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L’agroécologie est présentée en 2012 par le ministre de l’Agriculture Stéphane Le Foll comme un projet mobilisateur pour écologiser l’agriculture française, sans pour autant que des attendus précis soient énoncés pour permettre sa mise en œuvre. Cet article prend pour objet la relation problématique entre le mot « agroécologie » et la chose qu’elle (ne) désigne (pas) et propose d’analyser plus spécifiquement les enjeux relatifs au déploiement d’un travail de terrain en contexte lexical instable. En croisant sociologie de l’action publique et sociologie agricole dans une perspective pragmatiste, l’autrice montre comment l’enquête bute sur l’absence d’usage du terme agroécologie par deux collectifs d’agriculteurs rhônalpins pourtant lauréats d’un appel à projets du même nom. L’article soutient que si les agriculteurs n’utilisent pas ce terme pour qualifier leurs pratiques, c’est parce que, pour le dire en termes pragmatistes, ils n’ont « rien à en faire ». Agroecology was first introduced in 2012 by the Minister of Agriculture, Stéphane Le Foll, as a mobilising project for French agriculture. However, no clear expectations were expressed to enable its implementation. This article considers the problematic relationship between the word “agroecology” and the very concept it designates (or doesn’t). It aims to precisely analyse the issues related to the carrying out of fieldwork in an unstable lexical context. The author shows how the investigation stumbles on the absence of the use of the term agroecology by two groups of French farmers although they are concerned by an agroecology project. The article argues that if the farmers do not use this term, it is because, put in pragmatic terms, they “care nothing about it”.

While “transdisciplinarity” is a term that is increasingly being used, particularly with regard to its potential to shed light on complex issues as highlighted by sustainability sciences, the contours of its definitions remain unclear. Based on my experience of mobilizing a specific participatory research tool based on photography – photovoice – I propose an analysis of transdisciplinarity through practice. A field work analysis will show how this scientific approach offers a critical approach to the construction of knowledge through a rigorous (in)discipline. Transdisciplinarity thus appears as a transformative epistemology, producing knowledge that can cause transformations at the level of socio-ecosystems, but also as an epistemological transformation, it is indeed co-constructed knowledge that mobilizes holistic, iterative, and relational modes of reasoning. The vision of transdisciplinarity developed in this article places it within an engaged perspective of deconstructing the power relations inherent in knowledge co-construction processes.

L’agriculture est un grand objet de droit comme un grand sujet de littérature. Elle constitue un merveilleux théâtre pour cheminer entre ces deux champs intellectuels, beaucoup moins cloisonnés qu’on ne le pense. Non seulement les œuvres littéraires sont souvent des caisses de résonnance du droit positif, mais elles savent aussi se montrer critiques envers l’ordre normatif établi, et inspirer ses évolutions.Plus que d’autres secteurs socio-économiques, l’agriculture est partie liée à la politique de son temps, ce qui la fait tutoyer la règle de droit. Qui cultive ? Quelles surfaces ? Selon quelles méthodes ? Dans quel but ? Voilà des questions auxquelles le droit, rural en l’occurrence, apporte des réponses, qui peuvent varier selon les époques. L’une est devenue d’une particulière acuité : quelle harmonisation de l’agriculture avec le vivant, animal et végétal, qu’elle exploite ?

La estructura y funcionamiento del sistema agroalimentario hegemónico plantean importantes desafíos a la agricultura familiar, la que -al verse excluida de los parámetros de la agroindustria- va (re)construyendo alternativas que le permitan diferenciarse de las lógicas de producción y distribución dominantes. Estas alternativas buscan recuperar la autonomía y soberanía perdidas, para lo cual campesinos y campesinas emprenderían una transición hacia sistemas productivos y de comercialización que pongan en valor los conocimientos y capacidades locales. Con ello se resignifica la importancia social y cultural que acompaña a la práctica agrícola. Como parte de esta transición se reconfigurarían formas de hacer y pensar que -desde su divergencia- son capaces de reapropiarse de técnicas y saberes que históricamente han resultado sustentables y armónicos con el territorio. La investigación se desarrolló bajo un diseño mixto exploratorio secuencial, con prevalencia del enfoque cualitativo, empleando el censo y la entrevista como técnicas de recolección de información. Se buscaba, mediante un estudio descriptivo, comprender y analizar los procesos productivos y de organización que subyacen en la feria como estrategia de comercialización de experiencias orgánicas y/o agroecológicas. La zona estudiada fue la comuna de Valparaíso, Chile. Los principales hallazgos revelaron que la emergencia de estas experiencias, en el marco de profundos procesos de exclusión y fragmentación socioeconómicos, podría interpretarse como pequeños brotes de resistencia. Estos reflejarían la búsqueda de lógicas basadas en principios de cooperación y reciprocidad, reconfigurando las relaciones que se establecen con la naturaleza y recreando un vínculo con el consumidor, que va más allá de lo económico. Desde esa consideración, el espacio ferial trasciende su función económica y representaría un lugar de encuentro social y cultural, que visibiliza y reivindica los saberes y prácticas de la agricultura familiar. The structure and operation of the hegemonic agri-food system proposes important challenges to familiar agriculture. Due to it is being excluded from the agribusiness parameters, it is (re) building alternatives that allow it to differentiate itself from the dominant production and distribution logic. These alternatives would seek to recover the lost autonomy and sovereignty, by which men and women farmers undertake a transition towards productive and commercialization systems that value local knowledge and capacities, re-signifying the social and cultural importance of agricultural practice. As part of this transition, ways of doing and thinking would be reconfigured from their divergence, and are capable of re-appropriating techniques and knowledge that, historically, have been sustainable and harmonious with the territory. In this scenario, our research was developed under a sequential exploratory mixed design, with the prevalence of the qualitative approach, using the census and the interview as data collection techniques. Through a descriptive study, the aim was to understand and analyze the productive and organizational processes that underlie the fair as a commercialization strategy for organic and/or agro-ecological experiences. The area studied was the commune of Valparaíso, Chile. The main findings revealed that the emergence of these experiences, within the framework of deep processes of exclusion and socioeconomic fragmentation, can be interpreted as small outbreaks of resistance, that would reflect the search for logic based on principles of cooperation and reciprocity, reconfiguring the relationships that are established with nature and recreating a bond with the consumer that goes beyond the economic. From that consideration, the fair space transcends its economic function and would represent a social and cultural meeting place, which makes visible and vindicates the knowledge and practices of family agriculture. La structure et le fonctionnement du système agroalimentaire hégémonique posent des défis à l'agriculture familiale qui, en étant exclue des paramètres de l'industrie agroalimentaire, (re)construit des alternatives qui lui permettent de se différencier des logiques dominantes de production et de distribution. Ces alternatives cherchent à récupérer l'autonomie et la souveraineté perdues, pour lesquelles les paysans entreprendraient une transition vers des systèmes de production et de commercialisation valorisant les connaissances et compétences locales, redéfinissant ainsi la valeur sociale et culturelle qui accompagne toute pratique agricole. De cette manière, l'importance sociale et culturelle qui accompagne la pratique agricole est redéfinie. Dans le cadre de cette transition, seraient reconfigurées des manières de faire et de penser qui, de par leur divergence, sont capables de se réapproprier des techniques et des savoirs historiquement pérennes et en harmonie avec le territoire. Dans ce scénario, la recherche a été développée sous un design mixte exploratoire séquentiel, avec une prévalence de l'approche qualitative, utilisant le recensement et l'interview comme techniques de collecte de données. L'objectif était, à travers une étude descriptive, de comprendre et d'analyser les processus productifs et organisationnels qui sous-tendent la foire en tant que stratégie de commercialisation des expériences biologiques et/ou agro-écologiques. La zone étudiée était la commune de Valparaíso, au Chili. Les principaux résultats ont révélé que l'émergence de ces expériences, dans le cadre de processus profonds d'exclusion et de fragmentation socio-économique, peut être interprétée comme de petites poussées de résistance qui refléteraient la recherche de logiques fondées sur des principes de coopération et de réciprocité, reconfigurant les relations qui s'établissent avec la nature et recréant un lien avec le consommateur qui va au-delà de l'économique. A partir de cette analyse, l'espace du marché transcende sa fonction économique et représenterait un espace de rencontre social et culturel qui rend visible et revendique les connaissances et les pratiques de l'agriculture familiale. A estrutura e o funcionamento do sistema agroalimentar hegemônico impõem desafios importantes à agricultura familiar, que, ao estar excluída do âmbito das grandes agroindústrias, busca re (construir) alternativas que lhes permitam diferenciar-se das lógicas de produção e distribuição dominantes. Tais iniciativas visam recuperar a autonomia e a soberania perdidas, na qual camponeses e camponesas fariam uma transição para sistemas produtivos e mercadológicos que valorizassem os conhecimentos e capacidades locais. Desta forma, trata-se de resignificar a importância social e cultural que acompanha a prática agrícola. Como parte dessa transição, seriam reconfigurados modos de fazer e pensar, os quais, a partir de suas especificidades, seriam capazes de assegurar a retomada de técnicas e saberes que historicamente se mostraram sustentáveis e harmoniosos com o território. Neste cenário, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa sob a forma de um desenho seqüencial exploratório misto, com prevalência da abordagem qualitativa, fazendo uso do censo e da entrevista como técnicas de coleta de dados. O objetivo da pesquisa, levada a cabo através de um estudo descritivo, era no sentido de compreender e analisar os processos produtivos e organizacionais subjacentes à feira como uma estratégia de marketing para experiências orgânicas e/ou agroecológicas. A área estudada foi a comuna de Valparaíso, Chile. Dentre os principais achados resta a constatação de que o surgimento dessas experiências, no marco de profundos processos de exclusão e de fragmentação socioeconômica, pode ser interpretado como pequenos surtos de resistência que refletem a busca de lógicas baseadas em princípios de cooperação e reciprocidade, reconfigurando as relações que se estabelece com a natureza, criando um vínculo com o consumidor que vai além do econômico. A partir dessa consideração, o espaço da feira transcende sua função econômica e representaria um espaço de encontro social e cultural, que torna visível e reivindica os saberes e práticas da agricultura familiar. 111-129 agroalimentaria@ula.ve / ciaal.ula@gmail.com ciaal.ula@gmail.com pablo.saravia@upla.cl Semestral http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/agroalimentaria

