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To understand the association between cardiometabolic risk factor (CMRF) clustering and physical activity (PA) levels, we included 86520 Chinese adults aged 18-64 years having at least one CMRF (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, or obesity) from the China Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance survey in 2015, a nationally and provincially representative investigation with a multistage clustering sampling design. Self-reported PA information was collected with the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. In view of the obesity epidemic in CMRF patients, PA energy expenditure (PAEE) per kilogram body weight was used, and was defined into four categories: (i) inactivity: 0 ​kJ/kg/day; (ii) low activity: 0-5 ​kJ/kg/day; (iii) moderate activity: 6-11 ​kJ/kg/day; and (iv) vigorous activity: ≥ 12 ​kJ/kg/day. The estimated weighted prevalence (95% confidence interval [

Summary Background In China, depressive disorders have been estimated to be the second leading cause of years lived with disability. However, nationally representative epidemiological data for depressive disorders, in particular use of mental health services by adults with these disorders, are unavailable in China. The present study, part of the China Mental Health Survey, 2012–15, aims to describe the socioeconomic characteristics and the use of mental health services in people with depressive disorders in China. Methods The China Mental Health Survey was a cross-sectional epidemiological survey of mental disorders in a multistage clustered-area probability sample of adults of Chinese nationality (≥18 years) from 157 nationwide representative population-based disease surveillance points in 31 provinces across China. Trained investigators interviewed the participants with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0 to ascertain the presence of lifetime and 12-month depressive disorders according to DSM-IV criteria, including major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, and depressive disorder not otherwise specified. Participants with 12-month depressive disorders were asked whether they received any treatment for their emotional problems during the past 12 months and, if so, the specific types of treatment providers. The Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) was used to assess impairments associated with 12-month depressive symptoms. Data-quality control procedures included logic check by computers, sequential recording check, and phone-call check by the quality controllers, and reinterview check by the psychiatrists. Data were weighted according to the age–sex–residence distribution data from China's 2010 census population survey to adjust for differential probabilities of selection and differential response, as well as to post-stratify the sample to match the population distribution. Findings 28 140 respondents (12 537 [44·6%] men and 15 603 [55·4%] women) completed the survey between July 22, 2013, and March 5, 2015. Ethnicity data (Han or non-Han) were collected for only a subsample. Prevalence of any depressive disorders was higher in women than men (lifetime prevalence odds ratio [OR] 1·44 [95% CI 1·20–1·72] and 12-month prevalence OR 1·41 [1·12–1·78]), in unemployed people than employed people (lifetime OR 2·38 [95% CI 1·68–3·38] and 12-month OR 2·80 [95% CI 1·88–4·18]), and in people who were separated, widowed, or divorced compared with those who were married or cohabiting (lifetime OR 1·87 [95% CI 1·39–2·51] and 12-month OR 1·85 [95% CI 1·40–2·46]). Overall, 574 (weighted % 75·9%) of 744 people with 12-month depressive disorders had role impairment of any SDS domain: 439 (83·6%) of 534 respondents with major depressive disorder, 207 (79·8%) of 254 respondents with dysthymic disorder, and 122 (59·9%) of 189 respondents with depressive disorder not otherwise specified. Only an estimated 84 (weighted % 9·5%) of 1007 participants with 12-month depressive disorders were treated in any treatment sector: 38 (3·6%) in speciality mental health, 20 (1·5%) in general medical, two (0·3%) in human services, and 21 (2·7%) in complementary and alternative medicine. Only 12 (0·5%) of 1007 participants with depressive disorders were treated adequately. Interpretation Depressive disorders in China were more prevalent in women than men, unemployed people than employed, and those who were separated, widowed, or divorced than people who were married or cohabiting. Most people with depressive disorders reported social impairment. Treatment rates were very low, and few people received adequate treatment. National programmes are needed to remove barriers to availability, accessibility, and acceptability of care for depression in China. Funding National Health Commission and Ministry of Science and Technology of People's Republic of China. Translation For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Objective To assess the recent trends in prevalence and management of hypertension in China, nationally and by population subgroups. Design Six rounds of a national survey, China. Setting China Chronic Disease and Risk Factors Surveillance, 2004-18. Participants 642 523 community dwelling adults aged 18-69 years (30 501 in 2004, 47 353 in 2007, 90 491 in 2010, 156 836 in 2013, 162 293 in 2015, and 155 049 in 2018). Main outcome measures Hypertension was defined as a blood pressure of ≥140/90 mm Hg or taking antihypertensive drugs. The main outcome measures were hypertension prevalence and proportion of people with hypertension who were aware of their hypertension, who were treated for hypertension, and whose blood pressure was controlled below 140/90 mm Hg. Results The standardised prevalence of hypertension in adults aged 18-69 years in China increased from 20.8% (95% confidence interval 19.0% to 22.5%) in 2004 to 29.6% (27.8% to 31.3%) in 2010, then decreased to 24.7% (23.2% to 26.1%) in 2018. During 2010-18, the absolute annual decline in prevalence of hypertension among women was more than twice that among men (−0.83 percentage points (95% confidence interval −1.13 to −0.52) v −0.40 percentage points (−0.73 to −0.07)). Despite modest improvements in the awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension since 2004, rates remained low in 2018, at 38.3% (36.3% to 40.4%), 34.6% (32.6% to 36.7%), and 12.0% (10.6% to 13.4%). Of 274 million (95% confidence interval 238 to 311 million) adults aged 18-69 years with hypertension in 2018, control was inadequate in an estimated 240 million (215 to 264 million). Across all surveys, women with low educational attainment had higher prevalence of hypertension than those with higher education, but the finding was mixed for men. The gap in hypertension control between urban and rural areas persisted, despite larger improvements in diagnosis and control in rural than in urban areas. Conclusions The prevalence of hypertension in China has slightly declined since 2010, but treatment and control remain low. The findings highlight the need for improving detection and treatment of hypertension through the strengthening of primary care in China, especially in rural areas.

Background Common mental disorders are general term for mental disorders with high disability rates and significant social burden. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of long-term disability associated with common mental disorders and to interpret the relationship between common mental disorders and long-term disability. Methods Participants in the 2013 China Mental Health Survey were followed up by telephone between April and June 2018. This study evaluated long-term disability over a five-year period using the World Health Organization’s Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Poisson regression was used to analyze the relationship between common mental disorders and long-term disability. Results A total of 6269 patients were followed up by telephone. In patients with common mental disorders, the prevalence of disability ranged from 7.62% to 43.94%. The long-term disabilities were significantly associated with dysthymic disorder (DD, RR:2.40; 95% CI:1.87-3.03), major depressive disorder (MDD, RR:1.63; 95% CI:1.34-1.98), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD, RR:1.95; 95% CI:1.15-3.09), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD, RR:1.68; 95% CI:1.24-2.22) and alcohol use disorder (AUD, RR: 1.42; 95% CI:0.99-1.96). Conclusions In China, common mental disorders raise the risk of long-term disability, and there is a critical need for monitoring patients with DD, MDD, GAD, OCD, and AUD. For improved quality of life and reduced disability levels, more resources need to be dedicated to mental health in the future.

