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The study aimed to evaluate the effect of onion-garlic powder on egg production, antioxidant capacity and blood biochemistry in chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar). The study was conducted for 12 weeks during the laying period and a total of 240 partridges were divided into 4 groups (control, 1% onion, 1% garlic, and 1% onion and 1% garlic). The highest total antioxidant capacity, feed consumption and egg production were determined in the garlic group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively) and the lowest egg production and feed intake was observed in the onion group. Egg production in the garlic –onion mixture group was also higher than the control and only onion group (P < 0.01). While there was no statistical difference in blood HDL, LDL, glucose, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphorus levels (P > 0.05), blood urea, ALT, AST levels were higher (P < 0.05) in the garlic group with the highest egg production and feed intake (P < 0.01) compared to the control and onion groups. Unlike many studies, the highest cholesterol levels were determined in the garlic supplemented group (P < 0.05) and the expected positive effects were not seen in onion powder.

Baseline haematological and biochemical blood parameters in healthy wild birds are key to managing wild populations and to saving critically ill individuals. This knowledge is crucial for the care, rehabilitation and the release of birds after treatment in wildlife rescue centres. Plasma levels provide valuable information for the evaluation of the physical condition of animals. The objective of this study was to obtain reference values of some basic biochemical blood parameters of wild common ravens (Corvus corax). Between 2020 and 2023, we took blood samples from the wild population of common ravens in Bulgaria (n = 36). We determined the values of 18 parameters - alanine transaminase (ALT, U/I), albumin (g/l), alkaline phosphatase (ALP, U/I), amylase (U/I), aspartate transaminase (AST, U/I), calcium (mmol/l), chloride (mmol/l), cholesterol (mmol/l), creatine kinase (CK, U/I), creatinine (μmol/l), blood glucose (mmol/l), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, U/I), magnesium (mmol/l), phosphorus (mmol/l), total bilirubin (μmol/l), total protein (g/l), triglycerides (TG, mmol/l) and uric acid (μmol/l). We made a comparative analysis including the regions in which the groups were sampled and the time of year. Most of the presented results were comparable to published values of other species from the Corvidae family and some were higher (ALP, amylase, AST, CK, total protein and uric acid levels). Most of these could be explained by the capture- and handling stress. This is the first report in official literary sources presenting some basic biochemical blood parameters of healthy wild common ravens in Bulgaria. The results may be of use to scientists, veterinarians and other researchers in rescue and rehabilitation centres and they can provide the basis for further studies with regards to animal welfare and health assessment of the species.

We report how Raman difference imaging provides insight on cellular biochemistry in vivo as a function of sub-cellular dimensions and the cellular environment. We show that this approach offers a sensitive diagnostic to address blood biochemistry at the cellular level. We examine Raman microscopic images of the distribution of the different hemoglobins in both healthy (discocyte) and unhealthy (echinocyte) blood cells and interpret these images using pre-calculated, accurate pre-resonant Raman tensors for scattering intensities specific to hemoglobins. These tensors are developed from theoretical calculations of models of the oxy, deoxy and met forms of heme benchmarked against the experimental visible spectra of the corresponding hemoglobins. The calculations also enable assignments of the electronic transitions responsible for the colour of blood: these are mainly ligand to metal charge transfer transitions., We assign the electronic transitions responsible for the colour of blood and present a Raman imaging diagnostic approach for individual blood cells.

This work evaluated the effects of food frequencies and self-feeding on the behavior, performance, and blood biochemistry of Colossoma macropomum. Juveniles weighing 3.63 ± 0.05 g were distributed in 27 aquariums (40 L), with six fish per aquarium, to evaluate nine treatments in three replications in a 12L:12D photoperiod. The treatments were 24-h self-feeding (SF); daytime self-feeding at will (SFD); nighttime self-feeding at will (SFN); and feeding at fixed frequencies of two (2D), four (4D), and six times (6D) daytime and twice (2 N), four (4 N), and six times (6 N) nightly. The treatments were offered in automatic feeders, with fixed frequencies programmed. Extruded commercial feed, with 46% protein, was used. The experimental period was 40 days. In the SF treatment, the animals exhibited 95.7% nocturnal and 4.3% diurnal feeding activity (p

Dietary pattern (DP) results in nutrition adequacy and may influence cognitive decline and cortical atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The study explored DP in 248 patients with AD. Two neurobehavioral assessments (intervals 13.4 months) and two cortical thickness measurements derived from magnetic resonance images (intervals 26.5 months) were collected as outcome measures. Reduced rank regression was used to assess the groups of DPs and a linear mixed-effect model to explore the cortical neurodegenerative patterns. At screening, underweight body mass index (BMI) was related to significant higher lipid profile, impaired cognitive function, smaller cortical thickness, lower protein DP factor loading scores and the non-spouse caregiver status. Higher mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores were related to the DP of coffee/tea, compared to the lipid/sugar or protein DP group. The underweighted-BMI group had faster cortical thickness atrophy in the pregenual and lateral temporal cortex, while the correlations between cortical thickness degeneration and high HbA1C or low B12 and folate levels were localized in the medial and lateral prefrontal cortex. The predictive model suggested that factors related to MMSE score were related to the caregiver status. In conclusion, normal or overweight BMI, coffee/tea DP group and living with a spouse were considered as protective factors for better cognitive outcomes in patients with AD. The influence of glucose, B12 and folate on the cortical degeneration was spatially distinct from the pattern of AD degeneration.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant and is commonly known as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). BPA is widely used in production of numerous products including polycarb...

The purpose of this article was to fabricate the novel poly(t-butyl betaine carboxylate)-S-S-poly (1, 3-dioxan-2-one) nanoparticles (PCB-tBU-S-S-PDI NPs) and study their in vivo biosecurity. The po...

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of age on the biochemistry profiles of aceh cattle, which included examinations of: total protein (TP), albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio (A/G), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) . Sixteen clinically healthy aceh cattle aged 2-4 years old, and 16 aceh cattle aged 4-6 years old were purposively selected for the study. Blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein and subjected to blood biochemistry measurements using commercial kits. The results showed that serum concentrations of TP, globulin, AST and Ca of aceh cattle were significantly (P0.05) higher in age group 4-6 years old, while ALP activity was significantly (P0.05) higher in age group 2-4 years old. In conclusion, age must be considered as a factor when interpreting the blood biochemistry profiles of aceh cattle.

