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In order to investigate the stability of qualitative and quantitative traits and choose the most appropriate cultivation method and irrigation regime in rice plants, the experiment was conducted in the form of a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design in three replications and in two cropping years. The results of compound analysis indicated that the effect of year × irrigation regimes in terms of traits, grain yield, rainfall, productivity 2, number of full grains, number of hollow grains, harvest index, percentage of crushed grains and yield of white rice, the effect of year × Cultivation method characteristics in terms of water consumption, rainfall, productivity 1, number of tillers, plant height, spike length, number of hollow grains, thousand seed weight, small grain percentage and white rice yield and the effect of irrigation regime × cultivation methods in terms of all Traits except traits productivity 2 were significant. The results of the mean comparison of the interaction effect of irrigation regimes and cultivation methods also showed that treatments T1W1, T2W1 and T1W3 are favorable for all evaluated traits. Based on the table of correlation coefficients, correlation diagram and map of the intensity of the correlation in the years of the experiment, it is possible to report the correlation of the grain yield trait with the traits of water consumption, rainfall, plant height, 100- seed weight, full grain number and white rice yield. Also, traits productivity 1, productivity 2 and small grain percentage showed a positive correlation and a negative correlation of these three traits with most of the traits evaluated in the experiment was observed. Based on the analysis of the main components, the first four main components explained the most data variance, and T2W2 and T2W3 treatments were identified as suitable treatments for rice cultivation in terms of the first and second main components. Resumo Para investigar a estabilidade dos caracteres qualitativos e quantitativos e escolher o método de cultivo e regime de irrigação mais adequados em plantas de arroz, o experimento foi conduzido em esquema de parcelas subdivididas em blocos completos em três repetições e em dois anos de colheita. Os resultados da análise composta indicaram os seguintes fatores significativos: o efeito dos regimes de irrigação do ano X em termos de características, rendimento de grãos, pluviosidade, produtividade 2, número de grãos cheios, número de grãos ocos, índice de colheita, porcentagem de grãos esmagados e rendimento de arroz branco, o efeito do ano X, características do método de cultivo relativamente ao consumo de água, precipitação, produtividade 1, número de perfilhos, altura da planta, comprimento da espiga, número de grãos ocos, peso de 1000 sementes, porcentagem de grãos pequenos e rendimento de arroz branco e o efeito da irrigação no regime X, métodos de cultivo em relação a todos os caracteres, exceto os caracteres produtividade 2. Já os resultados da comparação média do efeito de interação entre regimes de irrigação e métodos de cultivo também mostraram que os tratamentos T1W1, T2W1 e T1W3 são favoráveis para todas as características avaliadas. Com base na tabela de coeficientes de correlação, diagrama de correlação e mapa da intensidade da correlação nos anos do experimento, é possível relatar a correlação da característica produtividade de grãos com as características consumo de água, pluviosidade, altura de planta, 100 - peso da semente, número de grãos cheios e rendimento do arroz branco. Além disso, os caracteres produtividade 1, produtividade 2 e porcentagem de grãos pequenos apresentaram correlação positiva e foi observada correlação negativa desses 3 caracteres com a maioria dos caracteres avaliados no experimento. Por fim, com base na análise dos componentes principais, os quatro primeiros componentes principais explicaram a maior variância dos dados, e os tratamentos T2W2 e T2W3 foram identificados como tratamentos adequados para o cultivo de arroz quanto aos primeiro e segundo componentes principais.

This study aimed to analyze rice straw alternative managements to maximize the rice-soybean succession yield and to quantify their impacts on soil properties. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with six replicates. Nine rice straw managements were evaluated: straw burning (M1), straw harvesting (M2), straw incorporation with disc harrow and two passes (M3) or three passes (M4) of leveling disc harrow, straw incorporation with knife-roller and soybean no-tillage (M5), straw incorporation with knife-roller and two passes (M6) or three passes (M7) of leveling disc harrow, straw incorporation with two passes of knife-roller and two passes (M8) or three passes (M9) of leveling disc harrow. Straw incorporation by knife-roller provided the lowest soil organic matter (SOM) contents due to slow mineralization of fresh straw incorporated shallow into the soil, although SOM increased in the surface layer related to the initial content. Rice-soybean succession yield was more affected by the physical than by the soil chemical properties. The straw incorporation with one pass of knife-roller and two passes of leveling disc harrow (M6) can replace the straw burning, without affecting the rice-soybean succession yield and soil physical quality, with a reduction in machinery operations, allowing early soil tillage. Made available in DSpace on 2022-08-23T11:20:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rc-2022.pdf: 351346 bytes, checksum: 084e3820154a362375a0dc1d9c8e46f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soil texture, fertilizer formulation and nitrogen dose on the characteristics of upland rice production, and to compare the Agronomic Efficiency Index (AEI) of formulations of biochar-urea pellets (BUPs). The treatments comprised four fertilizers (three formulations of BUP and urea) and five nitrogen doses (0, 75, 150, 300 and 600 mg dm-3), analyzed in two soil (sandy and clay). For each soil texture, a greenhouse experiment was established as a randomized block design with a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement and four replicates. Chlorophyll index, plant height, number of tillers and panicles, dry mass of aerial parts and of grains were all affected significantly by soil texture, fertilizer formulation and nitrogen dose and/or by the interactions between these sources of variation. The results demonstrated that the performances of BUPs are highly dependent on soil texture. Under sandy soil, application of BUP-based fertilizers contributed to the increase or maintenance of grain production compared to that of urea alone. Whereas under clayey soil the performance of BUPs exceeded that of urea only at low nitrogen doses. Compared to urea, BUPs were more efficient under sandy soil, with potential to increase AEI. KEYWORDS: organomineral fertilizers; wood sawdust; pyrolysis; N-leaching. Uso de pellets de biochar-ureia para reduzir as perdas de nitrogênio RESUMO: Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da textura do solo, formulações e doses de nitrogênio em características do arroz de terras altas, e comparar o Índice de Eficiência Agronômica (AEI) das formulações de pellets de biochar-ureia (BUP’s). Os tratamentos foram: quatro fertilizantes (três formulações de BUP e ureia) e cinco doses de nitrogênio (0, 75, 150, 300 and 600 mg dm-3), avaliados em dois solos de textura distinta. Para cada solo (arenoso e argiloso), foi conduzido um experimento em casa-de-vegetação em blocos casualizados em um arranjo fatorial 5 (doses) x 4 (fertilizantes), com quatro repetições. O índice de clorofila, altura de plantas, número de perfilhos, número de panículas, massa seca de parte aérea, massa seca de grãos tiveram diferenças significativas em função da textura do solo, fertilizantes e doses de N e/ou pelas interações entre esses fatores. Os resultados demonstraram que o desempenho dos BUP’s foi dependente da textura do solo, com melhores respostas no solo arenoso em relação à ureia, com potencial de elevar a eficiência agronômica da adubação nitrogenada. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: fertilizantes organominerais, pó de serra, pirólise, lixiviação de N. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soil texture, fertilizer formulation and nitrogen dose on the characteristics of upland rice production, and to compare the Agronomic Efficiency Index (AEI) of formulations of biochar-urea pellets (BUPs). The treatments comprised four fertilizers (three formulations of BUP and urea) and five nitrogen doses (0, 75, 150, 300 and 600 mg dm-3), analyzed in two soil (sandy and clay). For each soil texture, a greenhouse experiment was established as a randomized block design with a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement and four replicates. Chlorophyll index, plant height, number of tillers and panicles, dry mass of aerial parts and of grains were all affected significantly by soil texture, fertilizer formulation and nitrogen dose and/or by the interactions between these sources of variation. The results demonstrated that the performances of BUPs are highly dependent on soil texture. Under sandy soil, application of BUP-based fertilizers contributed to the increase or maintenance of grain production compared to that of urea alone. Whereas under clayey soil the performance of BUPs exceeded that of urea only at low nitrogen doses. Compared to urea, BUPs were more efficient under sandy soil, with potential to increase AEI. KEYWORDS: organomineral fertilizers; wood sawdust; pyrolysis; N-leaching. Uso de pellets de biochar-ureia para reduzir as perdas de nitrogênio RESUMO: Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da textura do solo, formulações e doses de nitrogênio em características do arroz de terras altas, e comparar o Índice de Eficiência Agronômica (AEI) das formulações de pellets de biochar-ureia (BUP’s). Os tratamentos foram: quatro fertilizantes (três formulações de BUP e ureia) e cinco doses de nitrogênio (0, 75, 150, 300 and 600 mg dm-3), avaliados em dois solos de textura distinta. Para cada solo (arenoso e argiloso), foi conduzido um experimento em casa-de-vegetação em blocos casualizados em um arranjo fatorial 5 (doses) x 4 (fertilizantes), com quatro repetições. O índice de clorofila, altura de plantas, número de perfilhos, número de panículas, massa seca de parte aérea, massa seca de grãos tiveram diferenças significativas em função da textura do solo, fertilizantes e doses de N e/ou pelas interações entre esses fatores. Os resultados demonstraram que o desempenho dos BUP’s foi dependente da textura do solo, com melhores respostas no solo arenoso em relação à ureia, com potencial de elevar a eficiência agronômica da adubação nitrogenada. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: fertilizantes organominerais, pó de serra, pirólise, lixiviação de N.

The realization of optimal recommendations for the nutrient balance of upland rice is an excellent strategy to increase the productivity and sustainability of the production system, especially in soils with limiting conditions for cultivation. The objective of the study was to evaluate the behavior of upland rice cultivars (ANa 9005CL, ANa 8001, AN Cambará and BRS A502), by foliar fertilization (MaxiZinc®, Booster® and Broadacre®) in the first year under dryland conditions in Vilhena-RO. The experimental design adopted was a randomized block design (BCT), with four cultivars and two levels of micronutrients and four repetitions, in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme. The production components evaluated showed statistically non-significant means for the foliar fertilizer factor, except for the number of spikes per panicle, for which there was a significant difference with an 8% increase in the cultivar ANA 8001 in relation to the other cultivars evaluated. Although the cultivar BRS A502 had fewer spikelets per panicle, the number of panicles per m2 compensated for this and ensured statistical equality in yield. The cultivar ANa 8001 produced the best results in terms of productivity and physical quality of the grains, under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region. Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-27T18:22:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cpafro-18762.pdf: 313197 bytes, checksum: b864169f3c0beb9c2d79845b9064c7ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

Objective: To morphologically analyze, by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), agglomerated boards made from rice husk and Hidropul 400, as well as boards made from wood fibers and glue. Methodology: For each 7,3 x 3,6 x 1,5 cm test piece, two samples were taken from the external and internal sections of each one of the boards to be analyzed. Thin-layer graphite coatings were made to each one of them, and, by means of SEM, micrographic shots were obtained in the range from 50x to 2000x. Results: It was evidenced that the panel made from rice husk had damage to its internal structure due to its porosity, the waxy layers of its coating, the high presence of silica, and the presence of water inside the adhesive, showing irregularities in adhesion between particles and low mechanical properties. Conclusions: Although the studied rice husk panel did not achieve the adequate structural properties, it has great applications for interior design. Additionally, due to its porous structure, its potential as a sound-absorbing material is considered. In the same way, the material can be improved by pre-treating the husk or combining it with other, more woody plant fibers such as wood waste, bamboo, coconut fiber, among others. RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar morfológicamente, por medio microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM), tableros aglomerados elaborados con cascarilla de arroz e Hidropul 400, así como tableros elaborados a partir de las virutas de madera y pegamento. Metodología: Para cada cada probeta de 7,3 x 3,6 x 1,5 cm, se tomaron dos muestras en las secciones externas e internas de cada uno de los paneles a analizar. Se realizaron recubrimientos de capa fina de grafito a cada una de ellas y, mediante SEM, se realizaron tomas micrográficas en rangos de 50x a 2000x. Resultados: Se evidenció que el panel fabricado con cascarilla de arroz presentaba afectaciones en su estructura interna debido a la porosidad, las capas cerosas de su recubrimiento, la alta presencia de sílice y la presencia de agua dentro del adhesivo, mostrando irregularidades en adherencia entre partículas y bajas propiedades mecánicas. Conclusiones: Aunque el panel a base de cascarilla de arroz estudiado no obtuvo las propiedades estructurales adecuadas, tiene grandes aplicaciones para el diseño de interiores. Además, por su estructura porosa, se considera su potencial como material absorbente del sonido. De igual forma, se puede mejorar el material al hacer un pretratamiento de la cascarilla o combinarla con diferentes fibras vegetales más leñosas como desperdicios de madera, bambú, fibra de coco, entre otros.

El arroz es el cereal de mayor producción considerado el alimento base para el 50% de la población mundial. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron i) conocer la diversidad de insectos que presentan los cultivos de arroz y sus bordes ii) caracterizar grupos funcionales según el rol ecosistémico que cumplen los insectos en cultivos de arroz y sus bordes con diferente tipo de manejo iii) analizar las interacciones de los grupos funcionales con la vegetación de los bordes. Los muestreos se realizaron durante un ciclo de producción primavera-verano (2017-2018), en cultivos de arroz con prácticas de manejo convencional (MC) y agroecológico (MA). Se capturaron 1005 ejemplares pertenecientes a 244 especies y morfoespecies. Los bordes presentaron mayor riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de Shannon en relación al cultivo, siendo el MA destacado por la presencia de los cinco grupos funcionales. En ambos manejos, se presenció Sepedonea sp., Protodictya sp. y Eryopis connexa (L.) como controladores de gasterópodos e insectos plagas. Se registraron 397 interacciones insecto-planta en MA y 175 en MC. Se destaca la importancia de los bordes y las prácticas MA en el cultivo de arroz para favorecer la conservación de entomofauna y potenciar los servicios ecosistémicos que éstos brindan a los sistemas productivos. Ecosystem services provided by insects, such as pollination and pest control, are essential for food production and agricultural health. The aims of this work were to 1) compare insect diversity in rice crops and their containment edges in two farms under different management systems (conventional and agroecological), 2) characterize functional groups of insects in rice crops and their containment edges, under different management systems, and 3) analyze the interactions of functional groups of insects with vegetation in the containment edges. Sampling was conducted during a rice production cycle in the spring-summer 2017-2018 in farms under conventional management practices (EMC) and agroecological management (EMA) in an area of intensive rice production (San Javier Department, Santa Fe, Argentina). A total of 1008 insects belonging to 236 species and morphospecies were captured using entomological nets. Containment edges exhibited higher richness, abundance and diversity than crops, with the EMA standing out for the presence of all five functional groups. On both farms, Sepedonea sp., Protodictya sp. and Eryopis connexa (L.), known control agents of gastropods and insect pests, were recorded. A total of 397 insect-plant interactions were registered in agroecological containment edges, and only 175 in conventional ones. The results obtained in this work make a novel contribution to the knowledge of insects present in containment edges and in rice crops. This work provides knowledge on the diversity, composition and distribution of the insect community, as well as data on the floral offer of the vegetation growing in containment edges and its relationship with the entomofauna. EEA Rafaela Fil: Ghiglione, Carla. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Cátedra de Entomología; Argentina Fil: Zumoffen, Leticia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Agencia de Extensión Rural Monte Vera; Argentina Fil: Zumoffen, Leticia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Dalmazzo, Maria de los Milagros. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Cátedra de Entomología; Argentina Fil: Dalmazzo, Maria de los Milagros. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Strasser, Ruth. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Cátedra de Entomología; Argentina Fil: Attademo, Andres M. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología; Argentina Fil: Attademo, Andres M. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

