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The increase in the consumption of antidepressants is a public health problem worldwide, as these are a class of compounds widely used in the treatment of several illnesses, such as depression and anxiety. This work aimed to develop and optimize a method for the quantification of a number of antidepressants and their metabolites (fluoxetine, venlafaxine, O-desmethylvenlafaxine, citalopram, sertraline, and paroxetine) in 100 μL of oral fluid using the dried saliva spots (DSS) sampling approach and gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). The method was validated, presenting linearity within the studied range, with detection and quantification limits ranging between 10 and 100 ng/mL, and coefficients of determination (R2) of at least 0.99 for all analytes. Recoveries were between approximately 13 and 46%. The analysis of precision and accuracy presented acceptable coefficients of variation and relative errors, considering the criteria usually accepted in the validation of bioanalytical procedures. The method herein described is the first to be reported using DSS for the extraction of antidepressants, proving to be a sensitive, simple, and fast alternative to conventional techniques, and capable of being routinely applied in clinical and forensic toxicology scenarios info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Background: Analysis of chemicals in biological fluids is required in many areas of medical sciences. Rapid, highly efficient, and reliable dispersive and air assisted liquid–liquid microextraction methods followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection were developed for the extraction, preconcentration, and determination of 2-octanone in human plasma and urine samples. Methods: Proteins of plasma samples are precipitated by adding methanol and urine sample is diluted with water prior to performing the microextraction procedure. Fine organic solvent droplets are formed by repeated suction and injection of the mixture of sample solution and extraction solvent into a test tube with a glass syringe. After extraction, phase separation is performed by centrifuging and the enriched analyte in the sedimented organic phase is determined by the separation system. The main factors influencing the extraction efficiency including extraction solvent type and volume, salt addition, pH, and extraction times are investigated. Results: Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method showed good precision (relative standard deviation less than 7%). Limit of detection and lower limit of quantification for 2-octanone were obtained in the range of 0.1–0.5 µg mL−1. The linear ranges were 0.5-500 and 0.5-200 µg mL−1 in plasma and urine, respectively (r2 ≥ 0.9995). Enrichment factors were in the range of 13-37. Good recoveries (55–86%) were obtained for the spiked samples. Conclusion: Preconcentration methods coupled with GC analysis were developed and could be used to monitor 2-octanone in biological samples.

The uncontrolled introduction into the environment of plastic polymers have caused the dispersion of plastic debries, known as microplastics (MPs), that represent an important topic for environmental and human health threats. So far, the absence of effective and efficient extraction methods of MPs (especially for plastic particles with diameters inferior than 10 µm) from complex matrices (water, food, etc.) did not allow to perform the risk estimation and, the consequent assessment of the health impact associated with the exposure to these emergent contaminants. In this paper, a new patented method for the extraction and determination of micro- and nano-plastics in organic and inorganic matrix samples is reported. The method applied in the study has been nationally and internationally protected. The code of the submitted request of international patent's extension in several country of world is PCT/IB2019/051,838 of 7 March 2019, coupled with the accepted Italian patent n. 102,018,000,003,337 of March 7 of 2018 entitled “Method for extraction and determination of microplastics in samples with organic and inorganic matrices”. The method applied to our study is based on sedimentation of the particles with density higher than 1 g/cm3. The method can be applied to organic and inorganic samples as water, food, soil, waste, air, biological sample (blood, urine, tissues, etc.). After acid digestion of sample matrix, MPs are recovered by sedimentation in dichloromethane and then they are dispersed in metallic stub. Analysis is performed by SEM-EDX.•New method for the extraction and determination of total microplastics, Graphical abstract Image, graphical abstract

