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OBJECTIVE: Psychometric and normative information is provided for the sluggish cognitive tempo, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) inattention, ADHD hyperactivity/impulsivity, oppositional defiant disorder, callous-unemotional behaviors (Limited Prosocial Emotions specifier), anxiety, depression, social impairment, friendship difficulties, and academic impairment scales of the Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI) with a nationally representative sample of U.S. children. METHOD: Mothers of 2,056 kindergarten to sixth grade children (M±SD(age) = 8.49±2.15 years; 49% girls) completed the CABI, and 307 randomly selected mothers completed the CABI again four weeks later. RESULTS: The ten-factor model (one factor for each CABI scale) provided a close fit for the total sample as well as for boys and girls separately. Each scale showed invariance of like-item loadings and thresholds for boys and girls across a 4-week interval with excellent test-retest factor correlations and no significant factor mean changes. Normative information (T-scores) is provided for the ten scales separately for boys and girls, with test information functions supporting the use of the scales for screening purposes. CONCLUSION: The normative information on the CABI provides support for the use of the ten scales to inform the clinical care of individual children, with the positive psychometric properties of the scores providing additional support for the use of the scales for research. Copies of the scale and norms are available for free to clinicians and researchers.

Background Injury is the leading cause of death or disability in children and adolescents. Deaths from injuries have recently declined, but studies on the occurrence of non-fatal injuries are lacking. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the experience of non-fatal injury in children and adolescents younger than 20 years based on Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey data from 2007 to 2018. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on whether children and adolescents had experienced an injury requiring a hospital visit in the past year. We investigated the risk factors of the injury experience and the characteristics of the injury. Results Of a total of 21,598 children and adolescents, 1,748 experienced one or more injuries in the previous year, and the weighted percentage was 8.1%. There was no difference by year in proportion of injuries experienced. In male subjects, 10.0% had injury experience; in female participants, 6.1% had injury experience (P < 0.001). The highest rate was 9.0% in children aged 1-4 years. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, being male; having an urban residence; having restricted activity due to visual impairment, hearing impairment, or developmental impairment; and having a diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder were identified as significant risk factors for injury experience. The characteristics of up to 3 injuries per patient were investigated, and a total of 1,951 injuries was analyzed. Falls and slips accounted for 34.9%, collisions accounted for 34.1%, and motor vehicle accidents accounted for 11.3% of total injuries. Ninety-six percent of injuries were unintentional, 20% of injuries caused absence from school, and 10% of injuries required hospitalization. Conclusion Among Korean children and adolescents, 8.1% experienced injuries at least once a year, with no significant differences in incidence over the past 12 years. More attention and efforts to prevent injury are needed.

В статье предпринята попытка анализа и систематизации имеющихся в современной научной литературе данных об этиологии, патогенезе и эффективной терапии синдрома дефицита внимания и гиперактивности у детей. Публикация ориентирована на врачей общей практики и педиатров и ставит перед собой цель помочь выработать тактику рационального и безопасного ведения данных пациентов.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: In some patients, it is difficult to correctly nosologically classify daytime sleepiness. Clinical manifestations may be nonspecific; on the basis of objective measures it is possible to determine the current severity of sleepiness, but they do not always allow accurate diagnosis. It is especially difficult to distinguish between idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) and hypersomnia associated with a psychiatric disorder (PSY). METHODS: To find significant differences between the IH and PSY groups, we included 67 patients (IH, n = 15; PSY, n = 52) in the study, focusing on differences in self-reported symptoms, evaluating current depressive symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory-II score and personality traits measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory. All of the patients underwent polysomnography, the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, and ad libitum sleep monitoring. RESULTS: The patients with IH showed greater difficulty than those in the PSY group with waking up in the morning (P < .001) and complained of memory (P = .04) and attention deficit (P = .006). They also showed higher total sleep time (P < .001) and sleep efficiency (P = .007) and a shorter mean sleep latency on the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (P < .001). Nevertheless, the IH and PSY groups did not differ in Beck Depression Inventory scores or personality characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: IH is a syndrome in which depression/external life stressors and personality characteristics also play a role. Patients with IH may benefit from the cooperation of sleep specialists with psychotherapists/psychiatrists. CITATION: Bušková J, Novák T, Miletínová E, et al. Self-reported symptoms and objective measures in idiopathic hypersomnia and hypersomnia associated with psychiatric disorders: a prospective cross-sectional study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(3):713–720.

Behavioral disorders involving attention and impulse control dysfunction, such as ADHD, are among the most prevalent disorders in children and adolescents, with significant impact on their lives. The etiology of these disorders is not well understood, but is recognized to be multifactorial, with studies reporting associations with polygenic and environmental risk factors, including toxicant exposure. Environmental epidemiological studies, while good at establishing associations with a variety of environmental and genetic risk factors, cannot establish causality. Animal models of behavioral disorders, when properly designed, can play an essential role in establishing causal relationships between environmental risk factors and a disorder, as well as provide model systems for elucidating underlying neural mechanisms and testing therapies. Here, we review how animal model studies of developmental lead or manganese exposure have been pivotal in (1) establishing a causal relationship between developmental exposure and lasting dysfunction in the domains of attention, impulse control, and affect regulation, and (2) testing the efficacy of specific therapeutic approaches for alleviating the lasting deficits. The lead and manganese case studies illustrate how animal models can advance knowledge in ways that are not possible in human studies. For example, in contrast to the Treatment of Lead Poisoned Children (TLC) human clinical trial evaluating succimer chelation efficacy to improve cognitive functioning in lead-exposed children, our developmental lead exposure animal model showed that succimer chelation can produce lasting cognitive benefits if chelation sufficiently reduces brain lead levels. In addition, this study revealed that succimer treatment in the absence of lead exposure produces lasting cognitive dysfunction, highlighting potential risks of chelation in off-label uses, such as the treatment of autistic children without a history of lead exposure. Our animal model of developmental manganese exposure has demonstrated that manganese can cause lasting attentional and sensorimotor deficits, akin to an ADHD-inattentive behavioral phenotype, thereby providing insights into the role of environmental exposures as contributors to ADHD. These studies have also shown that oral methylphenidate (Ritalin) can fully alleviate the deficits produced by early developmental Mn exposure. Future work should continue to focus on the development and use of animal models that appropriately recapitulate the complex behavioral phenotypes of behavioral disorders, in order to determine the mechanistic basis for the behavioral deficits caused by developmental exposure to environmental toxicants, and the efficacy of existing and emerging therapies.

