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Rare-earth (RE) based honeycomb-lattice materials with strong spin-orbit coupled Jeff=1/2 moments have attracted great interest as a platform to realize Kitaev quantum spin liquid (QSL) state. Herein, we report the discovery of a new family of RE based honeycomb-lattice magnets Ba9RE2(SiO4)6(RE=Ho-Yb), which crystallize into the rhombohedral structure with space group R-3. In these serial compounds, magnetic RE3+ ions are arranged on a perfect honeycomb lattice within the ab-plane and stacked in the ABCABC-type fashion along the c-axis. All Ba9RE2(SiO4)6(RE=Ho-Yb) polycrystals exhibit the dominant antiferromagnetic interactions and absence of magnetic order down to 2 K. In combination with the magnetization and electron spin resonance (ESR) results, distinct anisotropic magnetic behaviors are proposed for compounds with different RE ions. Moreover, the synthesized Ba9Yb2Si6O24 single crystals show large magnetic frustration and no long-range magnetic ordering down to 0.15 K, being a possible QSL candidate state. These serial compounds are attractive for exploring the exotic magnetic phases of Kitaev materials with 4f electrons., Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures

In this study, a Superhydrophobic (SH) surface with ultrahigh adhesive force and good anti-scratching property was created on elastomeric substrate by thiol-ene click chemistry. The elastomer substrate was prepared by solution mixing of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polar fluorinated monomer, multi-functional thiol, and photoinitiator. Then the silanized nano-silica was simply sprayed on the elastomer substrate to prepare the SH coating. Through UV irradiation, thiol-ene click reaction between multi-functional thiol and double bonds of SBR, fluorinated monomer and silanized nano-silica simultaneously occurs, leading to the crosslinking of SBR, the polymerization of fluorinated monomer, the graft of fluorinated monomer on silanized nano-silica, and the covalently bonding of fluorinated monomer with SBR substrate. As a result, the polymerized fluorinated monomer bonded silanized nano-silica is covalently bonded with the SBR substrate. Meanwhile, the silanized nano-silica forms the micro-nano structure on the substrate and the polymerized fluorinated monomer decreases the surface energy of the substrate. A stabilized SH coating with ultrahigh adhesive force (123 μN) to water was achieved. In addition, the SH surface shows strong interfacial bonding and a good anti-scratching property because of the covalent bonding of SH coating with the SBR substrate. This is a facile, simple and efficient method to fabricate SH coating on the elastomeric substrate, which may open a door to fabricate SH coating on other surfaces and provide more potential applications.

A glass-based IPD band-pass chip filter for 5G N77 application is presented in this paper. This filter is composed of five shunt LC resonators. The low loss passband performance is realized by two LC resonators connected in shunt near the input and output terminals. The high rejection property for the stopband is realized by three LC resonators connected in series on the main branch of this filter. This filter is successfully manufactured with a commercial glass IPD process. Its chip size is $\mathbf{1.6\times 0.8{mm}^{2}}$ . The measurement results show that, the working frequency band of this filter is 3.2-4.0GHz, the maximum passband loss is only 2.0dB, and the stopband rejection is higher than 30dB at the designed zero-point frequencies.

We study a Schrödinger system of four equations with linear coupling functions and nonlinear couplings, including the case that the corresponding elliptic operators are indefinite. For any given nonlinear coupling β > 0 {\beta>0} , we first use minimizing sequences on a normalized set to obtain a minimizer, which implies the existence of positive solutions for some linear coupling constants μ β , ν β {\mu_{\beta},\nu_{\beta}} by Lagrange multiplier rules. Then, as β → ∞ {\beta\to\infty} , we prove that the limit configurations to the competing system are segregated in two groups, develop a variant of Almgren’s monotonicity formula to reveal the Lipschitz continuity of the limit profiles and establish a kind of local Pohozaev identity to obtain the extremality conditions. Finally, we study the relation between the limit profiles and the optimal partition for principal eigenvalue of the elliptic system and obtain an optimal partition for principal eigenvalues of elliptic systems.

