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Non-methane short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs), including aerosols, ozone, and their precursors, are important climate forcings and primary air pollutants. Future stringent SLCF emissions controls to mitigate air pollution will substantially impact regional climate change. Here, we investigate the changes in future climate extremes and resulting population exposure risks in Asia during 2031–2050 in response to non-methane SLCF emissions reductions using multi-model ensemble (MME) simulations under two shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios with the same greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but weak (SSP3-7.0) and strong (SSP3-7.0-lowNTCF) air quality control measures from the Aerosol and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP), which is endorsed by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6). The MME results show that future reductions in non-methane SLCF emissions lead to an increase of 0.23 ± 0.16 W m−2 in global annual mean effective radiative forcing, thereby magnifying the GHG-induced global surface warming by 0.19 ± 0.1 K during 2031–2050. In terms of the entire study area of Asia, the additional warming caused by the non-methane SLCF reductions increases the temperature of the hottest days (TXx) by 0.3 ± 0.1 K, the percentage of warm days (TX90p) by 4.8 ± 2.2 %, the number of tropical nights (TR) by 1.7 ± 0.8 d, the warm-spell duration (WSDI) by 1.0 ± 0.4 d, the number of heavy precipitation days (R10) by 1.0 ± 0.5 d, the maximum consecutive 5 d precipitation (RX5day) by 1.0 ± 0.3 mm, and the total wet-day precipitation (R95p) by 16.4 ± 7.3 mm during 2031–2050. In terms of sub-regional changes in temperature extremes, the largest regional increases in TXx, TX90p, and WSDI occur in northern India (NIN) and northern China (NC). Relatively large increases in TR are projected in NC and the Sichuan Basin (SCB), reaching 5.1 ± 2.5 d and 4.9 ± 3.3 d, respectively. For precipitation extremes, the regional changes are greatest in southern China (SC), particularly southwestern China (SWC), where reductions in non-methane SLCF emissions increase R10 by 2.5 ± 1.9 d, RX5day by 2.5 ± 1.5 mm, and R95p by 37.5 ± 22.6 mm. Moreover, the populations exposed to temperature and precipitation extremes increase most sharply in NIN, reaching (32.2 ± 11.4) × 107 person-days and (4.6 ± 6.1) × 106 person-days during 2031–2050, respectively, followed by NC and SCB. Our results highlight the significant impacts of non-methane SLCF reductions on future climate extremes and related exposure risks in eastern and southern Asia, which are comparable to the impact associated with increased GHG forcing in some regions.

The genetic basis of soybean root system architecture (RSA) and the genetic relationship between shoot and RSA were revealed by integrating data from recombinant inbred population grafting and QTL mapping. Variations in root system architecture (RSA) affect the functions of roots and thus play vital roles in plant adaptations and agricultural productivity. The aim of this study was to unravel the genetic relationship between RSA traits and shoot-related traits in soybean. This study characterized RSA variability at seedling stage in a recombinant inbred population, derived from a cross between cultivated soybean C08 and wild soybean W05, and performed high-resolution quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. In total, 34 and 41 QTLs were detected for RSA-related and shoot-related traits, respectively, constituting eight QTL clusters. Significant QTL correspondence was found between shoot biomass and RSA-related traits, consistent with significant correlations between these phenotypes. RSA-related QTLs also overlapped with selection regions in the genome, suggesting the cultivar RSA could be a partial consequence of domestication. Using reciprocal grafting, we confirmed that shoot-derived signals affected root development and the effects were controlled by multiple loci. Meanwhile, RSA-related QTLs were found to co-localize with four soybean flowering-time loci. Consistent with the phenotypes of the parental lines of our RI population, diminishing the function of flowering controlling E1 family through RNA interference (RNAi) led to reduced root growth. This implies that the flowering time-related genes within the RSA-related QTLs are actually contributing to RSA. To conclude, this study identified the QTLs that determine RSA through controlling root growth indirectly via regulating shoot functions, and discovered superior alleles from wild soybean that could be used to improve the root structure in existing soybean cultivars.