Background: The growth and development of the child are essential and inevitable, and the growth of every child requires motor development. Purpose: This study examines the relationship between motor self-motivation and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder's symptoms in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. 40 people were selected by the convenience sampling method from the psychology centers of the province. The research method was descriptive-correlational. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and linear regression. Results: The results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between motor self-motivation and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The results of regression analysis also showed that motor self-motivation is able to predict the symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Conclusion: In general, the more children's motor motivation, the more minor attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder's symptoms. Keywords: Hyperactivity, motor self-motivation, motor development, preschool

The study aims to investigate the effect of intake pumpkin seeds as sources of magnesium and iron on improvement of the nutritional status and attention deficit of deaf female children with hyper active disorder (ADHD) symptoms. The range of sample age was 10-12 years for 40 female children who born deaf, suffering from ADHD and their hearing loss was 91 decibel or more. The investigated ADHF deaf female children were selected from El Amal school for the deaf and hard of hearing, Elsayeda Zenab. They were divided into two groups; the control group and the experimental one (20 female for each).The study used the data for each child; the personal and socio-economic, the food habits, the diet history, 24 recall and the clinical signs. In addition to the Attention Deficit Disorder Connected with Hyperactivity for Deaf Children test (ADDCHDC). The nutritional intervention was 50g from pumpkin seeds that contained an approximately 100% of Recommended Dietary intake (RNI) from magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe). Pumpkin seeds were used for three months with experimental group. The results indicated that deficiency in the average intake pre dietary intervention in experimental and control group for Mg comparing with RNI was 12.5 and 13%, respectively, and in Fe was (38.5) in both groups. However, Mg levels were higher in the experimental group post dietary intervention than control group (138 and14.5%, respectively). Also, Fe level was 149% in experimental group and 36.8% compared with RNI. On the other hand, the improvement in degree of ADDCHDC test for experimental group (post dietary intervention) was better than that in control group (65 and 95, respectively). There were statistically significant differences between pre and post dietary intervention to experimental group on Mg level and ADDCHDC test degree at (P

Introdução: O Transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade e o Transtorno Bipolar Pediátrico são patologias psiquiátricas de curso crônico, com apresentação já na infância e adolescência, persistindo na idade adulta. A comorbidade entre esses transtornos costuma ocorrer e é comumente associada a outras condições médicas e psiquiátricas, levando a piora do quadro, impactando negativamente em aspectos da vida do paciente. Esse relato descreve o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, 17 anos, diagnosticado com TDAH e TB em comorbidade na infância. Objetivo: Além do relato de caso, este artigo descreve as características do TDAH e TB na infância, segundo os critérios clínicos e diretrizes diagnosticas atuais a fim de mostrar aos profissionais da saúde a dificuldade e importância do diagnóstico dessas patologias e o seguimento terapêutico em caso de comorbidade. Métodos: Os dados foram obtidos por meio de análise de prontuário e revisão literária. Conclusão: É necessário a realização de novas pesquisas e debates voltados a esse tema, principalmente com enfoque em aspectos que não se sobreponham, a fim de facilitar o diagnóstico comórbido e/ou diferencial do TB e TDAH na infância e, consequentemente, minimizar seus prejuízos ao indivíduo.

Le nombre croissant d’étudiantes1 universitaires en situation de handicap en sciences infirmières est un phénomène récent et complexe auquel s’ajoutent de nombreux défis lorsque celles-ci se retrouvent en stage. Une étude multicas a été menée auprès de deux étudiantes et de deux superviseures cliniques pour rendre visible l’expérience de stage d’étudiantes en situation de handicap (SH). Les résultats montrent que le moment du dévoilement, l’authenticité dans l’expression de l’identité, la compréhension mutuelle et le soutien en vue d’une prestation de soins sécuritaires interviennent dans la création et le maintien du climat de confiance lors des stages. Les résultats sont présentés et discutés en prenant appui sur le modèle d’accompagnement de Curran et le modèle de développement humain – processus de production du handicap (MDH-PPH) en vue de proposer des modalités de stage favorisant l’équité pour les étudiantes en SH. Il en résulte que le modèle d’accompagnement de Curran pourrait s’appliquer à d’autres étudiants présentant un trouble d’apprentissage ou un déficit d’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité, et probablement aussi à ceux ayant un trouble de santé mentale., The growing number of university students with disabilities in nursing sciences is a recent and complex phenomenon compounded by many challenges during their clinical internship. A multi-case study with two students and two clinical supervisors was conducted to make visible the clinical internship experience of students with disabilities and that of their clinical supervisors. Curran's Coaching Model was used to guide the interviews. Results show that timing of disclosure, authenticity in expressing the self, mutual understanding and support for safe care delivery all play a role in establishing and maintaining a trusting relationship conducive to learning during clinical internships. The results are discussed using Curran’s Model and the Human Development Model - Disability Creation Process (HDM-DCP) to propose clinical modalities that promote equity for students with disabilities. We conclude that Curran's Coaching Model could apply to other students with learning disabilities or attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity, and probably also to those with mental health disorders.

Although adult patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have sleep problems, few studies have verified the effect of a psychological approach specific to sleep–wake rhythms on these sleep disturbances. Therefore, the aim of this pilot study was to develop a trans-diagnostic approach with sleep scheduling and regularity of sleep duration as core modules, and to examine the effect of the intervention in adult ADHD and/or ASD subjects with sleep disturbances. This was a within-group pilot study. Ten patients with adult ADHD and/or ASD with sleep disturbances (10 males, age: 27.4 ± 5.6 years) took part in a 90-min weekly group intervention for 5 weeks. All participants were assessed on scales for sleep complaints, anxiety, depression, and symptoms of ADHD and ASD before and after the intervention, and at 3-month follow-up. The results showed that the intervention significantly improved sleep disturbances at post-intervention (p = 0.003, d = 1.30, 95% CI 0.31–2.28) and at the 3-month follow-up (p = 0.035, d = 0.41, 95% CI − 0.48 to 1.30). In addition, attention switching for ASD symptoms was significantly reduced post-intervention (p = 0.031, d = 1.16, 95% CI 0.19–2.13). This is the first pilot study of a trans-diagnostic group approach for adult ADHD and/or ASD with sleep disturbances. The intervention primarily led to an improvement of sleep disturbances, followed by improvement of disease-specific symptoms in adult subjects with ADHD and ASD.

Introduction: Theta-Beta Ratio (TBR) has been claimed as a biomarker to diagnose Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, the effectiveness of this index to differentiate between different groups of disorders is still under discussion. The primary purpose was to determine to what extent active TRB can differentiate between children with ADHD and specific Learning Disorder (sLD) as the most common comorbid disorder. Methods: Two groups of school-aged children with sLD (N=15) and ADHD (N=15) were diagnosed through a process of clinical interview and observation. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded in both groups during active condition. The implemented cognitive task was the visual continuous performance task (VCPT). TBR in sites of CZ and Fz, and cognitive measures of VCPT were calculated in the aforementioned groups. Results: There was no significant differences in cognitive measures (containing Commission, Omission, Reaction Time, and Variability of Reaction Times) shown in two matched groups of children with sLD and ADHD. According to TBR, two groups demonstrated no significant results in comparison. Conclusion: TBR cannot be considered as a reliable biomarker to differentiate between those groups of psychological disorders that contain primary cognitive deficits and require the allocation of attention and working memory loads.

One in 12 children is born before 37 completed weeks of gestation and during the last decades survival rates and developmental outcomes of even very premature children have significantly improved. As a result, mental health sequelae of preterm birth are more frequently addressed. The manifestation of a distinct psychopathological profile with co-occurrence of symptoms associated with attention deficit/hyperactivity, autism spectrum and anxiety disorders has been recognized and discussed as "preterm behavioral phenotype", mainly affecting high-risk children with very low birth weights. Current research findings on parental psychological distress and early childhood developmental conditions after preterm birth indicate contextual factors that are of relevance, also for clinicians in psychotherapeutic practice.