PEGADA HÍDRICA DO ARROZ CULTIVADO SOB DIFERENTES MANEJOS DE IRRIGAÇÃO EMANUELE BAIFUS MANKE1; ARYANE FARIAS DOS SANTOS2; MARÍLIA ALVES BRITO PINTO²; JOSÉ MARIA BARBART PARFITT3; ADILSON LUÍS BAMBERG3 E LESSANDRO COLL FARIA2 1Doutora em Ciências, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel. Capão do Leão, RS, Brasil, manumanke@gmail.com ²Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel. Pelotas, RS, Brasil, aryanefarias@hotmail.com; ma.agro@gmail.com; lessandro.faria@ufpel.edu.br 3Embrapa Clima Temperado, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa, Pelotas, RS, jose.parfitt@embrapa.br; adilson.bamberg@embrapa.br 1 RESUMO O arroz é um dos cereais mais produzidos e consumidos no mundo. O manejo da água na orizicultura é complexo, sendo os estudos acerca da pegada hídrica do arroz menos frequentes em relação a outras culturas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar de forma simplificada a pegada hídrica do arroz irrigado por aspersão e inundação sob diferentes manejos de irrigação, adotando como base a metodologia tradicional de estimativa da pegada hídrica. Os dados utilizados são provenientes de dois experimentos conduzidos na Estação Experimental Terras Baixas, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) Clima Temperado, Capão do Leão, RS, Brasil. No Experimento 1 foram analisados três manejos de irrigação na safra do arroz de 2011/2012 e quatro na safra de 2012/2013. No Experimento 2 foram analisados quatro manejos de irrigação nas safras 2015/2016 e 2016/2017. Os manejos nas tensões de 20 e 10 kPa (aspersão) e por irrigação contínua (inundação) apresentaram menor pegada hídrica simplificada. Comparando-se a irrigação por aspersão e inundação, concluiu-se que na inundação, o manejo de irrigação contínua resultou em uma pegada hídrica simplificada menor. Palavras-chave: Oryza sativa, métodos de irrigação, inundação, aspersão MANKE, E. B.; SANTOS, A. F. dos; PINTO, M. A. B.; PARFITT, J. M. B.; BAMBERG, A. L.; FARIA, L. C. WATER FOOTPRINT OF RICE CULTIVATED UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION MANAGEMENTS 2 ABSTRACT Rice is one of the most produced and consumed cereals in the world. The water management in rice farming is complex, and studies on the rice water footprint are less frequent than other cultures. The objective was to estimate the simplified water footprint of a sprinkler and flood-irrigated rice under different irrigation management, taking as model the traditional methodology of water footprint estimation. The raw data used are from two experiments performed using rice in the “Terras Baixas”, Experimental Station, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) Temperate Climate, located in Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil. In Experiment 1, three irrigation management applied in the rice cropping season of 2011/2012 and four in the cropping season of 2012/2013 were analyzed. In Experiment 2, four irrigation managements in the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 cropping seasons were evaluated. The irrigation managements in the tensions of 20 and 10 kPa (sprinkler) and continuous irrigation (flood) presented smallest simplified water footprint. Comparing sprinkler and flood irrigation, it can be concluded that the flood method, under continuous irrigation, resulted in a smallest simplified water footprint. Keywords: Oryza sativa, irrigation methods, flooded, sprinkler

Embrapa has led breeding programs for irrigated and upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) since 1977, generating a large amount of pedigree and phenotypic data. However, there were no systematic standards for data recording nor long-term data preservation and reuse strategies. With the new aim of making data reuse practical, we recovered all data available and structured it into the Embrapa Rice Breeding Dataset (ERBD). In its current version, the ERBD includes 20,504 crosses involving 9,974 parents, the pedigrees of most of the 4,532 inbred lines that took part in advanced field trials, and phenotypic data from 2,711 field trials (1,118 irrigated, 1,593 upland trials), representing 226,458 field plots. Those trials were conducted over 38 years (1982-2019), in 247 locations, in latitudes ranging from 3°N to 33°S. Phenotypic traits included grain yield, days to flowering, plant height, canopy lodging, and five important fungal diseases: leaf blast, panicle blast, brown spot, leaf scald, and grain discoloration. The total number of data points surpasses 1.27 million. Descriptive statistics were computed over the dataset, split by cropping systems (irrigated or upland). The mean heritability of grain yield was high for both systems, at around .7, whereas the mean coefficient of variation was 13.9% for irrigated trials and 18.7% for upland trials. The ERBD offers the possibility of conducting studies on different aspects of rice breeding and genetics, including genetic gain, G×E analysis, genome-wide association studies and genomic prediction. Made available in DSpace on 2021-11-30T12:00:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cropscience-2021.pdf: 1682169 bytes, checksum: e47084fb3060926dd37ca8419b8936da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

One of the primary constraints in upland rice cultivation is the disease blast (Magnaporthe oryzae), which can provide reduction up to 100% of the grain yield The use of silicon with benefi cial microorganisms (bioagents) can be an alternative for the control of this disease and to provide an increase in the productivity of the rice grain. The objective of this work was to study the eff ect of rates of silicon with bioagents in blast suppression and grain yield of upland rice. The methodology used was tests carried out in field conditions, in two different areas: Capivara and Palmital farms, during the growing season 2015/2016. The experimental design was in a split-plot scheme with four replications. In the main plots were the silicon fertilization rates (0, 2, 4 and 8 ton ha-1) and in the subplots was the bioagents (1-without bioagents, 2-Pseudomonas fluorescens, 3-Burkholderia pyrrocinia, 4-Trichoderma asperellum, 5-a mixture of the three bioagents). The results showed that the use of 2 ton ha-1 of silicon with a mixture of bioagents was the best treatment to control leaf blast. Besides, from rates, 2 to 6 ton ha-1 of silicon in Capivara Farm and up to 8 ton ha-1 of silicon in Palmital Farm provided the highest grain yield. A mixture of bioagents provided the highest grain yield. In this sense, it was concluded that the best recommendation to connect blast control, grain yield and reduced amount of silicon was the use of 2 ton ha-1 of silicon with the mixture of bioagents. Made available in DSpace on 2021-12-02T14:00:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jpsp-2021.pdf: 463307 bytes, checksum: a70c96be86c141bc7648f0b3558d6b5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Irrigation strategies are keys to fostering sustainable and climate-resilient rice production by increasing efficiency, building resilience and reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. These strategies are aligned with the Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) principles, which aim to maximize productivity whilst adapting to and mitigating climate change. Achieve such mitigation, adaptation, and productivity goals- to the extent possible- is described as climate smartness. Measuring climate smartness is challenging, with recent progress focusing on the use of agronomic indicators in a limited range of contexts. One way to broaden the ability to measure climate-smartness is to use modeling tools, expanding the scope of climate smartness assessments. Accordingly, and as a proof-of-concept, this study uses modeling tools with CSA indicators (i.e., Greenhouse Intensity and Water Productivity) to quantify the climate-smartness of irrigation management in rice and to assess sensitivity to climate. We focus on a field experiment that assessed four irrigation strategies in tropical conditions, Continuous Flooding (CF), Intermittent Irrigation (II), Intermittent Irrigation until Flowering (IIF), and Continuous soil saturation (CSS). The DNDC model was used to simulate rice yields, GHG emissions and water inputs. We used model outputs to calculate a previously developed Climate-Smartness Index (CSI) based on water productivity and greenhouse gas intensity, which score on a scale between−1 (lack of climate-smartness) to 1 (high climate smartness) the climate-smartness of irrigation strategies. The CSS exhibited the highest simulation-based CSI, and CF showed the lowest. A sensitivity analysis served to explore the impacts of climate on CSI. While higher temperatures reduced CSI, rainfall mostly showed no signal. The climate smartness decreasing in warmer temperatures was associated with increased GHG emissions and, to some extent, a reduction in Water Productivity (WP). Overall, CSI varied with the climate-management interaction, demonstrating that climate variability can influence the performance of CSA practices. We conclude that combining models with climate-smart indicators can broaden the CSA-based evidence and provide reproducible research findings. The methodological approach used in this study can be useful to fill gaps in observational evidence of climate-smartness and project the impact of future climates in regions where calibrated crop models perform well.

O arroz tem uma grande capacidade de absorver silício (Si) nas raízes, que se acumula na parte aérea da planta, acompanhando o fluxo da transpiração. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar como o Si e a calagem afetam a fitometria e o teor de silício em plantas de arroz (Oryza sativa L.). Foi aplicado um total de 5 g de calcário por vaso contendo 5 kg de solo. As doses de silício foram: 0; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1 g por vaso com e sem correção, com quatro repetições. Cinco sementes foram semeadas por vaso e a fertilização foi realizada de acordo com a necessidade da colheita. Após dois meses, o material vegetal foicoletado, seco em estufa a 60 ° C e o teor de silício foi analisado. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão utilizando o software Sisvar. Os resultados mostraram que a calagem proporcionoumaior absorção de Si pelas plantas. Plantas que não foram submetidas à calagem apresentaram aumentostanto na massa seca quanto na verde. As doses de silício resultaram em um aumento linear na produção demassa de broto verde e massa seca de plantas de arroz.

Les villages où l’auteur a recueilli les données alimentaires dont il est question dans cet article se situent dans la zone sylvopastorale et semi-aride du Ferlo, au nord du Sénégal. Les projets de développement et de lutte contre la désertification s’y suivent depuis les années 1970. La population est majoritairement peule, mais certaines familles sont également wolofs ou maures. À partir d’une enquête ethnographique approfondie, l’auteur met en lumière les tensions que suscite l’introduction de produits alimentaires industriels venus de Dakar ou de l’étranger dans ce Ferlo autrefois habitué à l’autosubsistance (mil, lait, plantes alimentaires sauvages). Il insiste sur la valeur symbolique de ces produits, mais aussi sur leurs ambivalences. Ainsi, le riz et le bouillon cube venus de l’extérieur sont tous deux porteurs de risques sanitaires compte tenu de leur apport excessif en sucre et en sel. L’auteur s’interroge en creux sur les nouvelles formes de dépendance alimentaire que cette situation induit., The villages where the author collected the facts about food discussed here are located in the sylvo-pastoral and semi-arid area in northern Senegal (Ferlo). From 1970, several projects for development and against desertification have been conducted. The Fulani make up most of the population but some families are also Wolof or Moorish. Based on an intensive ethnographic survey, the author clarifies the tensions raised by the introduction of industrial foodstuffs from Dakar or elsewhere into this Ferlo once used to self-sufficiency (millet, milk, Wild food plants). The author insists on the symbolic value that surrounds these products but also in their ambivalences. Thus, the rice and the bouillon cube coming from the outside are both carriers of health risks given their excessive intake of sugar and salt. He questions the new forms of food dependence that this situation induces., Los pueblos en donde el autor recogió los datos alimentarios que aquí se tratan se sitúan en la zona silvopastoral y semi-árida del norte de Senegal: el Ferlo. Ahí, los proyectos de desarrollo y de lucha contra la desertificación se han llevado a cabo desde los años 1970. Los Peuls constituyen la mayoría de la población pero hay algunas familias Wólof o Moros. A partir de una investigación etnográfica profunda, el autor muestra las tensiones que provoca la introducción de productos alimenticios industriales provenientes de Dakar o del extranjero en ese Ferlo antes habituado a la autosuficiencia alimentaria (mijo, leche, plantas comestibles salvajes). Se subraya el valor simbólico que envuelve a dichos productos, pero también a sus ambivalencias. Así pues, el arroz y el cubo de consomé provenientes del exterior son ambos portadores de riesgos sanitarios, debido a su excesivo aporte de azúcar y sal. El autor cuestiona las nuevas formas de dependencia alimentaria que esta situación provoca.

The objective of this study was to improve rice and maize yields using native Azospirillum-based biofertilizer. To reach this objective, samples of rhizosphere soil, non-rhizosphere soil and roots of maize plants were collected from the particular locations of Samanko and Bamako of the south Mali. Thirty-three different colonies of bacteria were isolated from the different samples. Based on their better growth in nitrogen free semi-solid medium, their morphological, biochemical and plant growth promotion characteristic, ten bacterial isolates were identified as Azospirillum isolates following the Bergey?s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Ten isolates were selected: Az1, Az2, Az3, Az4, Az5, Az6, Az7, Az8, Az9 and Az10. Strain Az6 showed great potential on both rice and maize production. Therefore, this strain is suggested for large scale rice and maize fields? application. While the Azospirillum sp. Az5, Az6 and Az10 strains are suggested for large scale application in maize field, which may reduce production cost. Top dressing with 25% of the recommended nitrogen-fertilizer was found to decrease maize grain yield. Made available in DSpace on 2020-07-03T11:11:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Malian-native.pdf: 796657 bytes, checksum: 54a72c006d3f2334350ccc293b08cdc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

RESUMEN Esta investigación se realizó en el Área Experimental de Riego (AER) de La Molina, Perú, a una altitud de 243,7 m.s.n.m. Se estimó la evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc) de arroz variedad IR 71706 a partir de información obtenida de un lisímetro de drenaje y de la evapotranspiración de referencia (ETo) por medio del método FAO Penman-Monteith con datos de una estación meteorológica automática Davis, en el período del cultivo de diciembre del 2017 a abril del 2018. Se registraron lecturas diarias del riego, variación de la humedad del suelo y precipitación para realizar el balance de humedad del suelo y determinar la ETc y coeficiente del cultivo (Kc) durante el ciclo del cultivo. Se obtuvo un ETc máximo de 9.19 mm d-1 en la fase reproductiva (estado de huso y floración), un valor mínimo de 1,35 mm d-1 en la etapa final del cultivo, valor promedio de 5,02 mm d-1, y ETc total de 658,23 mm con 587 macollos m-2 y con altura promedio de 0,80 m. El Kc inicial, el medio y final variaron alrededor de 0,9; 1,70 y 0,84, respectivamente.

El arroz es un cultivo que contribuye notablemente tanto a la seguridad alimentaria como a garantizar unos niveles adecuados de renta a los agricultores. Esto motiva los esfuerzos que se realizan por difundir técnicas que aumentan la producción, y son respetuosas con el medio ambiente y asequibles a pequeños agricultores. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar el proceso de adopción de innovaciones en el cultivo del arroz en Ecuador. Se han seleccionado cuatro prácticas que incrementan el rendimiento y mejoran la gestión del agua y otros recursos naturales: nivelación del terreno, semilla certificada, siembra de plántulas mediante el trasplante con distanciamiento y uso de maquinaria para cosechar. Para cada una de ellas se estudian factores que inciden en su adopción: capital humano, capital social y apoyo institucional a la agricultura. Además, se analiza la interrelación de unas prácticas con otras. La estimación de modelos probit multivariantes muestra que la educación es el principal factor que aumenta la probabilidad de adoptar estas prácticas. Y con incidencia desigual se encuentran el asociacionismo, el acceso al crédito y la contratación de seguro agrario. Las complementariedades encontradas entre distintas prácticas apuntan a la conveniencia de fomentarlas de forma conjunta para aprovechar sus sinergias.