Summary Ion beam induced heat damage in soft materials and biological samples is not yet well understood in Focused Ion Beam systems (FIBs). The work presented here discusses the physics behind the ion beam - sample interactions and the effects which lead to increases in sample temperature and potential heat damage. A model by which heat damage can be estimated and which allows parameters to be determined that reduce/prevent heat damage was derived from Fourier's law of heat transfer and compared to finite element simulations, numerical modelling results and experiments. The results suggests that ion beam induced heat damage can be prevented/minimised by reducing the ion beam current (local dose rate), decreasing the beam overlap (reduced local ion dose) and by introducing a blur (increased surface cross-section area, reduced local dose) while sputtering, patterning or imaging soft material and nonresin-embedded biological samples using FIBs. LAY DESCRIPTION FIB/SEMs, which combine a scanning electron microscope with a focused ion beam in a single device, have found increasing interest biological research. The device allows to cut samples at precisely selected areas and reveal sub surface information as well as preparing transmission electron microscope samples from bulk materials. Preparing biological samples has proven to be challenging due to the induced heat damage. This work explores the physics behind the sample cutting and proposes a model and a method, based on physical principles which allows the user to estimate the induced heat during the cutting process and to select cutting parameters which avoid heat damage in the sample.

This paper describes the development of an original micro-solid phase extraction device and its evaluation for the isolation of F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) from cord and maternal plasma samples. The unit is very simple and consists in a rotating disc (1.8 cm diameter) of oxidized buckypaper (BP), enwrapped in a polypropylene mesh pouch. Even if the selected F2-IsoPs have logP and pKa values that make them suitable candidates for their sorption on BP, several parameters were optimized to maximize recoveries: time of adsorption and desorption; stirring speed; volume, pH and ionic strength of the sample; type, volume, and fractions of the elution solvent; oxidation grade of BP. Among all, the last one was crucial in affecting extraction yields because of the analyte interactions with polar functionalities, introduced by a preliminary oxidative acid treatment. The investigation established the optimal oxidation time and highlighted the pros and cons of the acid activation step. All extracts were analyzed by means of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Validation was performed according to the main FDA guidelines for bioanalytical methods. Depending on the spike level and analyte, recoveries ranged between 30 and 120% with precision and accuracy values lower than 20%. Quantitative analysis was accomplished by matrix-matched calibration curves whose determination coefficients were higher than 0.95. Lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) spanned the range 2.45–6.77 μg L−1. The validated method was applied to the analysis of eight pairs of mother/child plasma samples, revealing the presence of 8-iso-15-keto-PGF2α and 8-iso-PGE2 at a concentration of about 10 μg L−1 in most cord plasma samples of preterm newborns.

[Safety in the operating room: use of the FMEA/FMECA proactive analysis technique in the pre-analytical diagnostic pathway of the biological sample from the operating room to laboratories]The inaccurate management of biological samples is one of the errors that can occur in the operating room: it can lead to a loss, incorrect labeling or storage of the sample, causing serious consequences for the patient. Proactive analysis of this high-risk process can reduce the possibility of this type of errors, improving patient safety and reliability of activities. A risk analysis technique employing proactive logic is the Failure and Effects Analysis/ Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMEA/FMECA).This paper describes an inter-professional and inter-facility project in which the FMEA / FMECA has been applied to the biological sample path from the operating room to the destination laboratories in two healthcare facilities in Bologna: the University Hospital S. Orsola Malpighi (AOU BO) and the Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute (IRCCS IOR). The aim of the project was to improve the safety and the reliability of the routine and urgent diagnostic procedure in these healthcare facilities.Two different working groups, belonging to the two healthcare facilities and composed of operating room doctors and nurses, have implemented the methodological steps of the FMEA/FMECA technique.At the end of the analysis process, 16 failure mode (FM) were identified at the AOU BO and 21 at the IRCCS IOR. Each FM was assigned a risk priority index (RPI) and the main causes and improvement actions to be planned were identified.Interventions were therefore undertaken to improve the safety and reliability of the riskiest welfare practices.A re-evaluation of the RPIs at 6 months-1 year from the improvement interventions will be carried out.The FMEA / FMECA technique gave the opportunity to the professionals involved to approach the adverse event through a new approach, which is the proactive method of risk analysis, using methods and tools for the improvement of patient safety that are independent, at least in part, from the study of the adverse event or near miss, representing an important step towards a real culture of security.

