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The aim was to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Bio-C Repair (BCR), compared to Endosequence BC Root Repair (ERRM), MTA Angelus (MTA-Ang), and MTA Repair HP (MTA-HP). MC3T3 osteoblastic cells were exposed to extracts of the repairing bioceramic cements. After 1, 3, and 7 days, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated by MTT and Micronucleus tests, respectively. Cells not exposed to biomaterials were used as a negative control. Data were compared using ANOVA two-way, followed by the Tukey Test (α=5%). MTA-Ang and MTA-HP showed no difference in relation to control regarding cytotoxicity in any experimental times. BCR and ERRM reduced cell viability after 3 and 7 days (p

The development of a collagen-based composite scaffold to repair damaged bone is one of many important issues in tissue engineering. In this study, pure collagen, collagen/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), collagen/calcium silicate (CS), and collagen/β-TCP/CS scaffolds were fabricated using the freeze-drying method. The phase compositions, microstructures, and mechanical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and a universal testing machine, respectively. In addition, cell viability was evaluated using an MTT assay. Finally, the correlations between the density, mechanical properties, and biodegradation behaviors of pore size distributions were discussed.

Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of blood contamination on bond strength of different root-end filling materials to dentin.Materials and Method: Ninety single-rooted maxillary central teeth were used. After endodontic treatment was performed, the root-ends were resected and retrograde cavities were prepared. First, the specimens were divided into 2 groups (+/-) according to the blood contamination of the cavities. Then, the specimens were divided into three subgroups (n=15) according to the root-end filling materials: MTA Repair HP, RetroMTA, MTA Flow. These materials were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were kept at 37 °C in a 100% humid environment for 21 days. After obtaining 1.0±0.1 mm slices, push-out bond strength analysis was performed. Each slice was examined under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the failure mode. The data were analyzed using one‑way analysis of variance and independent sample t-test.Results: The bond strength was negatively affected by blood contamination (p0.05), while MTA Repair HP showed the lowest bond strength in both the blood contaminated and the non-blood contaminated groups (p, Amaç: Bu in vitro çalışmanın amacı, kan kontaminasyonunun farklı kök ucu dolgu materyallerinin dentine bağlanma dayanımına etkisinin değerlendirilmesiydi.Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada tek köklü 90 adet maksiler santral diş kullanıldı. Dişlere endodontik tedavi uygulandıktan sonra kök uçları rezeke edildi ve kök ucu kaviteleri hazırlandı. Öncelikle örnekler, kavitelerin kanla kontaminasyonuna göre (+/-) 2 gruba ayrıldı. Daha sonra kök ucu dolgu malzemelerine göre üç alt gruba ayrıldı: MTA Repair HP, RetroMTA, MTA Flow (n=15). Bu malzemeler üreticinin talimatları doğrultusunda kaviteye yerleştirildi. Örnekler 21 gün boyunca 37 °C’de %100 nemli ortamda bekletildi. 1.0±0.1 mm kesitler elde edildikten sonra itme-bağlanma dayanımı testi gerçekleştirildi. Başarısızlık tipini değerlendirmek için her kesit stereomikroskop altında incelendi. Veriler tek yönlü varyans analizi ve bağımsız örneklem t-testi kullanılarak analiz edildi.Bulgular: Bağlanma dayanımı, kan kontaminasyonunun varlığından önemli ölçüde olumsuz yönde etkilendi (p0.05).Sonuç: Kan kontaminasyonu dentine bağlanma dayanımını azalttı. Materyaller arasında en yüksek bağlanma dayanımını MTA Flow gösterdi.