It is widely assumed that cognitive processes studied in fMRI are equivalent to cognitive processes engaged in the same experimental paradigms in typical behavioral lab settings. Yet very few studies examined this common assumption, and the results have been equivocal. In the current study we directly tested the effects of fMRI environment on sustained attention and response inhibition, using a Go/No-go task, among participants with (n = 42) and without (n = 21) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Participants with ADHD are characterized by deficits in these cognitive functions and may be particularly susceptible to environmental effects on attention. We found a substantial slowing of reaction time in the scanner for all participants, and a trend for enhanced sustained attention, particularly in ADHD participants with poor performance. We also report limited stability of individual differences in scores obtained in the lab and in the scanner. These findings call for cautious interpretation of neuroimaging task-related results, especially those obtained in clinical populations.

Összefoglaló. Bár a figyelemhiányos hiperaktivitási zavar kezelése során alkalmazott metilfenidát-monoterápiával összefüggésben jelentkező gynaecomastiáról bizonyos nemkívánatos hatások adatbázisai beszámolnak, a szakirodalom áttekintése alapján ez idáig mindössze 5 esettanulmányt publikáltak a témában. Tanulmányunkban egy autizmusspektrum-zavarral és figyelemhiányos hiperaktivitási zavarral egyaránt diagnosztizált gyermek esetét mutatjuk be, akinél 6 hónapon át tartó, folyamatos metilfenidát-monoterápiájával összefüggésben kétoldali gynaecomastia kialakulását tapasztaltuk. A kezelés azonnali leállítása mellett 10 napos klomifénkezelés történt. A metilfenidát-terápia azonnali leállítását követően 14 nappal a gynaecomastia mindkét oldalon visszahúzódott. 3 hónapos, gyermekpszichiátriai szempontból gyógyszermentes időszakot követően a metilfenidát-terápia újraindítása történt, de 1 hónap elteltével a nem kívánt mellékhatás ismét jelentkezett. A metilfenidát-terápia és a gynaecomastia kialakulása közötti kapcsolat számos mechanizmussal kapcsolatban kérdéseket vet fel. Gyermekpszichiátriai szempontból érdekes kérdés, hogy releváns lehet-e a gyógyszeres terápia következményeként kialakuló nemkívánatos mellékhatás megjelenésében az autizmusspektrum-zavar és a figyelemhiányos hiperaktivitási zavar komorbid fennállása. A jelenség hátterében felmerül továbbá a neuroendokrin-immunológiai rendszer szabályozásának esetleges megváltozása. Esettanulmányunk felhívja a gyakorló orvoskollégák figyelmét a metilfenidát-terápia alkalmazása mellett potenciálisan kialakuló gynaecomastia monitorozására. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(42): 1703–1708. Summary. Although gynecomastia associated with methylphenidate monotherapy in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has already been reported in some adverse event databases, based on a review of the literature it appears that only five case reports have been published. In our study, we present the case of a child diagnosed with both autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, who developed bilateral gynecomastia in association with continuous methylphenidate monotherapy for 6 months. With immediate cessation of methylphenidate therapy, clomiphene treatment was given for 10 days. A total of 14 days after cessation of methylphenidate treatment gynecomastia receded on both sides. After a methylphenidate drug-free period of 3 months, methylphenidate therapy was restarted, but 1 month later the side effect reappeared. The relationship between methylphenidate and the development of gynecomastia raises questions about a number of mechanisms. From a child psychiatrist point of view, it is an interesting question whether the presence of comorbid autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder may be relevant in the onset of adverse events by medication. The phenomenon may also be caused by altered regulation of the neuroendocrine-immune system. Our case report draws the attention of practicing physicians to monitoring of potential gynecomastia during methylphenidate therapy. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(42): 1703–1708.

In the article, a group of early career psychiatrists presents the results of a discussion about the relationship between attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and addictions. Modern views on the commonality of the occurrence of these conditions at the genetic, morphological and functional levels are considered. Possible clinical manifestations and the frequency of comorbidity are described. Modern pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to the treatment of these comorbid conditions are discussed in detail separately. The features of therapy in the combination of ADHD with various addictions are highlighted.

Introduction Childhood conduct problems (CP) are characterized by maladaptive externalizing behaviors and are linked with poor sleep. CP are highly comorbid with other psychological problems, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depression, which are also associated with disturbed sleep. The present study examined if childhood CP and comorbid depressive and/or attentional-hyperactivity problems were prospectively associated with parent and self-reported sleep difficulties in adolescence. Methods Participants (N = 744; 53% boys) from an ongoing longitudinal study in Quebec, Canada were assessed for CP and comorbidities when they were between 6 and 9 years old. Participants were classified as without CP, CP only, CP and depressive symptoms, CP and attention-hyperactivity problems, or CP, depressive symptoms, and attention-hyperactivity problems. Regressions were conducted to examine the associations between comorbidity groups, parent, and self-reported sleep problems 7 years later (Median age = 15.33 years), controlling for sex, age, family income, primary caregiver education and medication. Results Adolescents in all CP groups had higher self and parent-reported sleep problems compared to adolescents without histories of CP. Adolescents with histories of CP, depressive symptoms and attention-hyperactivity problems had more sleep problems than all other groups according to self-reports, but not parent-reports. Conclusion Childhood CP was prospectively linked to sleep problems in adolescence, and comorbid conditions exacerbated these problems, according to youth but not parents.

Psikiyatrik bozukluk tanısı alan çocuklarda, normal gelişim gösteren çocuklara oranla daha fazla uyku problemi görüldüğü bilinmektedir. Çalışmamızın amacı, Yavaş blşsel tempo (YBT) belrtlernn yüksek ve düşük düzeyde olduğu dkkat eksklğ hperaktvte bozukluğu tanısı almış çocuk ve ergenlerde uyku sorunları ve uyku alışkanlıklarını ncelemektr. Çalışmamıza 8-17 yaş arasında DEHB tanısı olan 47 çocuk ve ergen dahil edilmiştir. Genel örneklemde 14 olgu DEHB+Yüksek YBT belirtileri gösteren; 33 olgu ise DEHB+Düşük YBT belirtileri gösteren olarak gruplandırılmıştır. Okul Çağı Çocukları İçin Duygulanım Bozuklukları ve Şizofreni Görüşme Çizelgesi- Şimdi ve Yaşam Boyu Şekli (ÇDŞG–ŞY–T) ile yapılan değerlendirme sonrasında tüm olguların ebeveynlerinden Turgay Dikkat Eksikliği ve Yıkıcı Davranış Bozuklukları için DSM-IV’e Dayalı Tarama ve Değerlendirme Ölçeği (DEYDB DSM-IV), Barkley Çocuk Dikkat Anketi (BÇDA), Çocuk Uyku Alışkanlıkları Anketini (ÇUAA) doldurmaları istenmiştir. Yüksek ve düşük YBT belirti gösteren gruplar ÇUAA ile karşılaştırılmış, hiçbir alt ölçekte veya toplam puanda anlamlı farklılık saptanmamıştır (p>0.05).DEHB alt görünümleri ÇUAA alt ölçekleri ve toplam puan açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonucunda yatma zamanı direnci (p=0.01), uyku süresi (p=0.04), parasomnialar (p=0.002), uykuda solunum bozulması (p, It has been known that sleep problems are more commonly seen in children with psychiatric disorders than typically developed children. In our study, our aim was to investigate sleep habits and problems in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) who have high or low Sluggish Cognitivte Tempo (SCT) symptoms. In this study, 47 child and adolescents were involved between ages 8-17. In this population, 14 cases were diagnosed as ADHD+High SCT; 33 cases were diagnosed as ADHD+low SCT. All participants were assessed with Kidde Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS). Afterwards, parents were requested to fill Tugay ADHD Assessment Scale, Barkley Child Attention Scale (BCAS) and Child Sleep Habit Questionarrie (CSHQ). In this study, there was no significant difference in subscales and total scores of CSHQ between high and low SCT groups (p>0.05). When CSHQ scores were compared between ADHD subtypes, it has been seen that bedtime resistence (p=0.01), parasomnias (p=0.002), sleep disordered breathing (p