Contributions to neuroscience are necessary to understand the behavior of the brain. Powerful analytical techniques are needed to monitor neuroactive molecules and their concentrations in biological samples (fluids, cells, and brain tissues). Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is well known for its high resolution power, short analysis times, and low consumption of reagents and samples. It presents analytical advantages for the determination of neuroactive molecules not easily determined by other analytical techniques. CE also offers the possibility of controlling more than one neuroactive molecule at a time, making it interesting to detect changes as a result of a stimulus. CE is well established to accomplish enantioseparations, contributing a better understanding of the properties of a neuroactive chiral molecule. This review focuses on the most relevant articles published from January 2008 to July 2014, based on the determination in biological samples of potentially interesting molecules in neuroscience using CE and microchip-CE. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Oleic acid modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles were proposed for magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine risperidone (RISP) and 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9OHR) in biological samples. The effects of various experimental parameters including adsorbent amount, pH, adsorption time, eluent type and concentration were systematically investigated. Under optimal conditions, the calibration curve was linear within the concentration range of 0.2-200 ng mL-1 with the correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9962 and the lower limit of quantification was 0.06 ng mL-1 for RISP; the calibration curve was linear within the concentration range of 0.2-200 ng mL-1 with the correlation coefficient of 0.9956 and the lower limit of quantification was 0.04 ng mL-1 for 9OHR. The extraction recoveries were over 90.0% with relative standard deviation less than 5.0%. All these results suggested that magnetic extraction method can be used for enrichment and quantification of RISP and 9OHR in biological samples.

Arsenic exists in the form of various chemical species differing by their physicochemical behavior, in toxicity, bioavailability and biotransformation. The determination of arsenic species is an important issue for environmental, clinical and food chemistry. However, differentiation of these species is a quite complex analytical task. Numerous speciation procedures have been studied that include electrochemical, chromatographic, spectrometric and hyphenated techniques. This review comprehends the relevant research in the field of arsenic speciation analysis with novel applications and significant advances. Stability of arsenic species and each of the analytical steps (sample collection, storage, preservation, extraction) of the arsenic speciation methods was particularly evaluated. Analytical validation and performance of these methods are also reviewed.

Background Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs - MIL-101) are the most exciting, high profiled developments in nanotechnology in the last ten years, and it attracted considerable attention owing to their uniform nanoporosity, large surface area, outer-surface modification and in-pore functionality for tailoring the chemical properties of the material for anchoring specific guest moieties. MOF’s have been particularly highlighted for their excellent gas storage and separation properties. Recently biomolecules-based MOF’s were used as nanoencapsulators for antitumor and antiretroviral controlled drug delivery studies. However, usage of MOF material for removal of ionic detergent-SDS from biological samples has not been reported to date. Here, first time we demonstrate its novel applications in biological sample preparation for mass spectrometry analysis. Methods SDS removal using MIL-101 was assessed for proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry. We analysed removal of SDS from 0.5 % SDS solution alone, BSA mixture and HMEC cells lysate protein mixture. The removal of SDS by MIL-101 was confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS and LC-MS techniques. Results In an initial demonstration, SDS has removed effectively from 0.5 % SDS solution by MIL-101via its binding attraction with SDS. Further, the experiment also confirmed that MIL-101 strongly removed the SDS from BSA and cell lysate mixtures. Conclusions These results suggest that SDS removal by the MIL-101 method is a practical, simple and broad applicable in proteomic sample processing for MALDI-TOF-MS and LC-MS analysis.

In order to elucidate the effect of PCR inhibitors on DNA polymerase and DNA template, two main components of thePCR reaction, in this paper, we selected six representative PCR inhibitors, bile salts, collagen, humic acid, hemoglobin, melaninand urea, and added respectively them to the K562 DNA with the standard addition concentration in which all of 26different alleles of the K562 DNA with the AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® PCR Amplification Kit are just inhibited completely.On this basis, after increased the amount of K562 DNA and DNA polymerase respectively, PCR amplification and STRgenotyping were performed, and then counted the allele number of K562 DNA detected. When the DNA polymerase wasincreased to a certain amount, all of 26 alleles of the K562 DNA mixed with various PCR inhibitors could be detectedsuccessfully, and when the amount of K562 DNA was increased, the inhibitory effect of bile salts, collagen and urea hadonly been eliminated partly and no significant improvement was observed for the other three inhibitors. The results indicatethat all of the six representative PCR inhibitors mainly inhibit DNA polymerase, and increasing the amount of DNA polymerasein PCR reaction can improve significantly the efficiency of PCR amplification and the success rate of genotyping.

