summary plots of averaged mIPSCs frequency and amplitude. J Representative traces showing mIPSCs in vmPFC layer V. K, L Summary plots of averaged mIPSCs frequency and amplitude. M Summary plots of I/E frequency ratio in vmPFC layer II/III. N Summary plots of I/E amplitude ratio in vmPFC layer II/III. O Summary plots of I/E frequency ratio in vmPFC layer V. P Summary plots of I/E amplitude ratio in vmPFC layer V.

Supplemental material, sj-doc-1-mms-10.1177_10812865231176514 for The electro-mechanics of piezoelectric coating structure under frictional contacts by Jin-Xin Xiao, Tian-Lin Jiang, Peng-Fei Hou and Wen-Hua Zhang in Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids

Chromium (III) is currently used in leather manufacture worldwide and the attention has been centered on the alleged environmental impact of chromium in leather waste. The effects of liquid-solid ratio, pH, contact time, rotational speed and temperature on the leachability of chromium from leather waste and the eco-toxicity were evaluated to investigate the ecological impact under environmental conditions. The characterization of leachate included the determination of total Cr and total organics (TOC), analysis of UV-visible absorption spectra, as well as the toxicity test with Photobacterium phosphoreum. The liquid-solid ratio, extractant pH, contact time and temperature significantly affected the leachability of chromium and toxicity of the leachate, whereas rotational speed slightly affected the leaching behavior when beyond 100 RPM. The toxicity of the leachate was related to both the amount of released substance which was mainly affected by contact time and liquid-solid ratio, and the species which was mainly affected by temperature and extractant pH. Finally, three samples from different tannery corresponding to leather waste were leached and characterized by total Cr, TOC and toxicity test under the environmental conditions of liquid-solid ratio 20:1(mL/g), pH 7.0, contact time 8 hours, rotational speed 100 RPM and temperature 25°C. These results contributed to the risk assessment of stacking field and waste management of chrome-containing leather.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. A UV spectrum and B curve of different molar concentrations (Zr4+=TCPP) at 410 nm. Figure S2. EDS spectrum of AuNS. Figure S3. A PXRD analysis of ZrTCPP, AuNS, and AZG. B Nitrogen (N2) adsorption-desorption isotherms at 77K. Figure S4. Cell viability of RAW264.7 cells with different concentrations of GA. Data are presented by means ± SD with n = 3. Figure S5. The standard curve of A GA (361 nm) and the HPLC of GA B. C TCPP (410 nm) and D The standard curves of AuNS (980 nm). Figure S6. The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy of AuNS, GA, TCPP, AZ and AZG. Figure S7. A The Full XPS of AZG. B The XPS of Zr3d and C N1s spectrum of AZG. Figure S9. Tumor weight in different groups obtained on the 14th day (***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, or *p < 0.05 were calculated by a Student’s t test). Figure S10. In vivo biological safety evaluated by biochemical analysis of serum after the different treatments (n = 3).

Additional file 2: Figure S2. Mitigation of CSDS-induced enhancement of intrinsic excitability by MS independent of synaptic input in BLA PNs. a Representative spiking traces showing the firing of BLA PNs upon the injection of depolarizing current with the ramped strength (0-250pA, 1500 ms) in the presence of glutamate receptor antagonist (20 μM CNQX and 25 μM APV) and GABAA receptor antagonist (100 μM picrotoxin) to block synaptic transmission. b Comparison of the firing frequency (numbers of APs). *p

Additional file 1: Figure S1. No significant effect on the total locomotion and closed arm entries in the EPM, and a time course of locomotion in the OF tests by MS and CSDS. a Comparison of the total distance travelled in the elevated plus maze (Control: n = 15 mice, CSDS: n = 13 mice, MS: n = 16 mice, MS + CSDS: n = 16 mice). b Comparison of entries in closed arms in the elevated plus maze (Control: n = 15 mice, CSDS: n = 13 mice, MS, MS + CSDS: n = 16 mice). c Comparison of time course of locomotion in the open field test (Control: n = 12 mice, CSDS: n = 14 mice, MS, MS + CSDS: n = 11 mice). All data are presented as the mean ± SEM.

Additional file 3: Figure S3. No significant effect on AP threshold, rheobase, AP amplitude and fAHP by MS and CSDS. a Effect of MS on the threshold of action potential in BLA PNs. b Effect of MS on rheobase in BLA PNs. c Effect of MS on the amplitude of action potential in BLA PNs. d Effect of MS on fAHP in BLA PNs. All data are presented as the mean ± SEM.

