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Evolutionary history, writes Peirce, teaches us that the future influences the present: it conditions it, puts it into question, and places it in a state of planning. To be in evolution, as well as to feel part of a history, means to project oneself, to form an idea, a prefiguration, of what we could be in a future state, no matter how distant. The logical form of every design and the inventive process is abduction, in particular projective abduction, which proposes as the object of discovery an object or event that has yet to be realized. In this sense, abduction can also be defined as the semiotics of the possible. Is it possible to outline an abductive design method? My contribution aims to discuss how abduction, and with it, everything that contributes to the formation of an inventive habit, can be considered as the ineliminable step of every design process. This is the case of Speculative Design, which has had the credit of introducing the notion of possibility into design thinking.

In this paper I discuss a particular conception of legal inquiry and how it demonstrate how it can shed light on well-established types of legal argument. I do so (i) by unpacking Del Mar's account of legal inquiry, and then (ii) demonstrating that one common and important judicial argumentative practice (the judicial use of inferences to the best legal explanation) cannot be fully captured within the limits set out by a doctrine of binding precedent and, finally, (iii) showing how a more expansive notion of legal inquiry (like Del Mar's) can help us make sense of that particular argumentative practice.

Biosemiotics (2022). doi:10.1007/s12304-022-09502-x, Published by Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht

This manuscript contributes to research on how algebraic thinking about operations and properties can develop, and relevant forms of curricular activity. The key question asked is: how can students’ early algebraic activity be fostered through focusing on relations involving operations and properties? We adopt Radford’s three aspects of algebraic thinking (indeterminacy, denotation and analyticity), which focus on considering, symbolising and operating on unknown objects. We investigate the work of a class of 11–12 year old students in re-analysing data collected over 20 years ago as part of a project exploring algebraic activity. Our findings point to the proposal that a focus on conjecturing about relationships can be a powerful route into early algebra. On the basis of our analysis we propose an extension to Radford’s third aspect of algebraic thinking (analyticity) to include structuring a mathematical space, e.g., through a set of conjectures.

This outlines the design, methodology, and evaluation of a 3D printed robotic upper-limb exoskeleton to assist in stroke rehabilitation. This paper provides a general background of strokes and current approaches that helped guide the design of the exoskeleton. In the design, soft pneumatic actuators and motors guide patients through selective therapeutic arm motions. 3D printing accommodates an open source, lightweight design, and rapid prototyping. The final design is cost effective and produces repeatable therapeutic motion for patient rehabilitation. In the United States, privacy advocates and data collectors compete to influence the privacy standards that govern data collection. To promote stricter regulations, privacy advocates such as the American Civil Liberties Union argue that privacy is a right. Tech companies and their trade associations, however, contend that data collection is essential to innovation.

Our world is in a state of critical transition demanding new, creative, ecosystemically fit and sustainable responses to complex challenges. We need both new types of knowledge and new modes of knowledge production. Interdisciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity have the potential to support more congruently complex forms of knowledge (differentiated, integrated, recursive, emergent, ecosystemically fit). Their success is dependent on a deeper understanding of their own organizational complexity. In this paper, I highlight key knowledge gaps and research questions for the development of a richer knowledge base to guide the intentional management and facilitation of Interdisciplinarity and Transdisciplinary Relations toward creative and abductive outcomes. I defend the investigation of creativity and abduction, as hallmarks of the complexity of Interdisciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity, from a process, relational and complexity-informed perspective, mobilizing contributions from Psychology. I discuss Psychology’s modes of engagement with Interdisciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity in addressing complex challenges. In this context, I introduce the notion of “dissolution” as an Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary relational process supporting the theoretical, methodological and pragmatic enrichment or transformation and increased complexity of different disciplines, bodies of knowledge or modes of knowing. Finally, I propose a new domain for research and practice: a (“Dissolved”) Psychology of Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Relations.

C’est au problème de distribution, de désignation et de discrétisation de la séquence d’inférence abductive ainsi qu’à ses conséquences sur nos systèmes de connaissance que je consacre cet article. Charles S. Peirce a fait de l’abduction la dynamique inférentielle unique de la créativité. Par elle seule advient toute idée nouvelle. Son importance dans l’épistémologie peircienne est donc considérable, mais la compréhension de son fonctionnement réel n’est pas sans poser quelques problèmes à notre entendement, à commencer par le mystère que représente son origine et la difficulté qu’il y a à saisir la portée réelle de son action. Pourtant, l’abduction est au coeur des processus inférentiels qui structurent notre expérience épistémique ordinaire. Contre l’hypothèse intuitionniste, je défends l’argument évolutionniste ; contre une explication logique, je fais valoir la nature sémiosique de l’expérience abductive. Pour étayer ma compréhension du phénomène et des problèmes qui lui sont inhérents, il me faut élargir le spectre de l’analyse à un ensemble plus vaste que l’abduction seule et considérer ce que j’appelle l’instruction. En m’appuyant sur une hypothèse de Mihhail Lotman, j’invite à considérer le caractère « homofinal » de l’instruction : telle que je la définis, elle est à la fois à l’origine et le résultat de l’abduction en tant que telle. Les conclusions fournies ici sont d’abord méthodologiques : à défaut de pouvoir résoudre le mystère de l’abduction, elles en précisent la nature.