Aim: The effects of feeding with different plants on some biochemical parameters in free-range broiler farming were investigated. Materials and Methods: Hubbard Isa Red-JA broiler chicks were used: The 1st group (control) was fed ad libitum with consantrated feed in closed cages. The 2nd group was fed with Medicago sativa L, the 3rd group with Bromus inermis Leyss and the 4th group with 50% alfalfa+50% bromegrass cultivated areas, by means of mobile cages. Thymus vulgaris L. was cultivated among all groups. On the 42nd and 84th days, blood samples were taken from 8 of the chicks in each main group (totally 64 animals). Serum iron, magnesium, total lipid, urea, uric acid, creatinine, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin concentrations, and gamma glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatin kinase activities were determined. Results: Iron concentrations increased in the 2nd and 3rd groups on the 42th day and in the 2nd and 4th groups on the 84th day, compared to control (p < 0.05). Magnesium concentrations were higher in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th groups, compared to control, on the 42nd day (p < 0.05). Total lipid concentrations were higher in the 3rd and 4th groups on the 42nd day, while lower in the 2nd group on the 84th day, compared to control (p < 0.05). Uric acid concentrations decreased on the 84th day in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups, compared to control (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It is suggested to feed broilers in free-range system with Medicago sativa L, Bromus inermis Leyss and Thymus vulgaris L., Amaç: Serbest sistem etlik piliç yetiştiriciliğinde farklı bitkiler ile beslemenin bazı biyokimyasal parametreler üzerine etkileri araştırıldı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada Hubbard Isa Red-JA etlik piliç civcivleri kullanıldı: 1. grup (kontrol) kapalı kafeslerde konsantre yem ile ad libitum beslendi. 2. grup yonca, 3. grup kılçıksız brom ve 4. grup % 50 yonca + % 50 kılçıksız brom ekili alanlarda mobil kafesler aracılığıyla beslendi. Tüm gruplar arasına kekik ekildi. 42. ve 84. günlerde her ana gruptaki civcivlerin 8'inden (toplam 64 hayvan) kan örnekleri alındı. Serum demir, magnezyum, total lipid, üre, ürik asit, kreatinin, total bilirubin, direkt bilirubin konsantrasyonları ile gama glutamil transferaz, laktat dehidrogenaz ve kreatin kinaz aktiviteleri belirlendi. Bulgular: Demir konsantrasyonları 42. günde 2. ve 3. gruplarda, 84. günde 2. ve 4. gruplarda kontrol grubuna kıyasla arttı (p

The aim of this study was to investigate the responses of growth performance, digestibility and blood biochemistry to the dose and administration method of enzymes. A total of 150 unsexed 1-d-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens were divided equally among 5 dietary treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and five chickens each. All experimental groups were fed the same basal diet and given 5 multienzyme treatments: The 1st group, the control group, did not receive multienzyme supplementations. The 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th groups were given multienzyme in water at 100 and 150% of the recommended dosage in drinking water given either continuously or intermittently methods, respectively. In the continuous method, the multienzyme is added to the water over the day. While, in intermittently method, the multienzyme is added to the water over the day followed by day off during the 1st through the 35th days of age. The addition of multienzyme either at 100 or 150% to water improves the growth performance and nutrient digestibility i.e. dry matter, crude protein and ether extract of broiler chickens compared with the control. However, 100% of multienzyme resulted in the best growth performance than that 150% multienzyme group. Intermittently administration exhibited significantly better growth performance and nutrient digestibility i.e. dry matter and NFE than those given multienzyme with continuously administration way. There were no significant effects of the multienzymes dose and the administration methods on carcass characteristics and blood biochemical constituentsexcepttriglycerides and creatinine. In conclusion, broilers received multienzymes at 100% intermittently in water exhibited significantly higher growth rate and significantly the best FCR. Production index was also the best of this group.

Background and Aim: Some individuals in Indonesia consume intact goat gallbladder to prevent and treat malaria. The acute and subacute toxicity tests of goat bile (GB) have shown mild diarrhea in mice. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the suppressive effect of GB on parasitemia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and blood biochemistry to assess liver and kidney function in BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Materials and Methods: Fifty healthy mice were infected with P. berghei ANKA and divided into five groups. Mice in three groups were administered 0.5 mL of 25%, 50%, or 100% of GB by gavage. Animals in Group 4 were administered 187.2 mg/kg BW of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine phosphate as a positive control (POS Group). Mice in fifth group were administered sterile water as negative (NEG) controls. Further, 30 uninfected mice were divided into groups 6-8 and administered GB as were mice in the first three groups. Group 9 included 10 uninfected and untreated animals as healthy controls. Treatments were administered in a 4-day suppressive test followed by daily observation of Giemsa-stained blood smears. On day 7, mice were sacrificed to measure the length and weight of spleens and livers, plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine. Results: GB suppressed parasitemia but did not affect the size and weight of spleens or livers or plasma levels of AST and ALT compared to uninfected GB-treated and healthy control animals. Conversely, plasma levels of BUN and creatinine were suppressed and remained in the normal range in all groups of mice. Conclusion: GB suppresses parasitemia with no significant impact on hepatic enzymes in GB-treated infected mice. Liver dysfunction in GB-treated infected mice was due to P. berghei rather than GB treatment.