Children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) often experience executive dysfunction, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and poor social skills, however, the nature of the relationships between these domains in children with NF1 is unclear. This study investigated these relationships using primary caregiver ratings of executive functions, ADHD symptoms and social skills in children with NF1. Participants were 136 children with NF1 and 93 typically developing (TD) controls aged 3-15 years recruited from 3 multidisciplinary neurofibromatosis clinics in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia, and Washington DC, USA. Mediation analysis was performed on primary outcome variables: parent ratings of executive functions (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Metacognition Index), ADHD symptoms (Conners-3/Conners ADHD Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders Scales) and social skills (Social Skills Improvement System-Rating Scale), adjusting for potential confounders (full scale IQ, sex, and social risk). Results revealed significantly poorer executive functions, elevated ADHD symptoms and reduced social skills in children with NF1 compared to controls. Poorer executive functions significantly predicted elevated ADHD symptoms and poorer social skills. Elevated ADHD symptoms significantly mediated the relationship between executive functions and social skills problems although did not fully account for social dysfunction. This study provides evidence for the importance of targeting ADHD symptoms as part of future interventions aimed at promoting prosocial behaviors in children with NF1.

The treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder can be a very rewarding and challenging task. The management of this condition has impact on a child's performance in school in both academics and extracurriculars, and therefore, can be a determinant of what they are able to achieve and become. Treatment can also impact the child's self-image and ability to successfully interact with their peers. Adequate control of the disorder can break down barriers to successful development of a child's potential and ability to play a role in the work force someday.

This study aims to determine the effects of the Parents Plus Children's Programme (PPCP) on children's symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and on family functionality and parenting stress. The children in the study were aged 6–11 years, and they had been diagnosed with ADHD and had residual symptoms despite effective dosage and timing of their medication. Forty-six couples, who with their children met the eligibility criteria, were enrolled and randomly allocated to the PPCP or the control group. The intervention involved a 9-week, 2 h a week, parenting group exercise. Those in the PPCP group improved significantly more over time on Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised, Family Assessment Device, and Parent Stress Index than those in the control condition. The trial is the first clinical study involving the parents of children with ADHD that addresses residual symptoms and functional impairments that remain despite the administration of the maximum effective dose of pharmacological treatment.

Objective: Familial hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia (HSH) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a mutation in the transient receptor potential melastatin 6 (TRPM6) gene and is characterized by selective magnesium malabsorption. Affected cases are usually diagnosed during infancy and usually present with seizures due to hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. Irreversible neurological deficits and arrhythmias can be observed without appropriate treatment. The aim was to evaluate the long-term follow-up of patients with genetically confirmed HSH. Methods: A total of six patients with HSH, two of whom were siblings, were included. Age at diagnosis, clinical, laboratory and follow-up data on admission were recorded. All 39 exons of the TRPM6 gene and flanking exon-intron junctions from genomic DNA were amplified and sequenced in all cases. Results: The median (range) follow-up duration was 12.1 (7.6-21.7) years. All cases were diagnosed in infancy. Four different mutations, three of which had not been previously reported, were detected in the TRPM6 gene. Treatment compliance was good and there were no severe complications in the long-term follow-up of cases. However, mental retardation, specific learning difficulty and attention deficit/hyperactive disorder were observed as comorbidities. Conclusion: Of the four different TRPM6 mutations in this small cohort, three had not been previously reported. The long-term prognosis of HSH appears to be good, given early diagnosis and good treatment compliance. This long-term follow-up and prognostic data and the three novel mutations will contribute to the published evidence concerning this rare condition, HSH, and it is hoped will prevent negative outcomes.

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-ADHD is a developmental nervous behavioural disorder mostly diagnosed in childhood and rarely in adults. Characteristic clinical features in adults are mainly, hyperactivity, attention deficit and impulsiveness instability in interpersonal relations and alcohol abuse which can cause poor occupational, academic and social performance in future. As ADHD is usually undiagnosed in adults because of its poor knowledge of the symptoms. Need of study is to see the prevalence of ADHD among individuals, as ADHD youth are at high risk of a wide range of adverse psychiatric outcomes. Methodology: This observational study was performed in 307 young female & male of all the fields aged between 18-24, according to Newman’s classification. The subjects were screened for ADHD by Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) which has two parts- inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive. This questionnaire was sent through Google Form. Results: Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel 10th version. According to ASR Scale among 307, 5.53% were highly likely to have inattentiveness and 6.64% were highly likely to have hyper activeness and impulsiveness. In 207 females 6.28%, 5.79% were highly likely to be inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive and in 100 males 9%,4% were highly likely to be hyperactive/impulsive, inattentive. Conclusion: Total prevalence of Adult ADHD is 11.40%. Among all the participants, prevalence of ADHD for Part-A (Inattentive) is 5.53% and Part-B (Hyperactive/Impulsive) is 6.64%. Out of total, 0.977% got mixed symptoms of ADHD. Keywords: Young individuals, ASRS, Adult ADHD, Inattentive, Hyperactive, Impulsive.

Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) was originally regarded as a parietal syndrome, but it has become evident that USN is a disturbance in the widespread attention network. Here, we focused on an interaction between spatial neglect and non-spatial aspect of attention deficit, and aimed to establish a novel evaluation approach based on the characteristics of the spatial distribution of reaction times. We tested 174 patients with right hemisphere damage and divided them based on their prescreening scores on the Behavioral Inattention Test (BIT): (1) USN++ (n = 79: BIT131), (2) USN+ (n = 47: BIT≥131 with history of USN), and (3) RHD (n = 48: without neglect symptom). The patients were asked to conduct a touch panel-based pointing task toward 2D-arranged (seven columns × five rows) circular targets on a PC monitor, and the reaction time to each object was recorded. To evaluate aspects of attention deficit and neglect symptoms, we calculated the total average of the reaction time for all objects (RT

AIMS We evaluated the efficacy of standard urotherapy and combination therapies in treatment of bladder dysfunction in children with treated behavioral disorders. METHODS Prospective study of children (6-16 years) with bladder dysfunction and behavioral disorders was conducted between March 2018-2020. Eligible children were initially offered standard urotherapy and those with no response at 3 months were offered combination therapies. Symptomatic response, changes in Akbal score and PinQ score were reported at 6 months and outcomes were correlated to behavioral diagnoses and medications. RESULTS Thirty-nine consecutive children (male = 27, mean age [SD] 10.3 [±2.0] years) were recruited, of whom 29 completed the study (five lost to follow-up, three non-compliant to treatment, two excluded). Thirty-four (87%) children had attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (n = 11) and non-monosymptomatic enuresis (n = 17) were the commonest diagnoses. Following 3-month review, 14 (38%) children continued to receive standard urotherapy, while 15 (41%) children were transitioned to combination therapy. At 6-month review, complete/partial response was seen in 62% (23/37) and no response in 16% (6/37); with 32% (12/37) responding to standard urotherapy alone. Akbal symptom scores (15.9-11.5; P