The effect of calcium silicate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and their mixture on the adaptation of wheat and corn to simulated acid rain has been evaluated in the pot experiments. Acid rain was simulated by watering twice with distilled water acidified with sulfuric acid to pH = 2. Test plants were grown in a plant growth chamber under controlled conditions of temperature, illumination and relative humidity for 18 days. The physiological state of the test plants was assessed by characteristics of growth (shoot height, root length, dry weight of shoots and roots), the content of photosynthetic pigments, flavonoids, and proline in leaves. For the corn, the content of anthocyanins in shoots and roots was also evaluated. In parallel, the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil (pH, electrical conductivity, redox potential, content of soluble carbonates, and nitrates) were determined. It was established that simulated acid rain inhibited the growth and accumulation of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of wheat and corn. The content of protective metabolites (proline, flavonoids, and anthocyanins) increased. Wheat showed greater sensitivity to the inhibiting effect of acidification compared to corn. The application of CaSiO3 was more effective than GABA in restoring pH value and HCO3- concentration in soil, while the application of GABA more effectively promoted the accumulation of NO3- anions in soil. Combining CaSiO3 with GABA was the most effective in restoring soil physical and chemical properties altered by simulated acidification and stimulating the growth and photosynthesis in the test-plants. Thus, the mixture of CaSiO3 with GABA is promising for further studies of the possibility of its application to mitigate the negative impact of acid depositions on vegetation and soil.

In order to study the effect of MgO on the microstructure and macroscopic thermos-physical properties of calcium silicate melt, quantitative analysis of the various silicon-oxygen Qi species in magnesium-calcium silicate glasses and melts at a constant alkalinity has been performed by in-situ high temperature Raman spectroscopy, 29Si MAS NMR and DFT (Density Functional Theory) calculation. Several cluster models, probably existed in magnesium-calcium silicate glasses and melts, modified by Ca2+ or Mg2+ have been designed, their Raman vibrational modes and scattering activities were thus simulated and calculated. A function correlating the wavenumbers of Si-Onb (non-bridge oxygen) of various SiOTs (silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons) with their RSCS (Raman scattering cross sections) was constructed and used to calibrate the experimental Raman spectra. The abundance of each primary Qi species of various magnesium-calcium silicate glasses can be composed by all the deconvoluted hyperfine peaks within the same Qi species. The quantitative description for glasses was proven to be consistent with the result from 29Si MAS NMR. Thus, Qi species distributions for melts were also quantitatively derived. It demonstrated that the abundances of Q1 and Q3 species increased while Q2 species decreased with the increasing replacing amount of MgO. The relationship between the viscosity and Qi species distributions as well as different cations has been investigated and correlated. Q3 species was predominantly responsible for the contribution of viscosity of melt.

Electrical conductivity and structure of the CaO-SiO2-based mold flux melts with various Al2O3 contents were investigated. The results show that the electrical conductivity increases with the addition of Al2O3 from 2 wt% to 4 wt%, but decreases with the further increase of Al2O3 from 4 wt% to 8 wt%. Correspondingly, the apparent activation energy reduces firstly from 55.12 ± 1.20 kJ mol to 41.09± 0.38 kJ mol, and then increases from 41.09 ± 0.38 kJ mol to 98.99 ± 1.42 kJ mol. The structure analyses suggest that complex structural units, such as Si-O-Al, Al-O0, Si-O-Si and Q3(Si), reduce first, but increase with the further addition of Al2O3. Conversely, these simple structural units, such as Al-O-, Q0(Si), Q1(Si) and Q2(Si) vary in the opposite way with the change of Al2O3 content. From the variations of electrical conductivity, activation energy and structural units, it can be found that when Al2O3 works as network breaker to simplify the melt structure, the energy barrier for transportation of conducting ions/ionic reduce, which results in the increase of electrical conductivity; while when Al2O3 becomes into network former, the conductivity increases, correspondingly.