Effects of feeding program (times and quantities) on some growth performance, blood biochemistry, carcass traits and behavioral patterns of male New Zealand White rabbits (NZW) during summer season were investigated. Weaned NZW rabbits (80 bucks) were similarly randomly (735±4.7 g) assigned into five experimental groups. Rabbits of the first group were fed ad libitum (control; C). The second group (T1) was fed 75% of diet at the morning and 25% of diet at the night (7 PM); the third group (T2) was fed 50% of diet at the morning and 50% of diet at the night; the fourth group (T3) was fed 25% of diet at the morning and 75% of diet at the night; the fifth one (T4) was fed 100% of diet at the night. Rabbits of T3 group showed the heaviest body weight and body weight gain and the best feed conversion ratio during 14-16 weeks of age. Groups of T3 and T4 showed the highest percentage of dressed carcass and the lowest abdominal fat. Rabbits of T3 had the lowest activity of alanine aminotransferase (AST), the lowest value of rectal temperature and the highest glucose concentration. Conclusively, feeding during the night was preferable in rabbit farms due to its useful impacts on growth, under heat stress of summer months of Egypt.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary addition of lavender essential oil (Lavandula angustifolia L.) (LEO) on the growth performance, tissue histoarchitecture, and fatty acid profile in breast muscles, as well as blood biochemistry and immune expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines of broiler chickens. A total of 200 three-day-old broiler chickens (average body weight 101.3 ± 0.24 g) were assigned to a completely randomized design consisting of four dietary treatments (n = 50 per treatment, each replicate consisting of 10 birds) that included lavender essential oil at concentrations of 0 (control group), 200, 400, and 600 mg Kg−1 diet. The experiment lasted for 35 days. The results revealed that supplementation of lavender essential oil at 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg in broiler diets had no effect (p > 0.05) on the growth performance throughout the experimental periods (3–10, 11–23, and 24–35 days of age). According to the broken line regression model, the optimal level for dietary LEO addition was the 460 mg kg−1 diet based on the total body weight gain and feed conversion ratio results. The diets supplemented with lavender essential oil had no effect (p > 0.05) on the percentages of carcass yield or internal organs. Dietary addition of LEO significantly increased the percentages of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA (n-3), omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6), and the n-3/n-6 ratio (p < 0.05) in the breast muscles of chickens in a level-dependent manner. The blood concentration of alanine aminotransferase was significantly increased in lavender essential oil at 600 mg kg−1 compared with other treatments. The dietary addition of LEO at 200, 400, and 600 mg kg−1 significantly reduced the malondialdehyde level. Still, they significantly increased the serum enzyme activities of total antioxidant capacity, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and the pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukine-1 beta and interferon γ) compared with the unsupplemented group. The LEO-supplemented groups showed normal liver histomorphology as in the control group. However, the immunoexpression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor β was significantly increased by increasing the level of LEO. It can be concluded that lavender essential oil can be included in broiler chicken diets up to 460 mg kg −1 with no positive effect on the bird’s growth. It can improve the antioxidant capacity and enrich the breast muscles with PUFA. An increased level of supplementation (600 mg kg−1) increased the inflammatory responses in broiler chickens.

Objetivo: Identificar los resultados de laboratorio asociados con el riesgo de muerte en pacientes hospitalizados por la COVID-19. Material y métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de pacientes admitidos por la COVID-19 en el Hospital Nacional EsSalud Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen de Lima, entre el 21 de marzo y el 12 de mayo 2020. Las pruebas de laboratorio incluidas en el estudio fueron las del ingreso al hospital. Se hizo un análisis de Cox para determinar factores asociados con muerte. Resultados: un total de 433 pacientes fueron incluidos: 253 casos (58%) con RT-PCR positivo y 180 casos (42%) con prueba rápida de anticuerpos reactiva. El 55% (240/433) y el 59% (256/433) tuvo leucocitosis y linfopenia relativa (≤10%), respectivamente. El 56% (49/87) tuvo dímero-D mayor a dos mg/L. Cifras mayores al normal se presentaron en 39% (152/393) para urea y 19% (77/397) para creatinina, así como en 73% (228/313) para aspartato aminotransferasa y 62% (193/310) para alanina aminotransferasa. De otro lado, 54% (180/336) tuvo proteína C reactiva mayor a 150 mg/L, 42% (108/258) lactato deshidrogenasa mayor a 450 U/L y 57% (52/91) ferritina mayor a mil ng/mL De forma subsiguiente, leucocitosis (HRa 2,72; IC955; 1,12- 6,60), menos de trescientas mil plaquetas por mm3 (HRa 2,36; IC95%; 1,23-4,52), e incrementos en los valores normales de creatinina (HRa 3,03; IC95%; 1,41-6,48) como de lactato deshidrogenasa por encima de 450 U/L (HRa 2,41; IC95%; 1,29-4,49) se asociaron de forma independiente con muerte. Conclusión: la muerte de los pacientes hospitalizados por la COVID-19 fue asociada de forma independiente con leucocitosis, menos de trescientas mil plaquetas por mm3, creatinina por encima del normal y lactato deshidrogenasa mayor a 450 U/L. Objective: To identify laboratory results associated with the risk of death in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Material and methods: retrospective cohort study of patients admitted for COVID-19 at the Hospital Nacional EsSalud Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen in Lima, between March 21 and May 12, 2020. The laboratory tests included in the study were those of hospital admission. A Cox analysis was done to determine factors associated with death. Results: a total of 433 patients were included: 253 cases (58%) with positive RT-PCR and 180 cases (42%) with reactive rapid antibody test. And, 55% (240/433) and 59% (256/433) had leukocytosis and relative lymphopenia (≤10%), respectively. 56% (49/87) had D-dimer greater than two mg/L. However, higher than normal values were presented in 39% (152/393) for urea and 19% (77/397) for creatinine, as well as 73% (228/313) for aspartate aminotransferase and 62% (193/310) for alanine aminotransferase. On the other hand, 54% (180/336) had C-reactive protein greater than 150 mg/L, 42% (108/258) lactate dehydrogenase greater than 450 U/L and 57% (52/91) ferritin greater than one thousand ng/mL. Subsequently, leukocytosis (HRa 2.72; IC955; 1.12-6.60), less than three hundred thousand platelets per mm3 (HRa 2.36; CI95%; 1.23-4.52), and increases in normal creatinine values (HRa 3.03; CI95%; 1.41-6.48) as lactate dehydrogenase above 450 U/L (HRa 2.41; CI95%; 1.29-4.49) were independently associated with death.Conclusion: the death of hospitalized patients by COVID-19 was independently associated with leukocytosis, less than three hundred thousand platelets per mm3, creatinine above normal and lactate dehydrogenase greater than 450 U /L.