The evaluation of cognitive functions in Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is fundamental to improve the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. However, the role of specific higher-order cognitive functions in adult ADHD, including cognitive flexibility, emotion recognition, and metacognitions, remains unclear. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to examine these three distinct higher-order cognitive functions among adult ADHD individuals. Forty patients with ADHD with predominantly inattentive presentation and 42 healthy controls participated in the study. The Adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Scale (AADHDS), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), and the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) were administered. Results indicated that patients with ADHD had worse metacognitions scores, in specific subdimensions, relative to healthy controls. However, cognitive flexibility and emotion recognition did not differ between the groups. Moreover, the cognitive confidence subdimension of the MCQ-30 was found to be sole significant predictor in the attention deficit subdimension of the AADHDS. Our findings suggest that lack of cognitive confidence may contribute to ADHD symptomatology despite regularly functioning cognitive flexibility and emotion recognition. Therefore, metacognitions could be a suitable target to alleviate the severity of ADHD symptoms.

El presente trabajo evidencia una revisión sistemática de la literatura de diferentes artículos acerca del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad, el cual afecta a millones de niños y adolescentes en edad escolar de 6 a 17 años. Objetivo. Identificar las metodologías trabajadas en estudiantes que presentan el Trastorno de Déficit deAtención e Hiperactividad y sus niveles de relación entre pares y el rendimiento en sus clases. Materiales y métodos. El proceso de búsqueda se realizó a partir de las bases de datos: PsycInfo, Dianet, MedLine, Redalyc, Scielo y PubMed, Revistas Neurológicas, Revistas Sicológicas, con palabras claves en inglés y español y determinados criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados. Se utilizaron 18 artículos para el análisis de texto completo y 18 artículos para la revisión sistemática, los cuales evidenciaron diversos aspectos relacionados con estudiantes que presentan el Trastorno de Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad. Conclusión. La investigación realizada podrá ser de utilidad para investigadores, docentes y profesionales del área de la salud y la educación que trabajen con niños y adolescentes con Trastorno de déficit de atención e hiperactividad.

© 2021 The Author. Published by Acquaint Publications. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://Doi.Org/10.38207/Jmcrcs20210087

The study investigated set-shifting impairment differences in children by Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) subtype compared to neurotypical peers. The sample consisted of 156 primary s...

Emerging evidence highlights intraindividual variability (IIV) during executive function (EF) tasks as a reliable endophenotype of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and as contributing to motor dysregulation and hyperactive-impulsive behaviors. This study examined the relationship between EF and motor control in children with and without ADHD.Ninety-seven children (6-13 years) completed standardized and experimental tasks of executive and motor control. Primary caregivers completed a semi-structured interview, and behavioral rating forms for ADHD symptoms and EF.Children with ADHD demonstrated lower performance on motor dexterity and sequencing tasks, and greater IIV during EF tasks with lower cognitive demand. IIV accounted for ADHD symptoms of hyperactivity, beyond age and motor dexterity. IIV from EF measures with lower cognitive demand was also sensitive to ADHD symptoms.IIV metrics may tap into the motor regulation challenges associated with ADHD, as well as attentional lapsing at lower levels of cognitive demand.

Objective Head trauma causes a significant number of deaths as well as temporary and permanent disabilities every year. In this study, the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in primary school children who visited the emergency department (ED) for mild head trauma and the role of ADHD in mild head trauma of this age group were investigated. Methods It was performed with 134 children of primary school age (6-12 years) who were admitted to the ED with mild head trauma and 134 children (control group) who presented with complaints other than head trauma. Turgay DSM-IV-Based Child and Adolescent Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale (T-DSM-IV-S) was used to evaluate the children for suspected ADHD. According to this scale, some children were referred to the child and adolescent psychiatry department (CAPD) for further evaluation. At the CAPD outpatient clinics, the children who were referred from the ED were examined in detail according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, for possible diagnosis of ADHD. After evaluation of their sociodemographic characteristics and the ADHD test scores that were recorded, the diagnosis of ADHD in these children was established or ruled out. Results It was observed that 41 of the 134 children (30.60%) who presented to the ED with mild head trauma and 12 of the 134 children (8.96%) in the control group were diagnosed with ADHD (P = 0.0001). When ADHD is corrected for sex, 29 of the 41 cases (70.7%) diagnosed with ADHD were boys and 12 (29.3%) were girls (P = 0.000). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, when the patients who had been diagnosed with ADHD were grouped according to the ages of the children, no statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of ADHD (P = 0.097). Conclusions The prevalence of ADHD has been found to be higher in children of primary school age who present to the ED with mild head trauma. Hence, it can be deduced that the diagnosis of childhood ADHD increases the risk of presenting to the ED with head trauma. We believe that it is very important to keep the possible diagnosis of ADHD in mind and to refer that cases to the CAPD in case of high clinical suspicion, especially in primary school boys who are admitted to the ED with mild head trauma. We believe that in this way, morbidity and mortality due to head trauma in this age group can be significantly reduced. © Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Horticultural therapy (HT) is green care that can help improve and recover the health of modern people living in cities through natural experiences. Many studies have been conducted to determine HT’s therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms, but investigation for developing readily applicable clinical techniques is insufficient. We aimed to investigate adults’ brain activity and emotional state during flower arrangement (FA) with different flowers in an HT program. We recruited thirty adults and used a randomized cross-over study method to set them to participate in five FA tasks at 90-s intervals. While performing FA tasks, the participants’ prefrontal cortex brain waves were measured by a wireless electroencephalography device and their emotional states between FA tasks were measured by questionnaires. Results showed that each FA task resulted in a different attention level of the participants. The participants showed the highest attention level during FA with stocks and carnations, while FA with lilies showed the lowest attention level among the five FA tasks. Instead, the participants showed the highest arousal, tension, and anxiety for emotional states during FA with lilies. Therefore, this study confirmed the differences in attention level and emotional changes according to flower types for using clinical techniques of HT for various clients.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) both experience behavioral and social difficulties. Prior research has shown that when these disorders co-occur, behavioral symptoms associated with both disorders may be more severe. There is only limited research on the impact of ASD + ADHD comorbidity on social functioning. The present study investigated social impairment in 282 children diagnosed with ASD, ADHD, or ASD + ADHD. No significant differences in social impairment were found between the ASD and ASD + ADHD groups. This study contributes to extant literature indicating mixed findings in regard to social functioning amidst the ASD + ADHD comorbidity.