U radu se na temelju arhivskih izvornika o ženidbenim slučajevima na prostoru Ninske biskupije u 17. i 18. stoljeću razmatra problematika otmica djevojaka radi sklapanja ženidbe. Naglasak je stavljen na komparativnu analizu odnosa svećenika grčkog i latinskog obreda prema otmicama i sklapanju braka u razmatranom razdoblju te suradnji ninskih biskupa i mletačkih državnih vlasti oko suzbijanja te, po crkvenim i državnim propisima, neuredne prakse među stanovništvom Ninske biskupije. Kroz optiku ninskoga crkvenoga suda u radu se nastoji pokazati da su ninski biskupi, unatoč mnogim kontroverzama oko položaje žene u razmatranom razdoblju, na određeni način štitili integritet otetih djevojaka, a sudske presude u slučajevima nasilnih otmica bitno su utjecale na njihove daljnje sudbine., Based on archival originals on marriage cases in the Nin diocese in the 17th and 18th centuries, the paper discusses the issue of kidnapping girls for the purpose of marriage. Emphasis was placed on a comparative analysis of the attitude of Greek and Latin priests towards abductions and marriages in the period under review, and the cooperation of Nin bishops and Venetian state authorities on suppression and church and state regulations of disorderly practice among the population of Nin diocese. Through the optics of the Nin Church Court, the paper seeks to show that Nin bishops, despite many controversies over the position of women in the period under review, in some way protected the integrity of abducted girls, and court rulings in cases of violent abductions significantly affected their future.

Artikkelen drøfter abduktiv analyse (AA) – en strategi for teoriutvikling som har fått økt oppmerksomhet det siste tiåret. AA handler om å videreutvikle teori gjennom å oppdage og gi mening til data som bryter med teoretiske forventninger. Strategien forutsetter inngående kjennskap til samfunnsvitenskapelige teorier og dyptpløyende analyse av et rikt datasett. Målet er å gjøre forskeren best mulig disponert for å oppdage fruktbare avvik til eksisterende teori, som man så kan bruke for å utvikle teorien videre. Artikkelen argumenterer for at AA er en ambisiøs og konstruktiv strategi for teoriutvikling, men at den vil være tjent med en utvidet forståelse av teori: AA retter oppmerksomheten nærmest utelukkende mot videreutvikling av vitenskapelig teori og overser med det det betydelige omfanget av ikke-vitenskapelig teori som produseres og sirkuleres på utsiden av tradisjonelle vitenskapelige kanaler. Artikkelen foreslår at AA kan brukes til å videreutvikle også denne typen teori og bygger med det bro mellom litteraturen om teoriutvikling og den offentlige, samfunnskritiske sosiologien vi har lang tradisjon for i Norge. I sum bidrar artikkelen til en mer opplyst samtale om AAs muligheter og begrensninger, noe som kan bedre vilkårene for å utvikle interessant og nyttig teori i samfunnsvitenskapene. This article discusses abductive analysis (AA) – a strategy for theory development that has received increased attention over the past decade. Abductive analysis facilitates development and refinement of theory through identification and theorizing of anomalies to existing theories. The strategy emphasizes the need for extensive theoretical knowledge and thorough analysis of a rich dataset, to ensure that the researcher approaches the analysis well-disposed with theoretical expectations and data that can break with these expectations. The article argues that while AA is an ambitious and constructive approach to theory development, it could benefit from expanding its conception of theory: As AA focuses almost exclusively on the refinement of scientific theory, it overlooks the considerable extent of non-scientific theory that is produced and circulated outside of scientific channels. In suggesting that AA can be used to refine these additional types of theory, the article bridges the literature on theorizing with a broader tradition of public sociology that has strong roots in Norway. The article thus contributes to a more enlightened conversation about the potential and limitations of AA, which may help improve the conditions for developing interesting and useful theory in the social sciences.

In Probabilistic Abductive Logic Programming we are given a probabilistic logic program, a set of abducible facts, and a set of constraints. Inference in probabilistic abductive logic programs aims to find a subset of the abducible facts that is compatible with the constraints and that maximizes the joint probability of the query and the constraints. In this paper, we extend the PITA reasoner with an algorithm to perform abduction on probabilistic abductive logic programs exploiting Binary Decision Diagrams. Tests on several synthetic datasets show the effectiveness of our approach.

Active systems (ASs) are a special class of (asynchronous) discrete-event systems (DESs). An AS is represented by a network of components, where each component is modeled as a communicating automaton. Diagnosing a DES amounts to finding out possible faults based on the DES model and a sequence of observations gathered while the DES is being operated. This is why the diagnosis engine needs to know what is observable in the behavior of the DES and what is not. The notion of observability serves this purpose. In the literature, defining the observability of a DES boils down to qualifying the state transitions of components either as observable or unobservable, where each observable transition manifests itself as an observation. Still, looking at the way humans observe reality, typically by associating a collection of events with a single, abstract perception, the state-of-the-art notion of DES observability appears somewhat narrow. This paper presents, a generalized notion of observability, where an observation is abstract rather than concrete, since it is associated with a DES behavioral scenario rather than a single component transition. To support the online diagnosis engine, knowledge compilation is performed offline. The outcome is a set of data structures, called watchers, which allow for the tracking of abstract observations.

Some automated decisions are required to be explained. However, together with a reason why a decision has been made, the user can require a reason why another decision has not. If we take a system where knowledge can be represented in a form of logical statements, the reasoning process of such system can be seen as “explainable by design”. In this study, we want to investigate which one (if any) of the native to logics methods, counterinterpretation or abduction, can facilitate the user comprehensibility of a logical non-consequence.