La transition agroécologique requiert de transformer la manière d’accompagner les agriculteurs dans leurs changements de pratiques. Les champs-écoles sont des dispositifs participatifs pertinents pour cela, car ils accroissent les capacités des agriculteurs à expérimenter, à produire des connaissances et à construire eux-mêmes des innovations. Il est toutefois nécessaire de veiller à la qualité de mise en œuvre de ces dispositifs, ce qui a des implications pour les acteurs de la recherche et du développement. Une étude menée en Afrique subsaharienne montre qu’à l’issue de champs-écoles, les agriculteurs initient d’autant plus de changements dans leurs propres exploitations qu’ils ont été des acteurs décisionnaires du dispositif. Ces effets peuvent être mis en lumière par des méthodes qualitatives d’évaluation centrées sur la contribution à l’impact. Également, les champs-écoles gagnent à inclure les femmes, les jeunes et les agriculteurs les plus pauvres, catégories souvent exclues du conseil agricole conventionnel mais reconnues motrices dans les innovations agroécologiques. Enfin, les objectifs de ces dispositifs de conseil doivent pouvoir évoluer chemin faisant, afin de rendre possible l’ajustement aux conditions locales, qu’elles soient environnementales ou socio-économiques.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo presentar una revisión bibliográfica de los aspectos conceptuales y epistemológicos de la aplicación de la agricultura fundamentada en la revolución verde y el conjunto de consecuencias ambientales, sociales, culturales y educativas que esta práctica ha generado en el transcurrir de la historia. En paralelo, el segundo objetivo es explicar la agroecología como una alternativa para el desarrollo sostenible y sustentable en el contexto económico. El fin último es fomentar la conciencia ambiental en estudiantes relacionados formativamente al contexto de la educación en el campo de las ciencias ambientales. El análisis sigue una metodología vinculada al paradigma cualitativo, definida como una investigación de revisión, que se caracteriza en su dimensión temporal como cotransversal a nivel del pensamiento educativo y ecológico desde el agro. Busca también contribuir significativamente al trabajo social de sensibilización y concienciación, partiendo de realidades globales hacia miradas focales. Los beneficios de la agroecología se sintetizan en mayor diversificación de especies o genética, vegetal y animal; reciclaje de nutrientes y materia orgánica, optimización de su disponibilidad y balances de sus flujos; condiciones edáficas óptimas para crecimiento de cultivos; minimización de pérdidas de suelo y agua, manteniendo cobertura, controlando erosión y manejando microclimas; minimización de pérdidas por insectos, patógenos y malezas; desarrollo de sinergias a partir de interacciones entre plantas y animales; control de plagas; manejo y erradicación de malezas; policultivo; variedades adaptadas; protección del cultivo; bajos impactos sobre el ambiente y la salud; sostenibilidad; bajos costos de investigación y de capital; bajos riesgos; balance energético positivo; desarrollo tecnológico en armonía con el medio ambiente; mayor participación de los agricultores y valorización del saber tradicional. En conclusión, esta relación analítica genera beneficios para el mejoramiento sustancial de la conciencia sobre el espacio natural, a partir del conocimiento de la realidad agrícola actual a través de la historia y la epistemología inherentes a la revolución verde y a la agroecología. This article aims to present a bibliographical review of the conceptual and epistemological aspects of the application of agriculture based on the Green Revolution and the set of environmental, social, cultural and educational consequences that this practice has generated in the course of history. In parallel, the second objective is to explain agroecology as an alternative for sustainable and sustainable development in the economic context. The ultimate goal is to foster environmental awareness in students linked to the context of education in the field of environmental sciences. The analysis follows a methodology linked to the qualitative paradigm, defined as review research, which is characterized in its temporal dimension as co-transversal at the level of educational and ecological thinking from agriculture. It also seeks to contribute significantly to the social work of sensitization and awareness, starting from global realities toward focal points. The main benefits of agroecology can be synthesized in greater diversification of species or genetics, plant, and animals; recycling of nutrients and organic matter, optimization of their availability and balance of their flows; optimal edaphic conditions for crop growth; minimization of soil and water losses, maintaining coverage, controlling erosion and managing microclimates; minimization of losses due to insects, pathogens and weeds; development of synergies from plant-animal interactions; pest control; weed management and eradication; poly-culture; adapted varieties; crop protection; low environmental and health impacts; sustainability; low research and capital costs; low risks; positive energy balance; technological development in harmony with the environment; greater farmer participation and valorization of traditional knowledge. In conclusion, this analytical relationship generates benefits, for the substantial improvement of awareness about the natural space from the understanding of the current agricultural reality, through the history and epistemology inherent in the Green Revolution and agroecology. Cet article vise à présenter une revue bibliographique des aspects conceptuels et épistémologiques de l’application de l’agriculture basée sur la révolution verte et l’ensemble des conséquences environnementales, sociales, culturelles et éducatives qui ont été pratiqué es à travers l’histoire. En parallèle, le second est d’expliquer l’agroécologie comme alternative de développement durable et soutenable dans le contexte économique. L'objectif ultime est de promouvoir la sensibilisation des étudiants en particulier, de ceux liés aux études des sciences naturelles et de l'environnement. L’analyse suit une méthodologie liée au paradigme qualitatif, défini comme une recherche documentaire qui se caractérise dans sa dimension temporelle comme transversale au niveau de la pensée pédagogique et écologique de l’agriculture. L’étude tente de contribuer de manière significative au travail social de sensibilisation et de prise de conscience, en partant des réalités globales vers des regards focaux. Les principaux avantages de l’agroécologie peuvent être synthétisés dans une plus grande diversification des espèces ou de la génétique, végétale et animale; le recyclage des nutriments et des matières organiques, l’optimisation de leur disponibilité et l’équilibre de leurs flux ; les conditions édaphiques optimales pour la croissance des cultures ; la minimisation des pertes de sol et d’eau, le maintien de la couverture, le contrôle de l’érosion et la gestion des microclimats ; la minimisation des pertes dues aux insectes, aux pathogènes et aux mauvaises herbes ;le développement de synergies à partir d’interactions plantes-animaux ; les luttes contre les parasites; la gestion et éradication des mauvaises herbes ; la polyculture ; les variétés adaptées ; la protection des cultures ; les faibles impacts environnementaux et sanitaires ; la durabilité ; les faibles coûts de recherche et d’investissement ; les faibles risques; le bilan énergétique positif ; le développement technologique en harmonie avec l’environnement ; la participation accrue des agriculteurs et la valorisation des connaissances traditionnelles. En conclusion, cette relation analytique génère des bénéfices, pour l’amélioration substantielle de la compréhension de l’espace naturel à partir de la connaissance de la réalité agricole actuelle à travers l’histoire et l’épistémologie inhérentes à la Révolution Verte et à l’agroécologie. O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica dos aspectos conceituais e epistemológicos da agricultura fundamentada na revolução verde e no conjunto de consequências ambientais, sociais, culturais e educativas que esta prática foi gerada ao longo da história. Paralelamente, tem como objetivo explicar a agroecologia como uma alternativa para o desenvolvimento sustentável. O foco essencial é fomentar a consciência ambiental entre estudantes ligados ao contexto da educação no campo das ciências naturais e ambientais. A análise segue uma metodologia vinculada ao paradigma qualitativo, sendo definida como uma pesquisa documental que se caracteriza, em sua dimensão temporal, como co-transversal e ecológica do ponto de vista agropecuário. Busca também contribuir com o trabalho social de sensibilização e conscientização, partindo de realidades globais para olhares focais. Os benefícios da agroecologia. Os benefícios da agroecologia contemplam: uma maior diversificação genética de espécies (vegetal e animal); reciclagem de nutrientes e de matéria orgânica, otimização de disponibilidades e balanços de fluxos, condições edáficas ótimas para o crescimento de cultivos, minimização de perdas de solo e de água, manutenção de cobertura, controle de erosão e manejo de microclimas, minimização de perdas por insetos, patógenos e invasoras, desenvolvimento de sinergias a partir de interações entre plantas e animais; policultivo; variedades adaptadas; proteção do cultivo; baixos impactos sobre o ambiente e a saúde; sustentabilidade; baixos custos de pesquisa e de capital; baixos riscos; balanço energético positivo; desenvolvimento tecnológico em harmonia com o meio ambiente; maior participação dos produtores e valorização do saber tradicional. Em conclusão esta relação analítica gera benefícios para a melhoria substancial da consciência sobre o espaço natural a partir do conhecimento da realidade agrícola atual através da história e da epistemologia inerentes à Revolução Verde e à agroecologia. 49-65 agroalimentaria@ula.ve / ciaal.ula@gmail.com plaracalder@uniminuto.edu.co, pablolara01@gmail.com odagui@gmail.com, odagui@ula.ve Semestral http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/agroalimentaria

Alors qu’en 2018, la vague d’indignation causée par les décennies de politiques néolibérales et corporatistes se fédère autour du projet de réforme d’Andrés Manuel López Obrador, les mesures mises en place par le nouveau président mexicain rompent rapidement sa promesse post-néolibérale. En effet, l’imposition de l’austérité républicaine, la centralisation opérationnelle de l’appareil public et la négation des organisations de la société civile sur lesquelles se base le nouveau gouvernement, toutes justifiées par la lutte contre la corruption, réduisent fortement sa portée transformatrice. À partir d’une approche socio-économique articulant différentes échelles d’analyse, cet article propose un regard critique sur les traits principaux de ce projet politique à travers l’étude d’un de ses programmes publics phares : Sembrando Vida. Malgré une approche agroécologique innovante, nous montrons que ce programme tombe dans une vision réductrice et homogénéisante des territoires et des communautés en refusant de prendre en compte le rôle primordial de la réciprocité, de la solidarité horizontale et des dynamiques collectives préexistantes, au même titre que la politique générale de López Obrador, tous deux ne parvenant pas à sortir d’une opposition stérile entre l’État et le Marché. As the wave of indignation caused by decades of neoliberal and corporatist policies gathers around Andrés Manuel López Obrador’s project of reform in 2018, the measures put in place by the new Mexican president are rapidly breaking his post-neoliberal promise. Indeed, the imposition of republican austerity, the operational centralisation of the public apparatus and the negation of civil society organisations, on which the new government is based, all justified by the struggle against corruption, greatly reduce its transformative scope. Starting from a socioeconomic approach articulating different scales of analysis, this article offers a critical look at the principle features of this political project through the study of one of its flagship public program: Sembrando Vida. In spite of an innovative agroecological approach, we show that this program falls into a reductive and homogenizing vision of territories and communities by refusing to acknowledge the primary role of reciprocity, horizontal solidarity and pre-existing collective dynamics, just like López Obrador’s overall policy, both of which then fail to emerge from a sterile opposition between the State and the Market. Mientras que en 2018, la ola de indignación causada por las décadas de políticas neoliberales y corporatistas se federan alrededor del proyectos de reformas de Andrés Manuel López Obrador, las medidas implementadas por el nuevo presidente mexicano rompieron rápidamente su promesa post-neoliberal. En efecto, la imposición de la austeridad republicana, la centralización operacional del aparato público y la negación de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil sobre las cuales se basa el nuevo gobierno, todas ellas justificadas por la lucha contra la corrupción, reducen fuertemente su poder transformador. A partir de un enfoque socio-económico que articula diferentes escala de análisis, este artículo propone una mirada crítica sobre los aspectos principales de este proyecto político a través del estudio de uno de sus programas publicos «faro»: Sembrando Vida. A pesar de un enfoque agroecológico innovador, mostramos que este programa cae en una visión reductora y hegemonizante de los territorios y de las comunidades rechazando tomar en cuenta el papel primodial de la recriprocidad, de la solidaridad horiontal y de las dinámicas colectivas pre-existentes de la misma manera que sucede con la política general de López Obrador, porque ambas no logran salir de la oposición estéril entre el Estado y el Mercado.