Cyanobacterial blooms continue to serve as one of the most serious global issues threatening water supply and human health. During cyanobacterial bloom season, a large •OH-yield equipment was developed and installed after coagulation settling in a 12000 ton/day drinking water treatment system in Xiamen, China. An •OH concentration of 7.76∼57.8 μmol/L was formed by using the oxygen activated species generated by strong ionisation discharge combining with the effect of water jet cavitation. •OH pre-treatment at a dose of 1.0 mg/L inactivated cyanobacterial blooms in the process of conveying bloom water within only 20s, which were then removed by sand filtration. Under SEM observation, dominant Microcystis sp. colonies connected by mucilage were dispersed into individuals that still retained the cell integrity, indicating no release of intracellular organic matter (IOM). According to a flow cytometry analysis, the main cause of •OH inactivation was the breakage of DNA strands. Meanwhile, the •OH-mineralized microcystin-LR was by breaking the C=C conjugated diene bond and crucial opening the persistent benzene ring to carboxylic acid m/z 158.0. During •OH pre-treatment of 1.0 mg/L and NaClO disinfection of 0.5 mg/L, all water quality indexes and disinfection by-product (DBP) contents complied with the Chinese Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water. Therefore, the •OH based on the strong ionisation discharge showed great prospect for large-scale drinking water treatment in the removal of cyanobacterial blooms while retaining cell integrity as well as the degradation of toxins.

A hydroxyl radical ( OH) ballast water treatment system (BWTS) was developed and applied to inactivate entrained organisms in a 10,000-ton oceanic ship, where OH was produced by a strong ionization discharge combined with a water jet cavitation effect. The calculated OH generation rate was 1373.4 μM min−1 in ballast water, which is much higher than that in other advanced oxidative processes such as photocatalysis. As a result, non-indigenous red tide algae were inactivated to meet the ballast water discharge standards ( OH inactivation. A risk assessment of the OH treatment system was conducted, and the ratios of predicted environmental concentrations to predicted no effect concentrations of all detected disinfection byproducts were less than 1, even at a worst-case oxidant concentration of 2.41 mg L−1. Ship ballast water treated using OH inactivation is safe for marine environments. Finally, the energy consumption and operational costs of the OH BWTS were found to be 0.033 kWh m−3 and CNY 0.03 m-3, respectively.

In this paper, we study important Schr��dinger systems with linear and nonlinear couplings \begin{equation}\label{eq:diricichlet} \begin{cases} -��u_1-��_1 u_1=��_1 |u_1|^{p_1-2}u_1+r_1��|u_1|^{r_1-2}u_1|u_2|^{r_2}+��(x)u_2~\hbox{in}~\mathbb{R}^N,\\ -��u_2-��_2 u_2=��_2 |u_2|^{p_2-2}u_2+r_2��|u_1|^{r_1}|u_2|^{r_2-2}u_2+��(x)u_1~ \hbox{in}~\mathbb{R}^N,\\ u_1\in H^1(\mathbb{R}^N), u_2\in H^1(\mathbb{R}^N),\nonumber \end{cases} \end{equation} with the condition $$\int_{\mathbb{R}^N} u_1^2=a_1^2, \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} u_2^2=a_2^2,$$ where $N\geq 2$, $��_1,��_2,a_1,a_2>0$, $��\in\mathbb{R}$, $2

This work was carried out based on the principles of biological effectiveness and environmental acceptability of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The non-native red tide organisms Prorocentrum donghaiense and Scrippsiella trochoidea were selected to examine ·OH inactivation to meet the IMO standard of ballast water discharge (

With diatomaceous earth as raw material and sodium aluminate as aluminum source by adopting TBAB template, ZSM-5 molecular sieve was synthesized by hydrothermal method of in-situ crystallization wh...

Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) generated by ballast water treatment have become a concern worldwide because of their potential threat to the marine environment. Predicting the relative DBP concentrations after disinfection could enable better control of DBP formation. However, there is no appropriate method of evaluating DBP formation in a full-scale ballast water treatment system (BWTS). In this study, multiple regression models were developed for predicting the dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform (TBM) concentrations produced by an emergency BWTS using field experimental data from ballast water treatments conducted at Dalian Port, China. Six combinations of independent variables [including several water parameters and/or the total residual oxidant (TRO) concentration] were evaluated to construct mathematical prediction formulas based on a polynomial linear model and logarithmic regression model. Further, statistical analyses were performed to verify and determine the appropriate mathematical models for DBCM and TBM formation, which were ultimately validated using additional field experimental data. The polynomial linear model with four variables (temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, and TRO) and the logarithmic regression model with seven variables (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, chlorophyll, and TRO) exhibited good reproducibility and could be used to predict the DBCM and TBM concentrations, respectively. The validation results indicated that the developed models could accurately predict DBP concentrations, with no significant statistical difference from the measured values. The results of this work could provide a theoretical basis and data reference for ballast water treatment control in engineering applications of emergency BWTSs.