Uncertain information is being taken into account in an increasing number of application fields. In the meantime, abduction has been proved a powerful tool for handling hypothetical reasoning and incomplete knowledge. Probabilistic logical models are a suitable framework to handle uncertain information, and in the last decade many probabilistic logical languages have been proposed, as well as inference and learning systems for them. In the realm of Abductive Logic Programming (ALP), a variety of proof procedures have been defined as well. In this paper, we consider a richer logic language, coping with probabilistic abduction with variables. In particular, we consider an ALP program enriched with integrity constraints `a la IFF, possibly annotated with a probability value. We first present the overall abductive language, and its semantics according to the Distribution Semantics. We then introduce a proof procedure, obtained by extending one previously presented, and prove its soundness and completeness., Paper presented at the 37th International Conference on Logic Programming (ICLP 2021), 16 pages

Clinical decision support systems based on complex machine learning models render opaque the rationale and value commitments that underpin diagnoses and suggested treatments. This creates a tension with the prevailing view in medical ethics, which emphasizes patients making autonomous decisions based on an understanding of relevant medical evidence alongside their beliefs and values. Calls for algorithmic explainability in clinical settings are partly motivated by this tension. The question is what needs to be explained, to whom, in what way, and when, to integrate machine learning systems into the clinical process in a way that is consistent with patient-centred decision-making. In this chapter, the authors review the tensions and argue that answers to these questions depend on more fundamental issues in the philosophy of medicine regarding the logic of clinical reasoning. The authors outline and defend a broadly Peircean account which, they argue, captures ethically salient aspects of the interplay between clinicians and decision support systems, and use it to shed light on the particulars of the explainability challenge.

All data for the study "Cognitive mechanisms for inferring the meaning of novel signals during symbolization"

Drawing on a historical study of the Walloon dairy cooperatives, this paper analyses how complex cooperative dynamics define lock-ins in their trajectories. We consider cooperatives as firms active on markets and as structures of collective action gathering farmers-members around common strategic goals. Williamson's framework from New Institutional Economics accounts for the embeddedness of firms' strategies and governance in their wider context of development. Under the influence of this context of development, Ostrom's IAD (Institutional Analysis and Development) and SES (Social-Ecological Systems) frameworks, merged in a so-called CIS framework, capture the dynamic interplay between the components of cooperatives. Resorting to a combination between these frameworks, this paper discusses how the interplay between the components of the cooperatives' social-ecological system unfolded in the trajectories of the Walloon dairy cooperatives over the last sixty years. We uncover a double social dilemma at play. On the part of the farmers, the social dilemma anchors itself in the tension between their short-term interests as milk supplier over those of principal investor. On the part of the cooperatives' directors, the social dilemma anchors itself in the features of linking and bridging social capital in the region, unfavourable to inter-cooperative dialogue. In the Walloon Region, these social dilemma constituted a structural driver of the competition between dairy cooperatives and the subsequent inability to cooperate and invest towards successful long-term diversification pathways. We discuss how contextual factors, in particular market features, regulatory frameworks, socio-political features, and institutional support to dialogue, may aggravate, or conversely mitigate the effect of these social dilemma on cooperatives' trajectories. We call for more historically-informed studies on the impact of context on cooperative dynamics and stress the relevance of contextualized approaches to unlock prospective dynamics of collective agency in transition pathways.

This paper argues that abductive reasoning has a central place in theorizing Health Professions Education. At the root of abduction lies a fundamental debate: How do we connect practice, which is always singular and unique, with theory, which describes the world in terms of rules, generalizations, and universals? While abduction was initially seen as the ‘poor cousin’ of deduction and induction, ultimately it has something important to tell us about the role of imagination and humility in theorizing Health Professions Education. It is that which makes theory possible, because it allows us to ask what might be the case and calls attention to the role of creative leaps in theory. Becoming aware of the abductive reasoning we already perform in our research allows us to take the role of imagination—something rarely associated with theory—seriously.

Sortimentet af problemer, der opstår i situationer, hvor der er en forskel mellem ledernes nuværende tankegang og kravene i deres komplekse driftsmiljø, er endnu ikke afsløret fuldt ud. Når vi kritisk engagerer os i Perlmutter's rammer og den bredere globale tankegangslitteratur og trækker på indsigt kurateret fra en 2-årig feltundersøgelse, afslører vi eksistensen af ​​den anomiske tankegang blandt en kohorte af internationale ledere. Vi konceptualiserer denne tankegang som et lager af viden, kognitive og psykologiske egenskaber, der resulterer i, at disse ledere vender tilbage til og forankrer sig i en forældet, sandsynligvis idealiseret, verdensbillede af forretning i modsætning til en skiftende socioøkonomisk kontekst. Dens tilstedeværelse ser dem modstå snarere end at tilpasse sig den globalisering, der omgiver dem, og fører dem til at gå i omveje fra vejen mod udviklingen af ​​et globalt tankesæt. I modsætning til den etnocentriske tankegang, der beskriver forudgående ledertænkning i organisationer, der bevæger sig mod internationalisering, skyldes den anomiske tankegang ledernes efterfølgende svar efter en langvarig periode med involvering i international forretning. Dens eksistens åbner en betydelig debat om fremskridt i og udsigterne til globalisering og udvikling af globale tankesæt sammen med deres bevarelse over for denne vedvarende anomie. den anomiske tankegang er resultatet af lederne efterfølgende svar efter en langvarig periode med engagement i international forretning. Dens eksistens åbner en betydelig debat om fremskridt i og udsigterne til globalisering og udvikling af globale tankesæt sammen med deres bevarelse over for denne vedvarende anomie. den anomiske tankegang er resultatet af lederne efterfølgende svar efter en langvarig periode med engagement i international forretning. Dens eksistens åbner en betydelig debat om fremskridt i og udsigterne til globalisering og udvikling af globale tankesæt sammen med deres bevarelse over for denne vedvarende anomie., The assortment of issues that arise in situations where there is a divergence between managers’ prevailing mindsets and the demands of their complex operating environment have yet to be fully revealed. Engaging critically with Perlmutter’s framework and the broader global mindset literature, and drawing on insights curated from a 2-year field study, we reveal the existence of the anomic mindset among a cohort of international managers. We conceptualize this mindset as a stock of knowledge, cognitive and psychological attributes that results in these managers returning to and entrenching themselves in an outdated, most probably idealized, world view of business in opposition to a changing socio-economic context. Its presence sees them resisting rather than adapting to the globalization that surrounds them, and leads them to engage in detours from the pathway toward the development of a global mindset. Unlike the ethnocentric mindset which describes ex ante managerial thinking in organizations moving toward internationalization, the anomic mindset results from the ex post responses of managers following a protracted period of involvement in international business. Its existence opens up a significant debate on progress in, and the prospects for, globalization and the development of global mindsets, along with their preservation in the face of this persistent anomie.