The purpose of the research was to study the effect of a phytocomplex containing herbal extracts of R. carthamoides, S. coronata, F. ulmaria on blood biochemistry of milking sows, the development and viability of piglets born by the time of weaning. For the experiment, the animals were divided into an experimental (Phytoadditive) and a control (SPK-2 compound feed) groups, 10 animals each. Phytoadditive in dry form was introduced into the diet of pigs of the experimental group during the sucking period (30 days) daily, once per head per day - 10 grams (individually). Before the beginning and at the end of the experiment, the blood of sows was examined for biochemical parameters. The multiplicity, the quality of the piglets born, the weight of the nest and one pig after birth and before weaning, as well as viability were determined. As the result, it was found that the concentration of the investigated extractives in the Phytoadditive was 13.5 g/kg, of which 10.5 g were ecdysteroids and 3.0 g of flavonoid rutin. Significant changes in the total protein content in the blood compared with the beginning of the experiment were noted in experimental pigs from 60.2±0.5 to 67.3±0.2 g/l (P 0.05). The number of piglets with low viability in the experimental group was 2 times less than in the control group. The viability of piglets in the experimental group by the time of weaning was 92.6 %, in the control ‒ 83.2 %.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect oforganic acids (citric, lactic and propionic) and their mixtures on carcass traits and blood biochemistry of broiler chickens. A total number of 480 broiler chicks (Ross) one-day old, nearly similar in live body weight were used in this study. Chicks were randomly divided into eight experiment groups each of 60 chicks in3 replicates of birds. Chicks of the first group fed starter and grower basal diets without any supplementation and considered as a control group, the second, third and fourth groups were fed starter and grower basal diets with 5g/kg of either citric, propionic or lactic acids, respectively. While, the fifth group fed starter and grower basal diets with 5g/kg citric acid and 5g/kg propionic acid. The 6th and 7th groups fed starter and grower basal diets supplemented with 5g/kg citric and 5g/kg lactic acids, 5g/kg propionic and 5g/kg lactic .The 8th group fed starter and grower basal diets supplemented with 5g/kg of each of Citric+ Propionic+ Lactic. Results obtained showed that chicks fed diet supplemented with citric and lactic acid, respectively had significantly increased the absolute and relative weights of carcass and total edible parts, the highest averages of plasma total protein , globulin and decreased plasma AST and ALT. Chicks fed on diet supplemented with the mixtures of Citric + Lactic + Propionic acid showed the highest averages of absolute and relative weights of carcass and total edible parts, plasma total protein, globulin and lowest plasma creatinine compared with the other treatments and control group. While chicks received diet supplemented with citric acid showed the highest value of plasma albumin and relative economical efficiency (REE). Generally, it is clearly observed from this study that using organics and their mixtures had improved the carcass yield, blood biochemistry and economical efficiency of broiler chickens compared with control. Citric acid at a level of 5g/kg diet seemed to be adequate to achieve the favorable results and is being recommended from the economic point of view.

This study investigated how the time interval between the last EMS (netting) and the acute confinement stress (AC stress) at the end of the experiment can influence growth, haematology, blood biochemistry, immunological response, antioxidant system, liver enzymes, and stress response of oscar (Astronotus ocellatus; 5.7 ± 0.8 g). Nine experimental treatments were tested, as follows: Control, Stress28 (EMS in weeks two and eight), Stress27 (EMS in weeks two and seven), Stress26 (EMS in weeks two and six), Stress25 (EMS in weeks two and five), Stress24 (EMS in week two and four), Stress23 (EMS in week two and three), Stress78 (EMS in week seven and eight), and Stress67 (EMS in week six and seven). After the nine-week experimental period, while it was not significant, fish exposed to Stress78 (26.78 g) and Stress67 (30.05 g) had the lowest growth rates. After AC stress, fish exposed to Stress78 (63.33%) and Control (60.00%) showed the lowest survival rate. The Stress78 fish displayed low resilience, illustrated by values of blood performance, LDL, total protein, lysozyme, ACH50, immunoglobin, complement component 4, complement component 3, cortisol, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and alanine aminotransferase. In conclusion, gathering consecutive stress and not enough recovery time in the Stress78 group negatively affected stress responsiveness and the health of oscar.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different water velocities on the growth performance, blood physiology, and digestive capacity of coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus) in a Recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). One hundred and twenty healthy, uniformly sized coral trout (body mass (92.01 ± 8.04) g; body length (15.40 ± 0.65) cm) were randomly assigned to three flow velocity groups (1 bl/s, 2 bl/s, and 2.5 bl/s) and one control group (0 bl/s). The results show that the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of coral trout in the 2.5 bl/s water flow velocity group were significantly lower than those in the control group and 1 bl/s water flow velocity group (p < 0.05), while their feed coefficient (FC) values were significantly higher than those of the control group and 1 bl/s water flow velocity group (p < 0.05). The blood glucose (GLU) concentration of coral trout in the 2 bl/s water flow velocity group and the 2.5 bl/s water flow velocity group significantly decreased compared to those in the control group (p < 0.05), while the lactic acid (LD) concentration increased. As the cortisol (COR) concentration and lipase (LPS) enzyme activity of coral trout did not significantly change (p > 0.05), the α- AMS enzyme activity significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Under 2.5 bl/s water flow velocity, the intestinal structure of coral trout changed, and the number of goblet cells decreased. High-water flow velocities affect the physiological homeostasis and intestinal digestion of coral trout, resulting in a decrease in their growth performance, indicating that coral trout is more sensitive to high-water flow velocities. In actual RAS aquaculture, the flow rate should be controlled within 1 bl/s.

Reference intervals of blood analytes are important diagnostic tools that clinicians use as a basis for making clinical decisions and that have been documented for many fish species. Although the effects of dietary supplementation on hematology and blood biochemistry variables in clownfish have been shown, there are no published reference intervals to date for routine hematology and blood biochemistry panels for these popular cultured marine fish (including Amphiprion spp.). The objective of this study was to establish de novo reference intervals for selected hemogram data and, using whole-blood analysis, commonly utilized chemistry analytes in two species of aquacultured clownfish: the Tomato Clownfish Amphiprion frenatus and Saddleback Clownfish A. polymnus. This study is based on blood samples from 25 clinically normal Tomato Clownfish and 38 clinically normal Saddleback Clownfish from two clownfish production facilities in Florida. Guidelines by the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology were followed to generate robust reference intervals from the data collected. We report descriptive statistics and reference intervals for several hematology (n = 12) and biochemistry (n = 8) analytes using a small sample size and a small amount of blood per sample. The blood analyte data from this study are comparable with hematology and biochemistry data that have been reported in other teleost species. These results provide baseline health data for clownfish species that can be used in various clinical settings while also serving as a springboard for further research studies.

The current study was conducted to investigate effects of copper (sulfate, acetate and nano) in ovo injection at 10 days of the embryogenesis period on body weight (BW), immunity, biochemical param...

Background: Adverse effects of stimulants on growth in children have long been studied, but the results remain to be clarified, because metabolic changes or predictors accompanying the growth deviations were not sufficiently studied. Objective: This open label-prospective study investigated the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on weight, height, blood biochemistry in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: Prepubertal boys treated with MPH in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic at Antalya Training and Research Hospital in Health Sciences University, Turkey were recruited. Height and weight z-scores and fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and 6th month. Changes were compared by paired-samples t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Any association between the changes in growth and biochemical values was analyzed by Spearman’s Rank-Order Correlation. The statistical significance threshold was p Results: 31 boys aged 74 to 104 months were enrolled in the study sample (mean=87.6, Standard Deviation (SD)=9.2). Osmotic release oral system-MPH (18 mg/day) was used in 77.4% (N=24) and immediate release-MPH (5 mg three times a day) in 22.5% (N=7). Average daily drug dose was 0.66 mg/kg (SD=0.12). Baseline weight z-score was 0.63 (SD=1.12), decreased significantly at 6 months (0.24 [SD=1.04]) (Z=-4.44, p=0.000, r=0.5) (median z-score was 0.53 at baseline, -0.11 at 6 months). Baseline height z-score (0.23[SD=0.87]) was not suppressed significantly at 6 months (0.28[SD=0.85])(t(30) = ‒1.50, p=0.14). Glucose (t(30) = -4.33, p=0.000, r=0.6), creatinine (t(30)=-3.28, p=0.003, r=0.5) and 25OH-VitD (N=29, Z=-3.98, p=0.000, r=0.5) increased but alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased (t(28)=3.63, p=0.001, r=0.5). The differences in W-SDS and ALP were positively correlated (r=0.47, p=0.009). Conclusions: Our results indicate the importance of monitoring blood variables that may accompany growth changes early in MPH treatment and should be further assessed in larger samples.