Although caregiver characteristics such as personality and psychopathology strongly relate to parenting, little is known about how a caregiver’s own autistic or broader autism phenotype (BAP) traits relate to parenting practices. This is a significant gap in our understanding of individual differences in parenting given the rising prevalence of autism diagnoses among adults, with higher levels of the population reporting subclinical traits related to autism (i.e., BAP traits of aloofness, pragmatic language difficulties, and rigidity). To further our understanding of families wherein caregivers identify as autistic or as having autistic traits, we examined (1) whether caregiver BAP traits, considered both categorically and continuously, were associated with parenting practices; (2) how the three distinct BAP traits differentially related to parenting, and (3) whether BAP traits were associated with parenting over and above other mental health symptoms. Caregivers (n = 138) reported on BAP traits, multiple domains of parenting using the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire and the Parental Emotion Style Questionnaire, and co-occurring attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits and internalizing symptoms. BAP traits were associated with parenting both categorically and continuously, with the three BAP subscales showing differential associations with parenting outcomes, even when controlling for internalizing symptoms and ADHD traits. Aloofness was associated with lower scores on measures of emotion dismissing, positive parenting, and involvement, whereas pragmatic language difficulties were associated with lower scores on emotion coaching and higher scores on poor monitoring. Rigidity was uniquely associated with higher scores on emotion dismissing. Implications for advancing understanding of individual differences in parenting, considering systemic and contextual influences on parenting, and supporting parenting in the general population and for autistic adults are discussed.

espanolLa sintomatologia del Trastorno por Deficit de Atencion/Hiperactividad (TDAH) esta ampliamente vinculada con la presencia de dificultades de aprendizaje, especialmente en lo referido a procesos de comprension lectora. Hay indicios de la asociacion de estas dificultades con factores de comorbilidad y presentacion clinica de TDAH. El objetivo primordial de este trabajo ha sido estudiar la capacidad de comprension lectora en alumnado de Educacion Primaria y Secundaria con trastorno hiperactivo y su relacion con la comorbilidad y las presentaciones clinicas o subtipos del trastorno. La muestra estaba compuesta por 111 estudiantes de edades comprendidas entre los 6 y 17 anos con diagnostico de TDAH. La evaluacion de la capacidad de comprension de la lectura se realizo mediante la prueba estandarizada TALE-2000. Los resultados de este estudio confirmaron que los menores con trastorno de hiperactividad presentaban dificultades en las tareas de comprension lectora. El 35,2% supero la prueba con exito alcanzando un nivel A, mientras que el 27,8% consiguio un nivel B, y el 37% un nivel C. No hubo diferencias significativas entre presentaciones clinicas (p=0,391), ni atendiendo a la comorbilidad (p=0,5). Segun nuestros hallazgos, la poblacion estudiantil con TDAH presenta dificultades de comprension lectora independientemente de la existencia de comorbilidades y del subtipo de trastorno hiperactivo. Estos datos sugieren la necesidad de que los profesionales del ambito clinico y escolar lleven a cabo con este alumnado evaluaciones e intervenciones a tiempo y lo mas sistematicas posibles. Igualmente, consideramos necesaria la aplicacion de adaptaciones metodologicas relacionadas con los procesos de lectura. EnglishThe symptoms of Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are widely linked to the presence of learning difficulties, especially regarding reading comprehension processes. There is evidence between these difficulties with comorbidity factors and clinical presentation of ADHD. The main objective of this work has been to study the reading comprehension capacity in Primary and Secondary Education students with hyperactive disorder and its relationship with comorbidity and clinical presentations or subtypes of the disorder. The sample consisted of 111 students across ages 6 to 17 diagnosed with ADHD. The assessment of reading comprehension capacity was carried out using the TALE-2000 standardized test. The results of this study confirmed that children with hyperactivity disorder had difficulties in reading comprehension tasks. 35.2% successfully passed the test reaching a level A, while 27.8% achieved a level B, and 37% a level C. There were no significant differences between clinical presentations (p = 0.391). nor considering comorbidity (p = 0.5). According to these findings, thThe symptoms of Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are widely linked to the presence of learning difficulties, especially regarding reading comprehension processes. There is evidence between these difficulties with comorbidity factors and clinical presentation of ADHD. The main objective of this work has been to study the reading comprehension capacity in Primary and Secondary Education students with hyperactive disorder and its relationship with comorbidity and clinical presentations or subtypes of the disorder. The sample consisted of 111 students across ages 6 to 17 diagnosed with ADHD. The assessment of reading comprehension capacity was carried out using the TALE-2000 standardized test. The results of this study confirmed that children with hyperactivity disorder had difficulties in reading comprehension tasks. 35.2% successfully passed the test reaching a level A, while 27.8% achieved a level B, and 37% a level C. There were no significant differences between clinical presentations (p = 0.391). nor considering comorbidity (p = 0.5). According to these findings, the student population with ADHD presents reading comprehension difficulties regardless of the existence of comorbidities and the subtype of hyperactive disorder. These data suggest the need for clinical and school professionals to carry out evaluations and interventions with these students on time and as systematic as possible. Likewise, it should be considered to apply methodological adaptations related to reading processes. student population with ADHD presents reading comprehension difficulties regardless of the existence of comorbidities and the subtype of hyperactive disorder. These data suggest the need for clinical and school professionals to carry out evaluations and interventions with these students on time and as systematic as possible. Likewise, it should be considered to apply methodological adaptations related to reading processes.

Aim. To assess the effectiveness of screening methods for diagnosing autism spectrum disorders available to the pediatric service; to prove in practice impossibilities to identify signs of autism spectrum disorders by using the existed pediatric methods. Methods. The neuropsychological development of 187 preschool children (56 years old) was investigated. The neurological status, anxiety according to A.M. Parishioners, level of intelligence using Raven's Progressive Matrices, the presence of hyperactivity according to the method of V.R. Kuchma, mental performance according to V.Ya. Anfimov, screening diagnostics of autism spectrum disorders were studied. Results. Assessment of the neurological status showed an increase in tendon reflexes in 10.22.2% of children, a decrease in 12.32.4%. The study of the intelligence levels in the Ravenna test showed that the average intelligence level was in 47.13.7% of the studied children, the intelligence was below the average in 52.93.7% of children. Screening diagnostics of autism spectrum disorders did not reveal abnormalities, however, 5.31.6% of children had signs of predisposition to the autism spectrum disorder (decreased adaptation to changes, nervousness and fears, verbal and non-verbal communication, level of activity and consistency of intellectual response). The indicator of the productivity of mental performance of preschool children was 5.40.5. Attention deficit was detected in 5.91.7% of children (according to the parent's questionnaire) and 8.62.0% children (according to the teachers' questionnaire). The level of anxiety was 9.60.3 points. Conclusion. The currently known screening methods for detecting autism spectrum disorders, available to the pediatric service, in our opinion, are uninformative; the search for the most sensitive markers of autism should be based on an understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms of autism spectrum disorders.

It is well established that mothers’ parenting impacts children's adjustment. However, much less is known about how children's psychopathology impacts their mothers’ parenting and how parenting and child symptoms relate either bidirectionally (i.e., a relationship in both directions over two time points) or transactionally (i.e., a process that unfolds over time) to one another over a span of several years. In addition, relatively little research addresses the role of fathers’ parenting in the development of children's symptoms and, conversely, how children may elicit certain types of parenting from fathers. In this study, data were collected from 491 families on mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles (authoritarianism, authoritativeness, permissiveness, and overprotectiveness) and children's symptoms of psychopathology (attention deficit, oppositional defiant, depression, and anxiety) when children were age 3, 6, and 9 years old. Cross-lagged panel analyses revealed that parents and children affected one another in a bidirectional and transactional fashion over the course of the six years studied. Results suggest that children's symptoms may compound over time partially because they reduce exposure to adaptive and increase exposure to maladaptive parenting styles. Likewise, maladaptive parenting may persist over time due to the persistence of children's symptoms.