In this present study, synthetic tobermorites are prepared using bio-waste (snail shell) and municipal waste (container glasses) as lime and silica precursors respectively. Six batch compositions were formulated with varying combination of soda-lime glass and snail shell ash. The bodies were sintered at 950 °C for a holding period of 2 h in an electric muffle furnace. Analyses such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS), Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were used to assess the microstructure, functional groups and the phase composition of the prepared tobermorites respectively. The results of the morphology shows that the tobermorites possess irregular but spherical shaped grain with coated water films while the EDS shows the presence of Ca and Si with small amount of Al confirming tobermorite. The FT-IR indicates Ca–O–Si and Si–O–Si as main functional groups while the phase composition investigated by XRD indicate low intensity peaks of calcium silicate (CaSiO3).

Many bioactive inorganic ions such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and silicon (Si) have been confirmed to take part in bone regeneration through promoting the secretion of osteogenesis-related growth factors. However, it is not clear about the effective concentration range and action mechanism of ion combinations on synergistically facilitating osteogenesis. Besides, it is of great significance to design a novel bioceramic that could continuously release these effective inorganic ions to match the need for bone tissue repair. Thus, in this work, the concentration level of combined Ca, Mg, Si ions beneficial to osteogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was explored by orthogonal experimental design (OED) firstly. Meanwhile, eight single-phase ceramics in CaO-MgO-SiO2 system were synthesized, and the influences of their inherent properties on ion dissolution behaviors were systematically investigated. Finally, based on the above results, three multiphase bioceramics (named C1, C2 and C3) containing calcium silicate, diopside and akermanite as crystalline phase were designed and synthesized. It was found that the ionic extracts of bioceramic C1 were just within the above effective concentration range, displaying a predetermined ability of stimulating osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs through enhancing the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). All the results indicated that this novel multiphase bioceramic with adjustable ion dissolution behavior has a great application potential in bone tissue engineering.

A type of strontium and amorphous calcium phosphate dipped premixed injectable tricalcium silicate-based dental root canal sealer was developed as the following protocols. A powder mixture containing tricalcium silicate, strontium carbonate (6, 8, 10, and 12 wt%), zirconia (20 wt%), calcium chloride (6 wt%), and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) (5 wt%) was mixed with liquid polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) at a liquid-to-powder ratio of 0.5 mL/g and mechanically ground using a planetary ball to obtain the premixed injectable calcium silicate-based sealer. The sealer’s physicochemical property and cytocompatibility were evaluated in vitro. Quantitative data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and Student's t-test or a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test were carried out at significant differences with P

Sheathed Cold-formed Steel (CFS) wall framed buildings provide various advantages such as speed of construction, environmentally green, high strength-to-weight ratio etc. over construction with conventional materials. In this type of construction, walls are the main load-bearing elements. It has been observed in literature that sheathing significantly influences the load-carrying capacity of CFS wall frame. However, limited studies are available on axial behaviour of calcium silicate board (CSB) sheathed CFS wall panels. Fibre cement board (FCB) sheathed wall panels are proposed in the present study and the same are investigated for their performance under axial loading. A detailed series of experiments on full-scale sheathed perforated CFS single-studed wall panels are carried out and load factors which may be adopted by designers or researchers for evaluating axial strength of sheathed CFS panels, are proposed. Sheathings using FCB and CSB boards are applied on the specimens. Effect of variation of parameters such as type of sheathing, sheathing thickness, layer configuration of sheathing (number of layer on either side) on the load factors are also investigated in the present study. ‘Differential equation of equilibrium’ based analytical method is validated with the experimental results in the present study. In the adopted analytical method, the stud is assumed as channel section restrained by sheathing based springs. The value of spring stiffnesses is obtained analytically as specified in the literature, using modulus of elasticity, obtained through experiments. Suitable modification factor is recommended for panels with sheath on one side, while predicting axial strength of CFS panels with sheath, analytically. The proposed factor may be used with confidence as the experimental results agree well with the analytical results.