The first national cross-sectional survey of diabetic complications was conducted in Chinese adults with diabetes aged 18–74 years between 2018 and 2020 with a multistage sampling scheme. 50564 participants with gradable non-mydriatic fundus photographs were included in this study. The national prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and vision-threatening DR (VTDR) was 16.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.3%-17.2%) and 3.2% (2.9%-3.5%), respectively. However, only a minority of participants with DR (non-VTDR: 9.4%, VTDR: 32.8%) reported being diagnosed with DR before this survey. The prevalence of DR and VTDR substantially varied across 31 provinces and was higher in the north than in the south. The differences in prevalence of any DR and VTDR between those who have attained a given metabolic goal and those who have not were more pronounced for Hemoglobin A1c than for blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Multiple factors were associated with the presence and severity of DR.

What is already known about this topic? Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in China and around the world. By 2019, 121 countries have instituted a national screening program as a secondary prevention measure for breast cancer. What is added by this report? Breast cancer screening rates in China were 18.9% in women aged 20 years and above, and 25.7% in women aged 35–64 years in 2015. The screening rate for women aged 20 years and above was significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas (24.6% vs. 15.0%), and in the eastern region than in the central and western regions (24.0% vs. 15.1% and 15.3%). What are the implications for public health practice? Continued efforts should be made to strengthen national and local policy initiatives and financial support for population-based, organized screening programs for breast cancer. Health education and accessibility of screening services to women across the country should be strengthened, especially for women aged 50 years and above.

ImportanceTo our knowledge, there has been no update on the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in China since 2012.ObjectiveTo provide periodic nationwide data on the prevalence of CKD and the associated behavioral and metabolic risk factors in China.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis nationally representative cross-sectional study included data from 176 874 adults from all 31 provincial-level administrative divisions in mainland China, as reported in the sixth China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance conducted from August 2018 to June 2019. Data analysis was performed in 2021 to 2022.ExposuresSerum creatinine, urinal creatinine, and urine albumin were measured for all participants. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated from serum creatinine using the CKD-EPI equation.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was weighted prevalence of CKD in the overall population and different strata, defined as presence of impaired kidney function (eGFR of 2) or albuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio of ≥30 mg/g). Secondary outcomes were awareness of CKD and control of comorbidities. Logistic regression was used to examine the association of sociodemographic characteristics, behavioral and dietary habits, physical activity, and comorbidities with CKD.ResultsA total of 184 876 participants contributed data to this study, and of the 176 874 adults 18 years and older with measurements of eGFR and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio in 2018 to 2019, the mean age was 43.8 years and the weighted proportion of women was 44.6%. The estimated prevalence of CKD, impaired kidney function, and albuminuria were 8.2%, 2.2%, and 6.7%, respectively. A higher prevalence of CKD was observed in the subgroups characterized by older age, female gender, non-Han ethnicity, residency of rural or north and central parts of China, receiving less education or lower income, former smoking, no alcohol drinking, lacking physical activity, and presence of risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and self-reported cardiovascular disease. Among the adults with CKD, 73.3%, 25.0%, and 1.8% were at stage 1 to 2, 3, and 4 to 5, respectively, and the awareness of CKD was 10.0%.Conclusions and RelevanceThis cross-sectional study found a weighted estimated of 82 million adults with CKD in China in 2018 to 2019. The prevalence appears to have decreased by 30% in the past decade. Better environmental protection, integration of CKD into the national public health surveillance program, and control of common CKD comorbidities appear to be associated with reducing the disease burden of CKD.

High sodium and low potassium in 24 h urinary excretion were associated with elevated blood pressure.With increasing body mass index levels, decreasing unit urinary sodium excretion was more effective in reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and increasing unit urinary potassium excretion was more effective in reducing diastolic blood pressure.Reducing sodium and increasing potassium intake was more effective in reducing blood pressure in overweight and obese non-hypertensive adults compared to underweight and normal weight adults.

Background: Anxiety disorders (ADs) are a group of disorders with a high disability rate and bring a huge social burden. In China, information on future trends in the disability among community ADs patients and its determinants are rare. The objectives of this study are to describe the future trends in the disability among ADs patients living in community and to investigate the determinants of the disability.Methods: Participants diagnosed with 12-month ADs in the China Mental Health Survey (CMHS) were followed up by telephone from April to June 2018 to assess the future trends in the disability in a 5-year interval using the World Health Organization's Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. The disability rate was reported and its determinants were analyzed by complex sample design multivariate logistic regression.Results: Totally 271 patients were interviewed by telephone and 33 informants finished proxy interviews. The disability rates were 45.9% and 14.3% among ADs patients at baseline and during the follow-up. Patients with general anxiety disorder (GAD) or agoraphobia with/without panic disorder (AGP) had the lower decrease and higher disability during the follow-up than patients with other subtypes. Patients aged in middle age (aged 40–49 years old, OR = 11.12, 95% CI: 4.16–29.72), having disability at baseline (OR = 7.18, 95% CI: 1.37–37.73), having comorbidity with three or more physical diseases (OR = 9.27, 95% CI: 2.48–34.71), and having comorbidity with other mental disorders (OR = 3.97, 95% CI: 1.13–13.96) had higher disability during the follow-up.Conclusions: The disability rate tends to decrease among ADs patients living in communities. Treatment priority should be given for ADs patients with disability and those in middle age. Treatments for the comorbidity of other mental disorders or physical diseases should be considered when treating anxiety.

What is already known on this topic? Hypertension is a major public health concern in China, and hypertensive patients have elevated heart rates (HR), which can synergize with higher blood pressure to promote adverse health outcomes. What is added by this report? The risk of increased HR was statistically significant but relatively lower in subjects with treated and controlled hypertension. This lower impact might be modified by sex, marital status, smoking, and physical activity. What are the implications for public health practice? To mitigate the substantial burden of increased HR among hypertensive patients, improving blood pressure control and promoting healthy lifestyles should be prioritized.