The relationship between argument and narrative has been the subject of much debate, particularly in the area of law, where a number of theorists have argued for the priority of one over the other in the decision-making process, the premise being that argumentation and narrative are two distinct text forms. Through the rhetorical analysis of a series of expert reports in a case of alleged child abuse, we seek to explore the dynamics between argumentation and narrative. In so doing, we argue that while certain actions may undermine the robustness of an argument, it is these very actions that make possible the telling of a persuasive story. We conclude with a plea for the development of rhetorical skills among social workers so as to be better able to discern future directions for the benefit of service users.

Le mouvement des méthodes mixtes est né à la suite d’une « guerre des paradigmes », combattue à partir de la moitié du siècle passé dans le domaine de la recherche en sciences sociales. L’approche de méthodes de recherche mixtes est considérée comme une extension plutôt qu’une alternative aux approches quantitatives et qualitatives. Pour les chercheurs qui utilisent l’approche de méthodes mixtes, le but est de tirer parti à la fois des points forts et de minimiser les faiblesses d’une approche unique plus traditionnelle. Un élément clé de la recherche en méthodes mixtes est son pluralisme méthodologique qui peut conduire à une recherche pertinente en produisant des connaissances utiles et en justifiant des recherches rigoureuses. Des preuves de la croissance de l'utilisation de méthodes de recherche mixtes ont été développées dans un grand nombre de domaines universitaires, notamment les sciences sociales et le domaine de la gestion. L’objectif de cet article est de démontrer que la recherche sur les méthodes mixtes soit complémentaire à la recherche qualitative ou quantitative traditionnelle, et que le pragmatisme soit un partenaire philosophique attrayant pour les méthodes mixtes. Ce travail présente donc les méthodes mixtes comme une nouvelle voie méthodologique pour enquêter, prévoir, explorer, décrire et comprendre mieux un phénomène de gestion.

An abduction-based diagnosis technique for a class of discrete-event systems (DESs), called deep DESs (DDESs), is presented. A DDES has a tree structure, where each node is a network of communicating automata, called an active unit (AU). The interaction of components within an AU gives rise to emergent events. An emergent event occurs when specific components collectively perform a sequence of transitions matching a given regular language. Any event emerging in an AU triggers the transition of a component in its parent AU. We say that the DDES has a deep behavior, in the sense that the behavior of an AU is governed not only by the events exchanged by the components within the AU but also by the events emerging from child AUs. Deep behavior characterizes not only living beings, including humans, but also artifacts, such as robots that operate in contexts at varying abstraction levels. Surprisingly, experimental results indicate that the hierarchical complexity of the system translates into a decreased computational complexity of the diagnosis task. Hence, the diagnosis technique is shown to be (formally) correct as well as (empirically) efficient.

PurposeLogistics service providers (LSPs) have unique resources and capabilities that position them to deliver supply chain finance (SCF) solutions. The study aims to discuss and illustrate the necessary resources and process of value creation and capture of LSPs, potentially offering SCF solutions.Design/methodology/approachRelying on a theoretical framework, combining a resource-based view (RBV) with the literature on SCF, the authors apply an abductive case study methodology, including 11 interviews with representatives from four LSPs.FindingsThe main findings are as follow: (1) although an LSP has sufficient resources for value-added SCF solutions, it may not capture enough value to motivate realising them; (2) an LSP considering offering SCF should account for the interaction between its resources and cargo transit times, risk and regulatory restrictions and (3) future studies should distinguish between financing the logistics services and the moved products.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors contribute to the growing field of SCF research by analysing motives and barriers for LSPs to offer SCF service to their customers. Because none of our case companies decided to move beyond experimentation further research is needed on the resources and capabilities needed for LSPs to successfully venture into SCF.Practical implicationsThe study provides LSPs with clear indications of the difficulties involved when contemplating a move into SCF solutions and discusses the potential value of offering such services.Originality/valueDespite evidence of LSPs engaging in SCF in various industries, academic contributions do not go beyond operational conditions or quantification of benefits. The authors add evidence on how LSPs are currently evaluating the prominence of adding SCF to their value offerings, including a new perspective on resources, value generation and capture mechanisms.

Resumen: En este artículo de revisión se conceptualizará la metáfora verbal como la creación de significados inéditos, apoyándose en una amplia tradición de estudios que privilegian su función epistémica. Se presentará un panorama de los estudios realizados desde modelos filosóficos, semióticos y psicolingüísticos para derivar las diferencias conceptuales. Esta revisión permitió establecer si la comprensión de la metáfora se puede explicar por el establecimiento de comparaciones entre ideas existentes. Los enfoques que destacan su función epistémica cuestionan las posturas aún vigentes que la asocian con la producción de expresiones bellas y que la reducen a un simple ornamento. Abstract: This review article will conceptualize verbal metaphor as the creation of unknown meanings, relying on a broad tradition of studies that privilege its epistemic function. A panorama of the studies made from philosophical, semiotic and psycholinguistic models will be presented to derive the conceptual differences. This review allowed establishing if the understanding of the metaphor can be explained by the establishment of comparisons between existing ideas. The approaches that highlight its epistemic function question the still existing positions that associate it with the production of beautiful expressions and that reduce it to a simple ornamentation.