Regenerative endodontics is a promising approach for treating irreversible pulpitis and pulp necrosis caused by dental caries or trauma. This involves transplanting dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and utilising scaffolds, growth factors, and biomaterials. Calcium phosphate (CaP) and silicate (CaS)-based materials are potent biomaterials that can induce odontogenesis. They stimulate DPSC proliferation and differentiation, leading to pulp revascularisation and apatite precipitation, which is crucial for reparative dentin biomineralization. Biomarkers confirm each step of this process. This systematic review aimed to analyse the effects of CaP and CaS biomaterials in inducing DPSCs by evaluating relevant biomarkers

The aim of this research was to evaluate the push-out bond strengths (PBSs) of three different calcium silicate-based cements abbreviated as Group 1 (NeoPutty), Group 2 (Biodentine), and Group 3 (MTA Repair HP). 15 root slices of 1 ± 0.1-mm thickness were obtained from the middle triad of the roots of 5 maxillary premolar teeth. In each slice, three canal-like cavities parallel to the root canal were created for the experimental groups (n = 15). After endodontic irrigation, Group 1: NeoPutty, Group 2: Biodentine, and Group 3: MTA Repair HP were placed to the cavities, randomly. After the PBS test, all samples were examined scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine failure patterns. To evaluate the chemical composition of the materials, three samples, one from each group, were prepared. Samples were prepared using plexiglass molds of 10-mm diameter and 2-mm thickness. The materials were then examined by an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX, Inca, Oxford Inst.) for surface element analysis. The values obtained from tests were evaluated statistically significant (p

Lower mantle “garbage can” Calcium silicate perovskite has finally been identified in a natural sample and now has the mineral name davemaoite. Tschauner et al . discovered the type mineral trapped at high pressure and temperature as a diamond inclusion (see the Perspective by Fei). Structural and chemical analysis of the mineral showed that it is able to host a wide variety of elements, not unlike fitting bulky objects into garbage can. Specifically, it has a large amount of trapped potassium. Davemaoite can thus host three of the major heat-producing elements (uranium and thorium were previously shown experimentally) affecting heat generation in Earth’s lower mantle. —BG

In this study, porous calcium silicate (CS) ceramics with oriented arrangement of lamellar macropore structure were prepared by directional freeze casting method. The lamellar macropores were connected by the micropores on the pore wall, which had good pore interconnectivity. The effects of solid loading of the slurry, freezing temperature, sintering additive content, and sintering temperature on the microstructures and compressive strength of the synthesized porous materials were investigated systematically. The results showed that with the increase of solid loading (≤20 vol%) and sintering additive content, the sizes of lamellar pores and pore walls increased gradually, the open porosity decreased and the compressive strength increased. The sintering temperature had little effect on the pore size of the ceramics, but increasing the sintering temperature (≤1050 °C) promoted the densification of the pore wall, reduced the porosity, and improved the strength. The decrease of freezing temperature had little effect on porosity, but it reduced the size of lamellar pore and pore wall, so as to improve the strength. Finally, porous CS ceramics with lamellar macropores of about 300–600 μm and 2–10 μm micropores on the pore wall were obtained. The porous CS ceramics had high pore interconnectivity, an open porosity of 66.25% and a compressive strength of 5.47 MPa, which was expected to be used in bone tissue engineering.