What is already known about this topic? Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer of women around the world. Age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer were 11.78 and 3.29 per 100,000, respectively, in China in 2015. What is added by this report? Cervical cancer screening rates were 25.7% for women aged 20–64 years old and 31.4% for women aged 35–64 years old in China in 2015. Screening rates were lower in rural areas than in urban areas and varied across provinces. What are the implications for public health practice? Efforts should be made to continue to strengthen national and local policy initiatives, financial support, health education, and accessibility to women in rural areas for cervical cancer screening coverage.

What is already known on this topic? Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) such as sports, fitness, and recreation, is well documented to prevent chronic disease and improve health. The age-adjusted prevalence of regular LTPA was only 11.9% among Chinese adults in China in 2010. It has been reported that the age-adjusted LTPA prevalence increased from 7.13% in 2000 to 11.79% in 2011. What is added by this report? According to the latest available data, in 2015, the prevalence of LTPA and regular LTPA was 19.7% and 12.5% in adults aged 18 years old and above, respectively. Both LTPA and regular LTPA were lower in rural areas than in urban areas, higher in people with higher socioeconomic position, and varied across provinces. What are the implications for public health practice? To promote more people, especially those with lower socioeconomic position to participate in LTPA, great efforts are required to strengthen national and local policy initiatives, financial support, sports facility construction, and health education, especially in rural areas and in western China.

Background Tobacco smoking is a leading cause of premature death in China, especially among adult men. Since the implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2005, nationwide tobacco control has been strengthened, but its long-term impact on smoking prevalence is unclear. Methods and findings Five nationally representative surveys of the China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance (CCDRFS) were conducted in 2007, 2010, 2013, 2015, and 2018. A total of 624,568 adults (278,605 men and 345,963 women) aged 18 to 69 years were randomly selected from 31 provinces (or equivalent) in China. Temporal changes in smoking prevalence and patterns (e.g., percentages of those smoking manufactured cigarettes, amount smoked, and age at smoking initiation) were analyzed, overall and by sex, urban or rural residence, year of birth, education and occupation, using linear regression methods. Among men, the standardized prevalence of current smoking decreased from 58.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 56.1 to 60.7) to 50.8% (95% CI: 49.1 to 52.5, p < 0.001) between 2007 and 2018, with annual decrease more pronounced in urban (55.7% [95% CI: 51.2 to 60.3] to 46.3% [95% CI: 43.7 to 49.0], p < 0.001) than rural men (59.9% [95% CI: 57.5 to 62.4] to 54.6% [95% CI: 52.6 to 56.6], p = 0.05) and in those born before than after 1980. Among rural men born after 1990, however, the prevalence increased from 40.2% [95% CI: 34.0 to 46.4] to 52.1% ([95% CI: 45.7 to 58.5], p = 0.007), with the increase taking place mainly before 2015. Among women, smoking prevalence remained extremely low at around 2% during 2007 to 2018. No significant changes of current smoking prevalence (53.9% to 50.8%, p = 0.22) were observed in male patients with at least 1 of major chronic diseases (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)). In 2018, 25.6% of adults aged ≥18 years smoked, translating into an estimated 282 million smokers (271 million men and 11 million women) in China. Across 31 provinces, smoking prevalence varied greatly. The 3 provinces (Yunnan, Guizhou, and Hunan) with highest per capita tobacco production had highest smoking prevalence in men (68.0%, 63.4%, and 61.5%, respectively), while lowest prevalence was observed in Shanghai (34.8%). Since the children and teenage groups were not included in the surveys, we could not assess the smoking trends among youths. Furthermore, since the smoking behavior was self-reported, the smoking prevalence could be underestimated due to reporting bias. Conclusions In this study, we observed that the smoking prevalence has decreased steadily in recent decades in China, but there were diverging trends between urban and rural areas, especially among men born after 1980. Future tobacco control strategies should target rural young men, regions with high tobacco production, and patients suffering from chronic diseases.

Summary Background In China, mean body-mass index (BMI) and obesity in adults have increased steadily since the early 1980s. However, to our knowledge, there has been no reliable assessment of recent trends, nationally, regionally, or in certain population subgroups. To address this evidence gap, we present detailed analyses of relevant data from six consecutive nationally representative health surveys done between 2004 and 2018. We aimed to examine the long-term and recent trends in mean BMI and prevalence of obesity among Chinese adults, with specific emphasis on changes before and after 2010 (when various national non-communicable disease prevention programmes were initiated), assess how these trends might vary by sex, age, urban–rural locality, and socioeconomic status, and estimate the number of people who were obese in 2018 compared with 2004. Methods We used data from the China Chronic Disease and Risk Factors Surveillance programme, which was established in 2004 with the aim to provide periodic nationwide data on the prevalence of major chronic diseases and the associated behavioural and metabolic risk factors in the general population. Between 2004 and 2018 six nationally representative surveys were done. 776 571 individuals were invited and 746 020 (96·1%) participated, including 33 051 in 2004, 51 050 in 2007, 98 174 in 2010, 189 115 in 2013, 189 754 in 2015, and 184 876 in 2018. After exclusions, 645 223 participants aged 18–69 years remained for the present analyses. The mean BMI and prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) were calculated and time trends compared by sex, age, urban–rural locality, geographical region, and socioeconomic status. Findings Standardised mean BMI levels rose from 22·7 kg/m2 (95% CI 22·5–22·9) in 2004 to 24·4 kg/m2 (24·3–24·6) in 2018 and obesity prevalence from 3·1% (2·5–3·7) to 8·1% (7·6–8·7). Between 2010 and 2018, mean BMI rose by 0·09 kg/m2 annually (0·06–0·11), which was half of that reported during 2004–10 (0·17 kg/m2, 95% CI 0·12–0·22). Similarly, the annual increase in obesity prevalence was somewhat smaller after 2010 than before 2010 (6·0% annual relative increase, 95% CI 4·4–7·6 vs 8·7% annual relative increase, 4·9–12·8; p=0·13). Since 2010, the rise in mean BMI and obesity prevalence has slowed down substantially in urban men and women, and moderately in rural men, but continued steadily in rural women. By 2018, mean BMI was higher in rural than urban women (24·3 kg/m2 vs 23·9 kg/m2; p=0·0045), but remained lower in rural than urban men (24·5 kg/m2 vs 25·1 kg/m2; p=0·0007). Across all six surveys, mean BMI was persistently lower in women with higher levels of education compared with women with lower levels of education, but the inverse was true among men. Overall, an estimated 85 million adults (95% CI 70 million–100 million; 48 million men [95% CI 39 million–57 million] and 37 million women [31 million–43 million]) aged 18–69 years in China were obese in 2018, which was three times as many as in 2004. Interpretation In China, the rise in mean BMI among the adult population appears to have slowed down over the past decade. However, we found divergent trends by sex, geographical area, and socioeconomic status, highlighting the need for a more targeted approach to prevent further increases in obesity in the Chinese general population. Funding China National Key Research and Development Program, China National Key Project of Public Health Program, and Youth Scientific Research Foundation of the National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