International audience; Plantain (Musa paradisiaca AAB) is one of the most important staple crops in the tropics, particularly in theCaribbean. Pests are the main constraint to plantain production and yield increases may be possible by improvingpest management. However, there is a lack of data on these cropping systems and a need to identify new elementsof improved production systems that can control pests in line with the principles of agroecologicaltransition. In this study, we test the hypothesis that crops grown in good quality soils are less susceptible to pests.To this end, an agroecological diagnosis of the biological, physical, morphological and chemical soil conditionsand the occurrence of pests, in particular plant-parasitic nematodes, was carried out on 21 plantain plots withcontrasting management in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). After classifying these plots according to theirmanagement practices, from conventional to agroecological, we searched for relationships between croppingsystems, soil quality and pests using a series of synthetic quality indices. Four different cropping systems wereidentified and compared: conventional intensive, intermediate, low-input and agroecological, according to thetype and amount of agrochemicals used. Our data showed that the Chemical Index was significantly improved inthe agroecological systems due to increases in pH, CEC, base saturation and total C and N content. TheMorphological Index increased regularly from intensive to agroecological systems and was significantly higher inagroecological systems with higher proportions of biogenic aggregates. Soil macroinvertebrate communitieswere significantly influenced by production systems, with the highest values of the Macrofauna Index in lowinput and agroecological production systems. We also showed that plant parasitic nematodes were betterregulated in agroecological production systems. Furthermore, the agroecological system achieved similar levelsof crop production to conventional systems, without the use of pesticides. In addition, these agroecologicalcropping systems extend the duration of plantain plots, which is an indicator of the good health of these systems.

International audience

El propósito de este artículo es esbozar algunas reflexiones que sean generadoras de ideas y propuestas orientadas a proporcionar información al consumidor, de manera que pueda tomar decisiones conscientes a la hora de decidir sobre su alimentación. La compra del alimento es, en última instancia, un sencillo acto que finalmente apoya un sistema de producción industrial, intensivo, tóxico, no sustentable y predador del ambiente (generador del cambio climático); o por el contrario, que apoya a un sistema de producción sustentable, no tóxico y de bajo impacto ambiental. La reflexión tiene que ver con la propuesta de desarrollo de otro tipo de etiquetado, que tenga como objetivo ampliar significativamente, pero de manera simplificada, la información tradicional del rótulo. El rótulo permitiría al consumidor conocer las características del alimento preempacado en términos de salud individual y ambiental. Por una parte, se aportan elementos que permiten reflexionar sobre la formulación de un rótulo que, trascendiendo más allá del aspecto nutricional del alimento, agregue información sobre la huella ambiental del bien a ser consumido. El resultado deseable sería avanzar hacia la codificación del resultado, de manera que pueda ser entendido por el mayor número de consumidores. Por otra parte, en el artículo se describe una experiencia de comercialización de un alimento no empacado –el plátano FHIA 20–, cosechado bajo el sistema de producción agroecológica, llevado a cabo a nivel local. En esta experiencia se procuró igualmente la generación de consciencia en el consumidor sobre el origen del alimento que consume, en términos de su procedencia y forma de producción. Así, los consumidores pudieron conocer y valorar los beneficios ambientales y en la salud humana del alimento que estaban adquiriendo. This article aims to outline some considerations that might help as idea-generation for proposals in order to provide information to consumers so that they can make responsible decisions regarding on their diets. Buying food is a simple act that can either supports an industrial, intensive, toxic, unsustainable and no-environmentally friendly production system (i.e., generator of climate change); or instead, conversely, a sustainable, non-toxic, and low-impact production system. The main proposal is to develop another type of food labeling to expand in a simplified way the traditional information provided. The label would allow the consumer to know the main characteristics of the prepackaged food, in terms of individual health and environmental impact. Consequently, first of all, a reflection about the formulation of a label that goes beyond the nutritional aspect of the food, adds information on the environmental footprint of how the product is made. The desirable result would be to move towards encoding the message so that it can be understood by the largest number of consumers. Secondly, the article describes a Venezuelan local experience of commercialization of an unpacked food, the FHIA 20 plantain, harvested under an agro-ecological production system. In this experience, consumers were made aware of the origin and characteristics of the production system of the bananas they consumed. Thus, consumers were able to learn about and value the environmental and human health benefits of the food they were purchasing. Le but de cet article est de présenter quelques réflexions qui puissent générer des idées sur des propositions d’information au consommateur afin qu’il puisse prendre des décisions conscientes lorsqu’il décide de son alimentation. L’achat de la nourriture est un acte simple mais qui soutient un système de production industriel, intensif, toxique, non durable et irrespectueux de l’environnement (générateur de changement climatique) ; ou bien, à l’inverse, un système de production durable, non toxique et à faible impact l’environnement. La réflexion porte sur la proposition de développer un autre type d’étiquetage qui permettrait au consommateur la connaissance des caractéristiques des aliments préemballés en termes non seulement de la santé individuelle mais aussi environnementale. D’une part, des éléments sont fournis qui permettent de réfléchir à la formulation d’un label qui allant au-delà de l’aspect nutritionnel de l’aliment, ajoute des informations sur l’empreinte environnementale et sociale du bien à consommer. Le résultat souhaitable serait de s’orienter vers la codification du résultat afin qu’il puisse être compris par le plus grand nombre de consommateurs. D’autre part, l’article décrit une expérience de commercialisation d’un aliment non emballé, la banane plantain FHIA 20, récoltée dans le cadre du système de production agro-écologique, réalisée localement. Dans cette expérience, la génération d’une prise de conscience des consommateurs sur l’origine des aliments qu’ils consomment, en termes d’origine et de mode de production, a également été recherchée. Les consommateurs ont pu connaître et apprécier les avantages environnementaux et pour la santé humaine des aliments qu’ils achetaient. O objetivo deste artigo é delinear algumas reflexões capazes de gerar ideias e propostas que auxiliem o consumidor na tomada de decisões conscientes que afetam a própria dieta. A compra de alimentos é um ato simples que acaba por escolher, de um lado, um sistema de produção industrial, intensivo, tóxico, insustentável (gerador de mudanças climáticas) ou, inversamente, rumo a um sistema de produção sustentável, não tóxico e de baixo impacto ambiental. A reflexão tem a ver com a proposta de desenvolver um outro tipo de rotulagem. O objetivo é ampliar a informação, mas de forma simplificada. O novo rótulo permitiria ao consumidor conhecer as características do alimento préembalado em termos de saúde individual e ambiental. Por um lado, haveria elementos que permitiriam refletir sobre a formulação. Mais além dos aspectos nutricionais se agregaria informação sobre a pegada ambiental do bem a ser consumido. O resultado desejado seria no sentido de avançar rumo a codificação do resultado, de forma a que possa ser estendido para um maior número de consumidores. Por outro lado, se descreve no artigo uma experiência de comercialização de um alimento não embalado – a banana FHIA 20 – colhida sob o sistema agroecológico de produção, o qual foi levado a cabo em nível local. Tal experiência almejou igualmente a conscientização do consumidor sobe a questão da origem do alimento que consome, bem como da forma de elaboração. Desse modo aos consumidores foi dada a possibilidade de conhecer e avaliar os benefícios ambientais, bem como aspectos ligados à saúde humana do alimento que estavam adquirindo. 361-373 agroalimentaria@ula.ve / ciaal.ula@gmail.com ablan@ula.ve dimas@ula.ve Semestral http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/agroalimentaria

Este artículo analiza el surgimiento y luego la implementación de la ley de apoyo a la agricultura orgánica en Costa Rica a partir de una revisión de trabajos previos y textos legales, así como entrevistas realizadas a nivel nacional. El proceso de redacción de la ley está marcado por la capacidad de los movimientos sociales en agroecología, aliados con agentes del Ministerio de Agricultura, para influir en su contenido y llevar a su promulgación en 2007. La implementación de la ley se vio frenada por un sistema dominado por la agricultura convencional, por las divisiones dentro de los movimientos sociales y acciones no coordinadas con el Ministerio de Agricultura, vinculadas a visiones divergentes de la agricultura orgánica y la agroecología. Cet article analyse l’émergence puis la mise en œuvre de la loi d’appui à l’agriculture biologique au Costa Rica à partir d’une revue des travaux antérieurs et des textes de loi ainsi que d’entretiens conduits au niveau national. Le processus d’élaboration de la loi est marqué par la capacité des mouvements sociaux de l’agroécologie, alliés à des agents du ministère de l’Agriculture, à influencer son contenu et à aboutir à sa promulgation en 2007. La mise en œuvre de la loi a été freinée par un système dominé par l’agriculture conventionnelle, par des divisions internes aux mouvements sociaux et des actions non coordonnées avec le ministère de l’Agriculture, liées à des visions divergentes de l’agriculture biologique et de l’agroécologie. La création récente d’un département dédié à l’agriculture biologique au sein du ministère de l’Agriculture laisse espérer un dépassement des blocages identifiés Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica UMR Tetis, Francia CIRAD, Francia UMR ART-Dev, Francia Centro Internacional de Política Económica para el Desarrollo Sostenible

International audience; PSDR : Pour et Sur le Développement Régional. Elaboré dans les années 90, c’est un programme de Recherche précurseur, porteur de méthodes novatrices impliquant les acteurs de terrain sur les questions de développement régional. Conçu pour répondre à la complexité des problèmes contemporains, il s’est affiné, amélioré au cours des générations. Il est aujourd’hui, plus que jamais, en phase avec les problématiques des territoires et les nouvelles manières de faire dela Recherche. Des fonds de vallée du Grand-Ouest à la Savoie et ses fromages, des pâturages du bocage Bourbonnais aux filières agro-alimentaires du Gers.Des espaces ruraux isolés où l’attractivité du territoire est une question de pérennité aux aires urbaines peuplées qu’il faut alimenter. De la parcelleagricole ou forestière aux territoires agri-urbains… nous vous invitons à suivre les développements et les résultats du Programme PSDR4. Et si vous partiez à la découverte des enjeux des 10 grandes régions françaises qui ont participé au programme à travers les analyses de chercheurs, les initiatives d’acteurs et les paroles d’habitants ?