Solidification/stabilization (S/S) has been widely used for effective treatment of dredged sediment (DS) for many years, with the objective of improving the mechanical properties of DS through the addition of inorganic cementitious materials. Most previous studies have reported the short-term performance of S/S. However, long-term effectiveness is critical, as contaminants remain underground and are subjected to a variety of environmental stresses that can degrade S/S materials. In this regard, this experimental work investigated the long-term efficacy of solidification/stabilization of dredged contaminated sediments (DCS) treated with a new integrated method, namely PHDVPSS, which uses a prefabricated horizontal drain (PHD) assisted by vacuum pressure (VP) as well as solidification/stabilization. The DCS were treated with Portland cement (PC) as binder in the PHDVPSS method (abbreviated as VP-PC) at different zinc (Zn) concentration levels and compared with the traditional cement-based solidification/stabilization method (abbreviated as SS-PC). A series of experimental tests such as unconfined compressive strength (UCS), toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) were performed to assess the long-term strength, leaching and microstructural characteristics of high-water-content DCS, respectively. The UCS test results indicated that the strength of VP-PC mixes increased significantly with curing time compared to the limited strength development of SS-PC mixes. After 180-day curing, VP-PC mixes exhibited 3.5–5.5 times higher UCS values than the SS-PC mixes. Furthermore, when compared to the SS-PC mixes, the VP-PC mixes had 14.7–36.4% lower leached Zn concentrations at different Zn levels. This is attributed to an increase in the least reactive F4 (residual) fraction and a decrease in the most mobile F1 (acid-soluble) fraction as confirmed by the BCR method. Microstructural tests including XRD and SEM–EDS revealed that calcium silicate hydrate–like compounds were identified as the main hydration products of both the VP-PC and SS-PC mixes. However, portlandite, a major hydration product of PC, was not detected in either case, which is attributed to the retardant effect of Zn on cement hydration. Overall, the experimental results showed that the PHDVPSS method, when compared to the conventional solidification/stabilization method, is a viable choice for treating high-water-content DCS at different Zn concentration levels with low cement content.

Maintaining pulp vitality is one of the most important issues in dentistry and the quality of the bond strength of calcium silicatebased cements (CSCs) used for this purpose to restorative material directly affects the long-term success of the treatment. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate microshear bond strength (mSBS) of several CSCs to composite resin using a universal adhesive in both etch-and-rinse and self-etch modes and to examine surface characteristics after acid etching. Five CSCs, namely Angelus MTA, Biodentine, NeoMTA, TheraCal LC, and Well Root ST were evaluated. Fifteen specimens per group were used for determining the mSBS to composite resin. The composite resin was applied over CSCs using a universal adhesive either in etch-and-rinse or self-etch modes, and mSBS of CSCs to composite resin was assessed. The effect of acid etching on the surface morphology and Ca/Si ratio of CSCs were examined by SEM-EDX microanalysis. The highest mSBS was obtained for TheraCal LC in both etch-andrinse and self-etch modes. No significant difference was found between Biodentine and MTA-based cements in the etchand-rinse mode, whereas in the self-etch mode, Biodentine displayed a significantly superior bond strength. The results of SEM demonstrated distinct morphological alterations after acid etching. Acid etching decreased the Ca/Si ratio of the substrate surface by approximately 4-fold for all CSCs. TheraCal LC is more suitable for vital pulp therapy with its superior bond strength to composite resin. Furthermore, it may be suggested that adequate adhesive performance may also be achieved without an acid etching.

The purpose of this research was to study the role of genetic and silicon-induced resistance of sugarcane to Diatraea saccharalis and the effect of silicon doses on sugarcane growth and nutrient accumulation. Initially, we assessed the resistance of 28 sugarcane genotypes to Diatraea saccharalis in a greenhouse. Then, we assessed the resistance of three sugarcane genotypes showing different genetic resistance levels submitted to the application of five doses of calcium silicate (0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 t ha−1). Also, we assessed plant growth and nutrient absorption. The results show that sugarcane genotypes exhibit different levels of genetic resistance to borers and energy-cane varieties appear to be the most resistant. However, our findings suggest that silicon-induced resistance to Diatraea saccharalis on sugarcane depends more on the silicon dose applied than the genetic resistance level of genotypes. In addition, our results show that high doses (30 t ha−1) of calcium silicate may be avoided as it may reduce the absorption of important micronutrients such as zinc, manganese and boron.

Calcium silicate (CS) composite materials are widely applied in cementitious materials and bone tissue engineering. Extensive studies focused on the traditional organic templates (e.g., surfactant)...