Background: In China, depressive disorders have been estimated to be the second leading cause of years lived with disability (YLDs). However, nationally representative epidemiological data for depressive disorders, in particular depressed adults’ mental health services use, are still unavailable in China. The present study is a part of the Chinese National Mental Health Survey (CMHS), 2012–15, which reported the prevalence, treatment, and associated disability of depressive disorders in the Chinese general population. Methods: The CMHS recruited a representative sample of 28140 Chinese residents (≥ 18 years) by using multistage proportional-to-population-size sampling method. Trained investigators interviewed participants with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0 to ascertain the presence of lifetime and 12-month depressive disorders according to DSM-IV criteria, including major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymic disorder (DD), and depressive disorder not otherwise specified (DD-NOS). Participants with 12-month depressive disorders were asked whether they ever received any 12-month treatment for their emotional problems and the specific types of treatment providers. The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) were used to evaluate the severity of and role impairments associated with 12-month depressive symptoms. Findings: The weighted lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of any depressive disorder were 6.8% (95%CI: 5.8-7.8%) and 3.6% (95%CI: 3.0-4.2%), respectively; the corresponding figures were 3.4% (95%CI: 2.0-3.9%) and 2.1% (95%CI: 1.8-2.4%) for MDD, 1.4% (95%CI: 1.1-1.7%) and 1.0% (95%CI: 0.8-1.3%) for DD, and 3.2% (95%CI: 2.6-3.9%) and 1.4% (95%CI: 1.1-1.7%) for DD-NOS. Overall, 77.2% of persons with 12-month depressive disorders had role impairment of any SDS domain: 82.2% for MDD, 81.5% for DD, and 64.6% for DD-NOS. Depressed participants reported an average of 41.0 days out of role in the past year due to depression; the corresponding figures were 49.7 days for MDD, 54.9 days for DD, and 12.2 days for DD-NOS. In total, 88.9% of individuals with 12-month depressive disorders had clinically significant depressive symptoms: 93.7% for MDD, 91.7% for DD, and 77.5% for DD-NOS. MDD and DD had similar proportions of “severe” or “very severe” depressive symptoms (43.0% and 42.1%), which were higher than DD-NOS (13.9%). 9.5% of participants with 12-month depressive disorders were treated in any treatment sector: 3.6% in the specialty mental health (SMH), 1.5% in the general medical (GM), 0.3% in the human services (HS), and 3.3% in the complementary-alternative medical (CAM) sector. Respondents with MDD and DYS had the highest proportion of seeking treatment in SMH sector (4.7% and 3.0%) while those with DD-NOS had the highest proportion of seeking treatment in CAM sector (most treatments were Traditional Chinese Medicine) (3.3%). Only 0.5% of participants with depressive disorders were treated adequately. Rates of treatment adequacy of MDD and DYS in SMH sector were 9.2% and 2.4%, respectively. Both rates in GM sector were 0%. Interpretation: Compared to western countries, our data show a relatively low prevalence of depressive disorders in China. Nevertheless, their associated role impairments, symptom severities, and disabilities are severe. Importantly, the treatment rates are rather low, let alone adequate treatment. Nationwide programs aiming at removing barriers in availability, accessibility, and acceptability to mental healthcare are needed in China. Funding: The study was funded by the Special Research Project for Non-profit Public Service of the Chinese Ministry of Health (grant number 201202022), the National Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Science and Technology Support of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (grant numbers 2012BAI01B01 & 2015BAI13B00) and the National Key R&D Program of China (grant numbers 2017YFC0907800, 2017YFC0907801). Declaration of Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare Ethical Approval: The study protocol of CMHS was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Sixth Hospital of Peking University (No.: IMH-IRB-2013-13-1).

Background: Physical inactivity is an essential health-related behaviour and a significant risk factor for chronic non-communicable diseases. Temporal trends in physical inactivity in Chinese adults are unclear. Method: Four nationally representative cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 31 provinces in China between 2010 and 2018. Using a multi-stage, stratified, cluster-randomized sampling method, 669 919 Chinese adults were selected to participate in the surveys, and 645 903 adults were included in the analyses. Domain-specific (work-, transport-, and recreation-) moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) was measured using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Physical activity was defined as not doing at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity, 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity PA per week, or any equivalent combination of the two. Temporal changes in physical inactivity and no domain-specific PA were analyzed using linear regression methods. All analysis was accounted for the complex sampling design. Findings: From 2010 to 2018, the prevalence of physical inactivity among Chinese adults increased from 17·9% (95%CI, 16·3-19·5) to 22·3% (95%CI, 20·9-23·8) (Ptrend

Background: Recent studies have shown an increase in the prevalence of hyperuricemia (HUA) worldwide. However, representative national data suggesting national trends of HUA in China are lacking. Methods: Using a multi-stage, stratified, cluster-randomized sampling design, two cross-sectional surveys (representative of national and provincial information) were conducted in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in mainland China, with 166,861 Chinese adults in 2015–16 and 168,351 in 2018–19. Serum uric acid (SUA) levels of all participants were measured after a >10-hour overnight fast. HUA was defined when SUA was >420 μmol/L. Prevalence estimates were weighted to represent the total population considering the complex sampling design. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated factors associated with HUA. Findings: The overall HUA prevalence in the Chinese adult population was 11.1% (95% CI, 10.3–11.8%) in 2015–16 and 14.0% (95% CI, 13.1-14.8%) in 2018–19; an alarming rise was observed in the three years. HUA was more common in men with 19.3% (95% CI, 17.9–20.7%) in 2015–16 and 24.4% (95% CI, 23.0–25.8%) in 2018–19. The HUA prevalence also escalated from 2.8% (95% CI, 2.5-3.0%) in 2015–16 to 3.6% (95% CI, 3.2–4.0%) in 2018–19 in women. Various risk factors, including urban culture, settlement in the East, Zhuang descent, high education, heavy or frequent beer drinking, high red meat intake, physical inactivity, high BMI, central obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and low eGFR, were significantly associated with HUA. Interpretation: The estimated HUA prevalence among Chinese adults was 14.0% in 2018–19; significant escalating trends were observed between 2015 and 2019. Therefore, HUA is a public health problem in China. Funding: Chinese Central Government and National Key R&D Program of China. Declaration of Interest: We declare no competing interests. Ethical Approval: The ethical review committee of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) approved the 2015 CCDRFS (approval number 201519- A) and that of the National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC approved the 2018 CCDRFS (approval number 201819).