In this paper, we study normalized solutions to the Chern-Simons-Schr��dinger system, which is a gauge-covariant nonlinear Sch��ridnger system with a long-range electromagnetic field, arising in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics theory. The solutions correspond to critical points of the underlying energy functional subject to the $L^2$-norm constraint. Our research covers several aspects. Firstly, in the mass subcritical case, we establish the compactness of any minimizing sequence to the associated global minimization problem. As a by-product of the compactness of any minimizing sequence, the orbital stability of the set of minimizers to the problem is achieved. In addition, we discuss the radial symmetry and uniqueness of minimizer to the problem. Secondly, in the mass critical case, we investigate the existence and nonexistence of normalized solution. Finally, in the mass supercritical case, we prove the existence of ground state and infinitely many radially symmetric solutions. Moreover, the instability of ground states is explored

We have developed an ITO/ZnO/CdSe/CdTe:CdSe/CdTe/Au novel device architecture based on solution processed CdTe and CdSe nanocrystals (NCs). The introduced hybrid CdTe:CdSe layer was made by mixing different NCs in solution, which allowed for tailoring the optoelectronic properties of the nanocomposite materials. Our novel devices demonstrated more than 30% improvement in Jsc compared with their bilayer analogue, resulting from suppressed recombination. The champion device showed a 6.25% PCE, which is a record for solution processed CdTe:CdSe p–n junction solar cells with the inverted structure. Most important of all, the devices showed extreme stability after storage for three days when maintained under ambient conditions, and less than 3% degradation was observed in PCE after 50 days of storage.

We consider the Dirichlet problem for the Schr��dinger-H��non system $$ -��u + ��_1 u = |x|^��\partial_u F(u,v),\quad \qquad -��v + ��_2 v = |x|^��\partial_v F(u,v) $$ in the unit ball $��\subset \mathbb{R}^N, N\geq 2$, where $��>-1$ is a parameter and $F: \mathbb{R}^2 \to \mathbb{R}$ is a $p$-homogeneous $C^2$-function for some $p>2$ with $F(u,v)>0$ for $(u,v) \not = (0,0)$. We show that, as $��\to \infty$, the Morse index of nontrivial radial solutions of this problem (positive or sign-changing) tends to infinity. This result is new even for the corresponding scalar H��non equation and extends a previous result by Moreira dos Santos and Pacella for the case $N=2$. In particular, the result implies symmetry breaking for ground state solutions, but also for other solutions obtained by an $��$-independent variational minimax principle.

We consider the Lane-Emden conjecture which states that there is no non-trivial non-negative solution for the Lane-Emden system whenever the pair of exponents is subcritical. By Sobolev embeddings on $S^{N-1}$ and scale invariance of the solutions, we show this conjecture holds in a new region. Our methods can also be used to prove the Lane-Emden conjecture in space dimension $N\leq 4$, that is to give a different proof of the main result of Souplet in Adv. Math. 2009.

Matching optimization of resonant parameters among the high power inverters, low power transformers and plasma reactors have significant effects on the performance and output of the reactor array when applying the partitioned operation method. In this paper, the Matlab/Simulink electrical model was established based on the method of partitioned operation. The matching relation between resonant parameters is analyzed on the basis of experimental result. As a consequence, transformer leakage inductance and working frequency are the important parameters influencing the operational efficiency of system, leakage inductance of transformer should be adjusted based on the equivalent capacitance of plasma reactor to realize the matching optimization of resonant parameters.