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Respiratory tract irritation and hepatotoxicity were not observed after inhalation exposure. • A significant decrease in mean body weight at high dose was observed. • Inhalation of 1-propanol was no harmful to rats over an exposure period of thirteen weeks., 1-Propanol is a colorless volatile liquid at room temperature and is an important industrial alcohol. Workers are potentially exposed to it through inhalation during industrial activities, including manufacturing, sampling, filling, and mixing processes, as well as during cleaning, maintenance, and repair. Consequently, further information and/or testing for inhalation-related toxicological data is required to assess occupational risk. In this study, 80 (40 male and 40 female) F344 rats were exposed to 1-propanol vapors for 13 weeks (6 h a day, 5 days per week) at target concentrations of 0, 500, 1,600, and 5200 ppm in a whole-body inhalation chamber system. Clinical signs, mean body weight changes, food consumption, hematology, blood biochemistry, necropsy, organ weight, and histopathological findings were observed. The exposure concentrations in chambers were 501.30 ± 9.54 ppm, 1605.43 ± 66.55 ppm, and 5202.19 ± 102.74 ppm for the low, middle, and high dose groups, respectively. No changes related to 1-propanol were observed, including histopathological findings, except for mean body weight changes. The significant decrease in mean body weight at a high dose was not considered to be an adverse effect. Based on these results, the no observed adverse effect concentration of 1-propanol was estimated to be 5202.19 ppm.

Effects of a large-sized cage with a low metabolizable energy and low crude protein (LME-LCP) diet on growth performance, feed cost, blood biochemistry, and antibody response of growing layers were evaluated. A total of 668 one-day-old female Gushi chicks were randomly allocated into three different cages, namely, large, medium, and small cages, referred to as Group A, Group B, and Group C, respectively, and fed LME-LCP diets. A fourth group of birds raised in small cages and fed a standard diet (STD) was designated Group D i.e. the control. Equal stocking densities were maintained among the four groups throughout the experiment, from 50–20 birds/m2. Large cages with LME-LCP diet (Group A) increased the shank length and girth as chicks grew, improved the activities of serum creatine kinase, and reduced serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations. The total feed intake in birds from Group A was higher than those from the other groups at every stage. The total cost (rmb/bird) of feed was 6.70% lower in Group A than that in Group D, which indicated the cost-effectiveness of large cages. In conclusion, large cages with LME-LCP diets have positive effects on body weight, shank growth, and serum biochemical indices of growing Gushi chicks, and can reduce feed costs.

To establish metabolic responses for biochemical analytes related to freshwater shortage adaptation, a total of 376 blood samples were collected from feral sheep at the Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Archipelago. Comparisons were made between four sampling periods with repeated measurements at 0, 7, 14, and 21 d (94 blood serums: 84 females and 10 males). During the first week, the sheep received daily waterad libitum.During the second and third week, the sheep received 60% daily water in relation to the first 7 days intake. Analysis of variance was used to compare the mean values between sampling days. Stepwise regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between the biochemical analytes. The glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (COL-T), triglycerides (TAG), urea, albumin (ALB), total protein (PROT-T), sodium ion (Na+), creatine kinase (CK), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and aldosterone (Aldo), were determined. With the exception of GLU, the COL-T, TAG, urea, ALB, PROT-T, Na+, CK, AVP, and Aldo showed differences between sampling days with the higher values corresponding to 14 d with limited water intake. Negative correlations (P

Hydrogels are commonly used in wound dressing, as they retain moisture, accelerate healing, and break down necrotic tissue. This process enhances patient comfort levels while simultaneously reducing pain caused by dead tissue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo toxicity of a dual hydrogel consisting of type I atelocollagen cross-linked with sodium hyaluronate hydrogel used for wound dressing. Porcine type I atelocollagen was cross-linked with sodium hyaluronate to form the hydrogel. For subcutaneous implantation, 0.5 ml of dual hydrogel was injected into two different sites of twenty rats per group. High density polyethylene rods were implanted subcutaneously to serve as a control material. Hematological assessment, blood biochemistry, histopathological, and histological evaluations were scored and graded after 4 weeks. A bioreactivity rating was used for evaluation of subacute toxicity. Differences observed in blood chemical analysis and hematological analysis between control and test groups were within normal variations and considered unrelated to the test article implantation. No significant implantation-related lesions were observed in any of the major organs of all test animals. The overall histopathological index of the test article implantation sites was evaluated as 0. The bioreactivity rating was evaluated as non-irritant after 4-week subcutaneous implantation. Overall, these results indicate that the dual hydrogel of type I atelocollagen and sodium hyaluronate is biologically and chemically safe for clinical application as a wound dressing.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the Glycyrrhiza glabra effect on growth performance, blood parameters, antioxidant and lysosomal activity, histology and immunohistochemistry of liver and intestine, and the gene expression profile of broiler chickens. A total of 180 Cobb500 broiler chicks (one-week-old) were used in this study. Chicks were distributed randomly into three treatment groups; the first group received drinking water without any supplementation (control group). In contrast, birds in groups 2 and 3 received licorice supplementation in drinking water with 0.4 and 0.8 g licorice/liter, respectively. Results revealed that licorice at a 0.4 g/L of water level improved body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and FCR. Licorice also exhibits a broad range of biological activities such as hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, immunostimulant, and antioxidant effects. The morphometric analysis of different parameters of the intestine revealed a significant increase in the intestinal villi length, width, and villi length/crypt depth in the group supplemented with licorice 0.4 gm/L compared to other groups. The number of CD3 positive in both duodenum and ileum was increased in the licorice 0.4 gm/L group compared to other groups. The expression of growth-related genes was significantly increased with licorice supplementation and modulation of the lipid metabolism genes in the liver and upregulated to the mRNA expression of both superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and Catalase (CAT). Our results revealed that licorice supplementation increased the growth performance of broiler chickens and impacted the birds’ antioxidant activity through modulation of the growth-related genes, lipid metabolic markers, and antioxidant-related pathways.

