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Additional file 1: Table S1. Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diets. Table S2. Primers used for quantitative real-time PCR. Table S3. Good’s coverage estimators of C. perfringens challenge and dietary EA levels treatments. Table S4. Effect of C. perfringens challenge and dietary EA levels on alpha diversity of cecal microbiota. Fig. S1. Effect of C. perfringens challenge and dietary EA levels on relative mRNA expression of jejunal inflammation-related pathway and cytokine genes in jejunal mucosa of broilers at d 42. (A and B) The relative mRNA expressions of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interferon γ (IFN-γ). (C) The relative mRNA expression of myeloiddifferentiationfactor88 (MyD88). (D, E and F) The relative mRNA expression of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), and signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1). Unchallenged, birds without C. perfringens infection; challenged, birds with C. perfringens infection. Values are means (n = 6) with their standard errors represented by vertical bars. Fig. S2. The quality of sequencing data and beta diversity of cecal microbiota. (A) Venn diagram of the OTUs. (B) The rarefaction curve analysis of the microbial species. (C and D) Box plot and principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) plot of beta diversity. All values are expressed as the means (n = 5 in EAXCP group, n = 6 in the other three groups). Fig.S3. The most abundant (top 10) phyla and genus of cecal microbiota. (A) The most abundant (top 10) phyla of cecal microbiota. (B) The most abundant (top 10) genus of cecal microbiota. (C, D, E, F and G) The relative abundance of Firmicutes, Desulfobacterota, Campilobacterota, Elusimicrobia and Ruminococcus torques group.