El meu projecte de recerca es centra en les investigacions per comprendre millor el mecanisme d'acumulació de carotenoides en call i endosperma d'arròs. Un dels principals objectius és comprendre millor el coll d'ampolla de la via biosintètica dels carotenoides, analitzant els gens implicats en l'acumulació de carotenoides i la seva funcionalitat per utilitzar-los posteriorment en aplicacions d'enginyeria metabòlica. Els objectius generals eren: 1) reconstituir una via nativa de carotenoides a l'endosperma d'arròs definint el nombre mínim de gens necessaris per acumular β-carotè; 2) restaurar l'expressió d'OsPSY1 a l'endosperma mitjançant la reactivació del seu promotor; 3) provar si els gens del factor de divisió del cloroplast en combinació amb els gens carotenogènics milloren l'acumulació de carotenoides a l'endosperma d'arròs. El PSY1 fa el primer pas de la via biosintètica dels carotenoides. A l'endosperma d'arròs, el promotor de PSY1 no està actiu, per la qual cosa la primera part del meu treball ha estat definir el nombre mínim de gens necessaris per acumular β-carotè a l'endosperma d'arròs. Als primers experiments, es van transformar plantes d'arròs amb OsPSY1 i OsPDS. Els resultats van indicar que la combinació d'aquests dos gens condueix a l'acumulació de β-carotè al call d'arròs. Tanmateix, la co-transformació dels gens subsegüents (OsZDS, OsZISO i OsCRTISO) serà important per a la plena comprensió de cadascun dels gens i la funció en l'acumulació de carotenoides a l'endosperma de l'arròs. El treball futur ha de centrar-se en generar una població de plantes d'arròs transgèniques amb la combinació de tots els gens esmentats per disseccionar la funció de cada gen a la ruta metabòlica. La segona part del meu projecte es va centrar en la reactivació del promotor de l'OSPSY1 específicament a l'endosperma de l'arròs. Per assolir aquest objectiu, identifiquem sis possibles elements cis-reguladors específics de l'endosperma a la regió promotora d'OsPSY1: tres caixes p de prolamina, un motiu AACA, un motiu similar a GCN4 i una caixa opaca 2 (caixa O2). Per provar la nostra hipòtesi, construïm dos promotors sintètics de OsPSY1 amb 6 motius i 4 motius corregits per a l'expressió de GFP. La versió de tipus salvatge del promotor OsPSY1 controlant l'expressió de GFP es va utilitzar com a control negatiu. Els resultats van confirmar que GFP s'expressava en gran mesura i que la proteïna GFP s'acumulava i es detectava a les línies de tripa d'arròs transgènic que contenien el promotor OsPSY1 corregit amb 6 i 4 motius. Tot plegat, aquests resultats confirmen que el promotor corregit d'OsPSY1 va activar l'expressió del gen. Els elements reguladors cis tenen el potencial de regular OsPSY1, i quan són presents poden activar el promotor d'OsPSY1, recolzant fortament el seu paper en l'expressió d'OsPSY1 a l'endosperma de l'arròs. A més, descrivim una tercera estratègia per entendre el paper dels factors de divisió del cloroplast AtPDV1 i AtARC3 a l'acumulació de carotenoides a l'endosperma de l'arròs. Una de les nostres estratègies va ser combinar els gens de divisió del cloroplast (AtARC3 i AtPDV1) amb gens carotenogènics (ZmPSY1 i PaCRTI). Aquesta estratègia no va donar lloc a diferències significatives en l'acumulació de carotenoides i la quantitat de cromoplasts. A la segona estratègia combinem els factors de divisió de cloroplasts (AtARC3 i AtPDV1) amb AtOrHis per potenciar l'acumulació de carotenoides a l'endosperm de l'arròs. Demostrem la co-transformació de l'arròs amb els tres gens (AtARC3, AtPDV1 i AtOrHis). També confirmem l'acumulació d'ARNm per als tres gens al call d'arròs. Tot i així, estem lluny d'identificar tots els factors necessaris que controlen la divisió i el nombre de cromoplasts. Seran necessaris més experiments per identificar i caracteritzar les proteïnes que s'associen a aquests factors per tal de determinar-ne el paper precís en l'acumulació de carotenoides a l'endosperma de l'arròs. Mi proyecto de investigación se centra en las investigaciones para comprender mejor el mecanismo de acumulación de carotenoides en callo y endospermo de arroz. Uno de los principales objetivos es comprender mejor el cuello de botella de la vía biosintética de los carotenoides, analizando los genes implicados en la acumulación de carotenoides y su funcionalidad para su posterior uso en aplicaciones de ingeniería metabólica. Los objetivos generales eran: 1) reconstituir una vía nativa de carotenoides en el endospermo de arroz definiendo el número mínimo de genes necesarios para acumular β-caroteno; 2) restaurar la expresión de OsPSY1 en el endospermo mediante la reactivación de su promotor; 3) probar si los genes del factor de división del cloroplasto en combinación con los genes carotenogénicos mejoran la acumulación de carotenoides en el endospermo de arroz. El PSY1 realiza el primer paso de la vía biosintética de los carotenoides. En el endospermo de arroz, el promotor de PSY1 no está activo, por lo que la primera parte de mi trabajo ha sido definir el número mínimo de genes necesarios para acumular β-caroteno en el endospermo de arroz. En los primeros experimentos, se transformaron plantas de arroz con OsPSY1 y OsPDS. Los resultados indicaron que la combinación de estos dos genes conduce a la acumulación de β-caroteno en el callo de arroz. Sin embargo, la co-transformación de los genes subsiguientes (OsZDS, OsZISO y OsCRTISO) será importante para la plena comprensión de cada uno de los genes y la función en la acumulación de carotenoides en el endospermo del arroz. El trabajo futuro debe centrarse en la generación de una población de plantas de arroz transgénicas con la combinación de todos los genes mencionados para diseccionar la función de cada gen en la ruta metabólica. La segunda parte de mi proyecto se centró en la reactivación del promotor del OsPSY1 específicamente en el endospermo del arroz. Para lograr este objetivo, identificamos seis posibles elementos cis-reguladores específicos del endospermo en la región promotora de OsPSY1: tres cajas p de prolamina, un motivo AACA, un motivo similar a GCN4 y una caja opaca 2 (caja O2). Para probar nuestra hipótesis, construimos dos promotores sintéticos de OsPSY1 con 6 motivos y 4 motivos corregidos para la expresión de GFP. La versión de tipo salvaje del promotor OsPSY1 controlando la expresión de GFP se utilizó como control negativo. Los resultados confirmaron que GFP se expresaba en gran medida y que la proteína GFP se acumulaba y se detectaba en las líneas de callos de arroz transgénico que contenían el promotor OsPSY1 corregido con 6 y 4 motivos. En conjunto, estos resultados confirman que el promotor corregido de OsPSY1 activó la expresión del gen. Los elementos reguladores cis tienen el potencial de regular OsPSY1, y cuando están presentes pueden activar el promotor de OsPSY1, apoyando fuertemente su papel en la expresión de OsPSY1 en el endospermo del arroz. Además, describimos una tercera estrategia para entender el papel de los factores de división del cloroplasto AtPDV1 y AtARC3 en la acumulación de carotenoides en el endospermo del arroz. Una de nuestras estrategias fue combinar los genes de división del cloroplasto (AtARC3 y AtPDV1) con genes carotenogénicos (ZmPSY1 y PaCRTI). Esta estrategia no dio lugar a diferencias significativas en la acumulación de carotenoides y en la cantidad de cromoplastos. En la segunda estrategia combinamos los factores de división de cloroplastos (AtARC3 y AtPDV1) con AtOrHis para potenciar la acumulación de carotenoides en el endospermo del arroz. Demostramos la co-transformación del arroz con los tres genes (AtARC3, AtPDV1 y AtOrHis). También confirmamos la acumulación de ARNm para los tres genes en el callo de arroz. Sin embargo, estamos lejos de identificar todos los factores necesarios que controlan la división y el número de cromoplastos. Serán necesarios más experimentos para identificar y caracterizar las proteínas que se asocian a estos factores con el fin de determinar su papel preciso en la acumulación de carotenoides en el endospermo del arroz. My research project focused on investigations to better understand the mechanism of carotenoid accumulation in rice callus and endosperm. A major aim is to better understand the bottleneck of carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, by analyzing genes involved in carotenoid accumulation and their functionality for further use in metabolic engineering applications. The overall aims were to: 1) reconstitute a native carotenoid pathway in the rice endosperm by defining the minimum number of genes necessary to accumulate β-carotene; 2) restoring OsPSY1 expression in the endosperm by re-activation of the promoter; 3) test if chloroplast division factor genes in combination with carotenogenic genes enhance carotenoid accumulation in rice endosperm. PSY1 commits the first step of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. In rice endosperm, the PSY1 promoter is not active so the first part of my work has been to define the minimum number of necessary genes to accumulate β-carotene in rice endosperm. In early experiments, rice plants were transformed with OsPSY1 and OsPDS. The results indicated that the combination of these two genes leads to the accumulation of β-carotene in rice callus. However, co-transformation of the subsequent genes (OsZDS, OsZISO and OsCRTISO) will be important for the full understanding of each genes and the function in the accumulation of carotenoid in rice endosperm. Future work needs to focus on generating a population of transgenic rice plants with the combination of all the above genes in order to dissect the function of each gene in the pathway. The second part of my project was focus on the reactivation of the OsPSY1 gene promoter specifically in rice endosperm. To achieve this aim, we identified six potential endosperm specific cis-regulatory elements in the promoter region of OsPSY1: three prolamin p-boxes, one AACA motif, one GCN4-like motif and an Opaque 2 box (O2 box). To test our hypothesis, we constructed two synthetic OsPSY1 promoters with 6-motif and 4-motif corrected driving GFP. The wild type version of OsPSY1 promoter under the control of GFP was used as a negative control. The results confirmed that GFP was highly expressed and the GFP protein was accumulated and detected in the transgenic rice callus lines containing the corrected 6- and 4-motif OsPSY1 promoter. Taken together, these results confirm that the corrected OsPSY1 promoter activated gene expression. The cis-regulatory elements have the potential to regulate OsPSY1, and when present they can activate the OsPSY1 promoter, strongly supporting their role in the expression of OsPSY1 in rice endosperm. Moreover, we describe a third strategy to understand the role of the plastid division factors AtPDV1 and AtARC3 in the accumulation of carotenoids in rice endosperm. One of our strategies was to combine the plastid division genes (AtARC3 and AtPDV1) with carotenogenic genes (ZmPSY1 and PaCRTI). This strategy did not result in any significant differences in carotenoid accumulation and chromoplast quantity. In the second strategy we combined the plastid division factors (AtARC3 and AtPDV1) with AtOrHis in order to enhance carotenoid accumulation in the rice endosperm. We demonstrate co-transformation of rice with the three genes (AtARC3, AtPDV1 and AtOrHis). Also we confirmed mRNA accumulation for the three genes in rice callus. However, we are far from identifying all the necessary factors controlling chromoplast division and number. Further experiments will be required to identify and characterize proteins that associate with these factors in order to determine their precise role in the accumulation of carotenoids in the rice endosperm.

YUCCA (YUC) proteins have critical roles in plant growth and development through their involvement in auxin production. Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv Nipponbare) has 14 OsYUC proteins, but little is known regarding their functional redundancy. In this study, transgenic rice seedlings expressing GUS-tagged antisense-OsYUC2 under the control of the ubiquitin promoter were used to investigate the effects of OsYUC2 deficiency on seedling growth and development. GUS staining showed that antisense-OsYUC2 was expressed primarily in rapidly dividing cells in callus, vegetative, and reproductive tissues. Phenotypic analysis showed that callus differentiation was compromised in OsYUC2 antisense rice. Adverse vegetative effects were observed in shoot height and embryonic, adventitious, and lateral root numbers. Reproductive tissues were also impacted, with reductions in panicle length, flower number, seed setting number, seed setting rate, and grain weight. Auxin analysis showed that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels were reduced in OsYUC2 antisense rice, and exogenous addition of 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA, an analogue of IAA) partially rescued defective growth phenotypes. Taken together, these results indicated that deficiency of OsYUC2 impairs auxin biosynthesis, thereby affecting rice growth and development. RESUMO: As proteínas YUCCA (YUC) possuem importantes papéis no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas por meio de seu envolvimento na produção de auxinas. O arroz (Oryza sativa L. cv Nipponbare) possui 14 proteínas OsYUC, no entanto, pouco se sabe a respeito da sua redundância funcional. No presente estudo, mudas de arroz transgênico expressando OsYUC2 anti-senso com tag-GUS sob o controle do promotor de ubiquitina foram utilizadas para investigar os efeitos da deficiência de OsYUC2 no crescimento e desenvolvimento de mudas. As manchas de GUS indicaram que OsYUC2 anti-senso foi expressado primordialmente em células que se dividem rapidamente através de calos, tecidos vegetativos e reprodutivos. A análise fenotípica indicou que a diferenciação do calo foi comprometida no arroz OsYUC2 anti-senso. Os efeitos vegetativos adversos foram observados na altura do rebento e no número de raízes embrionárias, adventícias e laterais. Os tecidos reprodutivos também foram impactados, com reduções no comprimento da panícula, número de flores, número de sementes, proporção de sementes e peso de grão. A análise de auxina ilustrou que os níveis de ácido indol-3-acético (IAA) foram reduzidos no arroz anti-senso OsYUC2 e a adição exógena de ácido 3-indolbutírico (IBA, um análogo de IAA) resgatou parcialmente os fenótipos de crescimento defeituosos. Em conjunto, tais resultados indicam que a deficiência de OsYUC2 prejudica a biossíntese de auxina, afetando o crescimento e o desenvolvimento do arroz.