Background. Osteopathic methods are used in practical medicine, but there is little scientific research in this area, especially in the treatment of somatic diseases. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of osteopathy in the complex therapy of patients with chronic stone-free cholecystitis from the point of view of evidence-based medicine. Methods. The study involved 114 patients who were divided into two groups, the control group and the main group, in which osteopathic procedures were applied. The functions of the gallbladder, bile and blood biochemistry, and cholecystokinin secretion were analyzed. Results. It was found that osteopathic methods significantly increased the effectiveness of standard therapy both in terms of regression of clinical symptoms of the disease and in the functioning of the gallbladder. It is proved that the main group of patients significantly increases the secretion of cholecystokinin, which correlates with an improvement in the biochemistry of bile and its allocation. It was found that the effectiveness of osteopathic treatment methods does not depend on the gender of patients. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate a fairly pronounced therapeutic effect of osteopathic procedures in the complex therapy of patients with chronic stone-free cholecystitis. The increase in the secretion of cholecystokinin is difficult to explain from the point of view of correction of functional blocks, and this problem remains the subject of further research.

espanolLos antibioticos han sido utilizados en la alimentacion animal con el fin de ga-rantizar una produccion mas eficiente; sin embargo, la aparicion de bacterias resistentes a los antibioticos ha causado preocupacion tanto a consumidores como a cientificos. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de Bacillus subtilis sobre parametros sanguineos y productivos en pollos de engorde. 72 pollos de la linea Cobb 500, fueron aleatorizados a 3 dietas: dieta basal sin antibioticos (D1), y una dieta basal suplementada con 10 ppm de Avilamicina (D2), o 50 ppm de esporas de B. subtilis (D3) durante 42 dias. Los dias 21 y 42 se estimo la ga-nancia acumulada de peso (GAP), la conversion alimenticia (CA) y se evaluaron las concentraciones sanguineas de alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), creatinina, trigliceridos, colesterol, glucosa, calcio y fosforo. El uso B. subtilis en la dieta mejoro el rendimiento productivo de las aves, disminuyo las concentraciones sericas de trigliceridos, colesterol y ALT, e incremento las concentraciones de calcio, fosforo y glucosa. La inclusion de B. subtilis en la dieta de pollos de en-gorde es una alternativa al uso de antibioticos, ya que tiene efectos favorables sobre la bioquimica sanguinea y el rendimiento productivo de las aves. EnglishAntibiotics have been used in animal feed in order to ensure more efficient pro-duction, however, the appearance of antibiotic resistant bacteria has caused concern in both consumers and scientific. The aim was to evaluate the effect of Bacillus subtilis on blood parameters and performance in broilers. 72 Cobb 500 broiler chicks, were randomized to 3 diets. A basal diet without antibio-tics (D1), or a basal diet supplemented with either 10 ppm of avilamicyn (D2) or 50 ppm of spores of B. subtilis (D3) during 42 days. On days 21 and 42 cumulative weight gain (BW), feed conversion (FCR) was estimated and blood concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, calcium and phosphorus were evaluated. The use of B. subtilis in the diet improves the performance of broilers, lowers the blood le-vels of triglycerides, cholesterol and ALT blood concentrations, and increase the blood levels of calcium, phosphorus and glucose. The inclusion of B. subtilis in the diet of broilers is an alternative to the use of antibiotics, as it has positive effects on the blood biochemistry and the performance.

To determine blood biochemistry and reassess and compare red blood cell morphology based on individuals’ gender, age and SVL (Snout-Vent Length), we studied 30 blood samples of Bufotes variabilis (15 males, 15 females) from Ornaz Valley, Denizli/Turkey. For age determination, bone samples were threated according to the skeletochronology procedure and a strong positive correlation between SVL and age structure (Pearson’s, n = 30, r2 = 0.937, p 0.001) was detected. Like all anurans, the shapes of the erythrocytes and their nuclei were ellipsoidal while their dimensions were bigger than expected when compared with those in the previous studies. Statistical evaluations of the red blood cells were made according to individuals’ gender, age and SVL and no significant differences were found amongst them. This is the first study about the blood biochemistry of B. variabilis which includes pH, blood gas, oximetry, electrolyte (potassium, sodium, calcium, chloride and bicarbonate ion concentrations) and metabolite [D-glucose and L(+)-lactate concentration] values. Biochemical data were statistically analysed according to gender, age and SVL to evaluate whether there are any relationships or differences between the studied individuals. Statistical analyses of the biochemical assessments showed that cCa values of females were significantly high (t-test: t = 2.30, df = 20, p 0.05), possibly due to the spawning period. The mean value of the individuals’ age was 7.77 ± 1.33 years with the mean SVL of 80.4 ± 1.2 mm. Pearson’s correlations of the biochemical data indicated a very significant relationship between cCl ion concentration and SVL as well as age. However, highly significant positive correlations were found between sO2 – pO2, FO2Hb – pO2, FO2Hb – sO2, FHHb – pCO2, cNa – pH, cNa – cK, cCa – cK, cCa – cNa, cHO3 – pCO2 and cLac – cGlu values while pO2 – pCO2, sO2 – pCO2, FHHb – pO2, FHHb – sO2, FHHb – FO2Hb, cK – pCO2 values showed a very significant negative correlation. These are the first biochemical data and evaluations about B. variabilis blood. In addition, according to the data obtained in our study, it is possible to say that age can be used as a substitute of SVL when it is not possible to procure the exact measurements of an individual for assessment.

There currently exists no published robust data which would confirm effectiveness and safety of hydroxychloroquine in pre- and postexposure prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Taking into account in vitro data, which indicates inhibitory activity of hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2, and interim guidelines by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, hydroxychloroquine can be considered as postexposure prophylaxis among healthcare personnel who have been in contact with patients with laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2, provided no contraindications and significant drug interactions are present. Safety monitoring should be performed before prescribing and during the course of treatment (ECG, total blood count and blood biochemistry, ophthalmologist evaluation before long-term treatment).

The purpose of the research is to study the effect of extractive substances from a complex of herbs (R. Carthamoides, S. Coronate, F. ulmaria )on individual indicators of the metabolism of laboratory mice, pregnant sows and piglets obtained from them. A phytoextract containing ecdysteroids and flavonoids was orally administered to white mice ( three experimental and one control group of 15 mice) in doses of 0.1; 0.2 and 0.3 ml during 14 days that provided an increase in the average daily weight gain by 20.8-48.5% (P 0.05). It has been established that the phytoextract had an anabolic effect on white mice, did not cause a negative effect on the studied biochemical parameters of metabolism in pregnant sows, and contributed to an increase in the number of live newborns in comparison with the control.