In the last decades, the number of patients receiving chemotherapy has considerably increased. Given the toxicity of cytotoxic agents to humans (not only for patients but also for healthcare professionals), the development of reliable analytical methods to analyse these compounds became necessary. From the discovery of new substances to patient administration, all pharmaceutical fields are concerned with the analysis of cytotoxic drugs. In this review, the use of methods to analyse cytotoxic agents in various matrices, such as pharmaceutical formulations and biological and environmental samples, is discussed. Thus, an overview of reported analytical methods for the determination of the most commonly used anticancer drugs is given.

Gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of flight mass spectrometry (GC-HR-TOF-MS) is a powerful analytical technique with excellent capabilities due to its high sensitivity in full-spectrum-acquisition mode together with its resolving power and accurate-mass measurements. These features make this technique very attractive in qualitative analysis, especially for wide-scope screening of a large number of organic contaminants and residues at trace levels. Full-spectrum MS allows data processing, in principle, of an unlimited number of compounds in samples, as no analyte-specific information is required before the injection. Also, as all data remain available, retrospective analysis is always possible without the need to reinject the sample – an important advantage of full-spectrum MS techniques. Despite these advantages, GC-HR-TOF-MS has rarely been applied, so we expect promising results in different applied fields in the years ahead. We discuss in detail the characteristics and the potential of GC-HR-TOF-MS. We describe different analytical strategies from wide-scope target screening to investigation of unknowns in biology, the environment and food safety. Recent instrumental developments (e.g., high-speed analog-to-digital converter or soft ionization sources) and advances in software for processing the huge amount of data available open up new prospects, making GC-TOF-MS one of the most promising techniques to investigate the presence of organic compounds in different fields.

Phanquinone (4,7-phenanthroline-5,6-dione) has been investigated as a pre-column derivatization fluorogenic reagent for liquid chromatographic determination of primary amino acids in biological samples. The derivatization reaction was carried out at 68 degrees C both in the presence of aqueous phosphate buffer (pH 8) for 30 min and without buffer for 60 min to allow the determination of basic amino acids (Orn, Lys, Arg). The resulting derivatives were separated under reversed-phase HPLC and detected at lambda(em) = 460 nm with lambda(ex) = 400 nm. The proposed method was validated and applied to the determination of a variety of amino acids directly in urine and after deproteinization with 5-sulfosalicylic acid in plasma samples. The detection and quantitation limits were found in the range 10-450 and 35-1400 fmol, respectively.

Mefenamic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has analgesic, anti-infammatory and antipyretic actions. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pains. Solid-phase extraction of mefenamic acid by a polymer grafted to silica gel is reported. Poly allyl glycidyl ether/iminodiacetic acid-co-N, N-dimethylacrylamide was synthesized and grafted to silica gel and was used as an adsorbent for extraction of trace mefenamic acid in pharmaceutical and biological samples. Different factors affecting the extraction method were investigated and optimum conditions were obtained. The optimum pH value for sorption of mefenamic acid was 4.0. The sorption capacity of grafted adsorbent was 7.0 mg/g. The best eluent solvent was found to be trifluoroacetic acid-acetic acid in methanol with a recovery of 99.6%. The equilibrium adsorption data of mefenamic acid by grafted silica gel was analyzed by Langmuir model. The conformation of obtained data to Langmuir isotherm model reveals the homogeneous binding sites of grafted silica gel surface. Kinetic study of the mefenamic acid sorption by grafted silica gel indicates the good accessibility of the active sites in the grafted polymer. The sorption rate of the investigated mefenamic acid on the grafted silica gel was less than 5 min. This novel synthesized adsorbent can be successfully applied for the extraction of trace mefenamic acid in human plasma, urine and pharmaceutical samples.