We isolated Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) strain 1A00316 from Antarctica. This bacterium has a high efficiency against Meloidogyne incognita (M. incognita) in vitro and under greenhouse conditions. The complete genome of P. putida 1A00316 was sequenced using PacBio single molecule real-time (SMRT) technology. A comparative genomic analysis of 16 Pseudomonas strains revealed that although P. putida 1A00316 belonged to P. putida, it was phenotypically more similar to nematicidal Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens) strains. We characterized the diversity and specificity of nematicidal factors in P. putida 1A00316 with comparative genomics and functional analysis and found that P. putida 1A00316 has diverse nematicidal factors including protein alkaline metalloproteinase AprA and two secondary metabolites, hydrogen cyanide and cyclo-(l-isoleucyl-l-proline). We show for the first time that cyclo-(l-isoleucyl-l-proline) exhibit nematicidal activity in P. putida. Interestingly, our study had not detected common nematicidal factors such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) and pyrrolnitrin in P. putida 1A00316. The results of the present study reveal the diversity and specificity of nematicidal factors in P. putida strain 1A00316.

We study the existence of ground and bound state solutions for a system of coupled Schr\"odinger equations with linear and nonlinear couplings in $\mathbb{R}^N$. By studying the limit system and using concentration compactness arguments, we prove the existence of ground and bound state solutions under suitable assumptions. Our results are new even for the limit system.

The brown planthopper(Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)) and white-backed planthopper(Sogatella furcifera(Horvath)) represent two of the most important insect pests of rice in Asia,causing severe damage to rice production.Both belong to long-distance migratory insects but differ in the time when they reach maximum density during rice-growing season.S.furcifera generally reaches its peak of occurrence when rice is before the filling stage;while N.lugens reaches its peak at the rice filling stage.It is possible that the same rice stage might impact the two planthopper species differently,thus leading to such a seasonal difference in population growth.To test this,we inoculated newly-emerged adults onto rice plants at each of the three developmental stages,i.e.,early tillering stage(about 40-d old,with 2—3 tillers),jointing stage(about 60-d old,the longest internode 2 cm) and booting-to-heading stage(about 75-80-d old).The level of ovarian development and take-off rate were then measured daily from the 2nd to the 5th day and from the 1st to the 5th day after emergency,respectively.Ovarian development from 2nd to the 5th day was largely dominated by grade Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ,respectively,with three exceptions including the 4d-(dominated by grade Ⅱ) and 5d-old S.furcifera females(grade Ⅲ) at booting-to-heading stage plants,plus the 5d-old S.furcifera females(grade Ⅲ) at jointing stage plants.For ovarian development in N.lugens females,in vast majority of the cases the three rice stages showed comparable proportion of females at each of the detected ovarian development grades,we only observed significant difference between early tillering stage(73.2% of the females at grade Ⅳ) and booting-to-heading stage(89% at grade Ⅳ) on the 5th day.In contrast,the grade of ovarian development displayed much larger differences among the three rice stages for both 4d-and 5d-old S.furcifera females.In particular,over 86% of the females from rice early tillering stage developed into grade Ⅲ on the 4th day and into grade Ⅳ on the 5th day,versus less than one quarter of the females from the booting-to-heading stage.To a similar extent,the ratio of females at grade Ⅲ was 4.2:1 between jointing stage and booting-to-heading stage on the 4th day,along with a ratio of up to 6.8:1 between early tillering stage and jointing stage for the 5d-old females at grade Ⅳ.As for the take-off rate,while little variation was seen for N.lugens across the three rice stages,noticeable differences were revealed for 1d-,4d-and 5d-old S.furcifera adults,with early tillering stage being constantly associated with the lowest take-off rate and booting-to-heading stage with the highest take-off rate.Thus,our results demonstrated a profound effect on the development of S.furcifera by a change of rice stage,as compared to relatively limited effect on N.lugens development.Furthermore,among the three rice stages,early tillering stage is most favorable and booting-to-heading stage is least favorable for S.furcifera development,a trend appearing to be reversed in N.lugens.Taken together,our analysis offers a plausible explanation for why the peak of S.furcifera comes before that of N.lugens.