AMAÇ: Koroner arter hastalığı halen önde gelen sağlık sorunlarından biridir. Bu durum, kalp hastalıkları için tanı ve tedavi prosedürlerinde artışa sebep olmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, bu prosedürlerle ilişkili komplikasyonlarda da artışa sebep olmaktadır. Bu komplikasyonlardan biri psödoanevrizmalardır. Bu çalışmada, kliniğimizde psödoanevrizma ameliyatı geçiren hastalarda koroner anjiyografiden önce alınan periferik tam kan sayımlarının sonuçlarına göre psödoanevrizmanın gelişimini öngörmede hematolojik ve biyokimyasal parametrelerin yararlı olup olmayacağını tartışmayı amaçladık.GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Ocak 2017-Aralık 2019 tarihleri arasında hastanemizde koroner arter hastalığı ön tanısı ile elektif koroner anjiyografi yapılan 7368 hastanın verileri retrospektif olarak incelendi. Çalışmamıza dahil edilme kriterlerini karşılayan 88 hastanın verileri incelendi.BULGULAR: Psödoanevrizma erkek cinsiyet(%60), sağ alt ekstremite(%76.4) ve ana femoral arterde(%71.4) daha sıktı. Grup 1 ile karşılaştırıldığında psödoanevrizma gelişen Grup 2'de işlemden önce beyaz küre sayısı (WBC) (p: 0.042) ve Nötrofil lenfosit oranı (NLR) (p: 0.029) değerleri ve kan üre azotu (BUN) (p:0.050) yüksekti, Hemoglobin (Hb) (p, OBJECTIVE: Coronary artery disease is still one of the leading health problems. This causes an increase in the diagnosis and treatment procedures for heart diseases. However, it also causes an increase in complications associated with these procedures. One of these complications is pseudoaneurysms. In this study, we aimed to discuss whether hematological and biochemical parameters can be useful in predicting the development of pseudoaneurysm according to the results of peripheral whole blood counts taken before coronary angiography in patients who underwent pseudoaneurysm surgery in our clinic.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data of 7368 patients who underwent elective coronary angiography with a preliminary diagnosis of coronary artery disease in our hospital between January 2017 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Data of 88 patients who met the inclusion criteria in our study were examined.RESULTS: Pseudoaneurysm was more frequently located in the male gender (% 60), right lower externity (% 76.4) and the common femoral artery (%71.4). When compared to Group 1, in Group 2, which developed pseudoaneurysm, The patients in group 2 who developed pseudoaneurysm compared to group 1, white blood cell count (WBC) (p: 0.042), Neutrophil to Lymphocite Ratio (NLR) (p: 0.029) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (p: 0.050) values were higher before the procedure, Hemoglobin (Hb) (p

The effects of chitooligosaccharide (COS) supplementation in laying hen diets on egg production, egg quality, blood biochemistry, antioxidant capacity and immunity during the late laying period were investigated in this 10-week trial. A total of 3000 Fengda No.1 laying hens, 52 weeks of age, were randomly allocated to three treatment groups, each of which included five replicates of 200 hens. Treatments consisted of the basal diet only or the basal diet supplemented with COS at 75 or 125 mg/kg. Hens fed with both COS supplemented diets had improved hen-day egg production, egg mass and feed conversion ratio than control birds. The higher level of COS supplementation exerted positive effects on eggshell strength and eggshell thickness, but significantly decreased yolk colour. Addition of 125 mg/kg COS was also found to significantly increase serum albumin content and significantly decrease serum cholesterol level. Dietary supplementation with COS significantly decreased serum triglyceride level compared with birds fed the control diet. Moreover, COS significantly increased total antioxidative capacity and significantly decreased malondialdehyde level in serum, but had no significance on the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The only change in blood immune response compounds observed in this study was a significantly increased concentration of C3 when laying hens were fed COS supplemented diets. In conclusion, COS could improve laying performance and egg quality in hens during the late laying period. Inclusion of COS in the diet might be beneficial to hens’ health by lowering serum lipids, enhancing antioxidant activity and slightly enhancing immune ability.HIGHLIGHTS COS improved laying performance and egg quality in hens during the late laying period. Inclusion of COS in the diet might be beneficial to hens’ health by lowering serum lipids, enhancing the antioxidant activity and slightly enhancing immune ability. The optimum concentration of COS is 75 mg/kg in the basal diet in order to achieve an increased egg production, egg quality and health condition.

Purpose. To determine the presence of functional changes in the cytometric and biochemical parameters of the blood of Prussian carp of the Samara River under conditions of human impact. Methodology. The object of the study was age-6 Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782)) of both sexes. The material for the study was collected with the use of gill nets during scientific fishing in the summer-autumn period in 2019. Blood was collected from the caudal vein. Morphological studies of erythrocytes were carried out on blood smears, which were stained according to Romanovsky-Giemsa. Blood smears were studied at 40X magnification using a photomicrograph with a Sciencelab T500 5.17 M digital camera. On the preparations, 150 visual fields were examined. Biochemical studies were carried out on automatic analyzers OLYMPUS AU400 and AU480 from BeckmanCoulter (USA), using BeckmanCoulter reagents. Statistical processing of the data obtained was carried out according to generally accepted methods in MS Excel 2010. Findings. Age-6 Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782)) of the Samara river, under conditions of anthropogenic impact, were found to have an increase in their glucose content (28.5 - 37.4 mmol/l), as well as an increase in ALT (46.5 - 52.8 U/L) and AST (85.1 - 100.5 U/L) activities in blood that may indicate the formation of certain protective mechanisms for adaptation to the effects of harmful environmental factors. These parameters were highest in specimens caught near Novomoskovsk. Cytometric analysis showed a statistically significant increase in the nuclear weight, the size of erythrocytes and an increase in the nuclear-plasma ratio of red blood cells of fish caught near the village Khashchove and Novomoskovsk. It can indicate the inhibition of the functional activity of erythrocytes. The value of the albumin-globulin coefficient (0.6) and the de Ritis coefficient (1.8 - 1.9) of Prussian carp at all experimental points of the Samara river indicates the beginning of the formation of certain pathological processes in their liver and heart. Originality. The study of cytometric and biochemical parameters of the blood of Prussian carp of the Samara river of the Dnepropetrovsk region subjected to the significant human impact was performed for the first time Practical value. The data obtained can be used to conduct hydroecological monitoring of natural water bodies and to determine the degree of the effect of various anthropogenic factors on the health and productivity of commercial freshwater fish species.