Brazil has developed various public policy instruments and initiatives on adaptation in agriculture given increased climate variability and, in particular, drought, in the semi-arid Northeast. This book examines eleven instruments or devices for adaptation of agriculture to droughts, developed from state or federal levels. The instruments studied are: Adapta Araripe, PRONAF and Agroamigo credit for family farming, Garantia Safra, Water for All, Productive Cisterns, Local Seeds Programs in Ceará, Agroecological Extension Policy, University Extension in Pernambuco, Policy for Agroecology and Organic Production in Sergipe, Territory Rural Development in the state of Paraiba. The twelve chapters propose a characterization of these public policies and of their instruments for adaptation of agriculture to climate change.

This study aimed to link experimental data dealing with complex agroecological systems. For sharing and linking collected data with the generic AEGIS (Agro-Ecological Global Information System) database, our work described in this data paper consists in mapping researcher variables to the AEGIS dictionary variable for different tropical crops (sugarcane, rice, sorghum or cover crops). Additionally, this data paper presents a study case based on sugarcane intercropping systems for evaluating 3 matching measures of variables.

Este artigo analisa as “ideias agroecológicas”, quer dizer, a dimensão cognitiva dos atores sociais – instituições da sociedade civil e do poder público – de três territórios no Estado do Pará. Analisamos, assim, o referencial, as visões que eles defendem com relação à agroecologia e como esse referencial influência ações em favor da agricultura familiar. A partir da interlocução, junto a atores sociais implicados em agroecologia, procedeu-se com análises comparativas entre diferentes ideias, de diferentes atores. A lógica das visões de cada ator social é fruto dos objetivos de cada instituição, e do contexto territorial onde ela atua. O território, como suas especificidades, molda as visões dos atores e das instituições.

Senegal is among the few African countries that counts with an important agroecological movement. This movement is strongly backed up by a network of transnational partnerships and has recently matured into an advocacy coalition that promotes an agroecological transition at national scale. In this article, we investigate the role of transnational links on the empowerment potential of agroecology. Combining the multi-level perspective of socio-technical transitions and Bourdieu's theory of practices, we conceptualize the agroecological network as a niche shaped by the circulation of different types of capital. Using social network analysis, we investigate the existing flows of resources and knowledge, as well as membership and advocacy links to critically address within-niche empowerment processes. We show that transnational ties play a key role in building the niche protective space, showing a financial dependency of the agroecological niche on NGOs and international cooperation programmes based in Europe and North America. This configuration tends to favor the empowerment of NGOs instead of farmer unions, which only play a peripheral role in the network. However, the multiple innovations focus of agroecology may open up prospects for more gradual but potentially radical change. Based on our findings, we suggest to include more explicitly core-periphery dynamics in transition studies involving North-South relations, including circulation of capital, ideas and norms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10460-021-10247-5.

International audience; The main purpose of this work was analyzing how an innovation platform can foster and provide a basis for multi-actor collaboration in order to enable climate-smart agriculture (CSA) implementation at the local level. Using a mix of social (interactions between stakeholders, knowledge changes, adoption of practices) and technical indicators (income, fulfillment of caloric requirements of the household, farm resource use, planned biodiversity or greenhouse gas emission changes), we monitored the collaboration between an NGO, local civil authorities, associations, and farmers that aimed to achieve a common goal linked to the participatory and contextualized development of CSA in Colombia. We found that multiple stakeholder engagements led to improved interactions between members of the platform and their local environment, a proactive participation in the platform meetings and a significant increase in farmer knowledge levels on the challenges posed by climate change and the resultant extreme events. The platform also facilitated the adoption of best-bet practices that contribute towards CSA when farmers both diversify their production and decrease the use of mineral fertilizers. Our findings suggest that innovation platforms can facilitate the collective understanding and use of CSA options corresponding to local conditions and priorities.

In Réunion Island, the cultivation of chayote is a heritage culture, which has been practiced intensively in recent decades, with large utilisation of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. This situation paradoxically led to significant production losses due to fruit shedding and damage of Fruit Flies (Tephritidae). For the last ten years, the actors of agriculture in Réunion Island have worked to ensure the transition from an agrochemical cultivation of chayote to an agroecological one, compatible with the Organic Farming regulations. From 2009 to 2012, a Research & Development project was carried out to implement cultural practices allowing chayote organic cultivation. Since 2012, extension agencies as well as public authorities have multiplied initiatives to develop the surfaces of chayote under organic cultivation. In 2017, more than 6 0% of the chayote areas are cultivated according to the O Fregulations. New and original knowledge has been acquired on the biology and ecology of Fruit Flies. Sanitation against fruit flies using the augmentorium technique and the establishment of a permanent vegetal cover under chayote trellises were quickly adopted by the farmers. Fruit damage was severely limited, resulting in increased yields (+ 48% in a multi - year yield comparison over 7.6 ha between 2007 and 2011). The protection has been estimated to be at least four times cheaper, and the time of protection has been reduced by 9%. The use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides has been eliminated. After the experimental phase, tools for transferring knowledge and techniques have been designed and developed while three types of financial incentive measures have been offered to chayote growers under organic standards. The experience of the development of organic chayote cultivation is the first one at this large scale in Réunion Island. It has allowed the identification of generic determinants of agroecological innovations for their adoption by producers. It also has contribute d to the development of organic farming in other crops (i.e. mango, citrus) and to adaptations of these agroecological practices in neighboring countries in the Indian Ocean.

La biodiversité, et en particulier la diversité animale, est présentée comme un levier prometteur pour la transition agroécologique et la résilience des systèmes d’élevage. Or, les travaux traitant de cette question sont peu nombreux, récents et épars. Cet article vise à développer un cadre conceptuel pour analyser de manière intégrée la diversité animale et ses modalités de gestion à l’échelle des systèmes d’élevage et à proposer des pistes de recherche pour y contribuer. Ce cadre est structuré en quatre composantes : i) les formes que recouvre la diversité animale, ii) les niveaux organisationnel et temporel auxquels elle se construit et s’exprime, iii) ses modes de gestion et iv) les bénéfices retirés par l’éleveur. Quatre études de recherche contrastées en termes de diversité animale analysée ont été revisitées au travers du cadre conceptuel proposé. Leur relecture et leur analyse transversale montrent l’intérêt d’articuler les quatre composantes du cadre pour raisonner de manière intégrée la gestion de la diversité animale en élevage afin d’en tirer parti sur le long terme. Elles permettent aussi d’identifier trois fronts de recherche à investiguer conjointement : affiner la caractérisation de la diversité animale en élevage, mieux caractériser ses modes de gestion y compris ses déterminants et approfondir l’évaluation des différents bénéfices retirés de sa gestion. Des pistes d’utilisation du cadre en recherche, en enseignement et dans conseil en élevage sont enfin proposées., Biodiversity, and particularly animal diversity chosen by farmers, is seen as a promising lever for the agroecological transition and the resilience of livestock farming systems (LFSs). However, there are few researches on it, and when available they are recent and scattered. This paper aims at developing a conceptual framework to create an integrated view of the management of animal diversity in LFSs and provide some avenues in this research topic. The framework consists of four interrelated components: the forms of animal diversity, the organizational and temporal levels at which it is built and takes place, the forms of its management in LFSs and the benefits from its management for the farmers. The framework was applied on four research studies contrasted in terms of the forms of animal diversity. The crossed case-study analysis showed that articulating the four components enables to manage in an integrated way the animal diversity in LFSs and take advantage of it in the long term. It revealed three novel research directions aiming at deepening the characterization of animal diversity, the understanding of its management in LFSs and the assessment of the various benefits derived from its management. Some avenues for using the framework in research, teaching and advice in LFS were finally suggested.

International audience; Over the last few years, intensive agriculture has often been denounced as a source of negative effects, particularly at the environmental and health level (overexploitation of natural resources, degradation of their quality, appearance and development of several diseases, etc.). Reducing the excessive use of agricultural inputs for the protection of the environment and the preservation of human and animal health is a social requirement nowadays. Investing in more sustainable agricultural models which make it possible to reduce, or even eliminate the risks, has become urgent. A possible solution may be to resort to agroecological systems. In order to be sustainable, these new systems must be performant at the agronomic, economic, social, and environmental levels. There is a multitude of tools for assessing the sustainability of agricultural systems. These tools are inappropriate for organic and agroecological systems, and do not make it possible to measure the agroecological transition performance of farms (Trabelsi et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:139–156, 2016; Trabelsi 2017). This research project aims to design a decision support tool in order to help farms throughout the agroecological transition process, to assess the performance of this transition, and to put forward improvement scenarios. Contrary to other assessment methods, ESSIMAGE (Evaluation and Simulation of Agroecological Systems) is based on both pressure and impact indicators, and takes the specificities of agricultural production systems into account. It is a dynamic tool which not only makes it possible to assess farm performance at the present moment but also to consider the future by putting forward possible alternative improvement scenarios and by simulating their consequences at a later stage. ESSIMAGE is based on the interaction of two elements: agro-environmental, social, and economic indicators, and the GIS (Geographic Information System) software. This tool has been tested as part of a CASDAR “Post-MAET Gimone” (agriculture.gouv.fr/ministere/mobilisation-collective-pour-lagroecologie.) project on the subject of “Collective mobilization for agroecology” by using farm data, most of the farms having been involved in an agro-environmental measure for the progressive reduction of phytosanitary treatments since 2008. It has made it possible to compare the agroecological performances of these farms with an optimal situation, as well as with each other. Considering the research objectives and the approaches discussed, this study is an original step in the development of agricultural management strategies in favor of agroecology.