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. This research investigated how mobile apps influence the dynamic capabilities of service sector micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in Lagos, Nigeria. Using an abductive method, data from 388 service sector MSEs was examined through exploratory factor analysis. . The resultant model suggests that mobile app usage barely increases the absorptive capability (integrating new learning into the organization) of MSEs; rather, it strongly influences the ability to seize opportunities. The result implies that mobile app usage by service sector MSEs in Lagos deviates from the conventional views on the micro-foundations of the dynamic capability framework, which argues that sensed opportunities are first analyzed (shaped) before resources are deployed towards their maximization. These findings suggest that the service sector MSEs in Lagos seldom scrutinize opportunities before deploying resources to seize them. This study extends IS literature on how mobile apps help MSEs to exploit business opportunities in resource-constrained contexts.

El artículo tiene como objetivo presentar la importancia de discutir la abducción, modalidad de inferencia lógica que juega un papel central en el razonamiento probatorio presente en las primeras etapes de la investigación criminal de un delito. A partir de la explicación de la estructura inferencial abductiva, se ejemplificará lo anterior con un caso real de investigación criminal ocurrido en Brasil, en el que la toma de decisiones por la policía fue precipitada y sesgada, resultando un error judicial y la condena de un inocente. Al final, se presentarán algunas herramientas existentes y otras propuestas de políticas públicas que pueden ser implementadas en la formación de los responsables por la investigación criminal, por ejemplo la policía, con el fin de generar mejores hipotesis de investigación. The article aims to show the importance of discussing abduction, a type of logical inference that plays a central role in the evidential reasoning presented in the early stages of criminal investigation. After explaining the logical inference structure, the use of abduction reasoning will be exemplified using a real case, in which the police officer’s decision-making process was premature and biased, resulting in a judicial error and the conviction of an innocent man. Although not exhaustive, at the end, will be presented some suggestions to improve the criminal investigation using the abduction reasoning, as the use of artificial intelligence tools and public policy proposals to improve the training of police force, all in order to generate better investigative hypotheses.

Индукция интерпретируется в трех системах координат – эпистемологической, логической, методологической. Экспликация содержания и функционирования индукции разворачивается в программах сравнительного анализа: 1) двух познавательных контекстов – открытия и обоснования, 2) правил познавательной деятельности, сформулированных Я. Хинтиккой, 3) типов выводного знания. Обосновывается положение: дедукция, индукция, абдукция являются маркерами логики науки и могут быть идентифицированы в качестве взаимодействующих познавательных стратегий, тесно связанных с гипотезой. В узком смысле они трактуются как типы умозаключений или логико-методологические процедуры., Induction is interpreted within three coordinate systems – these are epistemological, logical and methodological ones. Explication of induction’s content and functioning unfolds within the programs of comparative analysis which deals with 1) two cognitive contexts – discovering and substantiating, 2) the rules of cognitive activity formulated by Jaakko Hintikka, 3) types of inferential knowledge. The author corroborates the point that deduction, induction and abduction are indications of logic of science and may be identified as interactive cognitive strategies closely tied with a hypothesis. In a narrow sense they are treated as types of conclusions or logico-methodological procedures.

La creativitat és el sant grial de les ciències cognitives i té especial importància per als investigadors de les ciències de la computació i la intel·ligència artificial. És obvi que la creativitat forma part essencial de la intel·ligència, tot i que la majoria d'estudis que intenten explicar-la o fins i tot replicar-la han fallit. En el present article proposem dues aproximacions innovadores: d'una banda, entendre els processos cognitius com a seguidors de regles o heurístiques, tot i que d'una manera flexible o fins i tot contradictòria o caòtica, però que ens mena en qualsevol dels casos a un context d'ús desacomplexat de multiheurístiques, que és el que hem denominat la «cognició mixta»; d'altra banda, proposem un mecanisme poc explorat de forma general en la literatura acadèmica cognitiva per tal de servir de punt de fulcre entre els models antics i una visió alternativa: l'abducció. Mitjançant aquestes dues estratègies, alhora que analitzant casos específics relacionats amb la capacitat creativa dels éssers humans, podem albirar un nou paradigma cognitiu més realista i sincer amb les capacitats humanes, fet que permetrà en un futur no gaire llunyà el disseny de sistemes de raonament artificials més potents i complexos. Creativity is The Holy Grail of the Cognitive Sciences and it is very important for researchers in the Computer Sciences and AI fields. Although all attempts to explain and replicate intelligence have so far failed, the quest remains a key part of their research. This paper takes two innovative approaches. First, we see cognitive processes as involving rule-following and as flexible, even chaotic, heuristics. This first concept uses a multi-heuristic concept without any complexes as mixed-cognition. Second, we propose abduction which, though seldom employed in this specific debate, is nonetheless a good way to explore creativity. Using both strategies, along with analysis of specific human creativity cases, we suggest a new cognitive paradigm that is both more realistic and truthful than hitherto. The idea is to offer a new way to achieve more powerful, complex artificial reasoning systems.

The pervasive use of AI today caused an urgent need for human-compliant AI approaches and solutions that can explain their behavior and decisions in human-understandable terms, especially in critical domains, so as to enforce trustworthiness and support accountability. The symbolic/logic approach to AI supports this need because it aims at reproducing human reasoning mechanisms. While much research has been carried out on single inference strategies, an overall approach to combine them is still missing. This paper claims the need for a new overall approach that merges all the single strategies, named MultiStrategy Reasoning. Based on an analysis of research on automated inference in AI, it selects a suitable setting for this approach, reviews the most promising approaches proposed for single inference strategies, and proposes a possible combination of deduction, abduction, abstraction, induction, argumentation, uncertainty and analogy. It also introduces the GEAR (General Engine for Automated Reasoning) inference engine, that has been developed to implement this vision.