The Wildsoydb DataHub is an integrated interface for biologists and breeders to access soybean genomic resources easily, allowing them to fully utilize the results of genomic research.

Introduction: Asthma is the most common chronic condition in children, with allergic asthma being the most common phenotype, accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Growing evidence suggests that disruption of iron homeostasis and iron regulatory molecules may be associated with childhood allergic asthma. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear.Methods: Three childhood asthma gene expression datasets were analyzed to detect aberrant expression profiles of iron metabolism-related genes in the airways of children with allergic asthma. Common iron metabolism-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across the three datasets were identified and were subjected to functional enrichment analysis. Possible correlations between key iron metabolism-related DEGs and type 2 airway inflammatory genes were investigated. Single-cell transcriptome analysis further identified major airway cell subpopulations driving key gene expression. Key iron metabolism-related gene SLC40A1 was validated in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from childhood asthmatics with control individuals by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence. The intracellular iron content in BAL cells was assessed by Perls iron staining and the iron levels in BAL supernatant was measured by iron assay to assess airway iron metabolism status in childhood asthmatics.Results: Five common iron metabolism-related DEGs were identified, which were functionally related to iron homeostasis. Among these genes, downregulated SLC40A1 was strongly correlated with type 2 airway inflammatory markers and the gene signature of SLC40A1 could potentially be used to determine type 2-high and type 2-low subsets in childhood allergic asthmatics. Further single-cell transcriptomic analysis identified airway macrophages driving SLC40A1 expression. Immunofluorescence staining revealed colocalization of FPN (encoded by SLC40A1) and macrophage marker CD68. Down-regulation of SLC40A1 (FPN) was validated by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence analysis. Results further indicated reduced iron levels in the BAL fluid, but increased iron accumulation in BAL cells in childhood allergic asthma patients. Furthermore, decreased expression of SLC40A1 was closely correlated with reduced iron levels in the airways of children with allergic asthma.Discussion: Overall, these findings reveal the potential role of the iron metabolism-related gene SLC40A1 in the pathogenesis of childhood allergic asthma.

With the emergence of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), intensive computation workload will be imposed to Industrial End Units (IEUs). By leveraging Mobile Edge Computing (MEC), the local computational tasks can be offloaded to servers deployed in mobile edge networks with low latency. This paper proposes the intelligent cost-and-energy-effective task offloading in the 5G and Wi-Fi 6 coexisting heterogeneous IIoT networks. The novel Joint Task Scheduling and Resource Allocation (JTSRA) approach comprises two parts: a Lyapunov optimization-based component to decide local task scheduling and computing power, and an online multi-agent reinforcement learning component together with a game theory-based algorithm to select offloading link and decide transmit power, respectively. Simulation results demonstrate the proposed approach holds obvious advantage over the compared ‘intuition’ and ‘cost optimal’ approaches in the efficiency of making comprehensive decision that improves energy efficiency and cost while controlling task delay in the multi-IEU and multi-access-node MEC systems.

This study aims to determine the genetic and clinical features of TARDBP-mutated patients in our cohort of Chinese patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) combined with data in the literature.We performed TARDBP mutation screening in 1258 Chinese ALS patients, including 1204 sporadic ALS (sALS) and 54 familial ALS (fALS) patients. A systematic literature review was conducted by searching TARDBP-mutated patients from China in the online databases.In our cohort, the mutant frequency of TARDBP variants was 0.3% (4/1258), with two recurrent variants (p.G294V, p.G298V) and one novel variant (p.S332G) identified. Combining with data in the literature review, the TARDBP-mutant frequency in the Chinese population was 1.4% (83/5998), with 0.8% (46/5470) in sALS and 7.0% (37/528) in fALS. Most patients had limb onset (63.0%), with an average life expectancy of 4.3 years (range 0.5-13). Disease durations significantly differed (p = 0.002), with p.M337V showing the longest duration (80 months) and p.N378D showing the shortest duration (16.7 months).Our study found that TARDBP mutation was not rare in Chinese fALS patients. Different TARDBP mutations were associated with specific features in phenotypes.

Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) is a food and oil crop whose growth and yield are influenced by root and nodule development. In the present study, GmNMHC5 was found to promote the formation of nodules in overexpressing mutants. In contrast, the number of nodules in Gmnmhc5 edited with CRISPR/Cas9 decreased sharply. In 35S:GmNMHC5 mutants, expression levels of genes involved in nodulation were significantly up-regulated. Both in vitro and in vivo biochemical analyses showed that GmNMHC5 directly interacted with GmGAI (a DELLA protein), and the content of gibberellin 3 (GA3) in overexpressing mutants was lower than that in the wild type. These results revealed that GmNMHC5 participates in the classical GA signaling pathway, and may regulate the content of GA3 to match the optimal concentration required for nodule formation, thereby promoting nodulation by directly interacting with GmGAI. A model illustrating the mechanism by which GmNMHC5 promotes soybean nodulation is presented.

A comprehensive theoretical study on Cu-based single-atom alloys reveals their inherent structure–activity relationship relevant to performance in NRR.

Reducing the usage of Pt for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is of great significance for the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

Background: Congenital bronchobiliary fistula (CBBF) is a rare disease with abnormal connection between the biliary tract and the bronchus. The misdiagnosis rate of CBBF is high, delayed surgery may induce poor outcome. Case presentation: We reported a girl with CBBF who was confirmed via bronchoscopy and chest computed tomography (CT). The girl was 7-month-old admitted to the hospital with “recurrent pneumonia”. Bilirubin crystallization detection was positive in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). CT images showed the abnormal traffic between the biliary tract and the right main bronchus, the girl was diagnosed with CBBF and recovered after surgical operation. Literature search: A total of 27 cases were collected, 14 (51.8%) cases were diagnosed in the neonatal period, 9 (33.3%) patients were diagnosed in infancy. CBBF was more common in female (19/27, 70.3%). The specific manifestations were bilious sputum (24/27, 88.9%) and bilious vomiting (7/27, 22.2%). Recurrent pneumonia (9/27, 33.3%) was common clinical manifestations. The most abnormal fistula originates different location around the carina was right main bronchus (21/27, 77.8%). There were 23(85.2%) cases recovered after surgical operation and 4(14.8%) cases with severe comorbidities/complications died. Conclusions: CBBF should be suspected in infants with bilious sputum. Bronchoscopy plays crucial role in preoperative evaluation and postoperative follow-up. With early diagnosis and surgery, the prognosis is quite well for CBBF patients without severe biliary malformation and/or severe postoperative complications.

BackgroundPredicting which preschool children with recurrent wheezing (RW) will develop school-age asthma (SA) is difficult, highlighting the critical need to clarify the pathogenesis of RW and the mechanistic relationship between RW and SA. Despite shared environmental exposures and genetic determinants, RW and SA are usually studied in isolation. Based on network analysis of nasal and tracheal transcriptomes, we aimed to identify convergent transcriptomic mechanisms in RW and SA.MethodsRNA-sequencing data from nasal and tracheal brushing samples were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Combined with single-cell transcriptome data, cell deconvolution was used to infer the composition of 18 cellular components within the airway. Consensus weighted gene co-expression network analysis was performed to identify consensus modules closely related to both RW and SA. Shared pathways underlying consensus modules between RW and SA were explored by enrichment analysis. Hub genes between RW and SA were identified using machine learning strategies and validated using external datasets and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Finally, the potential value of hub genes in defining RW subsets was determined using nasal and tracheal transcriptome data.ResultsCo-expression network analysis revealed similarities in the transcriptional networks of RW and SA in the upper and lower airways. Cell deconvolution analysis revealed an increase in mast cell fraction but decrease in club cell fraction in both RW and SA airways compared to controls. Consensus network analysis identified two consensus modules highly associated with both RW and SA. Enrichment analysis of the two consensus modules indicated that fatty acid metabolism-related pathways were shared key signals between RW and SA. Furthermore, machine learning strategies identified five hub genes, i.e., CST1, CST2, CST4, POSTN, and NRTK2, with the up-regulated hub genes in RW and SA validated using three independent external datasets and qRT-PCR. The gene signatures of the five hub genes could potentially be used to determine type 2 (T2)-high and T2-low subsets in preschoolers with RW.ConclusionsThese findings improve our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of RW and provide a rationale for future exploration of the mechanistic relationship between RW and SA.