We calibrated the crop model STICS and used it in a simulation experiment to assess the effect of no-tillage cropping systems, with and without millet as cover crop (NTM and NT), on the water-limited yield of maize, its inter-annual variability, water runoff and drainage below the root zone, compared to conventional tillage-based cropping systems (CT). We ran simulations for two contrasting climates in the Brazilian Cerrado, Goiânia with 1600 mm of annual rain and Barreiras with 1160 mm, using a series of historical weather data and considering two soil types with different soil water storage capacities (i.e. different maximum rooting depths of 90 and 180 cm). We identified the best suitable sowing windows based on agronomic (yield and yield variability) and environmental (runoff and drainage) performances of the cropping systems. Compared to CT, NT and NTM systems increased water-limited maize grain yield and its stability. For example, for the simulations with 90 cm set as maximum rooting depth, grain yields for CT, NT and NTM, averaged over all sowing dates, were 3.41, 4.35 and 4.28 t ha−1 in Goiâna, and 7.02, 7.67 and 7.5 t ha−1 in Barreiras. No-tillage systems markedly decreased water runoff and hence erosion risks. For example, simulated runoff was on average 4% of the annual rain for NT and NTM against 13% for CT at both locations. In contrast, no-tillage systems increased water drainage below the rooting zone, hence with risks of increased nutrient leaching. For example, for the 90 cm maximum rooting depth, simulated drainage was 48% and 41% of the annual rain for NT and NTM against 32% for CT in Goiânia, and 29% and 26% against 17% in Barreiras. Reconciling the objective of maximizing yield and its stability with that of minimizing both water runoff and drainage was only achieved under no-tillage with millet as cover crop (NTM) for a very narrow range of sowing dates. Sowing all fields of the farm within a narrow optimal window requires, however, important investment in machinery and preferential allocation of available farm resources for sowing activities at the start of the cropping season. This must be weighed against other farm activities.

La transition agroécologique en France et au Brésil appelle à impulser un autre développement dans les territoires ruraux dominés par l’industrialisation agricole. Deux réseaux structurés autour d’un projet politique, le réseau Agriculture durable (Rad) et le Centro de Apoio e Promoção da Agroecologia (Capa) œuvrent pour le développement d’une agriculture plus durable selon des gouvernances très différentes. Ces deux réseaux contribuent au développement de systèmes agroécologiques. L’acquisition d’une pensée autonome des agriculteurs est une condition de participation au Rad et non au Capa : cette différence d’orientation structure le développement, le fonctionnement, les actions, les connaissances mises en circulation tout en répondant au projet politique respectif des deux réseaux. Au sein de ceux-ci, les interactions avec la recherche convergent en partie sur l’évaluation des performances des systèmes agroécologiques comme outil de promotion des projets politiques des réseaux.

L’agroécologie en France et au Brésil résulte d’interactions entre la science, des pratiques agricoles et la politique. Nous analysons la manière dont deux institutions publiques de recherche agronomique, l’Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) et l’Institut national de la recherche agronomique (Inra), appréhendent ces frontières à l’occasion de sa mise sur leur agenda de programmation. Notre analyse montre comment leurs exercices de programmation étant, plus ou moins, dépendants de leurs contextes politiques nationaux, il en résulte des dynamiques et des cadrages différents de la notion. Précédant l’Inra, l’Embrapa, fortement incité par le gouvernement et les mouvements sociaux, intègre l’agroécologie pour légitimer une recherche alternative, au service des agriculteurs familiaux dans un contexte agricole et politique très clivé et houleux. À l’Inra, l’agroécologie permet la (re)légitimation de l’agronomie pour répondre aux enjeux sociétaux actuels, tout en rejetant la radicalité politique des mouvements sociaux. Elle trouve ensuite un écho dans la politique publique. Nous montrons enfin que la notion donne lieu à des cadrages et débats internes au sein des deux institutions reflétant différentes conceptions du rapport science/société.

International audience; In West Africa, farmers face challenges to innovate and change their practices toward more sustainable cropping systems. Farmer Field Schools (FFS), an advisory service based on participatory principles, aim to support farmers’ innovation. This study investigates farmers’ innovation by characterizing their trajectories of change in agricultural practices after they participated in FFS. Two contrasting types of FFS for family farmers in the cotton-growing area of West Africa were selected. The FFS differed in how they were implemented; farmer participation was either consultative (farmers participated little in developing the FFS curricula and structure) or collaborative (farmers participated actively in developing the FFS curricula and structure). Former FFS participants were interviewed on their successive changes in cropping practices over a 4 to 8-year time span. The sample included seven FFS on rainy season cropping (17 interviews in Burkina Faso, 22 in Togo), and four vegetable gardening FFS (21 interviews in Togo). The Efficiency-Substitution-Redesign framework was applied to pest management, organic and mineral fertilization and legume cropping practices. Our results show that the way FFS were implemented influenced farmers’ trajectories of change in practices. After consultative FFS, changes in practices were limited. After collaborative FFS, we found a variety of changes in the production and use of compost, biopesticides, and inclusion of legumes in the cropping system through intercropping or pure cropping. Redesign of cropping systems included increasing on-farm compost production, collective pest management, and crop rotations. Collaborative FFS can be seen as step-by-step design processes for locally adapted cropping systems. This is the first time that farmers’ trajectories of change in practices are used to assess the effects of FFS. This approach is valuable for understanding farmers’ decision making and the role of participatory innovation support initiatives such as FFS.

The situation of our food and agricultural system, facing the effects of the climate change and linked to the rise of both global population and needs is more than worrying. The need of production can no longer be solved by the excessive exploitation of our soils which has only led to the degradation of lands. This paper presents multidisciplinary researches that combine research on new indicators (such as redox potential which could be considered as key measure for agroecology and state-of-art in photonics which can miniaturize Near InfraRed spectrometer associated to advanced AI research in chemo metrics. They can altogether provide, at low-cost, measurements useful to drive the farms towards agroecological practices. Results will be presented on analysing 1000 samples of rapeseed measurements which lead, for the first time, to determine potential redox by spectrometry combined with the use of deep learning approaches.

Fil: Tittonell, Pablo. Agroecology, Environment and Systems Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias de Bariloche (IFAB),Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina Fil: Piñeiro, Gervasio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Buenos Aires. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas A. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas A. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Dogliotti, Santiago. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Vegetal. Uruguay. Fil: Olff, Han. Groningen University. Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences. Conservation Ecology Group. Países Bajos. Fil: Jobbagy, Esteban G. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis. Grupo de Estudios Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. San Luis, Argentina. Agroecology promises a third way between common global agriculture tradeoffs such as food production and nature conservation, environmental sustainability and ecosystem services. However, most successful examples of mainstreaming agroecology come from smallholder, family agriculture, that represents only about 30% of the world agricultural area. Mainstreaming agroecology among large scale farmers is urgently needed, but it requires addressing specific questions in research, technology and policy development to support sustainable transitions. Here we take stock of the existing knowledge on some key aspects necessary to support agroecological transitions in large scale farming, considering two contrasting starting points: highly subsidized and heavily taxed agricultural contexts, represented here by the examples of Western Europe and temperate South America. We summarize existing knowledge and gaps around service crops, arthropod-mediated functions, landscape and watershed regulation, graze-based livestock, nature-inclusive landscapes, and policy mechanisms to support transitions. We propose a research agenda for agroecology in large scale farming organized in five domains: (i) Breeding for diversity, (ii) Scalable complexity, (iii) Managing cycles beyond fields and farms, (iv) Sharing the cultivated landscape, and (v) Co-innovation with farmers, value chains and policy makers. Agroecology may result in a renewed impetus in large scale farming, to attract the youth, foster clean technological innovation, and to promote a new generation of large-scale farmers that take pride in contributing to feeding the world while serving the planet and its people.

International audience; Since the middle of the 20th century, the impacts of human activities on ecosystems have beenincreasing. The erosion of biodiversity and climate change, as well as the pandemics of obesity and diabetes,are now compounded by the coronavirus pandemic. This is a set of environmental or health crises resultingin part from common factors and whose impacts can be combined and amplified. In this new context, ourmethods of food production, processing, distribution and consumption are particularly questioned. They arethe source of a significant share of greenhouse gas emissions, participate in the destruction of some naturalhabitats which are reservoirs of pathogens, and contribute to the emergence of human chronic diseases. As aresult, the need for a transition in our food system is a shared idea, even if the choice of the changes to bemade concretely raises many questions. Through a systemic approach to“global health”,reflecting theinterdependence of the state of health of humans, animals, and the ecosystems in which they evolve, weshow that synergies must be found between practices allowing to face environmental and health challenges.We show that it is possible to make doubly virtuous choices for the environment and health by transformingthe modes of production, processing, distribution and consumption of food: reorienting animal husbandry,lowering the degree of food processing, diversifying distribution methods and increasing plant food. Thesechanges contribute to set up territorialized food systems.; Depuis le milieu du XXe siècle, les impacts des activités humaines sur les écosystèmes sont croissants. À l’érosion de la biodiversité et au dérèglement climatique, ainsi qu’au développement de maladies chroniques que constituent l’obésité et le diabète, s’ajoute désormais la pandémie du coronavirus. Il s’agit d’un ensemble de crises environnementales ou sanitaires qui résultent pour partie de facteurs communs et dont les impacts peuvent se conjuguer et s’amplifier. Dans ce contexte inédit, nos modes de production, transformation, distribution et consommation des aliments sont particulièrement interrogés. Ils sont à l’origine d’une part importante des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, participent à la destruction de certains habitats naturels réservoirs d’agents pathogènes et contribuent à l’émergence de maladies chroniques chez l’homme. De ce fait, la nécessité d’une transition de notre système alimentaire est une idée qui fait consensus, même si le choix des changements à opérer concrètement pose de nombreuses questions. À travers une approche systémique de « santé globale », rendant compte de l’interdépendance de l’état de santé de l’Homme, des animaux et des écosystèmes dans lesquels ils évoluent, nous montrons qu’il faut prioriser aussi bien les enjeux environnementaux que de santé pour mener à bien ces arbitrages. Nous montrons qu’il est possible de faire des choix doublement vertueux pour l’environnement et la santé en transformant les modes de production, de transformation, de distribution et de consommation des aliments : réorienter l’élevage, abaisser le degré de transformation des aliments, diversifier les modes de distribution et « végétaliser » notre assiette. Ces changements participent à la territorialisation du système alimentaire.