Limited depth of field (DOF) is one of the main shortage for many optical imaging systems. This is a limitation that precludes to get in focus, in a single plane, objects that are located at different distances, but that fall in the same field of view. Furthermore, the depth of field is reduced as much as greater is the requirement for a high magnification and to obtain an extended focus image (EFI) of these objects remains one of the major challenges. In this work we propose and compare two different approaches to build the EFI of holograms recorded on a tilted plane. In the first case, a simplified three-dimensional (3D) formulation of the angular spectrum method (ASM) is proposed. It allows to generate the entire stack of propagated images in a single shot. In the second approach, a numerical cubic phase plate (CPP) is included into the reconstruction process of digital holograms with the aim to enhancing DOF of optical imaging system. Theoretical formulations of the two approaches are supported by experimental evidences. The obtained results show that the proposed strategies allow to reconstruct effectively an EFI from holograms recorded on an inclined plane.

Arsenic exists in the form of various chemical species differing in their physicochemical behaviour, toxicity, bioavailability and biotransformation. The determination of arsenic species is an important issue for environmental, clinical and food chemistry. However, differentiation of these species is a quite complex analytical task. Numerous speciation procedures have been studied that include electrochemical, chromatographic, spectrometric and hyphenated techniques. This review presents the relevant research in the field of arsenic speciation analysis with novel applications and significant advances. Stability of arsenic species and each of the analytical steps (sample collection, storage, preservation, extraction) of the arsenic speciation methods is particularly evaluated. Analytical validation and performance of these methods are also reviewed. Arsen se nalazi u mnogobrojnim hemijskim vrstama koje se razlikuju po fizičko-hemijskom ponašanju, toksičnosti, biodostupnosti i biotransformaciji. Određivanje pojedinih arsenovih jedinjenja je neophodno u hemiji životne sredine, kliničkoj hemiji i hemiji hrane. Međutim, diferencijacija ovih vrsta je vrlo složen analitički zadatak. Za analizu arsenovih vrsta razvijen je veliki broj metoda i postupaka koje uključuju hromatografske, spektrometrijske i elektrohemijske tehnike i njihove kombinacije. U ovom preglednom radu obuhvaćena su relevantna istraživanja u oblasti specijacione analize arsena sa naglaskom na najznačajnija dostignuća i primenu. Održavanje nepromenljivog, originalnog sastava arsenovih specija u toku pojedinačnih analitičkih koraka (prikupljanje uzoraka, čuvanje, konzervisanje, ekstrakcija) posebno su razmatrani. Izdvojene su metode za direktno i indirektno određivanje arsenovih vrsta. Pobrojane su spregnute tehnike koje se najčešće primenjuju u praksi primenom metodologije koja podrazumeva preliminarnu separaciju jedinjenja, a zatim pojedinačno određivanje. Dat je pregled analitičkih svojstava, prednosti i nedostataka najprimerenijih analitičkih metoda, razvijenih upravo za analizu tragova arsenovih vrsta od neorganskih do organskih u različitim matricama. Izdvojene su i detaljnije prezentovane najznačajnije studije o arsenovim jedinjenjima u vodi.

Arsenic exists in the form of various chemical species differing in their physicochemical behaviour, toxicity, bioavailability and biotransformation. The determination of arsenic species is an important issue for environmental, clinical and food chemistry. However, differentiation of these species is a quite complex analytical task. Numerous speciation procedures have been studied that include electrochemical, chromatographic, spectrometric and hyphenated techniques. This review presents the relevant research in the field of arsenic speciation analysis with novel applications and significant advances. Stability of arsenic species and each of the analytical steps (sample collection, storage, preservation, extraction) of the arsenic speciation methods is particularly evaluated. Analytical validation and performance of these methods are also reviewed. Arsen se nalazi u mnogobrojnim hemijskim vrstama koje se razlikuju po fizičko-hemijskom ponašanju, toksičnosti, biodostupnosti i biotransformaciji. Određivanje pojedinih arsenovih jedinjenja je neophodno u hemiji životne sredine, kliničkoj hemiji i hemiji hrane. Međutim, diferencijacija ovih vrsta je vrlo složen analitički zadatak. Za analizu arsenovih vrsta razvijen je veliki broj metoda i postupaka koje uključuju hromatografske, spektrometrijske i elektrohemijske tehnike i njihove kombinacije. U ovom preglednom radu obuhvaćena su relevantna istraživanja u oblasti specijacione analize arsena sa naglaskom na najznačajnija dostignuća i primenu. Održavanje nepromenljivog, originalnog sastava arsenovih specija u toku pojedinačnih analitičkih koraka (prikupljanje uzoraka, čuvanje, konzervisanje, ekstrakcija) posebno su razmatrani. Izdvojene su metode za direktno i indirektno određivanje arsenovih vrsta. Pobrojane su spregnute tehnike koje se najčešće primenjuju u praksi primenom metodologije koja podrazumeva preliminarnu separaciju jedinjenja, a zatim pojedinačno određivanje. Dat je pregled analitičkih svojstava, prednosti i nedostataka najprimerenijih analitičkih metoda, razvijenih upravo za analizu tragova arsenovih vrsta od neorganskih do organskih u različitim matricama. Izdvojene su i detaljnije prezentovane najznačajnije studije o arsenovim jedinjenjima u vodi.