The fabrication of an organic-inorganic nanocomposite hydrogel platform with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and osteoinductive properties that mimic bone extracellular matrix composition, is decisive for the guiding bone development in orthopedic practice....

To investigate the factors that influence the occurrence of anorectal malformations (ARMs).From December 2018 to December 2019, 136 children treated for ARMs at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were included in the case group. The control group consisted of children with intussusception or perianal abscesses. A uniform questionnaire was filled by the parents of the enrolled children.The birth weight of the cases was significantly lower than that of the controls (p .01), and children with ARMs were more likely to be complicated with single umbilical artery (SUA) (p .001). Maternal upper respiratory tract infection (adjusted odds ratio [ORMaternal infection, anemia during pregnancy, and maternal hazardous substances exposure are possible risk factors for ARMs. Folic acid supplements and multivitamin can reduce the occurrence of ARMs. Meanwhile, paternal drug use may also be a risk factor for ARMs.

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) at ambient conditions is a promising route for ammonia (NH

Organic and inorganic structure-directing agents (SDAs) impact Al distributions in zeolite, but the insights into how SDAs manipulate Al distribution have not been elucidated yet. Herein, the roles of different SDAs such as cyclohexylamine (CHA), hexamethylenimine (HMI), and Na+ in selective Al substitution of MCM-49 zeolite are investigated comprehensively by multinuclear solid-state NMR. The results demonstrate that MCM-49 synthesized with HMI shows relatively more T6 and T7 Al, while more T2 Al is observed using CHA. The formation of T2 Al in both MCM-49(HMI) and MCM-49(CHA) is derived from Na+, while protonated HMIs show bias in incorporation of T6 and T7 Al. Most HMIs are occluded in protonated status, and about half of CHAs are occluded in nonprotonated status. The close spatial proximity between nonprotonated CHAs and Na+ synergistically promotes the formation of zeolite structure, leading to more Na+ ions occluded in the zeolite channel with preferential T2 Al substitution.

This paper reviews the background of China’s decision to launch the “China Migrants Dynamic Survey” (CMDS), and examines the ideas and characteristics of CMDSs carried out annually from 2009 through 2018. The paper considers such aspects as project design, questionnaire design, sampling design, and survey implementation, and summarizes why it is necessary to carry out CMDS and the survey’s performance. Based on the need for information that drives migration surveys and research in the new era, and taking into account the experience gained from previous surveys, this paper attempts to set forth several issues that need to be taken into consideration in the design and implementation of future surveys of migrants.

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has a typical Internet of things architecture, which is the specific application of Internet of things (IoT) technology in the field of intelligent transportation. Virtual network embedding (VNE) is the effective allocation of physical network resources to the virtual network, and is a virtualization technology widely used in the data center of the IoV. The existing VNE algorithm ignores the attributes of the network itself. It only allocates resources according to the order in which the requests arrive, resulting in the problem of low utilization of physical resources. In this paper, we propose an efficient topology control scheme for mobile nodes in IoVs. We firstly present a novel hierarchy-based dynamic VNE model for IoV. Then a VNE algorithm based on hierarchical priority is established by considering the attributes of virtual network requests. Finally, a global resource capacity based dynamic VNE algorithm is designed. Compared with precious VNE algorithms, the proposed algorithm has a 19 percent to 23 percent increase in the resource utilization rate of nodes, and elevates the overall request acceptance rate and revenue overhead, and can reduce the average waiting time of virtual network requests.