A novel laser induced metallization (LIM) technologies is developed for multi-layer antenna designs in mobile phones. A special laser-activatable solution is firstly sprayed on top of the substrate, followed by laser structuring and the electroless plating. The metal patterns can be made on almost any complex surface. The substrate can be plastic, metal, glass, or ceramic. The multilayer metal patterns can be made by simply repeating the spray method on the same surface. And equivalent capacitive or inductive structures can be directly integrated with the antenna designs. In this paper, a 2G/3G/4G SMD (surface mountable device) antenna and a two-layer near-field-communication (NFC) antenna is tested by using our proposed LIM method. Acceptable impedance matching and radiation performances can be achieved for the tested WWAN/ LTE antenna within the desired operating frequencies. The read distance of the tested NFC antenna prototype reaches 3 cm.

The macro- and micro-magnetic properties of Fe–Co alloy films eletrodeposited on GaAs(100) are studied by synchrotron radiation x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) in combination with the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) measurements and magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The orbital and spin magnetic moments of each element in the Fe–Co alloy are determined by the sum rules of XMCD. Element-specific hysteresis loops (ESHL) are obtained by recording the L3 MCD signals as a function of applied magnetic field. MOKE results reveal that the amorphous films are magnetically isotropic in the surface plane. The MFM image shows that the dimension of the magnetic domains is about 1–2 μm, which is much larger than that of the grains, indicating that there are intergranular correlations among these grains. Both ESHL and MOKE hysteresis loops indicate the strong ferromagnetic coupling of Fe and Co in the alloy films.

Keerqin sand land is located in the transitional terrain between the Northeast Plain and Inner Mongolia (42°41′–45°15′N, 118°35′–123°30′E) in Northeast China and it is seriously affected by desertification. According to the configuration and ecotope of the earth's surface, the coverage of vegetation, occupation ratio of bare sandy land and the soil texture were selected as evaluation indexes by using the field investigation data. The evaluation index system of Keerqin sandy desertification was established by using Remote Sensing data, and the occupation ratio of bare sandy land was obtained by mixed spectrum model. This index system is validated by the field investigation data and results indicate that it is suitable for the desertification evaluation of Keerqin.

Interfacial chemical structure of HfO2/Si (100) is investigated using angle-resolved synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). The chemical states of Hf show that the Hf 4f binding energy changes with the probing depth and confirms the existence of Hf-Si-O and Hf-Si bonds. The Si 2p spectra are taken to make sure that the interfacial structure includes the Hf silicates, Hf silicides and SiOx. The metallic characteristic of the Hf-Si bonds is confirmed by the valence band spectra. The depth distribution model of this interface is established.

X-Ray diffraction is used to analyse the lattice structure of Cd0.96Zn0.04Te (CZT), and the lattice constant is measured to be 0.647 nm. The atomic structure of the clean CZT(110) surface obtained by Ar+ etching in vacuum is observed by low-energy electron diffraction, where no surface reconstruction is discovered. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy was used to characterize the surface state of the clean CZT (110) surface, by which we find a 1.5-eV-wide surface band with the peak at 0.9 eV below the Fermi energy containing about 6.9×1014 electrons/cm2, approximately one electron per surface atom.

Molecular orientation and stacking mode are commonly considered to have vital influence on the optoelectronic performances of organic semiconductor devices via changing the dynamics of charge carriers transferring among the molecules. Highly ordered and homogeneous stacking would allow a fast band transfer mechanism in the phase domain. Therefore the controls of the molecular orientation and the stacking behavior are of great significance for optimizing the device natures. In this work, the modification and control of iron phthalocyanine (FePc) molecular orientation on Si(111) are accomplished with the aid of high steady magnetic field at room temperature. The FePc films are grown in situ by organic molecular beam deposition on the Si(111) substrates under a high magnetic field strength of 8.5 T. The Si(111) substrates are preserved at room temperature and are kept perpendicular to the magnetic field. The influences of magnetic field on the molecular orientations and the morphologies of FePc thin films are investigated by X-ray diffraction, angle dependent near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In the presence of the external magnetic field, the deposited FePc films each show a higher crystallinity and slightly closer packing in (002) plane than those without magnetic field. The AFM images verifies more ordered and uniform morphologies of the FePc films grown in the magnetic field. NEXAFS and Raman results both reveale a standing-up configuration of FePc molecules on the Si(111) substrate surface. The average tilting angle of the molecules changes from 63.6 to 67.1 when 8.5 T magnetic field is employed. The results demonstrate that the external high magnetic field distinctly enhances the orientation order of FePc molecules on Si(111) surface due to the magnetic-magnetic interactions between the magnetic field and the molecular magnetic moment. This work also demonstrates that external magnetic field is an efficient means to regulate the orientation and stacking behavior of magnetic molecules, which may open a new way to optimize the performances of the organic semiconductor devices.