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in China. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the levels of cardiovascular health among Chinese adults and to understand the geographic patterns based on a nationally and provincially representative survey. Methods: In 2015, a total of 74,771 respondents aged ≥ 20 years with no history of cardiovascular disease were randomly sampled from 298 counties/districts of 31 provinces in mainland China and were interviewed. Seven metrics, including smoking, body mass index, physical activity, diet, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting glucose, were determined. Ideal cardiovascular health was defined as the simultaneous presence of all metrics at the ideal level. A score ranging from 0 to 14 was calculated as the sum of all seven metrics for each province. Scores for four health behaviors and four health factors were also calculated. Results: The age-adjusted prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health was only 1.13% among Chinese adults above 20 years old in 2015 (0.50% among men and 1.77% among women; 1.63% among urban residents and 0.68% among rural residents). The age-adjusted prevalence varied greatly across provinces, ranging from 0.05% in Qinghai to 2.97% in Heilongjiang. Ideal diet (7.4%) was the least common among seven cardiovascular health metrics and ideal blood pressure (32.2%) was the second least one. We also saw significant heterogeneity among provinces in age-adjusted cardiovascular health score, health behavior score, and health factors score. In all provinces, women had higher scores than men for cardiovascular health, health behaviors and health factors. Differences in cardiovascular health and health behavior scores between urban and rural areas were associated with levels of socio-economic development. Conclusions: Strategies for addressing poor cardiovascular health require geographic targeting and localized consideration.

Introduction Periodic population surveys of smoking behavior can inform development of effective tobacco control strategies. We investigated smoking patterns, cessation, and knowledge about smoking hazards in China. Methods A nationally representative cross-sectional survey recruited 176 318 people aged ≥18 years across 31 provinces of China in 2013–2014, using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling methods. The smoking patterns, cessation, and knowledge about smoking hazards were analyzed, overall and in population subgroups, adjusting for sample selection weight and post-stratification factors. Results Among men, 60.7% were ever-smokers, with proportions of regular, occasional and former smokers being 46.3%, 5.5%, and 8.8% respectively. Among women, only 2.8% had ever smoked. The prevalence of ever smoking in men was higher in rural than urban areas (63.2% vs. 57.6%) and varied from 39.5% to 67.4% across 31 provinces. Among male regular smokers, the mean daily number of cigarettes smoked was 17.8, with mean age at first starting to smoke daily being 20.1 years. Among current smokers, one-third (32.6% men, 32.1% women) had tried to quit before and 36.8% (36.8% men, 35.5% women) intended to quit in the future. Of the Chinese adults, 75.9% recognized that smoking was hazardous, with the proportions believing that smoking could cause lung cancer, heart attack or stroke being 67.0%, 33.2%, and 29.5%, respectively and with 26.0% reporting that smoking could cause all these conditions. Conclusion Among Chinese adults, the smoking prevalence remained high in men but was low in women. In both men and women, knowledge about smoking hazards was poor. Implications This study showed that tobacco smoking remained highly prevalent among adult men in China in 2013–2014. Moreover, men born in recent decades were more likely to start smoking at younger ages and to smoke more cigarettes than those born in previous generations. There was a large regional variation in male smoking prevalence, with the least economically developed regions having higher prevalence. In contrast, few women in China smoked, especially among those born in recent decades. The contrasting smoking patterns in men and women is likely to result in an increasingly large gender disparity in life expectancy in the coming decades.

Recent data on prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factors of diabetes in China is necessary for interventional efforts. To estimate trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factors of diabetes in China based on national data. Cross-sectional nationally representative survey data collected in adults aged 18 years or older in mainland China from 170 287 participants in the 2013-2014 years and 173 642 participants in the 2018-2019 years. Fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were measured for all participants. A 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted for all participants without diagnosed diabetes. Primary outcomes were diabetes and prediabetes defined according to American Diabetes Association criteria. Secondary outcomes were awareness, treatment, and control of diabetes and prevalence of risk factors. A hemoglobin A1c level of less than 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) among treated patients with diabetes was considered adequate glycemic control. In 2013, the median age was 55.8 years (IQR, 46.4-65.2 years) and the weighted proportion of women was 50.0%; in 2018, the median age was 51.3 years (IQR, 42.1-61.6 years), and the weighted proportion of women was 49.5%. The estimated prevalence of diabetes increased from 10.9% (95% CI, 10.4%-11.5%) in 2013 to 12.4% (95% CI, 11.8%-13.0%) in 2018 (P

Hypertension has been the most important risk factor for disease burden in China. We aimed to conduct the first national spatial analysis of hypertension status, awareness, treatment and control in China.Choropleth maps were used to examine the spatial patterning of hypertension, awareness, treatment and control in a nationally and provincially representative sample of 174 389 adults from the 2013 to 2014 China Chronic Disease and Risk Factors Surveillance. Multilevel regressions were used to analyze each outcome across provinces, counties, towns and villages/residential committees and to test the proportion of area-level variances explained by known risk factors.Hypertension prevalence was highest in the north (e.g. Liaoning = 37.7%) and lowest in the south (e.g. Hainan = 17.9%). Among participants found to have hypertension, awareness was generally low, especially in the south (e.g. Guizhou = 18.0%). Receipt of treatment among those who were aware of their hypertension status was above 70% in all provinces except for Tibet (37.7%) and Guizhou (54.5%). Control of hypertension among those receiving treatment (SBP 140 and DBP 90 mmHg) was generally low, especially in northeastern and southwestern provinces. Adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral factors, weight status, healthcare use and urbanization of residence accounted for 57.7% of variation between provinces in hypertension status, 48.5% in awareness, 47.6% in treatment and 18.0% in control.Hypertension is spatially patterned in China and there is an unmet need at each step from diagnosis to receiving treatment and achieving controlled hypertension. Geographically targeted strategies are required to enhance hypertension prevention and management in China.