International audience; In the irrigated plains of North Africa, the sustainability of productive resources is subject to multiple threats linked to the prevailing productivist model of irrigated agriculture. These threats, such as soil degradation and unequal access to resources, markets, and information, prompt farmers to mobilize depleting natural resources, including soil and water, in an often environmentally unsustainable way. In order to sustain their farming systems and consequent incomes, farmers sometimes update their strategies by setting-up alternative farming practices. This study aims at mapping and analyzing such existing local farming practices with agroecological potentials. Our approach is based on direct observations combined with 150 interviews of farmers in three major irrigated plains in North Africa, namely, the Merguellil, Upper Cheliff, and Saiss plains, respectively, in Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. This study shows that a wide range of alternative practices with agroecological potential are emerging (or exist) locally, against the flow of the dominant agricultural model which is rather in favor of intensive practices. The most common practices are developed to improve soil fertility management (production of manure tea, integration of legumes in crop successions), increase per surface agricultural production (relay intercropping, intercropping, agroforestry), or provide multiple ecosystem services (diversification, livestock integration). These practices are jointly used, mostly to (i) increase land-use efficiency, and hence face land fragmentation; (ii) diversify their cropping strategy, and spread out market-related risks; and (iii) reduce expensive production costs related to irrigation and chemical fertilization. The gradient of adoption observed according to national contexts suggests a strong influence of contrasting socio-political and historical factors at the regional to national levels. The analysis of logics in implementing such practices by farmers indicates that economic reasons take precedence over environmental concerns. As such, these practices can be seen as (i) an access to low-cost strategies for small farmers or (ii) a pathway to international markets for agribusiness farmers. Taming the extensive local knowledge related to ecological intensification strategies, as identified in this study, can help to pave the way for a more sustainable agriculture, in this intensively cultivated region of the world.

Le projet agro-écologique (loi n° 2014-1170), mobilisant les acquis de l’éducation au développement durable, engage l’enseignement agricole français sur la voie de transitions écologiques, pédagogiques et éducatives (« enseigner à produire autrement »). Face à ces directives, les enseignants.es se heurtent à diverses difficultés, notamment dans la définition des concepts à mobiliser qui impliquent des savoirs de références pluriels, incertains et parfois controversés. Par une série d’évocations libres et hiérarchisées, cette recherche conduite auprès de 340 enseignants.es vise à rendre compte de leurs représentations du « produire autrement ». En mobilisant la théorie des représentations sociales, les résultats montrent que celles-ci sont initialement étroites et techniques, avec des éléments partagés et d’autres susceptibles de variations. Cependant, elles évoluent et s’enrichissent par des échanges entre pairs, pour donner au final une place forte à l’éducation. Il devient urgent de sensibiliser les enseignants.es à la réflexion sur les fondements de ces changements programmés en intégrant une analyse sociale et épistémologique des savoirs en jeu. The agro-ecological project (law n° 2014-1170), mobilizing the achievements of education for sustainable development, sets French agricultural education on the path of ecological, pedagogical and educational transitions ("teaching to produce differently"). Faced with these directives, teachers encountered various difficulties, particularly in defining the concepts to be mobilized, which involve plural, uncertain and sometimes controversial knowledge. Through a series of free and hierarchical evocations, this research conducted among 340 teachers aims to give an account of their representations of "to produce differently". By mobilizing the theory of social representations, the results show that they are initially restrictive and technical, with some elements shared and others susceptible to variation. However, they evolve and are enriched by exchanges between peers, ultimately giving a strong place to education. It is becoming urgent to sensitize teachers to reflect on the foundations of these programmed changes by integrating a social and epistemological analysis of knowledge.

Pests, diseases and weeds are major constraints to cropping system intensification in sub-Saharan Africa. Four major intensification systems to achieve sustainable agriculture have been identified: conventional with high input, organic, agroecological and eco-technical 'sustainable intensive'. Those systems display advanced crop protection. Here we review the performance of those systems in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. The major points are: (1) Unlike economies of Europe and North America following World War 2, and of Asia and Latin America following the Green Revolution, sub-Saharan Africa rural economies were not transformed by conventional intensification involving cultivation of cash crops for export and over-reliance on pesticides. Genetically modified crops were used only to a limited extent at the regional level. (2) Most staple food-based cropping systems are de facto organic due to the unavailability of synthetic inputs. Organic systems are thus developing for some export cash crop sectors, with synthetic pesticides are being substituted by non-chemical pesticides. (3) Agroecological crop protection focuses on biological pest regulations such as the replacement of chemical inputs, thus implying the re-design of cropping systems. (4) For crop protection, the eco-technical pathway, which is based on principles of integrated pest management and ecological intensification, is more flexible and pragmatic than the other systems. In this review we compare the different systems, notably their contribution to six ecosystem services connected with crop protection issues: biomass production, pest and disease regulation, maintenance of water quality, biodiversity conservation, pollination and climate change mitigation. We then identify research needs in the context of food security, urbanization, trade globalization and climate change.

Face au défi alimentaire et aux instabilités climatiques, l’agriculture du Bénin doit accroître ses performances économiques, sociales et environnementales, en particulier par le développement de l’agroécologie. Le numérique est souvent cité comme un levier majeur de la transition agroécologique, mais les innovations numériques en agriculture au Bénin restent peu visibles. En mobilisant et en adaptant au numérique la méthodologie de la traque aux innovations des systèmes de culture hors normes, cet article explore certaines innovations numériques dans le secteur agricole au Bénin et s’interroge sur leur capacité à jouer un rôle dans la transition agroécologique. Nos travaux apportent deux contributions principales : la première est méthodologique et montre qu’il est possible de tirer des enseignements de l’application de la traque aux innovations à un autre objet et d’élargir le domaine d’application de la méthode. La seconde est analytique. Partant de la définition d’une situation de référence, nous avons repéré, décrit, analysé et évalué 21 solutions numériques utilisées en agriculture au Bénin, ainsi que les contraintes auxquelles les porteurs sont confrontés. Ces solutions ont été regroupées en deux types : les solutions de collecte de données pour l’aide à la décision et le pilotage, et les plateformes d’échanges et de partage d’informations et de connaissances. Les innovations les plus originales dans le contexte béninois consistent en la combinaison de solutions d’échange d’information et d’utilisation de moteurs d’intelligence artificielle. Les principales contraintes au développement de ces innovations sont relatives au manque de matériel, d’infrastructures et de compétences.

This paper is aimed at providing a comprehensive review of environmental issues related to beef cattle farming in France, including available scientific knowledge and statistics. Greenhouse gas emissions, water and soil pollution, use of natural resources (energy, phosphorus, water), land use, and animal and plant biodiversity are addressed. Methodology and indicators for evaluation are presented and discussed. When the results were expressed as kg beef, most impacts were due to suckling cow farms (calf-to-weanling) due to the long breeding time necessary to produce weanlings. The results were, however, very different when they were expressed per hectare, when carbon storage by soil was taken into account and when the positive impacts of these systems on biodiversity were included in the analysis. Despite a certain advantage for making a transition towards agroecology due to the large part of permanent grasslands, weanling cow farms have been evolving for 20 years towards the expansion of their structures at the expense of their sustainability., L’ambition de cet article est de dresser un bilan environnemental de l’élevage de bovins pour la viande en France, aussi exhaustif que possible, à partir des données scientifiques et statistiques disponibles. Les impacts environnementaux abordés sont les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, la pollution de l’eau et des sols, l’utilisation des ressources naturelles (énergie, phosphore, eau), l’utilisation des terres et la biodiversité végétale et animale. Les méthodologies d’évaluation et les indicateurs utilisés sont justifiés et discutés. Lorsque l’unité d’expression est le kg de viande, l’essentiel des impacts environnementaux provient de l’atelier naisseur en raison de la longue phase d’élevage pour obtenir un broutard. Les résultats sont très différents lorsque les impacts sont calculés par unité de surface, que le stockage de carbone dans les prairies est pris en compte et que les impacts positifs de ces systèmes sur la biodiversité et sur le paysage sont intégrés à l’analyse. Bien qu’ayant des atouts pour aborder la transition agroécologique du fait de la part importante de prairies permanentes leur permettant de tirer avantage des régulations biologiques, les systèmes naisseurs sont cependant engagés depuis 20 ans dans un processus d’agrandissement au détriment de leur durabilité.

Ecosystem services have received increasing attention in life sciences, but only a limited amount of quantitative data are available concerning the ability of weeds to provide these services. Following an expert focus group on this topic, a systematic search for articles displaying evidence of weeds providing regulating ecosystem services was performed, resulting in 129 articles. The most common service found was pest control and the prevailing mechanism was that weeds provide a suitable habitat for natural enemies. Other articles showed that weeds improved soil nutrient content, soil physical properties and crop pollinator abundance. Weeds were found to provide some important ecosystem services for agriculture, but only a small number of studies presented data on crop yield. Experimental approaches are proposed that can: (i) disentangle the benefits obtained from ecosystem services provisioning from the costs due to weed competition and (ii) quantify the contribution of diverse weed communities in reducing crop competition and in providing ecosystem services. Existing vegetation databases can be used to select weed species with functional traits facilitating ecosystem service provisioning while having a lower competitive capacity. However, for services such as pest control, there are hardly any specific plant traits that have been identified and more fundamental research is needed.

International audience; Adaptation to climate change and its mitigation are some of the biggest challenges facing agriculture. In the global South, these challenges are associated with the need for food security. The arrival of climate change on the international agenda has prompted the recycling of a multitude of initiatives to address this problem, leading inevitably to the emergence of numerous controversies. However, although the scales and actors targeted may differ, all of these initiatives are trying in one way or another to provide technical, social, economic and political options to increase the climate resilience of agriculture. There is heated debate about three approaches, which focus on these relationships between agriculture and climate: climate-smart agriculture, agroecology and the 4 per 1000 Initiative on soil carbon. Beyond the conceptual differences and the sometimes partisan interpretations of these three approaches, agriculture in the Southern countries needs to take advantage of their potential synergies.

Including stakeholders in environmental model building and analysis is an increasingly popular approach to understanding ecological change. This is because stakeholders often hold valuable knowledge about socio-environmental dynamics and collaborative forms of modeling produce important boundary objects used to collectively reason about environmental problems. Although the number of participatory modeling (PM) case studies and the number of researchers adopting these approaches has grown in recent years, the lack of standardized reporting and limited reproducibility have prevented PM's establishment and advancement as a cohesive field of study. We suggest a four-dimensional framework (4P) that includes reporting on dimensions of (1) the Purpose for selecting a PM approach (the why); (2) the Process by which the public was involved in model building or evaluation (the how); (3) the Partnerships formed (the who); and (4) the Products that resulted from these efforts (the what). We highlight four case studies that use common PM software-based approaches (fuzzy cognitive mapping, agent-based modeling, system dynamics, and participatory geospatial modeling) to understand human–environment interactions and the consequences of ecological changes, including bushmeat hunting in Tanzania and Cameroon, agricultural production and deforestation in Zambia, and groundwater management in India. We demonstrate how standardizing communication about PM case studies can lead to innovation and new insights about model-based reasoning in support of ecological policy development. We suggest that our 4P framework and reporting approach provides a way for new hypotheses to be identified and tested in the growing field of PM.