When a gas–liquid turbulent jet with hydroxyl free radicals is jetted into a ballast water discharge pipe to kill the invasive microbes, there is a challenge for hydroxyl free radicals to contact a large number of microbes in ballast water. In this paper, the Eulerian–Eulerian two-equation model is employed to simulate the mixing process of gas–liquid being jetted into the ballast water crossflow. The results show that the upstream wall-surface vortices lead to counter-rotating scarf vortex pairs (CVSPs) at downstream in confined crossflow, which enhance the mixing process. However, it is hard for the gas in the downstream wall-surface jet to diffuse due to the fact that the CVSPs have no influence on the downstream wall-surface jet. Therefore, the higher the momentum ratio is, the lower the value of weighted coefficient of variation of gas volume fraction at outlet is, however, when the momentum ratio is constant, the weighted coefficient of variation first drops and then goes up with increasing diameter ratio.

With the physical method of micro-gap gas discharge, OH radicals were produced by the ionization of O2 in air and H2O in the gaseous state, in order to explore more effective method to treat the ship's ballast water. The surface morphology of Al2O3 dielectric layer was analysed using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), where the size of Al2O3 particles was in the range of 2 μm to 5 μm. At the same time, the biochemical effect of hydroxyl radicals on the introduced organisms and the quality of ship's ballast water were studied. The results indicate that the main reasons of cell death are lipid peroxide and damage of the antioxidant enzyme system in Catalase (CAT), Peroxidase (POD) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, the quality of the ballast water was greatly improved.

The performance of dielectric material is a key factor against a long time action in dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. In this study, the aging of the Al2O3 dielectric material was studied by the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), X-ray Photoelectron spectrum (XPS) and Auger electron spectrum (AES) methods. The results showerd that the performance of the dielectric does not descend after an 1000 h aging experiment. Therefore the thin dielectric layers of α-AL2O3 porcelain with a purity above 99% can sustain a long time action of DBD plasma and form gas ionization discharges steadily.

With physical method of micro-gap gas discharge, a large amount of hydroxyl radical can be produced in 20t/h pilot-scale system using the ionization of O2 and H2O. In this paper, the effect of biochemistry of hydroxyl radicals on introduced organisms in ballast water was experimentally investigated. The results indicate that the contents of chlorophyl-a, chlorophyl-b, chlorophyl-c and carotenoid are decreased by 35%–64% within 8.0s and further to the lowest limit of test 5 minutes. In addition, the main reasons of cell death are the lipid peroxidation, the strong destruction to the monose, amylose, protein, DNA and RNA of cell, and damage in CAT, POD and SOD of antioxidant enzyme system.

A pilot-scale experiment of 20 t/h for the treatment of ship's ballast water is reported in this paper. When the concentration of the dissolved OH· was 0.68 mg/L during the experiment, the rate of destroying bacteria, mono-algae, protozoan reached 100% within 2.67 s. The effect of hydroxyl radicals on biochemical processes was also studied. The attenuation rate of photosynthesis pigment was 100%. And the main reason for the cells' death was the strong destruction of the monose, amylose, protein, DNA and RNA in the cells. As an advanced oxidation method, the procedure can destroy invasive marine species when a ship is in the process of discharging its ballast water.

Based on data from 275 questionnaires of HuiZe county, SiMao district and XinPing county in Yunnan province, the Logistic regression model was adopted in the paper to analyze the satisfaction of households about forestry science and technology service and its influence factors. Results showed that the influence factors including: Concern on new forestry technology, Cognition of forestry science and technology policies, Personal managerial expertise, Practice experiences, Times of attending related activities, Distance between home and forestry workstations, Age and Area of their forest land. Some suggestions were put forward as follows: to strengthen the propaganda of forestry science and technology service, to increase the number of service activities, to provide services based on the demand of households, to strengthen the construction of the forestry cooperative organization.

In order to understand the differentiation of amino acid requirments in host-related populations of the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), we established three BPH populations by separately maintaining them on three rice varieties, i.e. TN1 (common susceptible control), Mudgo (containing resistant gene Bph 1) and ASD7 (containing resistant gene bph2) for over 30 generations, and then reared them on 20 holidic diets, each with distinct overall amino acids and ratio of essential amino acid (EAA) to nonessential amino acid (NEAA). The emergence rate, brachypter rate, nymphal duration and weight of newly molted adults were evaluated and compared. The results showed significant difference among the three populations in the effect of amino acid variation on BPH performance, ascending in an order of Mudgo population ASD7 population > TN1 pupulation. The results also indicated that the required optimum concentrations of overall amino acids by BPH populations on Mudgo and ASD7 were 4.0% -4.8% and 4.0%, respectively, higher than that of TN1 population (2.4% - 3.2%). In addition, it was found that Mudgo and ASD7 populations were more sensitive to the concentration of EAAs than TN1 population. We propose that there is substantial differentiation in responses to dietary amino acid conditions among different host-associated BPH populations and that such differentiation may be closely related to the induced virulence shift on resistant rice varieties.