Orientador: Norma Mancilla Diaz Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Resumo: Neste trabalho foi estudada a influência do tamanho das partículas, da temperatura de extrusão, da umidade da farinha crua, e da velocidade do parafuso, sobre as propriedades da farinha do quírera de arroz. Cada variável foi experimentada a três níveis, de acordo cora um desenho experimental do tipo fatorial. A influência das variáveis antes mencionadas sobre as farinhas extrudadas, foi avaliada através do teste de viscosidade Brabender (viscosidades inicial, a quente e a frio), índices de absorção e de solubilidade em água e açucares totais e redutores. A partir da. quirera de arroz, foram preparadas três farinhas: uma contendo 92% das partículas com tamanhos entre 0,21 e 1,20 mm, obtida pela moagem em moinho de martelo, outra contendo 88% das partículas entre 0,15 e 0,29 mm produzida na unidade de quebra do moinho de rolos Brabender e uma terceira coradas partículas entre 0,10 e 0,20 mm. Os ensaios mostraram que esses tamanhos de partículas não produzem grandes mudanças nas características funcionais da farinha extrudada. A analise de variância indicou que exceto a viscosidade inicial e o índice de absorção de água, os outros parâmetros foram altamente significativos em relação a umidade da farinha crua. Foram observados maiores valores das viscosidades e dos açucares as umidades mais altas, enquanto que o índice de solubilidade em água mostrou uma relação inversa. As analises estatísticas indicaram que não houve mudanças significativas rio teor de açúcares (totais e redutores) e no índice de absorção de água relacionados com as variações da temperatura de extrusão. Por outro lado, essa variável influiu diretamente na viscosidade inicial e no índice de solubilidade era água e inversamente nas viscosidades a quente e a frio. Os viscoamilogramas indicaram maior gelatinização às temperaturas mais altas. A velocidade do parafuso não causou variações significativas nos parâmetros usados na caracterização dos produtos. Foram identificados três grupos de farinhas extrudadas com diferentes propriedades funcionais, um grupo de baixa gelatinização produzido a baixa temperatura de extrusão e alta umidade; outro de alta gelatinização, extrudado a alta temperatura e umidade e um terceiro, de alta modificação processado a alta temperatura (200°C) e baixa umidade (15%). As farinhas processadas a 200°C foram usadas para a formulação de pudins, mingaus e bebidas tipo "Milk Shake". Com os dois últimos produtos foi realizado um ensaio de aceitação com escolares e crianças em idade pré-escolar Abstract: In this research we studied the influence of particle size, flour moisture, screw velocity and extrusion temperature on the functional properties of flour from broken rice called "quirera". Every parameter was tested at three levels, according to a factorial experimental design. The influence of the parameters mentioned above on the extruded flour was evaluated by the measurement of the Brabender test of viscosity (initial, hot and cold viscosities), water absorption index, water solubility and total, and reducing sugars. Three types of grits were prepared from the original "quirera": a sample containing 92% of particles between 0.21 to 1.20 mm obtained by a hammer mill, another sample containing 68% of particles between 0.15 to 0.29 mm obtained by a Brabender brake roll mill and a third one with 78% between 0.10 to 0.20 mm. Tests showed that the particle size did not produce major changes in the functional characteristics of the extruded flour. Variance analysis indicated that, except for initial viscosity and water absorption, the other parameters were highly significative related to moisture of raw flour. High values of the viscosities and sugars were observed at higher moisture, but water solubility index showed ah inverse relation. Statistical analysis did not indicate significant change of sugar content (total and reducing) and water absorption index when the extrusion temperature was changed. Nevertheless, this parameter influenced the initial viscosity and the water solubility index directly and the hot and cold viscosities inversely. Viscoamilograms indicated high gelatinization at higher temperatures, Screw velocity did not cause significant changes in the parameters used for product characterization. Three groups of extruded flour with different function al properties were identificated; one group of low gelatinization produced at low extrusion temperature and high moisture, another of high gelatinlzation, extruded at high temperature and moisture, and a third one of higher modifications processed at higher temperature (200°C) and lower moisture (15%). Flours processed at 200°C were used for the formulation of puddings, porridge and beverages like milk shakes. These products were tested by sensorial analysis in pre-school and school children Mestrado Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador : Jaime Amaya-Farfan Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos e Agricola Resumo: Realizou-se no presente trabalho estudos sobre a preservação do pescado e o uso do produto processado na formulação de alimentos balanceados energética e proteicamente. Para o referido estudo utilizou-se o pescado corvina (Micropogon sp), capturada no litoral paulista, adquirida no frigorífico local e, como suplemento, o arroz IAC 47, da safra 76/77, fornecido pelo Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. O pescado foi eviscerado, despelado e filetado manualmente, e picado em um cortador mecânico ate produzir polpas de aproximadamente 1 cm³. alizaram-se na polpa, estudos de salga em concentrações de 5, 10, 15 e 20% de sal e de secagens as temperaturas de 32ºC, 36ºC e 46ºC. As curvas de penetração de cloreto na polpa vieram demonstrar que a salga e praticamente imediata, evitando assim possível deterioração do pescado durante os longos tempos de cura convencional. A picagem previa do pescado também facilitou grandemente a secagem, obtendo no intervalo de 2,5 horas, níveis de umidade seguras contra as infecções microbianas. A capacidade de hidratação da polpa alterou-se com a concentração do sal e com as temperaturas de secagem, sendo mais sensível a variação do teor salino. 0 arroz foi polido e quebrado mecanicamente até passar por uma peneira com 1,2 mm de abertura. A utilização do grão de arroz triturado na formulação do produto visou o consumo do arroz quebrado, que no mercado se encontra pela metade do preço do arroz inteiro. Tomando por base os balanços energético e protéico e a avaliação do índice Químico para as diferentes associações de arroz polido com peixe in natura, foram feitas três formulações que apresentaram os melhores resultados. Estas formulações, Fl, F2 e F3, constituíram-se das seguintes proporções de mistura, respectivamente: 30% de pescado e 70% de arroz; 40% de pescado e 60% de arroz; 50% de pescado e 50% de arroz. Estocadas em sacos plásticos por 3 meses, à temperatura ambiente, as formulações apresentaram boa resistência as infecções microbianas, produção de peróxidos e bases voláteis, notando-se apenas aumento nos ácidos graxos livres. Sob a forma de sopa, as formulações foram submetidas 5 prova de Analise Sensorial, para testar os produtos quanto ao odor, sabor e preferência. A formulação F3, ou seja, a que contem maior porcentagem de pescado, teve a melhor aceitação. O Quociente de Eficiência Protéica (PER), para o arroz polido e para a polpa da corvina salgada e seca foi 1,2 e 3,0. A associação ou suplementação das duas fontes protéicas resultou na melhoria da qualidade da proteína, conferindo os valores de PER de 3,1 , 3,7 e 3,7 para as mistura Fl , F2 e F3 Abstract: The objective of the present study was to explore new ways of fish processing and evaluate such products in thee formulation of fish-rice mixtures obeying a pratical protein-energy balance. The fish was fresh corvina ( Micropogon sp ) caught off the São Paulo coast according to a major local supplier. The viscera and skin were manually removed and the filets were minced in a mechanical cutter until pieces of about 1cm³ were obtained. Salting of the pulp was carried out at 5, 10, 15 and 20% NaCl and monitoring of the chloride ion infusion showed that, irrespective of the NaCl concentration, salt penetration took place almost instantly, thereby reducing the chances for subsequent spoilage. It was also shown that pulping of the filets made possible the reduction of moisture to safety levels in about 2,5 hours. Although the rehydration capacity of the salted pulp was somewhat affected by both the drying temperature and the salt concentration, the latter had a slightly greater effect on this quality parameter. Rice IAC-47 of the 1976/77 season was furnished by the Agronomic Institute of Campinas. Rice grain was mechanically polished and split to pass a screen of 1,2 mm. pores. The use of split rice was considered advantageous since its market price is about half of unbroken rice. Based on chemical score and protein-energy balance computations, three fish-rice formulations F1, F2 and F3 (corresponding to 30, 40 and 50% fresh fish pulp, respectively) were prepared which gave best results. The shelf properties of the dried products were tested during three months of storage in sealed polyethylene bags. All products showed good microbial and oxidation stability, with no evolution of volatile bases and only a increase in the free fatty acid content. Sensory and biological evaluation of the formulations indicated that probably F3 was the best association of the three. When given to a taste panel in the form of soups, F3 was selected as the one with best aroma and flavor and highest preference. The protein efficiency ratios (PER) for F1, F2 and F3 were 3,1, 3,7 e 3,7, respectively, compared to 1,2 for the rice alone and 3,0 for the dried, salted corvina pulp Mestrado Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador: Ana Maria Magalhães Andrade Lagoa Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia Resumo: Uma das principais metas para seleção das variedades de arroz de sequeiro (Oryza sativa L.) é a resistência a déficits hídricos. O fechamento mais rápido dos estômatos em resposta ao estresse hídrico e o enrolamento foliar nas horas mais quentes do dia, características bem marcantes nas variedades de sequeiro, na verdade são mecanismos que também auxiliam as plantas a perder menos água. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a influência da deficiência hídrica no desenvolvimento de duas cultivares de arroz de sequeiro (IAC 165 e IAC 201), desenvolvidas no Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. As plantas foram cultivadas em condições hidropônicas e aos 50 dias de desenvolvimento foram submetidas à deficiência hídrica pela aplicação direta e crescente de polietilenoglicol (PEG) na solução nutritiva. Fotossíntese, transpiração, condutância estomática e potencial hídrico de folhas foram medidos diariamente, com irradiação de 900 µmol.m-2.s-l. Quando o potencial hídrico da solução atingiu valores que modificaram substancialmente a fotossíntese, raízes e folhas foram coletadas para análise de massa e determinação de ácido abscísico (ABA). Após o fim do estresse também houve coleta de material. A quantificação de ABA foi feita pelo método ELISA (enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay) . Em relação aos parâmetros analisados, é provável que a cultivar IAC 165 tenha maior capacidade de adaptação às condições de seca quando comparada com a cultivar IAC 201 Abstract: One of the main goals for the selection of rice varieties (Oryzasativa L.) is the resistance to water stress. Midday stomatal closure and leaf rolling are common characteristics that enable the plants to lose less water. The purpose of this work has been to study the development of two rice cultivars (IAC 165 and IAC 201 ) which were developped at Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC). The plants were cultivated under hidroponic conditions and on the fiftieth day of development were submitted to water stress by the application of polyethilene glicol (PEG) in the nutrient solution. Photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and leaf water potential were measured every day under irradiation by 900 µmol.m-2.s-l. When the water potential of the nutrient solution decreased till reach values that modified substantially the photosynthesis, root and shoot were collected to abscisic acid (ABA) and dry weight determination. After the nutrient solution was changed to a nutrient solution without PEG, there as also plant harvesting. The ABA quantification has been made by the ELISA method (enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay). In relation to the parameters studied, the cultivar IAC 165 seems to have best capacity to adaptation to water stress when compared to the cultivar IAC 201 Mestrado Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

Orientador: Jose Luiz Pereira Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Resumo: Bacillus cereus causa dois tipos de toxinfecções emética e diarréica alimentares, com ação. A síndrome emética está associada com toxina pré-formada no alimento. Arroz cozido é um veículo mais comum e os sintomas são similares com os causados pela intoxicação causada por Staphylococcus aureus. O tipo diarréico é causado por uma enterotoxina e os sintomas são semelhantes aos causados pela toxinfecção por Clostridium perfringens. Foram analisadas 42 amostras de arroz cozido e 3 amostras de arroz cru, nas quais se observou uma contaminação semelhante na contagem de mesófilos totais em meio PCA e de onde se isolaram 17 cepas suspeitas de serem Bacillus cereus em meio MYP que foram submetidas as análises bioquímicas propostas pela literatura, confirmando a presença deste microrganismo onde todos os isolados apresentaram-se Gram positivos nas primeiras 24 horas de crescimento e sem presença de cristais de endotoxina. Essas mesmas 17 cepas isoladas foram testadas pelo sistema multi-ensaio API 50 CH que conseguiu identificar somente 7, classificando-as como Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus polymyxa e Bacillus subtilis. O teste RPLA permitiu verificar que 11 das cepas isoladas são produtoras de toxina diarréica Abstract: Bacillus cereus can give rise to two distinct forms of foodborne disease; the emetic and the diarrhoeal syndromes. The emetic syndrome is believed to be associated with an emetic toxin pre-formed in food. Cooked rice is the most common vehic1e, and the symptons are similar to those of Staphylococcus aureus intoxication. The diarrhoeal type is caused by enterotoxin and the symptoms generally parallel those of the Clostridium perfringens food poisoning. Forty two cooked rice samples were analised and three of raw rice were collected and examined. We observed a similar contamination in mesophilic count in Plate Count Agar method and were isolated seventeen Bacillus cereus strains in MYP agar. All B. cereus strains were tested according to literature biochemical tests, that confirmed the presence of microrganisms. We did Gram and crystals endotoxin methods; all samples were classified in "positive Gram" and "no presence of crystals". All seventeen strains were tested in API 50 CH Kit that c1assified on1y seven strains in Bacillus thurigiensis, Bacillus polymyxa and Bacillus subtilis. RPLA Kit has detected the production of diarrhoeal toxin in 11 isolated strains Mestrado Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: Helena Teixeira Godoy Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Mestrado Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: RIcardo Antunes de Azevedo Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia Mestrado Genética de Plantas Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

Orientador: Antonio Ludovico Beraldo Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola Mestrado

Orientador : Jose Tadeu Jorge Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola Mestrado Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Genome-wide selection (GWS) is based on a large number of markers widely distributed throughout the genome. Genome-wide selection provides for the estimation of the effect of each molecular marker on the phenotype, thereby allowing for the capture of all genes affecting the quantitative traits of interest. The main statistical tools applied to GWS are based on random regression or dimensionality reduction methods. In this study a new non-parametric method, called Delta-p was proposed, which was then compared to the Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Predictor (G-BLUP) method. Furthermore, a new selection index combining the genetic values obtained by the G-BLUP and Delta-p, named Delta-p/G-BLUP methods, was proposed. The efficiency of the proposed methods was evaluated through both simulation and real studies. The simulated data consisted of eight scenarios comprising a combination of two levels of heritability, two genetic architectures and two dominance status (absence and complete dominance). Each scenario was simulated ten times. All methods were applied to a real dataset of Asian rice (Oryza sativa) aiming to increase the efficiency of a current breeding program. The methods were compared as regards accuracy of prediction (simulation data) or predictive ability (real dataset), bias and recovery of the true genomic heritability. The results indicated that the proposed Delta-p/G-BLUP index outperformed the other methods in both prediction accuracy and predictive ability. Made available in DSpace on 2020-06-10T04:06:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2019-M.Deon-SA-New-insights.pdf: 162519 bytes, checksum: f83d7c2fe385b450554b2e95c047e3e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

El arroz es un producto básico y principal en la dieta alimenticia de los ecuatorianos, no obstante, existe una diferencia de precios entre el productor y el intermediario, que lo vende al consumidor final. La presente investigación se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar la situación económica y social de los productores de arroz que se encuentran asociados en la Parroquia de Charapotó mediante una encuesta estructurada con preguntas cerradas de opción múltiple. Finalmente se evidenció que la asociatividad por parte de los agricultores generó un efecto positivo en la productividad del arroz y contribuyo a establecer un precio justo por el cereal, generando una mejor calidad de vida de los arroceros y sus familias en aspectos de educación, salud, vivienda principalmente.

A cross sectional data collected through a structured questionnaire coupled with an interview schedule from 360 rice farmers selected via multi-stage sampling technique was used to determine the labour efficiency of rice farmers in Nigeria’s North-Central region. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the 2020 cropping season data. The empirical evidences showed a farming population that is gender bias due to stereotypes, that affected women access to and control over productive resources. Besides, economic-productive people that explored pecuniary advantages in order to achieve economies of scale engaged in cultivation of thinly uneconomic holdings. The poor economic status of the farm families made most of the farmers to rely on family labour for farm operations, thus keeping most of their children and young ones out of school. Furthermore, most of the farmers were fairly efficient in the use of labour with little technical support required to enable them achieve optimum labour efficiency level (frontier point). However, the empirical evidences showed competition for labour demand between farm and off-farm activities and conservative and complacency attitudes due to longevity in the enterprise to be the factors that affected labour efficiency. Therefore, the study calls for gender mainstreaming in agricultural budget to overcome women’s challenge on productive resources; incentivized the enterprise viz., credit provision; adoption of bottom-to-top approach in research and practical demonstration approach in transfer of innovative rice technologies. Para determinar la eficiencia de la mano de obra de los arroceros de la región Centro-Norte de Nigeria se utilizaron datos transversales recogidos mediante un cuestionario estructurado y un programa de entrevistas a 360 arroceros, quienes fueron seleccionados mediante un muestreo por conglomerados multietápico. Los datos obtenidos de la época de cultivo 2020 fueron analizados mediante estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales. Las evidencias empíricas mostraron una población agrícola sesgada por el estereotipo de género, que afectó al acceso y control de los recursos productivos por parte de las mujeres. También, se encontró que los agentes económicamente productivos que exploraban las ventajas financieras para alcanzar economías de escala se dedicaban a cultivar explotaciones poco rentables. La mala situación económica de las familias agricultoras hizo que la mayoría de los agricultores dependieran de la mano de obra familiar para las operaciones agrícolas, manteniendo así a la mayoría de sus niños y jóvenes fuera del sistema educativo. Además, la mayoría de los agricultores eran bastante eficientes en el uso de la mano de obra, y apenas necesitaban apoyo técnico para poder alcanzar un nivel óptimo de eficiencia laboral (punto límite o frontera). Sin embargo, las pruebas empíricas mostraron que los factores que afectaban a la eficiencia de la mano de obra eran la competencia por la demanda de mano de obra entre las actividades agrícolas y las no agrícolas y las actitudes conservadoras y de complacencia a causa de la longevidad en la empresa. Por tanto, el estudio aboga por la integración de la perspectiva de género en el presupuesto agrícola para superar el desafío existente para las mujeres en cuanto a los recursos productivos; por el estímulo a las empresas mediante la concesión de créditos; y, por la adopción de un enfoque de abajo hacia arriba en la investigación y de un enfoque de demostración práctica en la transferencia de tecnologías innovadoras del arroz.