International audience; 1. Using knowledge of leaf functional traits, such as those forming the leaf economics spectrum (LES), to understand plant responses to environmental change is well-established and now being more widely applied to agroecosystems. Yet, little is known about how farm managers invoke leaf functional traits to inform management decisions. 2. The objectives of this research were to (1) evaluate whether farmers use knowledge of intraspecific trait variation (ITV) in LES traits (or trait proxies) of target crops as response indicators of management conditions; (2) determine whether LES trait values are ranked consistently among multiple farmers along a "Farmer Leaf Economics Spectrum" (FES); (3) evaluate how a FES corresponds to the LES; and (4) identify the farmer and farm attributes that best predict the agreement between the FES and the LES. 3. We collaborated with coffee (Coffea arabica) farmers in the Turrialba Valley, Costa Rica. We used a visual elicitation tool of fresh leaves along an intraspecific spectrum of leaf size, leaf thickness and leaf colour (as a proxy for leaf nutrients); respondents were asked to rank leaves in response to shade and nutrient scenarios as well as yield potential. On-farm biophysical data, management practices and socio-economic attributes were also collected. 4. The majority of farmers demonstrated a developed system of utilizing coffee leaf and whole-plant ITV as indicators of management practices. Farmers managing smaller farms tended to more commonly acknowledge ITV in LES chemical-morphological traits, as compared to those managing large farms. The agreement between a respondent-identified ranking of leaf thickness ITV as a function of light environment and an empirically defined thickness-to-light ranking was partially explained by farmers' physical engagement with plants. 5. Synthesis and applications. In scientific literature, analyses of crop intraspecific trait variation have provided important insights into the mechanistic bases of multiple key agroecological processes. We demonstrate that farmers use crop leaf trait variation as an indicator to both evaluate management prescriptions and to initiate management actions including shade-tree species selection and abundance, crop-and shade-tree pruning regimes and fertilization treatments. These findings signify that functional traits represent a key nexus between scientific and local knowledge.

Conservation biological control implies appropriate management of arthropod communities at several trophic levels. Adding plants to agro-ecosystems influences upper trophic levels by providing basal resources and new habitats. The abundance and species richness of phytophagous and predatory arthropods may consequently be modified, which in turn, may affect pest control. Insecticide applications are also known to influence the different trophic levels of the agroecosystems. Under BIOPHYTO (insecticide-free production of mangos) management, agroecological practices were applied: increasing ground cover and stopping the use of insecticides. This study was conducted during the flowering period in August 2012, 2013 and 2014. Data on arthropods were collected through extensive sampling on six farms: 8,667 phytophagous arthropods belonging to 122 species and 4,395 predators belonging to 105 species were collected. On each farm, two mango orchard plots were used, one under agroecological practices and the other under agrochemical practices. Our results showed that the species richness of phytophagous and predatory arthropods was significantly higher in plots with agroecological practices than in plots with agrochemical practices in 1 out of 2 years after the change in practices. Phytophagous arthropods were more abundant in plots with agroecological farming practices. From the point of view of application, increasing ground cover and stopping the use of insecticides are possible mechanisms to design new cropping systems to increase the biodiversity required for effective biological control.

How do we plan future sustainable livestock farming systems? Some argue that intensive, specialized systems are more efficient and emit fewer pollutants; others claim that integrated, diversified farming systems are more beneficial to both society and the environment. Bio-economic farm models can help decision-makers and researchers analyze the trade-offs among the numerous possibilities, and direct future livestock production toward greater sustainability. The Orfee model described and evaluated here was developed with this aim. It covers a broad range of beef and dairy systems and forage and crop production alternatives that may be managed with varying levels of intensity (breed, production objective, crop operations, etc.) and integration (crop rotation, organic fertilization, calving period, animal diets, etc.). Capital is also included in the optimization process, with trade-offs between production, labor, machinery and buildings. Environmental impact is assessed through potential impact on climate change.

Family farms in the tropics mainly rely on rainfed agriculture. Water availability is limited to rainfall and is one of the main constraints to crop productivity. Conservation agriculture (CA) is promoted as an alternative that, among other functions, enhances water infiltration and limits evaporation from the soil thanks to a mulch of crop residues left on the soil surface. These functions are assumed to reduce the water availability constraint by limiting water stress during crop growth. But the variability of rainfall distribution combined with the wide range of agroecological conditions and the variety of crop husbandries in the tropics makes it difficult to evaluate the efficiency of mulching. The aim of this study was to capture the variability through a simple modeling approach using the crop growth model PYE-CA, which requires a limited set of parameters and a virtual experiment (VE). We applied our approach to a case study of upland rice in the Lake Alaotra region in Madagascar, where rainfall distribution is highly variable. The VE used a 17-year series of weather data with a range of soil water conditions, sowing dates, and growth and yield limitations that cover the variability of agroecological conditions and management systems in the study area. The VE revealed that variable successions of wet and dry episodes during the rainy season resulted in both water stress and an increase in deep drainage. In the majority of conditions simulated, enhancing water infiltration through CA mainly increased water loss through drainage. However, better water infiltration may also reduce the production risks involved in early sowing or crop intensification, thereby offering new opportunities to farmers. As an alternative to time consuming and labor intensive experimentation, we propose a suitable modeling approach to identify the main drivers of rainfall × crop interactions that could be extrapolated to other regions in the tropics.

Summary Designing agroecological cropping systems, which have enhanced biodiversity and that improve agroecosystem services, is recognized as the most likely method of improving the environmental sustainability of agriculture. However, tools and methods for designing such systems are lacking. To help fill this gap, we propose a revised trait-based response/effect framework as applied to agroecosystems, which takes into account farmers' decision rules. The framework consists of a “Biophysical module”, which describes the biophysical functioning of the agroecosystem on a response/effect traits basis and a “Decision module”, which encompasses the farmer's choices that follow decision rules, to account for the high degree of human control of filters and community structure operating in cultivated systems. The introduction of the Decision module and its interactions with the Biophysical module opens new research priorities related to trade-offs between services, to species choice and to the relationships between the community composition, functional structure and the functions. Synthesis and applications. We proposed a revised trait-based response/effect framework as applied to agroecosystems, which incorporates farmers' decisions. This framework has great potential to address questions related to the strategic choices associated with multispecies cropping system design, from plant (species choices) to community (optimization of community composition) scales. It also contributes to improving the rationale to manage multifunctional agroecosystems, which extend beyond yield alone, by enabling the exploration of trade-offs between ecosystem services.

RESUMO: Somos testemunhas de uma feroz disputa territorial contemporânea entre diversas expressões do capital e de movimentos como a La Via Campesina (LVC) e a Coordinadora Latinoamericana de Organizaciones del Campo (CLOC). Nessa disputa, a agroecologia emerge como matriz produtiva e projeto político de enfrentamento do capital no campo, construída em uma perspectiva politizada e a partir de um sujeito histórico. Neste artigo, analisamos a concepção de educação agroecológica da LVC/CLOC em sua dimensão política e práxis pedagógica, que poderia denominar-se Pedagogia Camponesa Agroecológica. Abordamos os temas dos territórios em disputa e a agroecologia, e o papel teórico e político das epistemes que emergem dessas experiências na elaboração de projetos educativos e na práxis política. ABSTRACT: We are witnessing a fierce contemporary territorial dispute between various expressions of capital and social movements such as La Via Campesina (LVC) and the Latin American Coordination of Rural Organizations (CLOC). In this dispute, agroecology emerges as a productive matrix and political project that confronts capital in the countryside, built from a politicized perspective and by a historical subject. In this article, we analyze the conception of agroecological education of LVC/CLOC in its political dimension and pedagogical praxis, which could be called Agroecological Peasant Pedagogy. We address the themes of territories in dispute and agroecology, and the theoretical and political roles of the epistemes that emerge from these experiences in terms of educational projects and political praxis. RÉSUMÉ: Nous assistons à un différend territorial contemporain féroce entre différentes expressions de capitaux et les mouvements, comme La Via Campesina (LVC) e a Coordinadora Latinoamericana de Organizaciones del Campo (CLOC). Dans le présent différend, l’agroécologie émerge matrice aussi productive et le visage du capital de projet politique dans le domaine, a construit une perspective politisée et à partir d’un sujet historique. Dans cet article, nous analysons la conception de l’éducation agro-écologique de LVC / CLOC, sa dimension politique et la pratique pédagogique, ce qui pourrait être appelé un paysan Education agroécologie. Nous abordons les questions de territoires et agroécologie contestés, le rôle théorique et politique des épistémès émergents de ces expériences dans le développement de projets éducatifs et praxis politique.

Cet article propose une analyse historique du processus de verrouillage du système agroalimentaire en défaveur des légumineuses à graines, à l’aune des théories évolutionnistes. Plusieurs mécanismes d’autorenforcement permettent de comprendre pourquoi ces espèces sont de moins en moins cultivées en France face à un système agro-industriel qui s’est spécialisé en faveur des céréales, favorisant à l’amont l’usage d’engrais azotés de synthèse et limitant à l’aval les investissements pour les légumineuses en alimentation humaine. Cet article s’interroge alors sur les perspectives de déverrouillage.