U radu se na temelju izvornika iz Državnoga arhiva u Veneciji i Arhiva Zadarske nadbiskupije razmatra slučaj otmice, silovanja i prisile na ženidbu Agate Zubčić iz Poličnika. Na temelju zapisnika sudskoga procesa, koji se vodio u kancelariji ninskoga kneza, razmotrit će se povijesno-pravni kontekst problematike otmice, silovanja i prisilne ženidbe na području Ninske biskupije u 18. stoljeću. Analizom izvornoga gradiva te usporedbom s navodima i razmatranjima u znanstvenoj literaturi ukazat će se na uzroke i posljedice otmica, silovanja i prisilne ženidbe u razmatranome razdoblju s posebnim osvrtom na mletačku legislativu i kanonsko pravo Katoličke Crkve o tome pitanju te konkretno (ne)provođenje zakonskih normi u praksi., Based on the original documents from the State Archives in Venice and the Archives of the Zadar Archdiocese, the paper discusses the case of abduction, rape, and forced marriage of Agata Zubčić from Poličnik. Based on the court minutes kept in the office of the Count of Nin, the historical and legal context of the issue of abduction, rape, and forced marriage in the Nin Diocese during the 18th century has been considered. An analysis of the primary sources and their comparison with the insights and conclusions of scholarly literature have helped identify the causes and consequences of abductions, rapes, and forced marriages in the period under consideration, with special reference to Venetian legislation and Catholic canon law concerning this issue and the (non-)implementation of these legal norms in practice.

This study uses an abduction-based approach to identify the capabilities harnessed by nonprofit organizations (NPOs) as they develop social innovations. The context of this study is the Australian disability sector currently undergoing a once-in-a-generation social policy reform with the implementation of the National Disability Insurance Scheme. Data from extensive field observation and 52 interviews were collected during “researcher-in-residences” at two disability NPOs and analyzed using thematic coding and practice–theory iteration to arrive at a “working” hypothesis. The findings reveal many capabilities used by disability NPOs on the path to social innovation development. The complex interplay of these capabilities forms five pivotal capabilities (i.e., transformational empathy, place-based relationing, diversity learning, paradoxical change making, and complexity leadership) for eliciting nonprofit social innovation (NSI) with community and system-level impacts.

This article offers the application of constructivist grounded theory in inquiring dimensions of accountability in education. The classical version of grounded theory, which was aligned with the positivist epistemology, has been well discussed in qualitative research. However, the constructivist version of grounded theorizing concerning education has not been adequately articulated in the existing literature. In response to this methodological gap, this paper discusses the canons of constructivist grounded theory in reference to inquiring school actors’ accountability for service delivery in education. The paper draws empirical evidence from the author’s study conducted in the context of community schools in Nepal. The paper argues that theory construction in constructivist grounded theory design is accomplished through the interaction of both data-indicated and extant theoretical concepts by integrating inductive, abductive and deductive reasoning during various stages of the inquiry. The paper also argues that, in constructivist grounded theory, it is not the data saturation as such but the level of researcher’s satisfaction where the grounded theorizing terminates. The paper concludes that the constructivist epistemology of grounded theorizing is useful in addressing the localized understanding of accountability in the decentralized context of education governance in Nepal.

This article examines two conceptualizations of time— kairic and prophetic—to illustrate the semiotic multistability of time: the Gestalt-like switch between conceptualizations. We will use two well-known novellas about time and salvation (by Charles Dickens and C. S. Lewis) to explore how the features of these two schemata cluster together thereby creating these two different understandings of time, while simultaneously blocking the view to each other. Finally, we will explore how the tensions between these two schemata are of interest for the logic of psychological science. It will be argued that many of the classic tensions within psychology speak to the multistability of our conceptual schemata regarding time and causation, something that is particularly exemplified by the challenges posed by Peirce’s notion of abduction. As we opt for one vision of time, we occlude others, even as we remain aware of their presence just beyond our conceptual reach.

A powerful form of causal inference employed in many tasks, such as medical diagnosis, criminology, root cause analysis, biology, is abduction. Given an effect, it aims at generating a plausible and useful set of explanatory hypotheses for its causes. This article formulates the abductive hypotheses generation activity as an optimization problem, introducing a new class called Combinatorial Causal Optimization Problems (CCOP). In a CCOP, solutions are in the form of cause-effect combinations: algorithms are required to construct hypothetical solutions automatically assessed for plausibility - a mechanism mimicking the human reasoning when he skims the best solutions from a set of hypotheses - and for novelty with respect to already known solutions. The paper presents the CCOP formulation and four real-world benchmark problems from various domains, released along with artefacts to implement, run and properly evaluate algorithms for CCOP solutions. Then, for illustrative purpose, four conventional evolutionary algorithms are customized to solve CCOPs. Their application demonstrates the possibility of generating useful solutions (i.e., novel and realistic hypotheses for a given effect), but also evidences a great margin for improvement in terms of ratio of good vs bad solutions.

Active systems (ASs) are a special class of (asynchronous) discrete-event systems (DESs). An AS is represented by a network of components, where each component is modeled as a communicating automaton. Diagnosing a DES amounts to finding out possible faults based on the DES model and a sequence of observations gathered while the DES is being operated. This is why the diagnosis engine needs to know what is observable in the behavior of the DES and what is not. The notion of observability serves this purpose. In the literature, defining the observability of a DES boils down to qualifying the state transitions of components either as observable or unobservable, where each observable transition manifests itself as an observation. Still, looking at the way humans observe reality, typically by associating a collection of events with a single, abstract perception, the state-of-the-art notion of DES observability appears somewhat narrow. This paper presents, a generalized notion of observability, where an observation is abstract rather than concrete since it is associated with a DES behavioral scenario rather than a single component transition. To support the online diagnosis engine, knowledge compilation is performed offline. The outcome is a set of data structures, called watchers, which allow for the tracking of abstract observations.