Orientadores: Elcio Perpetuo Guimarães, Catalina Ramis-S Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia Doutorado

Orientadores: Antonio Carlos Luz Lisbôa, Ronaldo Hoffmann Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química Resumo: A demanda de metanol vem aumentando no Brasil principalmente para produção de biodiesel, em virtude do sancionamento da Lei Federal n° 13263/2016 que estabelece o aumento do percentual de biodiesel adicionado ao óleo diesel, o qual deverá alcançar 10 % em 2019. O problema é que todo metanol utilizado atualmente é importado porque as empresas nacionais suspenderam a sua produção em razão do seu baixo preço no mercado internacional e pelo alto custo do gás natural. Uma alternativa para reduzir essa dependência externa é utilizar uma rota tecnológica que desvincule o gás natural da cadeia do metanol, como também utilize matérias-primas que estejam disponíveis em grandes volumes no território nacional a preços relativamente baixos e estáveis. A tecnologia da cogaseificação do carvão mineral e biomassa residual do arroz é uma alternativa importante, que atende a esses requisitos para a produção e, ainda, possui a vantagem de utilizar um recurso renovável. Ao considerar o aproveitamento da biomassa residual é possível obter pelo menos dois benefícios relacionados ao aquecimento global. O seu aproveitamento evita as emissões de CH4 procedentes da sua decomposição no solo, caso seja dado esse destino. O segundo benefício ocorre na etapa da produção do metanol, ao substituir o carvão pela biomassa, pois o CO2 emitido pelo processamento da biomassa foi previamente absorvido no crescimento da planta. No entanto, as operações logísticas necessárias para disponibilizar a biomassa até à planta de metanol emitem gases de efeito estufa (GEE) em quantidades suficientes ao ponto de colocar em dúvida o quão benéfica é esta alternativa tecnológica. Ainda não se sabe o potencial mitigador das emissões dos GEE desta tecnologia para o cenário brasileiro. Então, nesta tese desenvolveu-se uma análise do impacto do aquecimento global do ciclo de vida do metanol produzido a partir da gaseificação do carvão mineral e da cogaseificação do carvão mineral e biomassas residuais do arroz sob condições reais de produção dessas matérias primas e de logística no sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tal, todas as emissões envolvidas desde a mineração do carvão e coleta das biomassas até a produção de metanol foram contabilizadas para compor o balanço dos GEE no ciclo do metanol. Essa investigação foi executada com base na metodologia de avaliação de ciclo de vida, utilizando dados coletados in situ, dados secundários e obtidos por meio da simulação no Aspen Plus. Os resultados mostraram que o sistema alimentado com 70 % de carvão e 30 % de palha de arroz alcançou a maior redução das emissões dos GEE, igual a 23,25 %, comparado com os 20,38 % alcançados pelo cenário com casca de arroz, na mesma proporção de alimentação. Em ambos os sistemas, a etapa da produção do metanol foi responsável pela maior emissão, o que está relacionado aos processos de gaseificação e condicionamento. Tendo em vista os resultados, conclui-se que o metanol produzido a partir da cogaseificação do carvão mineral e biomassa é mais vantajoso ambientalmente Abstract: Demand for methanol has been increasing in Brazil mainly for biodiesel production, due to the enactment of Federal Law 13263/2016 which establishes an increase in the percentage of biodiesel added to diesel oil, which should reach 10% in 2019. The problem is that all methanol used currently is imported because the national companies suspend their production due to their low price in the international market and the high cost of natural gas. One of the possibilities to reduce this external dependence is the use of a technology, which uses raw materials that are available in large volumes in the national territory at relatively low and stable prices. The co-gasification technology of coal and rice residual biomass is an important alternative, that meets these requirements for production of methanol and also has the advantage of using a renewable resource, especially in this moment in which there is a greater concern with the global warming. When considering the use of residual biomass, it is possible to obtain at least two benefits related to global warming. The use of biomass prevents CH4 emissions from their decomposition in the soil. The second benefit occurs in the methanol production stage, when part of the coal is replaced by biomass, because the CO2 emitted by the biomass processing was previously (or will be) absorbed in the plant growth through photosynthesis. However, greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) mitigation potential of this technology for the Brazilian scenario is not yet known. In this thesis, an analysis of the impact of global warming on the life cycle of methanol produced from gasification of coal and co-gasification of coal and rice residual biomass under real conditions of production of these raw materials and logistics in the south of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Considering the above, in order to attest the net environmental benefit, all the direct and indirect emissions involved from coal mining and biomass collection to methanol production were accounted for to compose the GHG balance in the methanol cycle. This investigation was performed based on the life cycle assessment methodology, using data collected in situ, secondary data and obtained through simulation in Aspen Plus. Results showed that the system fed with 70% of coal and 30% of rice straw achieved the greatest reduction in GHG emissions, equal to 23.25%, compared to the 20.38% achieved by the rice husk scenario, in the same proportion of feed. In both systems, the corresponding stage of methanol production was responsible for the largest portion of emission in the cycle, which is related to the gasification and conditioning processes. In view of the results, it is concluded that the methanol produced from the cogaseification of coal and biomass is more environmentally advantageous Doutorado Engenharia Química Doutor em Engenharia Química CAPES 1312961

L’arròs (Oryza sativa L.) és un dels cultius alimentaris més importants del món, sent Colòmbia el segon productor d’arròs d’Amèrica Llatina, després del Brasil. L’arròs es classifica com el tercer producte agrícola en extensió de país, després del cafè i el blat de moro. En el present estudi es va determinar la qualitat de l’arròs cultivat i comercialitzat a Colòmbia, atenent a paràmetres microbiològics, fisicoquímics i toxicològics (presència de micotoxines), i es va plantejar com a objectiu general estudiar la incidència d’aflatoxines, zearalenona i desoxinivalenol en l’arròs produït a les principals zones arrosseres de Colòmbia. Durant l’any 2017 es van prendre 62 mostres d’arròs paddy cultivades per sistemes “reg” i “secà”, procedents de les principals zones arrosseres de Colòmbia. L’any 2018, el nombre de mostres recollides va ser de 58, provinents dels dos sistemes de cultiu. Aquestes mostres es van analitzar microbiològicament (coliformes totals, Escherichia coli, i Fongs i Llevats) i es van determinar les seves característiques fisicoquímiques (pH, activitat d’aigua -Aw- i contingut d’humitat). Finalment, les mostres van ser analitzades per a la detecció i quantificació d’aflatoxines (AF) (B1, B2, G1 i G2), zearalenona (ZEA) i desoxinivalenol (DO). Per fer això, es van aplicar tècniques analítiques estandarditzades reconegudes per l’Associació Oficial de Química Analítica dels Estats Units (AOAC). Dels resultats obtinguts, en les mostres recollides durant l’any 2017, es va observar una incidència global del 46% de coliformes totals (CT) en les mostres procedents de sistema “reg” de totes les zones arrosseres. En les mostres de sistema “secà”, la incidència observada va ser del 50 %. La incidència de Fongs i Llevats (F i Ll) va ser alta, i va oscil·lar entre el 96 i el 100 %, sense importar el sistema de cultiu emprat. Escherichia coli va presentar una incidència de el 8 % en el sistema “reg”, mentre que no es va detectar la seva presència en les mostres cultivades pel sistema “secà”. En l’arròs conreat l’any 2018 pel sistema “reg” la càrrega microbiana, tant de bacteris com de fongs, va disminuir considerablement; només el 13 % de les mostres van presentar recomptes de CT. Els fongs van estar presents en el 76 % de les mostres. Pel que fa a el sistema “secà”, el 23 % de les mostres van presentar contaminació amb CT, i el 54 % amb F i Ll. La presència de fongs en el gra en cultiu va ser molt elevada a tot el país, tot i que l’any 2018, es va apreciar una disminució generalitzada en la incidència en totes les zones arrosseres. En relació a les variables fisicoquímiques, les mostres procedents de sistema “reg”, van presentar durant 2017 valors mitjans de pH entre 6,39 i 6,75, i de 0,65 i 0,74 d’Aw, amb uns valors d’ humitat entre 7,48 i 11,74 %. Les mostres cultivades pel sistema “secà” van evidenciar valors mitjans de pH entre 6,72 i 7,00, de 0,70 i 0,75 de Aw, i humitats compreses entre 6,87 i 10,09 %. En les mostres procedents de sistema “reg” de l’any 2018, els valors de pH van oscil·lar entre 6,68 i 7,37, els de Aw entre 0,71 - 0,74, i els d’humitat entre 7,78 i 10,12 %, mentre que les de sistema “secà” van presentar valors de pH entre 6,44 i 6,75, de 0,65 i 0,74 d’ Aw, i entre 7,11 i 8,39 % d’humitat. Aquestes propietats fisicoquímiques i les seves interaccions són els principals determinants etiològics en la regulació del creixement fúngic i de la producció de metabòlits secundaris. L’any 2017, la micotoxina de major incidència al país va ser AF, seguida de ZEA. La zona més crítica per la presència d’AF va ser la zona “Nord”. Al 2018, ZEA passar a ser la micotoxina de major incidència, especialment en el sistema de cultiu “reg”. En contrast, DO va ser la micotoxina de menor incidència. Sense distinció de sistema de cultiu aplicat, en les mostres recollides durant els dos anys, no es va evidenciar la presència de AFG1 i AFG2. En les mostres cultivades pel sistema “reg” en 2017, la presencia d’AF va correspondre al 15 % de les mostres, amb concentracions que van variar entre 0,1 mg/kg i 1,83 mg/kg, mentre que la ZEA es va detectar en un 13 % de les mostres, amb concentracions entre 53, 5 mg/kg i 2,57 mg/kg. No es va detectar la presència de DO en cap mostra. En les mostres procedents de sistema “secà”, es va observar la presència d’AF en un 43 % de les mostres (2,1 - 119,5 mg/kg) i ZEA en un 7 % (271,9 mg/kg). La incidència d’AF en l’arròs conreat pel sistema “reg” l’any 2018 es va reduir en comparació amb l’any anterior, amb presència només en un 2 % de les mostres (0,9 mg/kg). No obstant això, es va denotar una major incidència de ZEA, present en el 31 % de les mostres (98 µg/kg - 5,19 mg/kg). En aquest cas, va ser destacable l’aparició de DO en el 7 % de les mostres analitzades (0,87 - 5,86 mg / kg), procedents de les zones “Centre” i “Plans Orientals” del país. En les mostres obtingudes pel sistema “secà” es va detectar la presència d’AF i de ZEA, però no es va observar DO en cap zona. La incidència d’AF va ser del 31 % (1,6 - 22,4 mg / kg) i la de ZEA del 15 % (67 mg / kg). Dels aïllaments fúngics obtinguts a partir de les mostres d’arròs en cultiu corresponents al mostreig de l’any 2017, Aspergillus va ser el gènere amb més freqüència (74 %) seguit de Penicillium (20 %). Es van aïllar 19 soques de fongs aïllades de l’arròs conreat l’any 2017, caracteritzant-les fenotípica i molecularment. Disset d’elles van correspondre a Aspergillus flavus. El 52 % de les soques van presentar fluorescència UV a ALC i es va verificar la seva capacitat aflatoxigénica. No es va detectar la presència ni de CT ni tampoc d’E. Coli en cap de les 16 mostres d’arròs comercial analitzades, procedents de les diferents zones arrosseres de Colòmbia, però sí es va detectar la presència de F i Ll. La incidència d’AF en aquestes mostres va ser del 50 % (2,4 - 93,9 mg/kg) i la de DO del 6 % (128 mg/kg), superant-se en el 31 % de les mostres el valor màxim permissible establert per les legislacions colombiana i europea. No es va evidenciar la presència de ZEA en cap de les mostres analitzades. “El arroz (Oryza sativa L.) es uno de los cultivos alimentarios más importantes del mundo, siendo Colombia el segundo productor de arroz de América Latina, después de Brasil. El arroz se clasifica como el tercer producto agrícola en extensión del país, después del café y el maíz. En el presente estudio se determinó la calidad del arroz cultivado y comercializado en Colombia, atendiendo a parámetros microbiológicos, fisicoquímicos y toxicológicos (presencia de micotoxinas), y se planteó como objetivo general estudiar la incidencia de aflatoxinas, zearalenona y desoxinivalenol en el arroz producido en las principales zonas arroceras de Colombia. Durante el año 2017 se tomaron 62 muestras de arroz paddy cultivadas por sistemas “riego” y “secano”, procedentes de las principales zonas arroceras de Colombia. En el año 2018, el número de muestras recogidas fue de 58, provenientes de los dos sistemas de cultivo. Estas muestras se analizaron microbiológicamente (Coliformes Totales, Escherichia coli y Mohos y Levaduras) y se determinaron sus características fisicoquímicas (pH, actividad de agua -Aw- y contenido de humedad). Finalmente, las muestras fueron analizadas para la detección y cuantificación de aflatoxinas (AF) (B1, B2, G1 y G2), zearalenona (ZEA) y desoxinivalenol (DON). Para ello, se aplicaron técnicas analíticas estandarizadas reconocidas por la Asociación Oficial de Química Analítica de los Estados Unidos (AOAC). De los resultados obtenidos, en las muestras recolectadas durante el año 2017, se observó una incidencia global del 46 % de Coliformes Totales (CT) en los granos procedentes del sistema “riego” de todas las zonas arroceras. En las muestras del sistema “secano”, la incidencia observada fue del 50 %. La incidencia de Mohos y Levaduras (M y L) fue alta, osciló entre el 96 y el 100 %, independientemente del sistema de cultivo empleado. Escherichia coli presentó una incidencia del 8 % en el sistema “riego”, mientras que no se detectó su presencia en las muestras cultivadas por el sistema “secano”. En el arroz cultivado en el año 2018 por el sistema “riego” la carga microbiana, tanto de bacterias como de hongos, disminuyó considerablemente; sólo el 13 % de las muestras presentaron recuentos de CT. Los mohos estuvieron presentes en el 76 % de las muestras. En cuanto al sistema “secano”, el 23 % de las muestras presentaron contaminación con CT y el 54 % de M y L. La presencia de hongos en el grano en cultivo fue muy elevada en todo el país, aunque en el año 2018, se apreció una disminución generalizada en la incidencia en todas las zonas arroceras. Con relación a las variables fisicoquímicas, las muestras procedentes del sistema “riego”, presentaron durante 2017 valores promedio de pH entre 6,39 y 6,75, y de 0,65 y 0,74 de Aw, con unos valores de humedad entre 7,48 y 11,74 %. Las muestras cultivadas por el sistema “secano” evidenciaron valores promedios de pH entre 6,72 y 7,00, de 0,70 y 0,75 de Aw, y humedades comprendidas entre 6,87 y 10,09 %. En las muestras procedentes del sistema “riego” del año 2018, los valores de pH oscilaron entre 6,68 y 7,37, los de Aw entre 0,71 - 0,74, y los de humedad entre 7,78 y 10,12 %, mientras que las del sistema “secano” presentaron valores de pH entre 6,44 y 6,75, de 0,65 y 0,74 de Aw, y entre 7,11 y 8,39 % de humedad. Estas características fisicoquímicas y sus interacciones son los principales determinantes etiológicos en la regulación del crecimiento fúngico y la producción de metabolitos secundarios. En el año 2017, la micotoxina de mayor incidencia en el país fue AF, seguida de ZEA. La zona más crítica por la presencia de AF fue la zona “Norte”. En el 2018, ZEA pasó a ser la micotoxina de mayor incidencia, especialmente en el sistema de cultivo “riego”. En contraste, DON fue la micotoxina de menor incidencia. Sin distinción del sistema de cultivo aplicado, en las muestras recolectadas durante los dos años, no se evidenció la presencia de AFG1 y AFG2. En las muestras cultivadas por el sistema “riego”, se detectó la presencia de AF en el 15 % de las muestras, con concentraciones que variaron entre 0,1 µg/kg y 1,83 mg/kg, mientras que la ZEA se detectó en un 13 % de las muestras, con concentraciones entre 53,5 µg/kg y 2,57 mg/kg. No se detectó la presencia de DON en ninguna muestra. En las muestras procedentes del sistema “secano”, se observó la presencia de AF en un 43 % de las muestras (2,1 - 119,5 µg/kg) y ZEA en el 7 % (271,9 µg/kg). La incidencia de AF en el arroz cultivado por el sistema “riego” en el año 2018 se redujo en comparación con el año anterior, detectándose solo en un 2 % de las muestras (0,9 µg/kg). No obstante, se denotó una mayor incidencia de ZEA, presente en el 31 % de las muestras (98 µg/kg - 5,19 mg/kg). Fue destacable la aparición de DON en el 7 % de las muestras analizadas (0,87 - 5,86 mg/kg), procedentes de las zonas “Centro” y “Llanos Orientales” del país. En las muestras obtenidas por el sistema “secano”, se detectó la presencia de AF y de ZEA, pero no se detectó DON en ninguna zona. La incidencia de AF fue del 31 % (1,6 - 22,4 µg/kg) y la de ZEA del 15 % (67 µg/kg). De los aislamientos fúngicos obtenidos a partir de las muestras de arroz en cultivo correspondientes al muestreo del año 2017, Aspergillus fue el género aislado con mayor frecuencia (74 %) seguido de Penicillium (20 %). Se aislaron 19 cepas de moho aisladas del arroz cultivado en el año 2017, caracterizándolas fenotípica y molecularmente; 17 de ellas correspondieron a Aspergillus flavus. El 52 % de las cepas presentaron fluorescencia UV en ALC y se verificó la capacidad aflatoxigénica de las mismas. No se detectó la presencia ni de CT ni tampoco de E. coli en ninguna de las 16 muestras de arroz comercial analizadas, procedentes de las diferentes zonas arroceras de Colombia, pero sí se detectó la presencia de M y L. La incidencia de AF en estas muestras fue del 50 % (2,4 - 93,9 µg/kg) y la de DON fue del 6 % (128 µg/kg), superándose en el 31 % de las muestras el valor máximo permisible establecido por las legislaciones colombiana y europea. Sin embargo, no se evidenció la presencia de ZEA. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world, with Colombia being the second largest rice producer in Latin America, after Brazil. Rice has been classified as the third largest agricultural product in the country, behind coffee and corn, respectively. In the present study, the quality of rice grown and commercialized in Colombia was determined, taking into account microbiological, physicochemical, and toxicological parameters (presence of mycotoxins); furthermore, the general objective of this inquiry was to study the incidence of aflatoxins, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol in rice produced in the main rice-growing areas of Colombia. During 2017, 62 samples of paddy rice grown by “irrigation” and “dry” systems were taken, from the main rice-growing areas of Colombia. In 2018, the number of samples collected was 58, from the two cultivation systems. These samples were microbiologically analyzed (Total Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Molds and Yeasts) and their physicochemical characteristics (pH, water activity -Aw- and moisture content) were determined. Finally, the samples were analyzed for the detection and quantification of aflatoxins (AF) (B1, B2, G1 and G2), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON). For this reason, standardized analytical techniques recognized by the Official Association of Analytical Chemistry of the United States (AOAC) were conducted. The results obtained from the samples collected during 2017, a global incidence of 46 % of Total Coliforms (CT) was observed in the grains from the “irrigation” system all over the rice-growing areas. Regarding the “dry” sample system, the observed incidence was about the 50 %. The incidence of Molds and Yeasts (M and L) was high, ranging between 96 and 100 %, regardless of the culture system used. Escherichia coli presented an incidence of 8 % in the “irrigation” system, while its presence was not detected in the samples grown by the “dry” system. In the rice cultivated in 2018 by the “irrigation” system, the microbial load (both of bacteria and fungi) decreased considerably, in which only 13 % of the samples had CT counts. Molds were present in 76 % of the samples. Comcerning the “dry” system, 23 % of the samples presented contamination with CT and 54 % with M and L. The presence of fungi in cultivated grain was very high throughout the country, although in 2018 there was a generalized decrease in the incidence in all rice-growing areas. In relation to the physicochemical variables, the samples from the “irrigation” system presented during 2017 average pH values between 6,39 and 6,75, and of 0,65 and 0,74 of Aw, with values of humidity between 7,48 and 11.74 %. The samples cultivated by the “dry” system showed average values of pH between 6,72 and 7,00, of 0,70 and 0,75 of Aw, and humidity between 6,87 and 10,09 %. In the samples from the “irrigation” system in 2018, the pH values ranged between 6,68 and 7,37, those of Aw between 0,71 - 0,74, and those of humidity between 7,78 and 10, 12 %, while those of the “dry” system presented pH values between 6,44 and 6,75, of 0.65 and 0,74 of Aw, and between 7,11 and 8.39 % moisture. These physicochemical characteristics and their interactions are the main etiological determinants in the regulation of fungal growth and the production of secondary metabolites. In 2017, the mycotoxin with the highest incidence in the country was AF, followed by ZEA. The most critical area for the presence of AF was the “North” one. In 2018, ZEA became the mycotoxin with the highest incidence, especially in the “irrigation” cultivation system. In contrast, DON was the mycotoxin with the lowest incidence. Regardless of the cultivation system applied, in the samples collected during the two years, the presence of AFG1 and AFG2 was not evidenced. In the samples cultivated by the “irrigation” system, the presence of AF was detected in 15 % of the samples, with concentrations that varied between 0,1 µg/kg and 1,83 mg/kg, while the ZEA was detected in 13 % of the samples, with concentrations between 53,5 µg/kg and 2,57 mg/kg. The presence of DON was not detected in any sample. In the samples from the “dry” system, the presence of FA was observed in 43 % of the samples (2,1 - 119,5 µg/kg) and ZEA in 7 % (271,9 µg/kg). The incidence of AF in rice cultivated by the “irrigation” system in 2018 was reduced compared to the previous year, being detected only in 2 % of the samples (0,9 µg/kg). However, a higher incidence of ZEA was found present in 31 % of the samples (98 µg/kg - 5.19 mg/kg). The appearance of DON was remarkable in 7 % of the samples analyzed (0,87 - 5,86 mg/kg), coming from the “Central” and “Llanos Orientales” areas of the country. In the samples obtained by the “dry” system, the presence of AF and ZEA was detected, but DON was not detected in any area. The incidence of AF was 31 % (1,6 - 22,4 µg/kg) and that of ZEA was 15 % (67 µg/kg). About the fungal isolates obtained from the cultured rice samples corresponding to the sampling of the year 2017, Aspergillus was the genus isolated with the highest frequency (74 %) followed by Penicillium (20 %). 19 strains of mold isolated from rice grown in 2017 were isolated, characterizing them phenotypically and molecularly; 17 of them corresponded to Aspergillus flavus. 52 % of the strains showed UV fluorescence in ALC and their aflatoxigenic capacity was verified. The presence of CT or E. coli was not detected in any of the 16 commercial rice samples analyzed, from the different rice-growing areas of Colombia, but the presence of M and L was detected. The incidence of AF in these samples were 50 % (2,4 - 93,9 µg/kg) and that of DON was 6 % (128 µg/kg), exceeding the maximum permissible value established by Colombian legislation in 31 % of the samples and European. However, the presence of ZEA was not evidenced. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Ciència dels Aliments