Accurate determination of the band offsets of a heterostructure is essential to its study and application. In this paper, we use synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy to determine the band offset of ZnO/PbTe heterostructure. The valence band offset is 2.56 eV, and the conduction band offset is 0.49 eV, which indicates that the heterostructure has a type-I band alignment. By performing the depth scanning measurement, we find there are two bonding structures at the interface of ZnO/PbTe heterostructure, corresponding to Pb-O bonding (low energy side) and Pb-Te bonding (high energy side). At the interface of ZnO/PbTe heterostructure, the conduction band offset is much smaller than the valence band offset which is conducive to the transportation of excited electrons in PbTe source layer to ZnO electrode. Due to the unique band structure the ZnO/PbTe heterostructure has potential applications in the fabrication of high efficiency solar cells, mid infrared detectors and lasers.

We have studied the electronic structure of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester (PCBM) using synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) measurements and first-principles calculations. The PES spectrum of the entire occupied valence band is reported, which exhibits abundant spectral features from the Fermi level to ~ 24 eV binding energy. All the spectral features are broadened as compared with the cases of C60. The reasons for the broadening are analysed by comparing the experimental data with the calculated energy levels and density of states. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the C60 highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-1 derived states, which can play a crucial role in the bonding at the interfaces of PCBM/polymer blenders or PCBM/electrodes. Besides the well-known energy level splitting of the C60 backbone caused by the lowered symmetry, C 2p states from the side chain mix or hybridize with the molecular orbitals of parent C60. The contribution of the O 2p states can substantially modify the PES spectrum.

Synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy (SRPES) and conventional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to study the Fe/ZnO(0001 ) interface formation at room temperature. The interaction extent of Fe overlayer during the ZnO substrate was carefully monitored during the increase of Fe coverage, the results showed obvious Fe2+ formation at the initial stage of Fe deposition. Based on the photoemission spectra (PES) changes observed during the deposition of Fe on ZnO up to 3 nm, three meaningful and critical thicknesses have been observed which may be related to the surface charge transport, chemical reaction, and magnetic property, respectively. The new finding may be helpful to the design of related devices based on Fe/ZnO interface.

The energy band structure with type-I alignment at the PbTe/CdTe(111) heterojunction interface is determined by the ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum using synchrotron radiation. The valence band and conduction band offsets are obtained to be 0.09±0.12 and 1.19±0.12 eV, respectively. These results are in agreement with theoretically predicted ones. The accurate determination of the valence band and conduction band offsets is useful for the fundamental understanding of the mid-infrared light emission from the PbTe/CdTe heterostructures and its application in devices.

We study the valence band of Eu-intercalated C60 by synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy to understand the ferromagnetism (FM) and the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) of Eu6C60. The results reveal the semiconducting property and the remarkable 5d6s-π hybridization. Eu-C60 bonding has both ionic and covalent contributions. No more than half the 5d6s electrons transfer from Eu to the LUMO derived band of C60, and the LUMO+1 derived band is not filled. The remaining valence electrons of Eu, together with some π (LUMO, HOMO and HOMO-1) electrons, constitute the covalent bond. The electronic structure implies that the magnetic coupling in Eu6C60 should be through the intra-atomic f-sd exchange and the medium of the π electrons. The possibility of the GMR being tunnelling magnetoresistance is ruled out.

The growth, interfacial reaction, and electronic structure of Fe on ZnO(0001) surface were studied using synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy(SRPES). It was found that Fe layer grows in a way similar to the Stranski-Krastanov mode at room temperature. After～2? Fe deposited on the surface, the growth mode changes from the layer-by-layer to a mixed mode. At low coverage, about one monolayer of iron (ca. 1.5?) is oxidized by the outer oxygen atoms on ZnO(0001) surface. Analysis of the valence band and the Fe3p photoemission spectra indicated that below 2? coverage, Fe2+ species exists at the Fe/ZnO interface, followed by the formation of a metallic iron overlayer. A sharp Fermi edge appears at 5.1? coverage, indicating the formation of the bulk metallic Fe film. Furthermore, work-function of the sample decreases to a minimum of 4.5eV at 0.2? Fe, then goes to 4.9eV with the formation of a dipole layer at the interface.

Synchrotron radiation photoemission was used to investigate the interface between the organic semiconductor (BZP) and polycrystalline silver film. Before complete coverage by one monolayer, the BZP molecules interacted weekly with silver and a gap state appeared at 0.9eV below Fermi level. After the coverage is complete, the growth of BZP is inferred to be in the 3D-island mode and the interaction with the substrate gradually diminishes. Because of the final state effect, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level shifts to higher binding energy and reaches ultimately 2.3eV of the HOMO level in the bulk. The deposition of BZP on silver surface resulted in the decrease of sample work function, which demonstrats interfacial dipoles forming on the BZP/Ag contact (Δ=0.3eV) and indicats the electrons being deviated from the organic molecules to the metal substrate. In addition, the effect of annealing and exposure to oxygen on the BZP/Ag interface has been taken into account. It is found that the binding energies of the characteristic peaks of BZP and the gap state hardly change after interface annealing at 250 ℃, but after being exposed to oxygen, the gap state disappears and the valence bands shift to lower binding energies.