International audience; Agricultural research has to tackle complex questions such as the design of sustainable cropping systems. System experiments are innovative approaches to address this challenge and a framework to iteratively design annual cropping systems has been proposed by Debaeke et al. (2009). However, specificities of some other cropping systems are not considered. Orchards are complex perennial agroecosystems formed of grass and tree layers aiming at the production of fresh fruit that require specific design and management over space and time. To identify orchard specificities and adapt the design framework to such perennial systems, we used two case studies of orchards aiming at decreasing pesticide use in temperate (apple, system experiment) and tropical (citrus, on-farm network) fruit productions. Specificities to take into account in the design framework are: (1) the spatial heterogeneity of the orchard with grass and tree layers, and tree rows and alleys; (2) the succession and interrelations among a young unproductive and then a productive stage; (3) the permanency of the fruit-tree crop constraining the management of soil fertility, (4) ground cover and (5) pest control, especially for pests that complete their lifecycle in the orchard and can build up important populations or inoculum across years. This is especially true in tropical areas where there is no dormant season. (6) Conversely, the permanency of the orchard habitats facilitates the sowing, planting or conservation of plant assemblages (e.g., ground covers, lining hedgerows) to enhance conservation biocontrol and/or compete weeds, provided non-disruptive practices are applied. Because of their longevity, orchards contribute to foster both plant-mediated (e.g., bottom-up) and natural enemy-mediated (e.g., top-down) processes in the foodweb to avoid direct measures against pests. Interactions among the orchard life stages, spatial and functional dimensions and practices need to be explicitly considered to optimize the efficiency of the system as a whole. Using the generic framework proposed by Debaeke et al. (2009) to design annual cropping systems, our framework includes adaptations to account for orchard specificities: (i) Agronomic objectives have to be fixed for each orchard stage; (ii) The cultivar choice and the composition and spatial arrangement of plants within the orchard are key elements to provide the expected services in the long term. This entails to include an additional step of perennial spatial design; (iii) Within-time and −space interactions have to be considered in the decisional system; (iv) Evaluation has to consider all the orchard stages in the global impact or performance, to account for carry-over effects and possible ‘paybacks’ of a given stage or period to the orchard whole lifetime. Last, to handle such complex interactions, design needs knowledge from many stakeholders in the food system (growers, advisors, scientists etc.) and requires more and renewed interactions among those stakeholders in a co-design process.

This article discusses the factors that determine the aptitude of fish farmers to innovate when faced with the new challenges of ecological intensification. Such intensification implies significant changes in practices together with new knowledge requirements, particularly in agro-ecology. Fish farmers have to evolve towards an eco-aquaculturist profile. Surveys of 133 French and Brazilian fish farmers provide a typology of their aptitude to eco-innovate enabling three profiles to be identified.; Cet article étudie les déterminants des aptitudes à innover des pisciculteurs face aux nouveaux enjeux de l’intensification écologique. Celle-ci implique des transformations importantes des pratiques de la part des pisciculteurs et nécessite de nouvelles connaissances, notamment en agro-écologie. Le métier des pisciculteurs devrait évoluer vers un métier d’éco-aquaculteur. À partir d’enquêtes auprès de 133 pisciculteurs français et brésiliens, une typologie a été élaborée concernant leurs aptitudes à éco-innover, qui permet d’identifier trois profils.

L'ouvrage collectif est le résultat d'une recherche collaborative menée par une significative équipe d'enseignants et chercheurs sur les politiques d'agroécologie dans 10 États fédérés brésiliens située au District fédéral et dans les cinq macro régions du pays. Cette recherche apporte d'importants enseignements méthodologiques. Premièrement, elle montre qu'il est possible d'articuler des groupes d'enseignants, d'étudiants, de producteurs, de producteurs et de représentants de mouvements sociaux dans la construction de connaissances pour l'action publique. La capillarité du DP en réseau " Politiques publiques et du développement rural en Amérique latine " et sa capacité d'articulation ont facilité cette large et diverse participation à l'équipe de recherche. Deuxièmement, le cadre théorique utilisé, basé sur l'analyse des acteurs, des institutions, des coalitions et de la gouvernance permet de faire progresser l'étude transversale des politiques publiques au Brésil. L'analyse de la construction, de l'institutionnalisation et de la mise en oeuvre de politiques des politiques d'agroécologie et de production biologique (PEAPO) des états fédérés et de leurs relations avec la politique nationale d'agroécologie et de production biologique (PNAPO) montre la richesse, la diversité et l'importance des expériences des mouvements sociaux en lien avec l'agroécologie. Si les coalitions agroécologiques n'ont pas rencontré de forte opposition à l'approbation des politiques d'agroécologie, l'institutionnalisation de l'agroécologie se heurte à certains obstacles liés aux récents changements intervenus dans la trajectoire politique et institutionnelle aux niveaux fédéral et des États fédérés. Dans les États pionniers, le processus de consolidation de l'agroécologie en tant que catégorie politique est bloqué, alors que là où les politiques publiques d'agroécologie ont été récemment adoptées, la réduction des ressources financières affaiblit les coalitions et accentue les tensions latentes entre les acteurs dédiés à l'agroécologie et les mouvements plus engagés dans l'agriculture familiale. Les difficultés auxquelles font face les organisations paysannes, dans un cadre de démantèlement récent et brutal des politiques publiques de soutien à l'agriculture familiale, instaure une situation qui ne favorise pas l'intégration de nouveaux sujets comme la transition agroécologique dans l'agenda politique. Pourtant, la mise en oeuvre des politiques d'agroécologie à l'échelle sous-nationale présente des perspectives intéressantes liées aux possibilités de former de larges coalitions locales ouvertes à de nouveaux acteurs intéressés par la relocalisation des systèmes de production (consommateurs urbains, chefs de cuisine, etc.) et de renouveler les discours portés par les mouvements sociaux de l'agriculture familiale en les basant davantage sur les valeurs portés par les mouvements en faveur l'agroécologie.

Bhutan represents typical mountain agriculture farming systems with unique challenges. The agriculture production systems under environmental constraints are typical of small-scale agricultural subsistence systems related to family farming in the Himalayan Mountains with very low level of mechanization, numerous abiotic stresses influenced by climate and other socio-economic constraints. Quinoa was first introduced in 2015 through FAO's support to Bhutan as a new crop to enhance the food and nutritional security of the Bhutanese people. The main objective was to adapt this versatile crop to the local mountain agriculture conditions as a climate resilient crop for diversifying the farmer's traditional potato and maize based cropping systems. Ten quinoa varieties were evaluated at two different sites representing contrasted mountain agroecologies in Bhutan and were tested during the two agricultural campaigns 2016 and 2017. Yusipang (2600 masl) represents the cool temperate agroecological zone, and Lingmethang (640 masl) the dry subtropical agroecological zone. The sowing time differed depending on the growing season and elevation of the sites. Results indicate that quinoa can be successfully grown in Bhutan for the two different agroecological zones. The grain yields varied from 0.61 to 2.68 t.ha-1 in the high altitude areas where quinoa was seeded in spring and harvested in autumn season. The grain yield in the lower elevation ranged from 1.59 to 2.98 t.ha-1 where the crop was sown in autumn and harvested in winter season. Depending on genotypes' characteristics and agroecological zones, crop maturity significantly varied from 92 to 197 days with all genotypes maturing much earlier in the lower elevations where mean minimum and maximum temperatures during the growing season were higher. Quinoa is rapidly promoted across different agroecological contexts in the country as a new climate resilient and nutrient dense pseudo cereal to diversify the traditional existing cropping system with some necessary adjustments in sowing time, suitable varieties and crop management practices. To fast track the rapid promotion of this new crop in Bhutan, four varieties have been released in 2018. In just over three years, the cultivation of quinoa as a new cereal has been demonstrated and partially adapted to the maize and potato based traditional cropping systems under the Himalayan mountain agriculture. Quinoa is also being adapted to the rice based cropping system and rapidly promoted as an alternative food security crop in the current 12th Five Year national development plan of Bhutan. To rapidly promote quinoa cultivation, the Royal Government of Bhutan is supporting the supply of free quinoa seeds, cultivation technologies and milling machines to the rural communities. To promote the consumption and utilization of quinoa at national level, consumer awareness are created by preparing and serving local Bhutanese dishes from quinoa during local food fairs and farmer's field days. In addition, the Royal Government of Bhutan has included quinoa in the school feeding programme recognizing the high nutrient value of the crop for enhancing and securing the nutritional needs of the young children.

Sécurité alimentaire, emplois, transition écologique des modes de production et de consommation... L'agro-écologie pourrait être l'une des solutions pour répondre aux défis à venir de l'humanité. Inscrite dans les 17 Objectifs du développement durable, elle nécessite un engagement de tous. Pour satisfaire les besoins alimentaires et économiques des communautés rurales et urbaines en croissance, répondre à des consommateurs de plus en plus exigeants, préserver les ressources naturelles et s'adapter au changement climatique, il devient urgent de produire différemment. Au cours des dix dernières années, le Cirad et l'AFD ont conduit des expériences de transition agro-écologique avec les producteurs, chercheurs, professionnels du développement et décideurs de nombreux pays du Sud. Ils livrent leurs réflexions sur l'avenir de l'agro-écologie comme moyen pour les agricultures du Sud de s'adapter aux changements globaux et analysent les conditions de réussite de la transition agro-écologique.

O artigo apresenta elementos de síntese transversal e comparativa de uma pesquisa que tratou dos processos de construção das Políticas Estaduais de Agroecologia e Produção Orgânica (PEAPOs) em onze estados do Brasil. A partir de informações coletadas por meio de análise documental e de entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores e gestores, construiu-se uma matriz comum de análise da ação pública. Os resultados mostram a mobilização dos movimentos sociais de promoção da agroecologia, aliados a diferentes atores nos poderes públicos estaduais, em paralelo ao desmantelamento de diversas políticas nacionais, como a Política Nacional de Agroecologia e Produção Orgânica (PNAPO), somado a um quadro de incertezas após as últimas eleições presidenciais. This paper presents elements of a transversal and comparative synthesis of a research focusing on the processes of construction of State Policies for Agroecology and Organic Production (PEAPOs) in 11 Brazilian federated states. Based on information originated from documentary analysis and semi-directive interviews of actors and managers, we designed a common frame to analyze public action. The results show a mobilization of the pro-agroecology social movements, allied with other actors in the public sphere, parallel to the dismantling of several public policies, such as the National Policy of Agroecology and Organic Production (PNAPO), and the growing uncertainties following the last presidential elections.

Since the 1970s, cotton has been a driving force in the transformation of agricultural production systems and a key element in local economies in the savannah areas of West and Central Africa (WCA). However, the sustainability of cotton-based production systems is often debated because of their effects on soils and the negative impacts of chemical pest control on the environment and human health. Through drastic reforms, the WCA cotton sector overcame the crises, showing its resilience. Today, research should be mobilized to help the sector tackle the major challenges: i) economic (price volatility, producers’ incomes), ii) social (inclusion of vulnerable groups, role of women and young people, etc.) and iii) environmental (impact of pesticides, soil degradation, etc.) and linked to climate change. The articles published in this issue present some results and perspectives of research work, which can help improving the sustainability of cotton systems in WCA, open paths towards an agro-ecological transition and address the new challenges.