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an important rice pest which consumes leaf area during all phases of plant development. The objective of this study was to identify rice genotypes that provide antixenosis and antibiosis to fall armyworm. Antixenosis was investigated by measuring non-preference in free-choice and no-choice tests while antibiosis was determined by measuring biological parameters and nutritional indices of S. frugiperda in twelve rice genotypes. The genotype Miúdo Branco showed antixenosis to S. frugiperda, whereas the genotypes IR 64 and Bacaba Branco showed antibiosis to S. frugiperda by affecting insect development and prolonging insect life cycle. Insects that fed on Bacaba Branco genotype demonstrated the lowest nutritional indices. Since Miúdo Branco, IR 64 and Bacaba Branco showed moderate resistance, rice producers could use these genotypes as part of a control strategy for S. frugiperda. Made available in DSpace on 2021-11-29T17:00:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rbe-2021.pdf: 508016 bytes, checksum: a3a01004dd029d44cf87e93666e2f40d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Ponència presentada al IX Simposio Iberoamericano de Ingeniería de Residuos, Panamá, del 20 al 24 de setembre de 2021 En España, más de 100.000 ha agrícolas están dedicadas al arroz, lo que representa un promedio de casi 800.000 t/año (el 28% de la UE). En Valencia, alrededor del lago conocido como “La Albufera” se cultiva una superficie mayor de 17.000 ha. En el cultivo del arroz se generan dos tipos principales de residuos: la paja y la cascarilla. Si la paja de arroz permanece en el cultivo puede provocar anoxia en las aguas de riego y suponer la muerte de especies piscícolas, y si se quema provoca contaminación atmosférica, lo cual causa molestias y peligros a la población circundante, por lo que es conveniente retirarla de los campos después de la cosecha. La cascarilla, por su parte, representa un 20% del peso del arroz recolectado y supone un residuo que en su mayor parte se desecha. Por sus características, la paja puede valorizarse energéticamente, de manera que pueda servir como combustible por su aceptable poder calorífico (4,30 kWh/kg). Por otro lado, la cascarilla tiene un elevado contenido en sílice (11 – 12%), el cual puede aprovecharse para la construcción o fabricación de vidrio. En este trabajo se describe una metodología para conseguir aprovechar estos residuos, de manera que se propone, por una parte, un tratamiento de la cascarilla con HCl a diferentes concentraciones, temperaturas y tiempos, con la posterior calcinación para obtener sílice y, por otra parte, una determinación del poder calorífico, trituración y peletización de la paja para producir combustible. In Spain, more than 100,000 agricultural ha are dedicated to rice, which represents an average of almost 800,000 t/year (28% of the EU). In Valencia, around the lake known as "La Albufera", a surface area of more than 17,000 ha is cultivated. Two main types of waste are generated in rice cultivation: straw and husk. If the rice straw remains in the crop, it can cause anoxia in waters and lead to the death of fish species. If it burns, it causes air pollution, which causes annoyances and hazards to the surrounding population. Therefore, it is convenient to remove it from the fields after harvest. The husk represents 20% of the weight of the harvested rice and represents a waste. Due to its characteristics, straw can be valued energetically, so that it can serve as fuel due to its acceptable calorific value (4.30 kWh/kg). On the other hand, the husk has a high content of silica (11-12%), which can be used for the construction or glass manufacture. In this work, a methodology is described to valorizate these residues, so that, on the one hand, a treatment of the husk with HCl at different concentrations, temperatures and times is proposed, with subsequent calcination to obtain silica and, on the other hand, a determination of the heating value, crushing and pelleting of the straw to produce fuel.

Indonesia's strategies are focus on improving food production using environmentally-friendly measures in its agricultural development. This research was designed in accordance with the national strategies on increasing the productivity of rice using efficient water while reducing methane emissions from rice fields. A low rice yield is obtained when the conventional anaerobic methods (flooded soil) are used. Additional to the water, sludge from palm oil factories was also applied. This research aimed to establish a proper concentration of sludge to increase the productivity of rice sown in aerobic condition with the water level at 5 cm below soil surface. The study was conducted by making experiments with 5 levels. Waste sludge from palm oil factories was applied on the soils tested with concentrations of 0 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1, 20 t ha-1 and 25 t ha-1. Height of the plant, total number of tillers, number of productive tillers, number of filled grains, percentage of filled grains, weight of 1000 grains and weight of filled grain per plot were studied. Application of 25 t ha-1 organic sludge showed a high level of productivity increasing the total number of tillers, the number of productive tillers and weight of filled grain per plot. RESUMEN Las estrategias de Indonesia para desarrollar su agricultura se centran en mejorar la producción utilizando medidas respetuosas con el medio ambiente. Esta investigación fue diseñada de acuerdo con las estrategias nacionales para incrementar la productividad del arroz y un uso eficiente del agua mientras se reducen las emisiones de metano de los cultivos de arroz. El bajo rendimiento de arroz en los campos que emplean métodos convencionales se debe al suelo inundado (anaerobio). Además del uso eficiente del agua, también se aplicaron lodos residuales de las fábricas de aceite de palma. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo establecer una concentración adecuada de lodos para aumentar la productividad del arroz cultivado en condición aeróbica con el nivel de agua a 5 cm por debajo de la superficie del suelo. Se realizaron experimentos con 5 niveles. Los tratamientos que se probaron involucraron aplicación de lodos residuales de fábricas de aceite de palma con concentraciones de 0 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1, 20 t ha-1 and 25 t ha-1. Parámetros como la altura de la planta, número total de retoños, número de retoños productivos, número de granos llenos, porcentaje de granos llenos, peso de 1000 granos y peso de arroz molido seco fueron estudiados. La aplicación de 25 t ha-1 de lodos orgánicos mostró un alto nivel de productividad al incrementar el número total de retoños, el número de retoños productivos y el peso del arroz molido seco.

Se sabe que uno de los usos máscomunes de almacenamiento de alimentos es el plástico que conlleva un gran impacto negativo en el medio ambiente. El proyecto Ricebox va enfocado en la creación de un sustituto usando el Almidóncomo material principalque supone uno de gran abundancia y bajo coste. Este método se puede usar con diferentes alimentos,pero en este caso nos concentramos en el Arroz.