ObjectivesTo examine the relationship between sleep duration and hypertension of migrant workers aged 18–59 years in China.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional study using a complex survey sampling design.ParticipantsThere were 43 655 subjects in our analysis, after excluding people with missing information for key exposure and outcome variables and abnormal values for sleep duration (≤2 or ≥17 hours).Primary outcome measureHypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, or self-reported history of hypertension diagnosis in hospitals at the township (community) level or above and use of hypertensive medicine in the last 2 weeks.ResultsOf 43 655 subjects, 15.6% (95% CI 15.1% to 16.1%) of migrant workers had hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension decreased with the increased sleep duration, both in males and females. Logistic regression models, using 7–8 hours sleep/day as the reference, showed a greater odds for hypertension among men and women who reported interaction=0.096). Further stratified by age and migration time, it revealed that among adults less than 45 years old, those sleeping 9 or more hours had adjusted odds for hypertension of 0.82 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.93, pinteraction=0.020),while there was no evidence of an association between sleep duration and hypertension among adults aged 45–59 years. Among adults whose migration time was less than 4.5 years, those sleeping 9 or more hours had adjusted odds for hypertension of 0.80 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.94, pinteraction=0.097).ConclusionThe association between sleep duration and hypertension varies by age. Short sleep duration (

Aims: To evaluate the independence of the effect of 2-hour post-load plasma glucose (2hPG), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) after adjusting for each other and non-glycemic factors. Methods: We analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 174,329 Chinese adults from a survey conducted in 2013–2014. The associations of glycemic measures with the risk of CVD were examined and compared by using logistic regression analyses. Results: After adjusting for non-glycemic factors, the odds ratio for one standard-deviation increase of 2hPG, FPG and HbA1c was 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–1.11), 1.02 (95% CI: 0.99–1.06) and 1.05 (95% CI: 1.02–1.07), respectively. The odds ratio for 2hPG (1.10, 95% CI: 1.05–1.16) remained statistically significant after FPG and HbA1c were added to the models, whereas the odds ratios for FPG and HbA1c became statistically insignificant after 2hPG was adjusted for. The results remained consistent across various scenarios. Conclusions: 2hPG showed an effect on cardiovascular risk which was independent from FPG and HbA1c, whereas whether the effects of FPG and HbA1c were independent from 2hPG was open to question. This finding calls for more research on how to better use FPG and HbA1c in diagnosing diabetes.

Background Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in China. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of cardiovascular health among Chinese adults and to understand the geographic pattern of cardiovascular health. Methods In 2015, a total of 74,726 respondents aged ≥ 20 years with no history of cardiovascular disease were randomly sampled from 298 counties/districts of 31 provinces in mainland China and were interviewed. Seven metrics, including smoking, body mass index, physical activity, diet, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting glucose, were determined. Ideal cardiovascular health was defined as the simultaneous presence of all metrics at the ideal level. A score ranging from 0 to 14 was calculated as the sum of all seven metrics for each province. Scores for cardiovascular health behaviors (smoking, body mass index, physical activity and diet) and those for cardiovascular health factors (smoking, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting glucose) were also calculated. Findings The mean age was 44.4 ± 15.9 years, and 49.3% were women. The age-sex-standardized prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health was universally poor, ranging from 0.02% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0%, 0.05%] in Tibet to 2.76% (95% CI: 0.45%, 5.07%) in Heilongjiang. Ideal diet (7.1%) was the least common factor of the seven metrics in each province and varied considerably across provinces. Other component metrics of ideal cardiovascular health were also spatially patterned. In all provinces, women had higher scores than men for cardiovascular health, health behaviors and health factors. Differences in cardiovascular health and health behavior scores between urban and rural areas were associated with levels of socio-economic development. Interpretation Strategies for addressing poor cardiovascular health require geographic targeting and localized consideration. Funding This research was supported by National Key R&D Program, the Shenzhen Strategic Emerging Industry Development Special Fund, and the Fund of "Sanming" Project of Medicine in Shenzhen.

The prevalence of obesity is still rising among Chinese adults and may be attributed to environmental factors, which, however, has only been examined in western countries before. This study aimed to estimate associations between obesogenic environments and adult obesity in China, on the basis of the official 2013-4 nationally representative survey. General and abdominal obesity were defined by body mass index and waist circumference, respectively, according to both the Chinese and international criteria. The mean summer/winter temperature in provinces, the mean fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration, gross domestic product per capita, and education level in districts/counties, and the densities of fast-food restaurants, full-service restaurants, grocery stores, and supermarkets in subdistricts/towns were calculated. Five-level logistic regression models were used to estimate their associations with obesity, also in urban and rural regions separately. Both general and abdominal obesity in men were associated with the highest PM2.5 concentration, summer temperature, and density of full-service restaurants and grocery stores, as well as the lowest winter temperature. These associations were also observed in women except for summer temperature and density of full-service restaurants with abdominal obesity. Some associations varied by urban-rural regions. Also, the higher regional education level was associated with general and abdominal obesity in men. Additionally, obesity was associated with the increasing number of coexisting obesogenic environmental factors. Our findings call for more attention to citizens living in certain environments in China, such as cold winters and with more full-service restaurants and grocery stores. This is the first national, comprehensive obesogenic environment study in China, which generated evidence-based hypotheses for future longitudinal research and interventions on obesogenic environments in China.

Elevated serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are established risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, a leading cause of death in China. We sought to assess the latest levels of serum lipids, prevalence of dyslipidemia and achievement of LDL-C lowering targets among Chinese adults.Data was obtained from a national representative survey recruited 163,641 adults aged18years in mainland China between 2013 and 2014. Fasting serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were measured by standard methods. Multiple logistic regression was preformed to estimate potential risk factors for dyslipidemias. Proportion of residents not achieve the therapeutic goals for LDL-C by atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) risk stratification were evaluated.Nationally, the population-weighted means of TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C, and median of TG were 4.70, 1.35, 2.88, and 1.49mmol/L, respectively. The prevalence of high TC, high LDL-C, low HDL-C and high TG was 6.9%, 8.1%, 20.4% and 13.8%. Among individuals with high ASCVD risk, 74.5% had uncontrolled LDL-C levels (2.6mmol/L) and 5.5% of them were treated. For very-high-risk individuals, 93.2% didn't achieve their LDL-lowering goals (1.8mmol/L) and 14.5% of them were treated.Chinese adults currently experienced a high prevalence of abnormal serum lipid levels, more common in urban adults or those with obesity or central obesity. A significant proportion of people with high or very high ASCVD risk didn't meet LDL-C targets. Improvements in achievement of lipid-level targets and of LDL-lowering therapy rates based on ASCVD risk stratification were necessary.