Young age at school entry (ASE) is related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in higher grades. The reason for this association is unclear, but medical oversupply and stress-related factors are discussed. We aimed to investigate whether ASE is associated with reported symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADH) already in first grade. Data of a population-based prospective cohort study (N = 2003; Mainz-Bingen region; Rhineland-Palatinate; Germany) with baseline assessments prior to school entry and two follow-ups during first grade were analysed. ADH symptoms were assessed by parent and teacher versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Associations between ASE and scores of the hyperactivity/inattention subscale (range 0–10) were investigated by regression analysis and adjusted for potential confounders and baseline symptoms prior to school entry. In total, 1633 children (52% boys, mean ASE 6.5 years) were included. There were no relationships between ASE and parent-reported scores of the hyperactivity/inattention subscale prior to school entry and 3 months thereafter. However, at the end of first grade, ASE was negatively associated with the hyperactivity/inattention subscale in parent (− 0.7 subscale points per year ASE, standard error = 0.16, p p

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) supports cognitive processes critical for goal-directed behavior. Although the PFC contains a high density of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons, their role in cognition has been largely unexplored. We recently demonstrated that CRF neurons in the caudal dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC) of rats act to impair working memory via activation of local CRF receptors. However, there is heterogeneity in the neural mechanisms that support the diversity of PFC-dependent cognitive processes. Currently, the degree to which PFC CRF neurons impact other forms of PFC-dependent cognition is unknown. To address this issue, the current studies examined the effects of chemogenetic manipulations of PFC CRF neurons on sustained attention in male rats. Similar to working memory, activation of caudal dmPFC CRF neurons impaired, while inhibition of these neurons or global CRF receptor antagonism improved, sustained attention. However, unlike working memory, the sustained attention impairing effect of PFC CRF neurons was not dependent on local CRF receptors. Moreover, CRF infusion into the caudal dmPFC or other medial PFC subregions had no effect on task performance. Together, these observations demonstrate that while caudal dmPFC CRF neurons impair both working memory and sustained attention, these actions involve distinct neural circuits (local CRF release for working memory and extra-PFC release for sustained attention). Nonetheless, the procognitive actions of systemically administered CRF antagonists across both tasks are similar to those seen with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-related treatments. Thus, CRF antagonists may have potential for use in the treatment of PFC cognitive dysfunction.

Purpose To evaluate the long-term prognosis of attention deficit in children with newly diagnosed benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS). Methods Attention network test (ANT) was performed over a period of 7 years on 42 patients who were newly diagnosed with BECTS, in the Department of Neurology of Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital. Results In the patients’ group, the accuracy of ANT was lower (P = 0.000), the total response time was longer (P = 0.000), and the efficiency of orienting (P = 0.000) and alerting (P = 0.041) networks was lower than that of the control group. Accuracy was positively correlated with age of onset (b = 1.184) and negatively correlated with number of seizures (b = −1.321). After 7 years, there was no significant difference in the accuracy (P = 0.385); total response time (P = 0.661); and alerting (P = 0.797), orienting (P = 0.709), and executive control (P = 0.806) network efficiencies between the patients and controls. Accuracy was positively correlated with age of onset (b = 0.8583) and negatively correlated with number of seizures (b = −1.017) and duration of antiepileptic drugs therapy (b = −3.203). Conclusions In our study, the newly diagnosed BECTS patients had impaired attention network, mainly in the alerting and orienting domains. Age of onset, number of seizures, and time of antiepileptic treatment may affect the attention networks. With the remission of BECTS, the attention network dysfunction was reversed.

Background and Objectives There are some studies on the association between attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the risk of eating disorders (ED). Only few have examined the risk of ED among children and adolescents with ADHD. Previous research which included subjects with ADHD with other comorbidities used inadequate controls and did not focus on the type of ADHD or the role of pharmacological treatment. Methods This matched cohort study was conducted in the Child/Adolescents Psychiatry Unit (CAPU), Bahrain. Using the CAPU diagnostic frameworks, 70 subjects with ADHD were recruited and matched with their corresponding age- and sex- healthy controls at 1:2 ratio (70 cases:140 controls). The participants were children or adolescents aged between 8 and 19 years old. A brief interview was used to collect socio-demographic information and anthropometrics. The risk of ED was estimated using the eating attitude test −26 (EAT-2). Data were analyzed using cohort analysis. Results A total of 31.43% of the subjects with ADHD were screened using EAT-26 and found to be ‘at risk’ for ED, compared to 12.14% of the controls (OR 3.31, 95% CI 1.62–6.78). The prevalence of ED among female cases with ADHD was slightly higher than males (33.33% and 30.77%, respectively). Body weight or body mass index was a statistically significant explanatory factor for the risk of ED. Conclusions The present study shows that children and adolescents with ADHD have a three-fold increased risk of ED compared to healthy controls. This research raised the recommendation that children and adolescents with ADHD should be screened for disordered eating patterns.

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على مدي فاعلية اليقظة العامة (العقلية، وللذات) في خفض کل من الاکتئاب النفسي، والقلق الاجتماعي لدى عينة من المراهقين ذوي اضطراب فرط النشاط ونقص الانتباه. واشتملت الدراسة على عينة قوامها (30) مشارکا من المراهقين المصابين بفرط النشاط ونقص الانتباه ،تراوحت أعمارهم من (14: 18)عاما، وکان متوسط أعمارهم (16.65)، وبانحراف معياري (1.56)، وتم تقسيمهم إلى مجموعتين متجانستين (مجموعة تجريبية ،ومجموعة ضابطة)،وطبقت على العينة مقياس اليقظة العقلية ،ومقياس اليقظة للذات ،وقائمة بيک الثانية للاکتئاب ،ومقياس القلق الاجتماعي ،وقد تم تطبيق برنامج التدريب على اليقظة العامة (اليقظة العقلية، واليقظة للذات) على المجموعة التجريبية على مدار شهرين ،بواقع ثلاث جلسات اسبوعيا . وقد أشارت النتائج إلى تحسن دال إحصائيا في مهارات اليقظة العقلية واليقظة للذات، وانخفاضا واضحا في أعراض الاکتئاب النفسي، وخفض القلق الاجتماعي بعد تطبيق البرنامج وبعد فترة المتابعة. The current study aimed at identifying Effectiveness of A program based on General Mindfulness in reducing both Psychological Depression and Social Anxiety in a Sample of Adolescents with ADHD. The study included a sample of (30) participants from adolescents with hyperactivity and attention deficit, whose ages ranged from (14: 18) and their average age was (16.65) and with a standard deviation (+1.56), and they were divided into two homogeneous groups (an experimental group and a control group ), And applied to the sample the mental Mindfulness scale, the self- Mindfulness scale, the second Beck list for depression, and the social anxiety scale. The training program on general Mindfulness (mental Mindfulness and self-awareness) was applied to the experimental group over a period of two months, with three sessions per week. The results indicated a statistically significant improvement in mental Mindfulness and self-Mindfulness skills, a clear decrease in symptoms of psychological depression, and a reduction in social anxiety after implementing the program and after the follow-up period.