L'estrès de salinitat i alcalinitat es deu a prevalença de les fluctuacions ambientals en els arrossars mediterranis al Delta de l'Ebre; Tanmateix, encara no s'han estudiat en relació amb els cianobacteris terrestres. Entre els diversos cianobacteris, diverses espècies han estat explorades com biofertilitzadors que promouen el creixement de les plantes per millorar el subministrament de nutrients i la tolerància a l'estrès biòtic i abiòtic. En aquesta tesi, diferents cianobacteris van ser aïllats dels arrossars per caracteritzar la seva tolerància a les condicions salines alcalines i per dur a terme una avaluació inicial d'una soca seleccionada com a biofertilitzador per a l'arròs cultivat en condicions salines. En el capítol I, descrivim la caracterització de cianobacteris aïllats de arrossars a l'Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries i Marquesa (Delta de l'Ebre, Espanya). Trenta gèneres de destral estaven aïllats de cianobacteris homocistics i hetrocístics. Segons el nostre coneixement, Nostoc paludosum, Nostoc linckia, Nostoc muscorum i Cylindrospermum tropicum es van registrar per primera vegada en aquesta regió. El capítol II tracta sobre la caracterització polifàsica de la diversitat dels trets del gènere Nostoc sota la influència de diferents factors ambientals. Apliquem una combinació de taxonomia moderna i clàssica juntament amb fluctuacions ambientals com la salinitat i l'alcalinitat i utilitzem eines avançades que poden donar llum sobre la complexa diversitat d'aquest gènere. Proporcionem una descripció polifàsica d'un Nostoc sp. (Soca UAB 206) mitjançant anàlisi morfològica (camp clar, fluorescència, contrast de fase, microscòpia TEM confocal i ultraestructural), anàlisi filogenètica (16s rRNA i regió del genoma de la ficocianina) i estudis ecofisiològics (creixement, anàlisi de l'evolució de l'oxigen, eficiència dels fotosistemes I i II i ficobilisomes). Al nostre entendre, aquesta és la primera descripció polifàsica dels cianobacteris en els arrossars del Delta de l'Ebre i la primera aplicació d'aquesta metodologia per a la descripció dels cianobacteris utilitzant diferents tipus de caracterització com a característiques diagnòstiques. XII El capítol III avalua l'efecte combinat de la salinitat (17 a 320 mM NaCl), l'alcalinitat (pHs 7 a 11) i l'edat dels cultius sobre l'aclimatació fisiològica d'un cianobacteri terrestre inexplorat, Nostoc sp. UAB 206. Analitzem el creixement, la fotosíntesi a llarg i curt termini, les activitats del fotosistema II i I, les operacions de ficobilisomes i la producció d'exopolisacàrids. La taxa màxima de creixement i l'activitat fotosintètica fou observada sota la combinació de salinitat de 80 mM i pH 11, en comparació amb el pH 9 i 7. L'augment de la salinitat no va tenir una influència considerable en la taxa de creixement fins a 160 mM a pH 9. L'anàlisi de les corbes de fotosíntesi-irradiància va mostrar que l'activitat màxima de fotosíntesi saturada de llum (Pmax) es va assolir a 17 mM salinitat i pH 11. L'anàlisi espectroscòpica (inclosa la microscòpia confocal) va mostrar que l'augment de la salinitat (80mM) va causar una major eficiència tant del fotosistema II com de l’I en condicions alcalines. L'anàlisi ultraestructural (TEM) va mostrar que les dimensions dels exopolisacàrids van augmentar en la combinació de salinitat de 80 mM i pH 11. En el capítol IV ens centrem en primer lloc en la selecció de varietats d'arròs adequades per a estudis d'estrès i tolerància a la salinitat basats en característiques agronòmiques. Caracteritzem la interacció arròs cianobacteri sota diferents subministraments de nitrogen (50 i 100%) i diferents condicions salines (17, 50 o 100 mM NaCl) en una varietat sensible a la sal (Copsemar). En aquesta interacció, es va observar una influència positiva i beneficiosa dels cianobacteris en la fotosíntesi. Aquest efecte positiu va ser més pronunciat en una baixa oferta de N Salinity and alkalinity stress are the prevalent environmental fluctuations in the Mediterranean paddy fields in the Ebro Delta; however, they have not been studied as yet in relation to terrestrial cyanobacteria. Among the diverse cyanobacteria, several species have been explored as plant growth-promoting biofertilizers to improve nutrient supply and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. In this thesis, we isolated different cyanobacteria from paddy fields to characterize their tolerance to saline alkaline conditions and to make an initial evaluation of a selected strain as a biofertilizer for rice grown under saline conditions. In chapter I, we described characterisation of cyanobacteria isolated from paddy fields at the Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology and Marquesa (Delta Ebre, Spain). Thirty axenic genera of homocytous and hetrocytous cyanobacteria were isolated. To our best knowledge, Nostoc paludosum, Nostoc linckia, Nostoc muscorum, and Cylindrospermum tropicum were recorded for the first time in this region. Chapter II addresses polyphasic characterization of the diversity of the traits of the genus Nostoc under the influence of different environmental factors. We applied a combination of modern and classical taxonomy along with environmental fluctuation such as salinity and alkalinity and used advanced tools which may shed light into the complex diversity of this genus. We provide a polyphasic description of a Nostoc sp. (strain UAB 206) using morphological analysis (bright field, fluorescence, phase contrast, confocal and ultrastructural TEM microscopy), phylogenetic analysis (16s rRNA and the phycocyanin genome region) and ecophysiological studies (growth, oxygen evolution analysis, efficiency of photosystems I and II and phycobilisomes). As far as we know this is the first polyphasic description of cyanobacterium in the paddy fields of the Ebro Delta region and the first application of this methodology for description of cyanobacteria using different kind of characterization as diagnostic features. We evaluate the combined effect of salinity (17-320 mM NaCl), alkalinity (pHs7-11) and age of the cultures (from the first to fourth day after VIII inoculation, daily) on the physiological acclimation of an unexplored terrestrial cyanobacterium, Nostoc sp. UAB 206 in chapter III. We look at growth, long and short-term photosynthesis, photosystem II and I activities, phycobilisome operations and exopolysaccharide production. The maximum growth rate and photosynthesis activity observed under combination of 80 mM salinity and pH 11, compared to pH 9 and 7. Increasing salinity did not have any considerable influence on growth rate until 160 mM at pH 9. The analysis of photosynthesis-irradiance curves showed that the maximal light-saturated photosynthesis activity (Pmax) was attained at 17 mM salinity and pH 11. The spectroscopy analysis (including Confocal) showed that increasing salinity (80mM) caused higher efficiency of both photosystem II and I under alkaline conditions. The ultrastructural analysis (Transmission Electron Micrograph) showed that the exopolysaccharide dimensions increased at the combination 80 mM salinity and pH 11. In Chapter IV we first focused on the selection of suitable rice varieties for salinity stress and tolerance studies based on agronomic characteristics. With the selected sensitive cultivar, we then characterized the rice cyanobacterium interaction under different Nitrogen (50& 100 %) and different saline conditions (17, 50 or 100 mM NaCl) in a salt sensitive variet. In this interaction, we observed a positive and beneficial influence of the cyanobacterium on the photosynthesis of the salt-sensitive rice cultivar Copsemar. This positive effect was more pronounced under low N supply. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Biologia i Biotecnologia Vegetal

El arroz sirve como un icono identitario etnobotánico y antropológico en la nación china, y la cultura del arroz ha sido desarrollada de manera extrema por la población china y se ha integrado en los sentimientos y en el habla diaria de la gente. Existen numerosos sentidos figurados y fraseologismos relacionados con el arroz. En la presente investigación procuramos indagar una selección de las unidades fraseológicas chinas sobre el arroz, como está integrada en numerosos procesos metafóricos y metonímicos, que aluden a realidades, valores y creencias; analizamos su importancia en la construcción de la identidad cultural de los chinos, teniendo en cuenta los factores etimológicos, históricos, antropológicos, así como los más específicamente, lingüísticos, especialmente tal cómo se reflejan en la fraseología; intentamos también buscar los equivalentes en español. Hemos observado tanto connotaciones positivas como las negativas. Además, las metáforas del arroz podría percibirse de forma peculiar en distintos dialectos locales chinos, reflejando la estrecha relación entre la lengua y la cultura. Rice serves as an ethnobotanical and anthropological identity icon in the Chinese nation, and the rice culture has been integrated into the feelings and the daily speech of its people. There are many figurative expressions related to rice. In this paper we analyze a selection of Chinese idioms and proverbs associated with rice, as they are integrated into numerous metaphorical and metonymic processes, which reflect realities, values and beliefs. Besides, we discuss the important role of rice in the construction of the Chinese cultural identity, taking into account the etymological, historical, anthropological and linguistic factors, especially demonstrating how it is reflected in the phraseology. We try also to propose Spanish equivalents for those selected Chinese idioms. We have observed both positive and negative connotations. In addition, we have found that rice metaphors could be perceived in a peculiar way in different Chinese dialects, reflecting the close relationship between language and culture.

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El control de malas hierbas mediante el uso de herbicidas es una de las principales herramientas utilizadas en la agronomía con la finalidad de poder subsistir y alcanzar mayores niveles de producción agrícola. No obstante, el uso repetido de los herbicidas ha ocasionado que múltiples especies hayan evolucionado como resistentes a estos productos. El glifosato es el herbicida con mayores ventas en el mundo, y es utilizado ampliamente en post-emergencia o pre-siembra para el control de malas hierbas dico y monocotiledóneas. El modo de acción de este herbicida es la inhibición de la 5- enolpiruvilshikimato-3-fosfato sintasa (EPSPS), enzima importante en la biosíntesis de aminoácidos esenciales fenilalanina, tirosina y triptófano en las plantas. De acuerdo con “The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds”, actualmente existen 55 casos de resistencia glifosato reportados en el mundo. Dada la importancia del uso de herbicidas y de un adecuado manejo integrado de malas hierbas, en el presente trabajo se han confirmado en España, Colombia y Brasil, primeros casos de resistencia a glifosato, y se han caracterizado los mecanismos de resistencia para que así se pueda obtener una adecuada decisión en cuanto al control de malas hierbas resistentes. En este trabajo se confirmó el primer caso mundial de resistencia de Bromus rubens, y mediante ensayos de invernadero se detectó que existen alternativas químicas como el propaquizafop y flazasulfuron, dos herbicidas con modo de acción diferente al glifosato. Por otro lado, se caracterizaron por primera vez los mecanismos de resistencia en Echinochloa crus-galli resistente a glifosato en cultivos anuales y perennes de la península ibérica. Se encontró que en esta resistencia está implicada una baja absorción y traslocación del herbicida, además, en una población está implicado el metabolismo de glifosato a metabolitos no tóxicos (ácido amino metil fosfonico (AMPA) y glioxilato). También se encontró que el primer caso de Chloris radiata, en arroces colombianos, era debido a una mutación (Pro- 106-Ser) en el gen que codifica a la enzima EPSPS. Por último, se encontró que una resistencia de Chloris distichophylla en Brasil, era debido a una baja absorción y traslocación del glifosato. Además, mediante estudios con herbicidas alternativos se encontró que productos como el cletodim, quizalofop, diuron, tembotrione o glufositato, pueden ser herramientas útiles para el control de esta gramínea. La caracterización de los mecanismos de resistencia implicados en cada maleza resistente a herbicidas es la mejor herramienta y la base para desarrollar estrategias de manejo integrado de malas hierbas (MIM). El cambio en las estrategias de control de malas hierbas en cultivos españoles, colombianos y brasileños debe incluir herbicidas con modo de acción diferente al glifosato y métodos no químicos para preservar la vida útil del glifosato por más tiempo para el control de malas hierbas en estos países. Weed control using herbicides is one of the main tools used in agronomy in order to persist and achieve higher levels of agricultural production. However, the repeated use of herbicides has caused multiple species to evolve resistance to these products. Glyphosate is the herbicide with the highest sales in the world and is widely used in post-emergence or pre-sowing for the dicot and monocotyledonous control weeds. The mode of action of this herbicide is the inhibition of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), an important enzyme in the biosynthesis of essential amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan in plants. According to "The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds", there are currently 55 cases of glyphosate resistance reported worldwide. Given the importance of herbicide use and proper integrated weed management, the first cases of resistance to glyphosate have been confirmed in Spain, Colombia and Brazil, and the mechanisms of resistance have been characterized to obtain an adequate decision regarding the control of resistant weeds. In this work, the first world case of resistance of Bromus rubens was confirmed, and through greenhouse assays it was detected that there are chemical alternatives such as propaquizafop and flazasulfuron, two herbicides with a different mode of action to glyphosate. On the other hand, the mechanisms of resistance in glyphosate-resistant Echinochloa crus-galli in annual and perennial crops in the Iberian Peninsula were characterized for the first time. It was found that low uptake and translocation of the herbicide is involved in this resistance, and that glyphosate metabolism to non-toxic metabolites (amino methyl phosphonic acid (AMPA) and glyoxylate) is involved in one population. The first case of Chloris radiata in Colombian rice was also found to be due to a mutation (Pro-106-Ser) in the gene encoding the EPSPS enzyme. Finally, a resistance of Chloris distichophylla in Brazil was found to be due to a low uptake and translocation of glyphosate. In addition, through trials with alternative herbicides, it was found that products such as clethodim, quizalofop, diuron, tembotrione or glufositate, can be useful tools for the control of this grassweed. Characterizing resistance mechanisms implied in each herbicide resistant weed is the best tool and the basis to develop integrated weed management (IWM) strategies. The change in weed control strategies in Spanish, Colombian and Brazilian crops should include herbicides with a mode of action different from glyphosate and non-chemical methods to preserve the useful life of glyphosate for a longer time for weed control in these countries.

Los sistemas de producción agrícolas en la subregión Valle del Sinú, en Colombia, en los últimos 50 años, se han basado en la siembra de cultivos en rotación o alternancia de maíz - algodón y arroz, y se caracterizan por el uso intensivo de implementos de mecanización e insumos agrícolas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las características fisicoquímicas de los suelos, bajo los sistemas productivos de maíz - algodón y arroz e identificar las principales limitantes de suelo, que afectan el desarrollo y la productividad de los cultivos, en la subregión Valle del Sinú. Para lo anterior, se realizaron muestreos de suelo en 64 sitios, distribuidos en cinco municipios del Valle del Sinú, evaluando propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo. El suelo en estudio pertenece al orden Inceptisol, moderadamente profundo, compuesto por arcillas expansivas y horizonte argílico. El suelo, se caracterizó por una reacción acida (5,82±0,87 a 6,78±0,34), contenido medio de MO. La media de la CIC varió en rango, de 18,45±2,94 a 22,85±4,36cmol(+) kg-1, la CE estuvo no salinos, variando de 0,29±0,09 a 0,91±1,70dS cm-1. Los contenidos de P, S, Ca, Mg y K fueron altos. La densidad aparente mostró valores promedios restrictivos para el desarrollo de raíces en cuatro de los cinco municipios, variando de 1,42±0,10 a 1,49±0,08g cm-3, excepto en San Carlos (1,33±0,14g cm-3). Los resultados obtenidos evidencian indicios de procesos de degradación de suelo, relacionados con el manejo de los suelos. The agricultural production systems in the Valle del Sinú subregion in Colombia, in the last 50 years, have been based on the sowing of crops in rotation and/or alternation of corn - cotton and rice, and are characterized by the intensive use of implements mechaniza-tion and agricultural inputs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of the soils under the corn - cotton and rice production systems and identifying the main soil limitations, which affect crop development and productivity, in the Sinú Valley Subregion. For the above, soil sampling was carried out at 64 sites distributed in five municipalities of the Sinú Va-lley, evaluating the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The soil under study belongs to the order Inceptisol, moderately deep, composed of expansive clays and argillic horizons. The soil was characterized by an acid reaction (5.82 ± 0.87 to 6.78 ± 0.34), average MO content. The mean of the CIC varied in the range of 18.45 ± 2.94 to 22.85 ± 4.36cmol(+) kg-1, the EC was not saline, var-ying from 0.29 ± 0.09 to 0.91 ± 1.70dS cm-1. The contents of P, S, Ca, Mg and K were high. The apparent density showed restrictive average values for root development in four of the five municipa-lities, ranging from 1.42 ± 0.10 to 1.49 ± 0.08g cm-3, except in San Carlos (1.33 ± 0.14g cm-3). The results obtained show evidence of soil degradation processes related to soil management. Incluye referencias bibliográficas