This study determines one of the most relevant quality factors of apps for people with disabilities utilizing the abductive approach to the generation of an explanatory theory. First, the abductive approach was concerned with the results’ description, established by the apps’ quality assessment, using the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) tool. However, because of the restrictions of MARS outputs, the identification of critical quality factors could not be established, requiring the search for an answer for a new rule. Finally, the explanation of the case (the last component of the abductive approach) to test the rule’s new hypothesis. This problem was solved by applying a new quantitative model, compounding data mining techniques, which identified MARS’ most relevant quality items. Hence, this research defines a much-needed theoretical and practical tool for academics and also practitioners. Academics can experiment utilizing the abduction reasoning procedure as an alternative to achieve positivism in research. This study is a first attempt to improve the MARS tool, aiming to provide specialists relevant data, reducing noise effects, accomplishing better predictive results to enhance their investigations. Furthermore, it offers a concise quality assessment of disability-related apps.

Introduction: In the management of brachial plexus injury restoration of elbow flexion has been prioritised over shoulder abduction in pan plexus injury due to scarcity of suitable donor nerve for nerve transfer procedure. Literature has shown promising result in restoring elbow flexion both in upper type as well as pan plexus injury by early intervention. Aim: To assess the outcomes of Oberlin II and intercostal nerve to musculocutaneous nerve transfer procedures to restore elbow flexion, in upper type and pan plexus type adult brachial plexus injury respectively. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted from November 2015 to October 2018 at tertiary care hospital at Cuttack, Odisha, India. Oberlin II procedure in 20 cases of upper type and intercostal nerve to musculocutaneous nerve transfer procedure in 20 cases of pan plexus type adult brachial plexus injury to restore elbow flexion, were included. In both the groups elbow flexion was assessed by British Medical Research Council (MRC) motor grading scale. Statistical analysis was made using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0, Pearson’s Chi-square test was used for the data analysis and p-value

In this paper we sketch a vision of explainability of intelligent systems as a logic approach suitable to be injected into and exploited by the system actors once integrated with sub-symbolic techniques. In particular, we show how argumentation could be combined with different extensions of logic programming – namely, abduction, inductive logic programming, and probabilistic logic programming – to address the issues of explainable AI as well as some ethical concerns about AI.

The Partition of India was one of the crucial moments marking the transition between the colonial and postcolonial era. Partition has become ever since a long-term process that continues to elicit political, cultural and emotional contexts in South Asia. The creation of Pakistan as a homeland for South Asian Muslims involved the division of Bengal and Punjab along religious lines and while the celebratory narratives of decolonization and nationhood marked the official historiographies of 1947, trauma, loss and displacement were not part of the narrative. The following article focuses on the experience of abducted women in Bengal in the communal riots during the Partition of India. This analysis stems from a brief overview of the silence that has permeated the partition of Bengal within historiography and the scarce literary response that has articulated those silences. It moves on to the analysis of the violence that abducted women suffered in this context. Finally, it deals with two short stories, "The Lost Ribbon" and "Embrace," which situate gender trauma narratives by showing two radically different responses to the event of becoming a mother of an abductor's child on the other side of the border and the effect that displacement and forced repatriation has upon female bodies. La partición de la India constituye unos de los momentos cruciales que han marcado la transición entre la era colonial y poscolonial. Desde entonces, la partición se ha erigido como un proceso a largo plazo que sigue propiciando contextos políticos, culturales y emocionales en Asia del Sur. La creación de Pakistán como patria para los musulmanes asiáticos del Sur tuvo como resultado la división de Bengala y Punjab según divisiones religiosas. Mientras que la historiografía oficial de 1947 estaba marcada por relatos triunfalistas de decolonización y nacionalismo, elementos como el trauma, la pérdida o el desplazamiento quedaron fuera del relato. El siguiente artículo se centra en la experiencia de las mujeres secuestradas en Bengal, en los disturbios entre comunidades durante la partición de la India. Este análisis parte de una breve aproximación al silencio que ha presidido la historiografia de la partición de Bengala y la escasa respuesta literaria que ha articulado estos silencios. El artículo trata la violencia que las mujeres secuestradas sufrieron en este contexto y finalmente se centra en los dos relatos breves, "The Lost Ribbon" y "Embrace", que sitúan el relato del trauma y el género mediante dos respuestas radicalmente diferentes al hecho de ser madre de un hijo de secuestrador más allá de la frontera. Así mismo analiza el efecto que el desplazamiento y la repatriación forzosa tiene sobre los cuerpos femeninos.

This Article is written for trial judges who adjudicate cases pursuant to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (Hague Convention), although appellate judges, lawyers, and scholars may also find it of interest. Trial judges are my target audience because they are the best defense against the potential injustice that the Hague Convention creates for domestic violence victims who flee transnationally with their children for safety, then face their batterers’ petitions for the children’s return.While the Hague Convention permits the trial judge to refuse to return a child when the taking parent is a domestic violence victim,and while more people than ever before recognize the appropriateness of nonreturn in this context, the law limits the nonreturn option. In fact, many judges complain that the law is too confining; they lament having to return the child but feel as though the law gives them no choice. Legislators have refused to make the judges’ job any easier. While judges now have helpful authority in some appellatedecisions and the Hague Conference on Private International Law’s new Guide to Good Practice on Article 13(b), these sources are uneven and still insufficient. In light of this reality, this Article aims to provide trial judges, as well as their law clerks, the tools and encouragement to promote justice and safety in these cases, evenwhen the legal doctrine may be problematic.Alleviating judicial discomfort is not my sole purpose, however. Judge Alex Kozinski once wrote, “A troubled [judicial] conscience is certainly not pleasant, but the real-life, brutal consequences of an unjust judicial decision are suffered by others.” My chief objective is to change outcomes for domestic violence victims and their children who might otherwise lose.