The intrinsic carbon defects including pentagons, vacancies and sp3-hybridized carbon have recently been proposed as efficient reactive sites for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Nevertheless, it is still a great challenge to controllably introduce the intrinsic defects into carbon materials. Herein, a universal defect-engineering method via vaporized salt is reported to modify the N-doped carbon surface with abundant sp3-hybridized carbon defects. At an elevated temperature, the vaporized sodium chloride is found to selectively modulate the surface structure of carbon material. The obtained carbon-based electrocatalyst delivers an outstanding electrocatalytic ORR property with a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.85 V vs. RHE and an excellent performance in zinc air battery (ZAB) test. The analysis of components and structures of surface elements via XANES and XPS reveals that the increasing sp3-hybridized carbon defects, induced by the vaporized-salt modification, are responsible for the enhancement of ORR performance. The theoretical calculations further suggest the sp3 component hybridizes with original sp2 carbon, forming efficient sp2/sp3 hybridized carbon sites towards ORR. Additionally, other halide salts are proved to have the similar effect on promoting ORR activity and this method can expand to other carbon-based materials, suggesting its universality and significance in synthesis of defect-rich carbon-based materials.

Based on the experiment of damaged RC columns strengthened with GFRP strips and steel fiber mortar, this paper established a model using ABAQUS to perform the finite element simulation analysis and the extended analysis on the factors such as the spacing of GFRP strips, the number of layers and the strength of steel fiber mortar. The results indicate that: The smaller spacing of GFRP strips and the more layers bring the stronger constraint on the core part, the larger peak load on the composite structure and the better ductility; The larger strength of steel fiber mortar brings larger peak load but lower increased range; With the increased strength of steel fiber mortar, its ductility becomes worse, and the brittle failure becomes more obvious. Finally, according to the superposition method, the calculation equation of bearing capacity of damaged RC columns Strengthened with GFRP strip and steel fiber mortar was proposed. The calculated values basically agreed with the test values.

In this paper, a new combined form of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) column and steel fiber mortar reinforced damaged Reinforced Concrete (RC) column is proposed. With the help of ABAQUS finite element software, the finite element model of GFRP tube and steel fiber mortar reinforced damaged RC column is established. Based on the experiment of GFRP tube and steel fiber mortar strengthening damaged RC column, the parameters such as fiber winding angle of GFRP tube, steel fiber mortar strength and section loading mode are studied by numerical simulation. The results show that the axial compression bearing capacity of the composite structure increases with the increase of the angle between the fiber winding angle of GFRP tube and the 45° winding direction. With the change of steel fiber mortar strength, initial damage of RC column and different loading methods, the bearing capacity results have little change. On the basis of numerical simulation research, the calculation equation of the bearing capacity of damaged RC columns strengthened with GFRP tube and steel fiber mortar is modified by superposition method, and the comparison shows that the agreement is good.

Surface metal hydrides (M-H) are ubiquitous in heterogeneous catalytic reactions, while the detailed characterizations are frequently hindered by their high reactivity/low concentration, and the complicated surface structures of the host solids, especially in terms of practical solid catalysts. Herein, combining instant quenching capture and advanced solid-state NMR methodology, we report the first direct and unambiguous NMR evidence on the highly reactive surface gallium hydrides (Ga-H) over a practical Ga

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising technique to resolve the carbon emission in energy-intensive ammonia production in industry, which, however, is hampered by the lack of efficient catalysts. Herein, by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, it was demonstrated that the twin boundary (TB) of copper could effectively relieve the N