The use of drought-tolerant cultivars is a promising strategy to minimize the effects of water deficits on upland rice productivity. Therefore, it is important to establish an adequate methodology to evaluate the performance of upland rice cultivars under water deficit. In this study, one evaluated the effects of water deficit on morphological and physiological traits of two upland rice cultivars, in a greenhouse, in soil columns, using a phenotyping platform named SITIS. The experiment occurred in a complete randomized block design, in a split plot scheme with four replications. The main plots consisted of a well-irrigated treatment with daily replacement of 100% evapotranspired water and four water restriction regimes (daily replacement of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% evapotranspired water at the well-irrigated treatment) and, the subplots, of the Douradão and BRS Soberana cultivars, which are tolerant and sensitive to water stress, respectively. It is feasible to use the SITIS platform and the proposed protocol (water regimes) to evaluate upland rice cultivars for tolerance to water stress. Under water deficit, the Douradão cultivar restricted its transpiration and showed harvest index, grain yield and water use efficiency higher than the BRS Soberana cultivar. Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-25T23:53:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPAF2018rbai.pdf: 762741 bytes, checksum: da3a1364685879c6cc44ea16526140ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-01-24

Silicon (Si) is an element that can improve the growth and development of rice plants in water-deficient environments because it is an enzymatic stimulant, signaling for production of antioxidant compounds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between water deficiency and the effect of Si on two rice cultivars whose seeds were treated with dietholate. The experimental design was fully randomized with three replicates, and treatments were organized in a 3x2x2x4 factorial arrangement: three water soil conditions (50% and 100% of soil water retention capacity (WRC) and complete submergence in a water blade of 5.0 cm); two cultivars (IRGA 424 RI and Guri INTA CL); two sources of Si (sodium metasilicate and potassium metasilicate); and four rates of Si (0; 4.0; 8.0 and 16 g L-1). Chlorophyll a and b, leaf area and shoot and root dry weight increased at higher rates of Si under the three soil water regimes. There was an increase in superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase enzyme activity in the cultivars at higher rates of Si, reducing lipid peroxidation caused by water deficiency. Therefore, Si did indeed attenuate water deficiency stress in rice plants emerging from seeds treated with dietholate. Resumo O silício (Si) é um elemento que pode proporcionar melhor crescimento e desenvolvimento às plantas de arroz cultivadas em ambientes com deficiência hídrica, por ser um estimulador enzimático, promovendo sinalização para produção de compostos antioxidantes. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a relação entre deficiência hídrica e o efeito do Si em duas cultivares de arroz tratadas com dietholate. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições e os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 3x2x2x4, sendo os fatores: três condições hídricas do solo (50%, 100% da capacidade de retenção de água no solo (CRA) e lâmina d’água de 5,0 cm), duas cultivares (IRGA 424 RI e Guri INTA CL), duas fontes de Si (metassilicato de sódio e metassilicato de potássio) e quatro doses de Si (0; 4,0; 8,0 e 16 g L-1). O índice de clorofila a e b, a área foliar e o teor de massa seca da parte aérea e raiz aumentaram com o aumento das doses de Si nas três condições hídricas do solo. Houve um aumento na atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase e guaiacol peroxidase nas cultivares estudadas à medida que as doses de Si aumentaram, diminuindo a peroxidação de lipídios, causada pela restrição hídrica. Portanto, o Si atenua o estresse por déficit hídrico em plantas de arroz emergentes de sementes tratadas com dietholate.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo brindar una evaluación de la política de importación de arroz a través del comportamiento histórico de los precios del arroz en las distintas fases de la cadena de producción, considerando el precio del quintal de arroz en cáscara, el precio del quintal de arroz pilado y el precio final de la libra de arroz que percibe el consumidor. Pudo demostrarse que el precio final de este producto guarda una relación a largo plazo con el precio del quintal de arroz pilado, pero la misma relación no pudo ser comprobada con respecto al precio del quintal de arroz en cáscara. Esto brinda un sustento empírico para cuestionar la política de importación entre 2001 y 2015, que se ha basado en la introducción intensiva de arroz en cáscara y no de arroz pilado.

The identification of genotypes more tolerant to water deficit and more efficient in the use of nutrients little available in the soil is an important low-cost strategy to promote sustainable agriculture in marginalized regions. In this sense, a study was carried out in the SITIS Phenotyping Platform of the Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, with the objective of evaluating the drought tolerance of upland rice genotypes tolerant to phosphorus (P) deficiency. The experimental design was performed in a randomized complete block with split-split plots and two replications. In the plots were established two water regimes (with and without water deficit), in the subplots two soil phosphorus contents (25 and 200 mg dm-3) and in sub-subplots 48 upland rice genotypes. The water deficit had more impact on grain yield than the phosphorus supply. The genotypes AB 062037, AB 062041, AB 062138, Arroz Mato Grosso, BRA 02601, BRA 052045, CNA 4098, CNA 6187, Guapa, Guaporé and Rio Paranaíba were classified in the most productive group under both water regimes. The most productive genotypes under water deficit showed higher root density in the deeper soil layers. The most productive genotypes in the two water regimes were also those that showed the highest transpiration. RESUMO A identificação de genótipos mais tolerantes à deficiência hídrica e mais eficientes no uso de nutrientes pouco disponíveis no solo é uma importante estratégia de baixo custo para promover a agricultura sustentável em regiões marginalizadas. Neste sentido, foi conduzido um estudo na Plataforma SITIS de Fenotipagem da Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, com o objetivo de avaliar a tolerância à deficiência hídrica de genótipos de arroz de terras altas tolerantes à deficiência de fósforo. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subsubdivididas, com duas repetições. Nas parcelas foram estabelecidos dois regimes hídricos (com e sem deficiência hídrica), nas subparcelas dois teores de fósforo no solo (25 e 200 mg dm-3) e nas subsubparcelas 48 genótipos de arroz de terras altas. A deficiência hídrica teve mais impacto na produtividade de grãos do que o suprimento de fósforo. Os genótipos AB 062037, AB 062041, AB 062138, Arroz Mato Grosso, BRA 02601, BRA 052045, CNA 4098, CNA 6187, Guapa, Guaporé e Rio Paranaíba foram classificados no grupo mais produtivo sob ambos regimes hídricos. Os genótipos mais produtivos sob deficiência hídrica apresentaram maior densidade do sistema radicular nas camadas mais profundas do solo. Os genótipos mais produtivos nos dois regimes hídricos foram também aqueles que apresentaram maior transpiração.

The evaluation of breeding lines for prior recommendation in different environments is a step that requires a high level of investment. This evaluation is extremely important, especially when the objective of breeding is to select lines with high homeostasis, adaptability associated with high yield, and stability. Thus, this paper aimed to study the phenotypic plasticity of thirteen upland rice lines for grain yield in multiple environments of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The experiments were installed in nine different environments corresponding to the combination of locations and agricultural years. Thirteen elite lines were used, originating from a partnership between UFLA (Federal University of Lavras), Epamig (Agricultural Research Company of Minas Gerais) and Embrapa (Brazilian Company of Agricultural Research) Rice and Beans. The experiments were conducted in a complete randomized block design with three replicates. Culture treatments used for conducting were the same as those recommended for culture. The evaluated character was grain yield (kg.ha-1). Adaptability and stability were estimated by the methods Wricke, Annicchiarico, and Lin and Binns. All experiments showed average productivities above average in the state of Minas Gerais. The methods by Anniccchiarico and Lin Binns were efficient for the lines identification with phenotypic plasticity, emphasis on the lines CMG 2097, CMG 1896 and CMG 2089, which obtained superior average performance with productivities higher than 5 t.ha-1. Thus, these lines are promising for the Minas Gerais state recommendation, as well as in similar environments under low fertility natural soil, ferralsol (latosols), with tropical semi-humid and tropical altitude. Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-13T00:08:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPAF2018ajcs2.pdf: 972067 bytes, checksum: c1b0a62c5ea644eb1232244a10d0f43b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-12-12

A leptospirose é uma doença infecciosa causada por bactérias do gênero Leptospira, que afeta animais domésticos, selvagens e também humanos. De outubro a novembro de 2014, numa propriedade rural localizada em Glorinha, RS, em que bovinos eram mantidos em resteva de arroz, 13 bezerros manifestaram hemoglobinúria e apatia, nove dos quais morreram em menos de 24 horas após o início dos sinais clínicos. Foram necropsiados quatro bezerros (A, B, C e D). Fragmentos de tecido foram fixados em formalina a 10%. Amostras de rim, fígado e pulmão dos Bezerros B, C e D foram enviadas para análise de PCR para RNA ribossômico 16S e a proteína Lip 32 de Leptospira. No exame macroscópico foram observados mucosas e tecido subcutâneo amarelados, fígado alaranjado, pulmões com múltiplas petéquias, predominantemente nos lóbulos craniais. A cavidade torácica do Bezerro A estava repleta de um líquido vermelho-escuro. À avaliação microscópica foi observada hemorragia acentuada nos pulmões; no fígado havia necrose e vacuolização hepatocelular centrolobular difusa moderada, além de infiltrado linfocítico periportal discreto. Nos rins observou- se nefrite intersticial linfoplasmocítica discreta multifocal. A análise por PCR teve resultado positivo para os Bezerros B e D. O diagnóstico de leptospirose nos bezerros foi baseado nos achados epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos, associados ao resultado positivo na PCR. Este estudo demonstra a importância da investigação da doença quando animais jovens são criados em áreas inundadas e têm manifestações clínicas de doença septicêmica aguda. Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira, which affect domestic and wild animals, and also humans. From October to November 2014, in a rural property located in Glorinha, RS, where cattle were kept in the rice stubble, thirteen calves presented hemoglobinuria and apathy, nine of which died within less than 24 hours after the onset of clinical signs. Four calves were necropsied (A, B, C and D). Tissue samples were collected in 10% formalin. Samples of kidney, liver and lung from calves B, C and D were sent for PCR analysis for 16S ribosomal RNA and the protein Lip 32 genes of Leptospira. At macroscopic examination jaundiced mucosae and subcutaneous tissue, orange liver, and lungs with multiple petechiae, predominantly in cranial lobes, were observed. The thoracic cavity of calf A was filled with a reddish fluid. At microscopic examination, severe hemorrhage was observed in the lungs; in the liver there was moderate diffuse centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis and vacuolization, in addition to discrete periportal lymphocytic infiltrate. Discrete multifocal lymphoplasmocytic interstitial nephritis was observed in the kidneys. PCR analyzis resulted positive for calves B and D. The diagnosis of leptospirosis in the calves was based on epidemiological, clinical and pathological findings associated with positive PCR analysis. This study demonstrates the importance of investigation of the disease when young bovids are raised in flooded areas and have clinical signs of an acute septicemic disease.

Resumen: El agua es un factor limitante para la expansión del cultivo de arroz en Uruguay. Durante las zafras 2010-2011, 2011-2012 y 2012-2013 se evaluaron diferentes alternativas de manejo del riego durante la etapa vegetativa del cultivo de arroz y su efecto sobre el rendimiento y el consumo de agua. El objetivo del estudio fue hacer un uso más eficiente del agua y aumentar su productividad. Se evaluaron tres alternativas de riego con inundación continua: inundados a los 15, 30 (testigo) y 45 días después de la emergencia (IC15, IC30 e IC45); y dos alternativas de riego controlado: lámina variable (LV) y riego restringido (RR). Los mayores rendimientos se registraron en los tratamientos IC15, IC30 y LV (10592, 10454 y 10189 kg ha-1, respectivamente) seguidos por los tratamientos IC45 y RR (9653 y 9287 kg ha-1, respectivamente). El menor consumo de agua de riego se obtuvo en el tratamiento RR (6568 m3 ha-1). La productividad del agua de riego osciló entre 1,18 (IC45) y 1,46 kg m-3 (RR). Este estudio demuestra que hay estrategias de manejo del riego en arroz que pueden reducir significativamente los consumos de agua logrando una alta productividad de la misma. Sin embargo, los rendimientos obtenidos determinan la necesidad de profundizar los estudios en alternativas de riego controlado, de manera que las restricciones hídricas generadas no impliquen una disminución en la productividad del cultivo. Summary: Water is a limiting factor for the expansion of rice crop in Uruguay. During the seasons 2010-2011, 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 the effect of different irrigation management alternatives during the vegetative stage of rice on yield and water use were evaluated. The objective of this study was to improve water use efficiency and increase crop water productivity. Three continuous flooding treatments: flooding 15, 30 (control) and 45 days after emergence (CF15, CF30 and CF45), and two controlled irrigation treatments: intermittent irrigation (II) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) were evaluated. Higher yields were obtained in treatments CF15, CF30 and II (10592, 10454 y 10189 kg ha-1, respectively), followed by CF45 and AWD (9653 y 9287 kg ha-1, respectively). AWD treatment had the lowest irrigation water use (6568 m3 ha-1). Mean irrigation water productivity ranged from 1.18 (CF45) to 1.46 kg m-3 (AWD). This study demonstrates that there are irrigation strategies that can significantly reduce irrigation water use while reaching high water productivity values. However, the yields obtained determine the need to deepen the studies in controlled irrigation alternatives, so that the water restrictions generated do not imply a decrease in crop productivity.

A uniformidade da semeadura nas áreas agrícolas pode ser afetada por diversos fatores, tais como a velocidade de deslocamento do conjunto trator-semeadora e a profundidade de colocação da semente no sulco de plantio. Esses fatores podem afetar significativamente a produtividade de grãos das culturas. O objetivo do trabalho foi o de quantificar o efeito da velocidade de semeadura e da profundidade de colocação da semente no sulco no estande de plantas, no índice de velocidade de emergência da plântula, nos componentes de produção e na produtividade de grãos do arroz de terras altas. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso no esquema fatorial 3x2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram da combinação de três velocidades de semeadura (3, 5 e 7 km h-1) com duas profundidades de colocação das sementes nos sulcos (3 e 6 cm). A profundidade de semeadura teve efeito significativo sobre o índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas e o estande de plantas de arroz, e não afetou o número de perfilhos, de panículas e de grãos por panícula, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos. A velocidade de semeadura não interferiu no índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas, estande de plantas de arroz, número de perfilhos e de panículas e massa de 100 grãos. Por outro lado, afetou o número de grãos por panícula e a produtividade de grãos do arroz. Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-25T19:07:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPAF2017cajgs.pdf: 499575 bytes, checksum: bf07b55c07d30ff1420b9485dbfa24fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-01-12

O beneficiamento de arroz gera resíduos líquidos. Com base nisso, o objetivo deste trabalho é descrever e sugerir formas de tratamentos para os resíduos líquidos oriundos da rizicultura. Para tal, realizou-se uma vasta pesquisa bibliográfica em periódicos, sites, livrarias eletrônicas e normas vigentes, assim como visita técnica a uma indústria de Beneficiamento de Arroz localizada na cidade de Barreiras - BA. Com base nos dados obtidos, pode-se observar que os principais resíduos líquidos gerados por esta indústria são a água de parboilização, efluentes líquidos agroindustriais e do administrativo. Os tratamentos mais debatidos para a água de parboilização e efluentes agroindustriais se referem a diminuição da DQO através da floculação e eletrólise. Em relação aos efluentes do administativo, dentre os métodos mais utilizados estão o tratamento anaeróbio/UASB, wetlands e lodos ativados; de tal modo que a combinação dessas técnicas é a mais utilizada em razão de fatores como custo e eficiência.