Objective Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disease with high genetic transition, our knowledge about the mechanism of the disease is limited. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the levels of miR-132-3p and miR-942-5p that are associated with the dopamine carrier protein gene (DAT1) and dopamine receptor 5 (DRD5) genes, which have been shown to play a role in the development of ADHD. Methods According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition, 50 children diagnosed with ADHD and 48 healthy controls were included in the study. Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Interview Schedule-Now and Lifetime Version-Turkish Adaptation was used to evaluate ADHD and the diagnoses accompanying ADHD. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to evaluate miR-132-3p and miR-942-5p expression levels. Results It was observed that miR-132-3p level (p = 0.001) was significantly higher with children with ADHD compared to the control group, and the level of miR-942-5p (p = 0.181) was higher in ADHD but did not reach statistically significant level. Conclusion In our study, we found that the increase in the miR-132-3p levels of children with ADHD may be a therapeutic target of the disease.

This article reports on the perceptions of single parents on their parenting styles in raising their children living with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Purposive sampling was used ...

Background: Associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and chronic pain disorders, such as fibromyalgia, have been reported. However, associations between persistent chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNLBP) and ADHD have not yet been investigated. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the positive rates of possible ADHD, as assessed by selfreported ADHD scales, in patients with persistent CNLBP, using data from self-reported questionnaires completed by patients and their families. This study also aimed to compare the self-reported scores obtained from existing standardized data for healthy individuals, and to examine whether the ADHD scale scores of patients with persistent CNLBP are associated with pain variables. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: The specialized pain clinic at our university hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 60 consecutive patients with persistent CNLBP who were diagnosed with a possible somatic symptom disorder and were referred to a psychiatrist in our pain clinic. The Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) self-report (CAARS-S) and observer-rated (CAARS-O) questionnaires were utilized. We investigated the CAARS scores, and the association between the CAARS subscale scores and pain variables (pain duration and pain Numeric Rating Scale) in patients with persistent CNLBP. Results: Of the 60 patients, 19 (31.7%) were positive on both CAARS-S and CAARS-O questionnaires (T-score > 65). The ADHD indices, which comprised subscales of the CAARS estimating the necessity of treatment for ADHD, were significantly higher in both male and female patients with persistent CNLBP than in the Japanese standardized sample (P < 0.005). CAARS-S hyperactivity/restlessness, CAARS-O hyperactivity/restlessness, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition hyperactive-impulsive symptom subscale scores also correlated with the pain intensity (P < 0.05). Limitations: In this study, ADHD tendency was evaluated using only a self-reported questionnaire. Hence in the future, accurate and precise assessments of ADHD symptoms using structured clinical interviews conducted by ADHD experts are warranted. Additionally, the study only included patients with persistent CNLBP. Therefore in the future, it will be valuable to investigate ADHD scale scores (e.g., CAARS) among patients with CNLBP and nonspecific low back pain with larger sample sizes. Conclusions: Our findings revealed that the subscale scores on an ADHD scale were considerably high in patients with persistent CNLBP. As a previous study of our clinical experience indicates that persistent CNLBP can be substantially relieved by administering ADHD medications, ADHD screening is warranted in the treatment of persistent CNLBP. Key words: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, neurodevelopmental disorders, chronic nonspecific low back pain, chronic pain, Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS), Numeric Rating Scale, pain duration, pain clinic, somatic symptom disorder

Although the topic of the profile of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is important for those involved in therapy or teaching, we found very few studies focusing on Romanian populations, and those targeting the North-Western region (Bihor County) are even fewer. ADHD is the most common childhood disorder (Aman et al., 1998), and it is important not only to know and understand the symptoms, but also to pay attention to the cultural specificity of the ADHD diagnosis, if it is possible. We conducted a documentary analysis, aiming to identify the profile of children diagnosed with ADHD in Bihor County and in this regard, we analyzed 196 files registered at the Municipal Hospital from Oradea in 2015. We focused on the demographic data, the symptoms, the comorbid disorders, the treatments, the school environment and type. Our findings confirmed that boys diagnosed with ADHD are more numerous than girls, and we also found significant differences between children depending on their ADHD core symptoms.

Adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is prone to misdiagnosis because its symptoms are subjective, share features with a broad range of mental, behavioral and physical disorders, and express themselves heterogeneously. Furthermore, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria for adult ADHD diagnosis remain underdeveloped, prompting a need for systematic and empirically-informed guidelines.This article presents a brief history of research on adult ADHD and reviews common sources of false positive and false negative diagnoses. A systematic, stepped diagnostic procedure is described that adheres to DSM guidelines and integrates the latest science on adult ADHD assessment and diagnosis.Seven steps are recommended: a structured diagnostic interview with the patient, collection of informant ratings, casting a wide net on symptoms using "or rule" to integrate informant reports, providing checks and balances on the "or rule" by enforcing the impairment criterion, chronicling a symptom timeline, ruling out alternative explanations for symptoms, and finalizing the diagnosis.Based on the extant research, it is expected that the stepped diagnostic procedure will increase detection of malingering, improve diagnostic accuracy, and detect non-ADHD cases with subclinical difficulties or non-ADHD pathologies.

Given the functional impairments associated with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD), a valid diagnosis is important. However, particularly when carried out in adulthood, the diagnostic process can be challenging and is complicated by conclusive evidence that a proportion of individuals referred for evaluation of AD/HD exaggerate or feign their symptoms. Relatively few methods, however, exist to identify such feigning. While continuous performance tests (CPTs) may provide useful information regarding performance validity, the question remains as to whether there are consistent patterns of exaggeration demonstrated by those feigning AD/HD. Thus, this study used cluster analysis to determine whether valid and reliable performance clusters would emerge based on CPT performance. Using archival data from a university-based AD/HD screening clinic, we investigated the performance of 305 adults on the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA). Three profiles emerged, including one cluster who demonstrated exceptionally low performance on the TOVA, exceptionally high reports of AD/HD symptomology, and higher rates of failure on symptom and performance validity tests. The implication from our analysis is that this group most likely represents individuals who were exaggerating or magnifying their difficulties. The results reaffirm previous research showing that performance profiles on a continuous performance test can be used as an indicator of credible performance.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a frequent neurodevelopmental disorder in children. ADHD has a multifactorial origin, combining genetic and environmental factors. Several studies suggested an influence of early parent-child relationships on the symptomatic expression of ADHD. In this review, we examine the studies that have investigated the links between attachment and ADHD in children. We searched for studies published between January 2000 and November 2019 on PsychInfo, PubMed, and Scopus. Selected studies included a theoretically based measure of attachment and an explicit measure of ADHD symptoms or an ADHD diagnosis. Studies that included children from adoption, institutionalization, or mistreatment were not included. We found only 26 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Almost all these studies indicated a link between the attachment type and the presence of attentional difficulties and hyperactivity. However, associations were better explained, in several studies, by confounding factors such as comorbidities, cognitive difficulties, or contextual factors. The method used to assess attachment and parental mental health also had an impact. An increasing number of studies show a link between the type of attachment and the presence of attentional difficulties and hyperactivity in children. However, the nature of this link remains unclear. Implications for future research are discussed., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This article examines 2 themes in my 25-year journey raising a son with severe mood dysregulation, attention deficit with hyperactivity, and learning disabilities (MAL). Raising children with MAL significantly alters parents' own development, having to manage their children's chronic rages and aggression from toddlerhood through young adulthood. I propose a framework of periods parents go through, and describe a years-long progression of internal and behavioral adaptations necessary to parent these children effectively. The article suggests that more study is needed to understand how parents fare and what happens to them over time, and considers support that would improve their trajectory.