Background Hypertension is a major cause of cardiovascular disease. Periodic nationwide surveys are essential for monitoring secular trend of hypertension and its control in population. We assessed prevalence of hypertension and related awareness, treatment and control rates in Chinese adults in 2013-14. Methods A nationally representative survey recruited 174 621 adults aged>18 years from 31 provinces in mainland China between 2013 and 2014. Population-weighted prevalence of hypertension and related rates of awareness, treatment and control were calculated and compared by age, sex, region and other factors of interest. Results Overall, 27.8% of Chinese adults were hypertensive, with the adjusted prevalence higher in men than in women and increasing steeply with rising age. Of those with hypertension, 31.9% were previously diagnosed, of those diagnosed, 82.9% were treated, and of those treated, 34.6% had their blood pressure properly controlled, resulting in an overall control rates of 9.7% among those with hypertension. Despite similar prevalence, the awareness, treatment and control were much better in urban areas than in rural areas. Among hypertensive individuals, older age, higher levels of education or household income tended to be associated with better awareness, treatment and control rates. During 2013-14, 292 million adults in China had hypertension, representing an absolute increase of 139 million individuals since year 2002. Conclusions Among Chinese adults, more than one forth had hypertension and the prevalence has increased significantly during recent decades. Despite huge efforts, the levels of awareness, treatment and control rates of hypertension remain extremely low, foreshadowing substantial unnecessary disease burden.

Several epidemiological studies have reported on the association between body mass index (BMI) and risk of esophageal cancer, but these were mostly in Western populations where many are overweight or obese. There is little direct evidence about the relationship in China where the mean BMI is relatively low and the disease rate is high. We examined the data from a populationbased prospective study of 220,000 Chinese men aged 40–79 without a previous history of cancer (mean BMI 21.7 kg/m 2 ), which included 1,082 esophageal cancer deaths during 10 years of follow-up. Adjusted hazard ratios for death from esophageal cancer by baseline BMI category were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. Even among men with good self-assessed health and BMI 18.5 kg/m 2 , there was a strong inverse association between BMI and death from esophageal cancer, with each 5 kg/ m 2 higher BMI associated with 25% (95%CI: 11–36%) lower esophageal cancer mortality. This inverse association persisted when analysis was restricted to men who had never smoked or when the first 5 years of follow-up were excluded. The strength of the relationship was consistent with the pooled estimate for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in a meta-analysis of prospective studies (31% lower relative risk per 5 kg/m 2 higher BMI; 95% CI: 25–37%), but contrasted with that for adenocarcinoma which showed a positive association with BMI. Together, these data provide reliable evidence that in many populations low BMI is associated with an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. ' 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

To understand the prevalence of cigarette smoking among employed floating population in China and to provide evidence for developing prevention and control measures targeted at cigarette smoking among them.On the basis of the Disease Surveillance Points (DSPs)System and employed distribution among floating population, the China Non- communicable and Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance in 2012 sampled from 170 DSPs, multi-stage stratified equal-sized cluster sampling method was used and stratified by six occupational groups. Cigarette smoking related information among the employed floating population was collected by face-to-face interviews. The analytical method accounted for the complex sampling design.There were 48 699 subjects, aged 18-59 years old, eligible and included in this analysis among the surveyed employed floating population. Among them, the prevalence of current smoking was 32.5% (95%CI: 32.0%-33.0%). A significantly higher percentage of men 55.3% (95%CI:54.6%-56.0%)relative to women 1.9% (95% CI:1.7%-2.1%)reported current smoking(χ(2) = 2.6, P = 0.103 7). Among men, differences in current smoking rates remained similar across age groups (χ(2) = 2.6, P = 0.103 7), but the current smoking rate tended to be lower with higher education(χ(2) = 140.7, P0.000 1). The current smoking rate in men was the highest(58.6% , 95% CI:57.3%-60.0%)in the floating population working in the construction industry. The prevalent of daily cigarette smoking was 27.9% (95% CI: 27.4%-28.4%), with a significantly higher proportion among men 47.8% (95% CI:47.1%-48.5%) than among women 1.3% (95%CI:1.1%-1.4%). Among daily smokers, the mean number of cigarettes smoked was 15.6(95%CI:15.5-15.8)per day(men:15.7 per day; women: 10.3 per day). The number was higher in men 15.7(95% CI:15.6-15.9)than in women 10.3(95% CI:9.3-11.3). Among daily smoking men, the daily consumed cigarettes number increased with the age increased (t = 34.89, P0.000 1), whereas the daily consumed cigarettes number decreased with the increase of education level (t = -14.63, P0.000 1). The daily consumed cigarettes number in men was the highest (18.2, 95%CI:17.9-18.6)in the floating population working in the construction industry. There were 47.1% of the daily smokers who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day in the floating population aged 18-59, with a higher percentage among men (47.6%) than women (21.9%). The percentage in men increased with age and education level and the heavy smoking rate was the highest in the construction industry (60.4%). Among current smokers, the percentage of attempting to quit was 10.3% (95%CI: 9.7%-10.8%). A higher proportion of women 14.8% (95% CI:11.1%-18.5%), compared to men 10.1% (95% CI:9.6%-10.7%), reported attempting to quit. The rate of attempting to quit among current smokers increased with age. No significant difference in prevalence of attempting to quit by education level or occupation was seen. The percent of successfully quitting smoking was 6.1% (95%CI:5.7%-6.5%). The proportion was higher in women 7.2% (95%CI:4.6%-9.8%)than in men 6.1% (95%CI:5.7%-6.5%). The percentage of quitting smoking successfully increased with age (χ(2) = 269.0, P0.000 1). The percent of people who exposed to secondhand smoking was 68.7% (95%CI: 68.1%-69.3%). The percent was higher among men 76.4% (95%CI:75.5%-77.3%) than in women 64.0% (95%CI:63.2%-64.9%).Smoking was more common among men in the employed floating population aged 18-59 years old, especially in the construction industry. Low percent was seen among those who attempting to quit, and the ones who successfully quit were very few.

To evaluate the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and sedentary behaviors among Chinese floating population aged 18-59.Data was from the Chinese Floating Population Chronic Disease Surveillance (2012). Of the 48 704 subjects aged 18-59 years old, information on frequency and duration of leisure activity was collected by face-to-face interview. Time spent on watching TV, reading, using computers or playing games after work was also calculated.19.4% (95%CI:19.0%-19.7%) of the subjects took part in moderate or vigorous intensity physical activities at least 10 minutes for three days per week, with percentage higher in males than in females and increasing among younger males (P0.01). Data showed that it was opposite among females (P0.01). Physical activities increased in those with higher education for both males and females (P0.01) and showed significant differences on occupations. Among those who engaged in different occupations, subjects working on social service and manufactory presented the top two highest percentages on often engaging in leisure time activities and they spent 4.9 (95%CI:4.8-4.9) hours daily on average in sedentary behavior decreasing along with aging but increasing with having received higher education.The percentage of taking part in moderate and vigorous activities among floating population was generally low. Prevention should target on floating population, especially on females, those with lower education or at older age.