Background Diabetes is prevalent in Kuwait. We aimed to assess the level of glycemic control in Kuwaiti adults with diabetes. Methods The World Health Organization’s STEPS non-communicable disease risk factor survey was conducted in Kuwait in 2014. Participants’ demographics, medical history, physical measurements and blood biochemistry were assessed. A total of 2561 Kuwaiti men and women aged 18–69 years completed all three survey steps. Glycemic control in 278 individuals with diabetes who were on glucose-lowering medication was determined using the US National Institutes of Health guidelines of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≤7.2 mmol/l and the American Diabetes Association guidelines of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) Results Adequate glycemic control in people with drug-treated diabetes was 34.5% when determined by HbA1c, 37.8% when determined by FPG level, and 24.5% when both criteria were met. Mean body-mass index and fasting serum triglycerides were significantly higher and serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol significantly lower in individuals with an inadequate glycemic control than in those with adequate control. Women with diabetes were almost twice as likely to have inadequate HbA1c levels as men with diabetes (OR, 1.9, [95% CI, 1.03, 3.5]). Conclusions Glycemic control in Kuwaiti adults with treated diabetes is low. A systemic, multi-disciplinary public health approach is needed to improve diabetes education and adherence to treatment.

Assessing the viability and monitoring the function of liver graft in the early postoperative period are critical clinical tasks. One possible solution is to determine the changes in concentration of blood glucose, its metabolites and glycerol in the graft using interstitial microdialysis. Objective: to study the dynamics of interstitial glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glycerol in the early post-liver transplant period – depending on the initial graft function (IGF) – and to compare with the results of standard laboratory blood tests. Materials and methods. Four selected clinical observations of deceased donor liver transplantation are presented. Two of the observations showed normal IGF, one observation – early allograft dysfunction (EAD), complicated by hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT), while one observation demonstrated primary non-function (PNF). Collection of microdialysis samples began after arterial reperfusion of the liver graft and continued continuously for 7 days or until death. Standard blood biochemistry and coagulation tests were performed at least once a day. Results. With normal IGF and a smooth postoperative period, interstitial concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glycerol remained stable throughout the observation period, ranging from 5 to 20 mmol/L, 1.1 to 7.5 mmol/L, 90 to 380 μmol/L, and 10–100 μmol/L, respectively. EAD was associated with initially higher levels of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate. With HAT development, there was a rapid (within 2–4 hours) five-fold increase in interstitial concentration of lactate with simultaneous decrease in glucose and pyruvate levels to 0.1 mmol/L and 11 μmol/L, respectively. In the case of PNF, there was an initially high concentration of interstitial lactate – 16.4 mmol/L, which increased further to 35.5 mmol/L. Glucose concentration was close to 0. Changes in interstitial glucose, its metabolites and glycerol concentrations chronologically preceded the corresponding changes in peripheral blood composition by 3–5 hours. Conclusion. Microdialysis measurement of interstitial glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glycerol concentrations facilitates real-time monitoring of liver graft viability and function. The high sensitivity of the method could help in accelerating diagnosis of vascular complications (HAT in particular), as well as graft dysfunction with other causes. Therefore, the method is feasible in clinical practice.

Blood biochemistry values are routinely employed during clinical examinations to assess the health of the patient and to identify potential underlying conditions. No blood biochemistry data are currently available for Temminck’s pangolin (Smutsia temminckii), a species that is being confiscated from both the domestic and international trade with increasing frequency, and this lack of data is hampering rehabilitation efforts. We determined haematological and serum biochemical values for ten Temminck’s pangolins rescued from the illegal wildlife trade in Zimbabwe and placed in the care of the Tikki Hywood Foundation as part of their rehabilitation. Our results suggest a large overlap in serum biochemistry and haematology values with previously reported values for other pangolin species, but also suggest some apparent differences. Haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and albumin:globulin ratio were positively correlated with mass, while alkaline phosphatase and amylase were negatively correlated with mass. Lymphocytes and monocytes were positively correlated with body condition, while mean corpuscular volume, alanine aminotransferase and total bilirubin were negatively correlated with condition. These results suggest that at least some parameters are independent of mass and are directly correlated with body condition and may therefore be informative in rapid health assessments of confiscated individuals.

Background: Hepatic lipidosis is a common condition in reptiles but is rarely reported in amphibians. Case description: A 1-year-old tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) of unknown sex, was presented with a 6-week history of anorexia. Diagnostic tests performed included an in-house hematological evaluation, blood biochemistry, radiology, coelomic ultrasound, and computed tomography (CT), which revealed hepatic lipidosis. Hospitalization for supportive medical management included enteral nutrition, antibiotic, and liver support medication. Conclusions and case relevance: The salamander responded well to medical management and started eating a week after discharge. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of diagnosis of hepatic lipidosis in a salamander by quantitative CT, which represents a noninvasive alternative to liver biopsy.

An on-farm trial for 90 days was conducted at four tribal villages to assess the effect of chelated mineral mixture (CMM) supplementation on blood biochemistry as well as hormonal and mineral status, nutrient intake and reproductive performance of the anoestrus buffaloes (n=24). The animals selected were randomly divided into two groups of 12 animals each. The group T1 was the control group (farmer’s feeding schedule), and T2 treatment group (T1 + CMM @ 50 g/animal/day). Blood collection was done on days 0, 45, and 90 of the experiment from the animals of both the groups for assessment of blood biochemical, hormonal, and mineral status of the animals. Average DM, DCP, and TDN intake in anoestrus buffaloes calculated as per information collected from farmers were statistically similar among both the groups and were as per ICAR requirements of animals. Results revealed significant (p less than 0.05) improvement in hemoglobin, serum glucose, total protein, total cholesterol, progesterone, estradiol and macro (Ca, P) – micro (Zn, Fe, Cu, Co, Mn) mineral status of chelated mineral supplemented group as compared to control animals. The number of days taken to come into oestrus in anoestrus buffaloes (51.22±3.78 vs 75.00±6.18 days for 9 vs 5 animals), as well as the cost of feeding (Rs. 5441 vs 8039), was also significantly (pless than 0.05) reduced upon supplementation of CMM as compared to control group. The control group recorded a 32.32% higher cost of rearing than the treatment group during the experimental period. The findings revealed the beneficial role of chelated minerals supplementation in improving the health, nutritional and reproductive status of anoestrus buffaloes.