Microbial community structure plays a significant role in environmental assessment and animal health management. The development of a superior analytical strategy for the characterization of microbial community structure is an ongoing challenge. In this study, we developed an effective supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method for the analysis of bacterial respiratory quinones (RQ) in environmental and biological samples. RQ profile analysis is one of the most widely used culture-independent tools for characterizing microbial community structure. A UPLC equipped with a photo diode array (PDA) detector was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of ubiquinones (UQ) and menaquinones (MK) without tedious pretreatment. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) extraction with the solid-phase cartridge trap proved to be a more effective and rapid method for extracting respiratory quinones, compared to a conventional organic solvent extraction method. This methodology leads to a successful analytical procedure that involves a significant reduction in the complexity and sample preparation time. Application of the optimized methodology to characterize microbial communities based on the RQ profile was demonstrated for a variety of environmental samples (activated sludge, digested sludge, and compost) and biological samples (swine and Japanese quail feces).

Stored tissue samples are an important resource for epidemiological genetic research. Genetic research on biological material from minors can yield valuable information on the development and genesis of early-onset genetic disorders and the early interaction of environmental and genetic factors. The use of such tissue raises some specific ethical and governance questions, which are not completely covered by the discussion on biological materials from adults. We have retrieved 29 guidelines and position papers pertaining to the storage and use of biological tissue samples for genetic research, originating from 27 different organizations. Five documents have an international scope, three have an European scope and 21 have a national scope. We discovered that 11 of these documents did not contain a section on biological materials from minors. The content of the remaining 18 documents was categorized according to four themes: consent, principles of non-therapeutic research on vulnerable populations, ethics committee approval and difference between anonymous and identifiable samples. We found out that these themes are not consistently mentioned by each document, but that documents discussing the same themes were mostly in agreement with their recommendations. However, a systematic reflection on the ethical and policy issues arising from the participation of minors in biobank research is missing. ispartof: European Journal of Human Genetics vol:17 issue:8 pages:979-990 ispartof: location:England status: published

Background and aims: Increasing production and the use of pesticides for agricultural purposes can lead to many environmental and human health risks. Therefore, assessment of their concentration in occupational and environmental samples is necessary to estimate exposure levels. This study was aimed to use a synthesized molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) as a novel and specific absorbent for residue analysis of metribuzin herbicide in biological sample. Methods: The MIP was synthesized by copolymerizing the pesticide as the template molecule in presence of methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as functional and crosslinking monomers, respectively. Afterwards, parameters affecting the adsorption and recycling of metribuzin by synthesized absorbent were optimized using solid phase extraction (SPE) method to demonstrate the ability of the MIP for selective recognition of analyte from biological sample. All samples were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results: According to the obtained results, trace amount of herbicide was successfully determined using MIP. The optimum amounts of effective parameters on extraction yield were determined as follow: adsorbent amount: 13.15 mg, sample pH: 3, sample flow rate: 1 mL /min, volume of extraction solvent: 1.33 mL, flow rate of extraction solvent: 3 ml/min, and the amount of acid in the solvent composition: 10%. Detection and quantification limits of the method were 0.0119 and 0.0397 ppb, respectively. Conclusion: The developed method can be used as an optimum sample preparation procedure for selective and sensitive extraction and determination of desired herbicide from biological sample.