To describe the intake of fruit and vegetables among employed migrant population aged 18 to 59 year-olds in China.Data from the Migrant Population Survey related to China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance that conducted in 170 counties/districts in 31 provinces, 2012, was used. Information on non-communicable diseases and related risk factors among migrant population were collected through face-to-face questionnaire interview, physical measurement and lab tests. A total of 48 704 subjects aged 18 to 59 years old were included in our study. Sample was standardized by age and sex. Information on average daily fruit and vegetables intake, prevalence of low fruit and vegetables intake, grouped by sex, age, industries, and education level were analyzed.The average daily intakes of vegetables and fruits were 353.7 (95%CI:351.3-356.2) g and 125.1 (95%CI:123.4-126.9) g respectively, among the employed migrant population aged 18-59 years old in China. Prevalence of low fruit and vegetables intake was 44.1% (95% CI:43.5%-44.6% ) among employed migrant population, 46.2% (95% CI: 45.5%-47.0%)for males and 41.2% (95% CI:40.3%-42.0%)for females (χ(2) = 82.19, P0.05). Among different professions, the prevalence of low fruit and vegetables intake was the highest among people working in accommodation and restaurants (46.2%, 95%CI:45.0%-47.3%) while the lowest seen among those working in social services (42.5%, 95%CI:41.4%-43.7%,χ(2) = 15.81, P0.05). The prevalence of low fruit and vegetables intake showed a decrease along with the increase of education levels (χ(2) = 22.29, P0.05).In 2012, more than 40% of the employed migrant population aged 18 to 59 years old in China had low fruit and vegetables intake. Being male and with low education level were risk factors linked with the higher prevalence of low fruit and vegetables intake.

To understand the drinking behaviors and patterns among floating population in China.Floating population were selected through multistage clustering sampling method, stratified by 6 major industries in 170 counties and districts from 31 provinces/autonomous regions, and Xinjiang Construction Corps, in mainland China. Design-based methods were adopted to analyze the drinking behavior in subpopulations.A total of 48 697 floating population aged 18-59 years were included in the study. The overall prevalence rate of drinking was 51.7% with 71.9% in men and 24.7% in women, in the last 12 months. Among those who ever drank, the weekly drinking prevalence and daily alcohol intake were 53.9% and 18.7 g in males while 16.7% and 4.1 g in females, respectively, among those floating population. Weekly drinking prevalence rates, for both genders, increased along with the increase of age (P0.01), but declining with having higher education level (P0.01). Among male drinkers, daily alcohol intake increased with age(P0.01) but declining with those having higher education (P0.01). Prevalence rates on excessive drinking, hazardous drinking and harmful drinking among male drinkers were 23.6% , 6.6% and 6.9%, respectively, but among female drinkers the figures were 6.3% , 2.3% and 1.5% , respectively. More male and older drinkers had excessive drinking, hazardous drinking or harmful drinking than the younger drinkers (P0.01), while less male drinkers in those having lower education (P0.01). 71.2% male and 33.1% female drinkers experienced at least once binge drinking in the last 12 months. Distribution of binge drinking frequencies were statistically different among male drinkers by age groups, education levels, or occupation they engaged in (P0.01). Among all the 6 occupations, floating population from the construction industry had the highest prevalence rates on items as weekly drinking, daily alcohol intake and prevalence of unhealthy drinking behaviors, except for hazardous drinking behaviors.Drinking behavior was prevalent among floating population in China. Significant difference was seen between genders. Unhealthy drinking behaviors varied greatly among male drinkers at different age groups or education levels as well as among those working in the different industries.

In this paper, a wideband, gain-flattened, highly-linear signal reconnaissance receiver worked on UAV with high sensitivity and high Dynamic range is proposed for complex electromagnetic environment of space and variable transmitter source. The reconnaissance receiver used field programmable gate array (FPGA) and some supporting chip and circuit to accomplish the frequency select and data storage. In order to reduce the noise figure, enhance the sensitivity and gain flatness, the design system used specific integrated circuit, variable gain amplifier (VGA), low noise amplifier (LNA), frequency selective circuit. And gain-flatness enhanced circuit. After some series of tests carried out by the unmanned helicopter, the tests and measured data and figure shows it can detect and receive the signal between 100MHz and 500MHz, the sensitivity is between -100dBm and -120dBm, the dynamic range is 70dB at least, it can suppress the strong narrowband interference (NBI).

Good public-health decisionmaking is dependent on reliable and timely statistics on births and deaths (including the medical causes of death). All high-income countries, without exception, have national civil registration systems that record these events and generate regular, frequent, and timely vital statistics. By contrast, these statistics are not available in many low-income and lower-middle-income countries, even though it is in such settings that premature mortality is most severe and the need for robust evidence to back decisionmaking most critical. Civil registration also has a range of benefits for individuals in terms of legal status, and the protection of economic, social, and human rights. However, over the past 30 years, the global health and development community has failed to provide the needed technical and financial support to countries to develop civil registration systems. There is no single blueprint for establishing and maintaining such systems and ensuring the availability of sound vital statistics. Each country faces a different set of challenges, and strategies must be tailored accordingly. There are steps that can be taken, however, and we propose an approach that couples the application of methods to generate better vital statistics in the short term with capacity-building for comprehensive civil registration systems in the long run.

Objectives - To examine the modification of temperature-mortality association by factors at the individual and community levels. Design and methods - This study investigated this issue using a national database comprising daily data of 66 Chinese communities for 2006–2011. A ‘threshold-natural cubic spline’ distributed lag non-linear model was utilised to estimate the mortality effects of daily mean temperature, and then examined the modification of the relationship by individual factors (age, sex, education level, place of death and cause of death) using a meta-analysis approach and community-level factors (annual temperature, population density, sex ratio, percentage of older population, health access, household income and latitude) using a meta-regression method. Results - We found significant effects of high and low temperatures on mortality in China. The pooled excess mortality risk was 1.04% (95% CI 0.90% to 1.18%) for a 1°C temperature decrease below the minimum mortality temperature (MMT), and 3.44% (95% CI 3.00% to 3.88%) for a 1°C temperature increase above MMT. At the individual level, age and place of death were found to be significant modifiers of cold effect, while age, sex, place of death, cause of death and education level were effect modifiers of heat effect. At the community level, communities with lower socioeconomic status and higher annual temperature were generally more vulnerable to the mortality effects of high and low temperatures. Conclusions - This study identifies susceptibility based on both individual-level and community-level effect modifiers; more attention should be given to these vulnerable individuals and communities to reduce adverse health effects of extreme temperatures.