Morphological characteristics of the forewings of 42 species of moths and 31 species of butterflies were comparatively analyzed with special reference to their migration ability. The curvature values of costal margin of the forewings revealed that the migratory moths and butterflies have relatively narrower forewings with straighter costal margin as compared with respective non migratory species. The posterior area of forewings was wider in the migratory moths and narrower in the migratory butterflies than that of respective non migratory species.

The plasma synthesis of ammonia has been studied in a nitrogen–hydrogenplasma using a strong electric field discharge at ambient pressure andtemperature. With this method, N2 and H2 molecules are ionized anddissociated and a large number of free atoms, ions, and radicals areformed in a nonequilibrium plasma after inelastic collisions. The finalproduct was mainly ammonia, including a small amount of hydrazine. WhenMgO powder, used as a catalyst, was smeared on the surface of the electrodeplates, the yields of ammonia increased about 1.54–1.75 times andreached 5000 ppm (0.5% v/v). In this way, plasma synthesis of ammonia atambient pressure is realized and a new method is provided for inorganicsynthesis, which consumes little energy and simplifies the process.

In this paper, we use cone theory and topological degree theory to study superlinear system of integral equations, and obtain existence theorems for non-trivial solutions; moreover, we apply the results to two-point boundary problems of ordinary differential system of equations.

In this paper, we apply the coincidence degree theory to study nonlinear second order impulsive periodic boundary value problems (PBVP). and show some sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions.

Abnormal phenomena that discharge performance declines with the increase in the frequency of power supply have been observed in many DBD devices. DBD systematic resonance formed by transformer leakage induction and equivalent capacitance of the dielectric layer is a key factor causing such abnormal phenomena. Therefore, the parameters of a DBD device should be optimized to avoid resonance damage and improve DBD discharge characteristics.

In this paper, a class of mixed monotone operators with convexity and concavity are investigated, and existence and uniqueness theorems of fixed points are obtained. Moreover, some applications to nonlinear integral equations on unbounded regions and differential equations in Banach spaces are given.

Zhang, Zhitao, Stout, Michael J., Shang, Hanwu, Pousson, Ryan C. (2004): A Method for Rearing the Rice Water Weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in the Laboratory. The Coleopterists Bulletin 58 (4): 644-651, DOI: 10.1649/713, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/713

Performance of producing a high energy electron can be improved, if the glow discharge is generated in a system of dielectric barrier discharge. In this paper, different discharge modes of pin-to-plane dielectric barrier discharge are investigated in atmospheric pressure. Different discharge modes are observed in the positive half-period and negative half-period of the discharge. When and applied voltage is 3 kV, a streamer mode appear in the positive half-period and a corona (or Trichel discharge) mode occurs in negative half-period. When the applied voltage is 6 kV, a streamer emerges in the positive half-period and a micro glow discharge is present in the negative half-period. The micro glow discharge has hierarchical structure like that typical low pressure glow discharge produces. The generation of micro glow discharge is due to, enough strong cathode electric field strength and effective secondary electron emission process around naked negative electrode. The glow discharge transforming to arc discharge is avoided due to dielectric layer.

The structure of the Qinling Shan mountain range (Shaanxi, China) involves major east-south-east strike-slip faults. Field observations made during two expeditions in 1983 and 1984 show that the faults are active and may have undergone several tens of kilometres of post-Eocene left-lateral displacement. The faults cut the morphology sharply and offset left-laterally small channels. Their trace is marked by cataclastic to mylonitic non-coaxial deformation zones at least 50–100 m wide. The Qinling faults allow the eastward extrusion of south China and may be considered the easternmost continuation of the Altyn Tagh fault system. They link extensional tectonics in northeastern China to the Himalayan collision.