Purpose Most people live in cities and work in offices, two contexts offering many lifestyle-related and environmental health risks. To advance their health, this paper aims to introduce an analogy between urban design and facility design to explore whether health-directed design interventions in cities and facilities are related and to look for applicable cross-overs and opportunities to develop the facility management (FM) profession on the urban level. Design/methodology/approach The principles of abductive reasoning as a first phase of scientific investigation were followed, by introducing a new idea and attentively observing phenomena in the communities of FM and urban design. The method was desk research, in the context of discovery. Findings Many possible cross-overs exist which offer opportunities for urban planners and facility managers to reinforce each other and interesting market opportunities for the further development of urban FM. However, more systematic research is needed on efficacious and effective interventions. Furthermore, experiences and capacities of the FM sector should be unlocked and applied within a city context, as the knowledge and experiences of facility managers and urban planners can create synergy. Practical implications The findings are directly applicable to facility and urban design practices and to FM education by involving students in city design practices. Originality/value Cross-overs between facilities and cities are new and can inspire both facility managers and urban planners to work together more closely for the benefit of citizens and employees.

In this condensed paper, by combining the insights from E-Infinity theory, along with Plato‘s initiatory insights into the golden section imbedded in his Principles of the One and Indefinite Dyad, David Bohm‘s ontological framework of the superimplicate, implicate and explicate orders, andthe pervasive presence throughout physics, chemistry, biology and cosmology of the golden ratio (often veiled in Fibonacci and Lucas numbers), a profound golden mean number system emerges underlying the cosmos, nature and consciousness. This ubiquitous presence is evident in quantum mechanics, including quark masses, the chaos border, fine structure constant and entanglement, entropy and thermodynamic equilibrium, the periodic table of elements, nanotechnology, crystallography, computing, digital information, cryptography, genetics, nucleotide arrangement, Homo sapiens and Neanderthal genomes, DNA structure, cardiac anatomy and physiology, biometric measurements of the human and mammalian skulls, weather turbulence, plant phyllotaxis, planetary orbits and sizes, black holes, dark energy, dark matter, and even cosmogenesis – the very origin and structure of the universe. This has been pragmatically extended through the most ingenious biomimicry, from robotics, artificial intelligence, engineering and urban design, to extensions throughout history in architecture, music and the arts. We propose herein a grand unification of the sciences, arts and consciousness, rooted in an ontological superstructure known to the ancients as the One and Indefinite Dyad, that gives rise to a golden mean number system which is the substructure of all existence.

Due to its affiliation with formalism, ludology, the scientific perspective prioritized in game studies, considers the rule–mechanic binomial to be an essential principle of any scholarly approach to video games. Nevertheless, the limitation of the game system order implies that, as a fundamental part of this epistemological approach, the empirical validity of its methodology is already being rejected. As such, this article attempts to shift the focus away from the rule–mechanic relation, and from a cybersemiotic perspective, to refocus it on a conceptualization of the human–machine relationship. In order to do so, the concept of convolution regarding said relation is defined, including both parts of the video game system in terms of signal processing. Likewise, this model is contrasted with a randomized total sample of 1,200 games ( N = 1,200, n = 300) in order to arrive at a set of conclusions about the behavior of the distinct video game genres in the indicated terms.

La Gestion en tant que science ne cesse de susciter maints débats dans le milieu managérial et parmi les philosophes. Première interrogation: est-ce que la gestion est une science? La réponse estambigüe car une science doit nécessairement adopter la démarche scientifique. Pour les ‘’sciences’’ de gestion on parle souvent d’induction, d’abduction de démarches hypothético - déductives. Or pareilles procédures sont-elles vraiment créatrices de savoir en Gestion? La réponse est encore une fois ambigüe. De fait, le processus de création du savoir implique qu’une hypothèse peut se transformer en théorie; la théorie ensuite peut se transformer en loi. La loi est une relation, constante, dans le temps, entre des phénomènes, et cette loi peut être utilisée pour des prévisions. Le problème des sciences de gestion provient de ce que l’objet d’étude est l’homme agissant dans une organisation mises en place par les hommes. Or peut-on, dans ce contexte, avoir une constance du comportement humain dans le temps? Peut-on se baser sur les pratiques courantes pour estimer les interactions futures? L’article essaye de faire le point sur ces questions pour éclairer les débats.

We distinguish three aspects of medical diagnosis: generating new diagnostic hypotheses, selecting hypotheses for further pursuit, and evaluating their probability in light of the available evidence. Drawing on Peirce’s account of abduction, we argue that hypothesis generation is amenable to normative analysis: physicians need to make good decisions about when and how to generate new diagnostic hypothesis as well as when to stop. The intertwining relationship between the generation and selection of diagnostic hypotheses is illustrated through the analysis of a detailed clinical case study. This interaction is not adequately captured by the existing probabilistic, decision-theoretic models of the threshold approach to clinical decision-making. Instead, we propose to conceptualize medical diagnosis in terms of strategic reasoning.

This article reports on a study of clinicians’ responses to footage of their enactments of infection prevention and control. The study’s approach was to elicit clinicians’ reflections on and clarifications about the connections among infection control activities and infection control rules, taking into account their awareness, interpretation, and in situ application of those rules. The findings of the study are that clinicians responded to footage of their own IPC practices by articulating previously unheeded tensions and constraints including: infection control rules that were incomplete, undergoing change, and conflicting; material obstructions limiting infection control efforts; and habituated and divergent rule enactments and rule interpretations that were problematic but disregarded. The reflexive process is shown to elicit clinicians’ learning about these complexities as they affect the accomplishment of effective infection control. The process is further shown to strengthen clinicians’ appreciation of infection control as necessitating deliberation to decide what are locally appropriate standards, interpretations, assumptions, habituations and enactments of infection control. The article concludes that clinicians’ ‘practical wisdom’ is unlikely to reach its full potential without video-assisted scrutiny of and deliberation about in situ clinical work. This enables clinicians to anchor their in situ enactments, reasonings and interpretations to local agreements about the intent, applicability, limits and practical enactment of rules. Key words: video-reflexivity, rules, infection control, patient safety, embodied practice, practical wisdom, abduction