The scaffold of bone repair needs a variety of material combinations to meet its intended performance; a typical single material such as zirconia has excellent mechanical properties, while hydroxyapatite and calcium silicate are bioactive materials with different degradation rates. In this paper, porous zirconia scaffolds were fabricated using 3D printing technology. The surface of the scaffold was coated by dipping with different contents of calcium silicate and hydroxyapatite to improve the biological activity and mechanical properties. Mechanical tests show that the coating material can effectively fill the pores of the porous scaffold, increasing its compressive strength by an average of 55%. The simulated body fluid (SBF) test showed that the higher calcium silicate in the coating increased the degradation rate. Cell experiments showed that the coated scaffolds exhibited good cytocompatibility and were beneficial to the proliferation and differentiation of cells. In conclusion, coated scaffolds have potential applications in the field of bone repair.

One-dimensional conductive materials are of great significance to the construction of conductive network in the polymer matrix due to their large aspect ratio. In this work, a nickel-plated rod-like calcium silicate composite (Ni@RL-CS) with unique vermicular structure was successfully fabricated by an electroless plating method. The structure and property of as-prepared Ni@RL-CS were characterized, and its electromagnetic shielding ability was evaluated through mixing with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Results indicate that the Ni@RL-CS shows good electrical conductivity, magnetic property and strong dielectric loss ability. The Ni@RL-CS with a one-dimensional vermicular structure is easier to construct a continuous conductive network in TPU matrix, which greatly improves the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the TPU resin. TPU/Ni@RL-CS binary composite with 20 vol% Ni@RL-CS achieves ultrahigh specific EMI SE/thickness of 92.6 dB/mm in the frequency of X-band. By further hybridizing Ni@RL-CS with GNPs, the TPU/Ni@RL-CS/GNPs trinary composite exhibits excellent electromagnetic shielding performance. When the contents of Ni@RL-CS and GNPs are 10 vol% and 1.5 vol%, respectively, the specific EMI SE/thickness of the corresponding trinary composite reaches 74.6 dB/mm in the X-band owe to the dense conductive network, which is 56.5% higher than that of the binary TPU/Ni@RL-CS composite with the same content of 10 vol% Ni@RL-CS.. The synergistic effects of dielectric loss, magnetic loss, and the interfacial polarization loss are the main shielding mechanism. This work provides a strategy to prepare a functional filler based on an insulating inorganic material for electromagnetic shielding. The as-prepared Ni@RL-CS with the unique vermicular structure and outstanding electromagnetic shielding performance can serves as a functional filler to modify polymers for electromagnetic shielding applications.

The objectives of this study were to develop a novel bleaching material containing hydrated calcium silicate (hCS) particles and investigate the effects of hCS on the bleaching efficacy, microhardness, and surface morphology of bovine enamel. To prepare the hCS particles, white Portland cement was mixed with distilled water and ground into a fine powder. The particles in various proportions were then mixed with 35% hydrogen peroxide solution (HP), while HP without hCS was used as a control (HP), and teeth whitening gel was used as a commercial control (CC). Following the thrice application of experimental and control solutions on the discolored bovine enamel surface for 15 min, color change (n = 10), microhardness (n = 10), and micromorphology (n = 2) of the enamel surface were analyzed. The Δ E* of the enamel surface treated with the experimental solution containing hCS was significantly higher than that of the CC, but there were no significant differences between the different hCS contents. The experimental solution containing hCS reduced the percentage of microhardness loss on the enamel surface, and the percentage of microhardness loss significantly decreased as the content of hCS increased (p

Given the great environmental pressure brought by the massive stacking of solid waste, red mud and desulfurized gypsum were used to prepare cementitious materials. In this paper, three different material ratios with a 60% content at different curing ages (7 d, 14 d, and 28 d) were utilized to prepare the composite soil. To explore the performance of the composite soil, the resistivity, strain-stress, unconfined compressive strength, and pH of the composite soil were tested and analyzed, as well as the microscopic properties. The results show that the addition of solid waste can enhance the strength, while the optimal ratio of desulfurized gypsum to red mud is 2:2. The enforcement of strength comes from the hydration products. The main products of composite soil are hydrated calcium silicate gel or hydrated calcium aluminate gel and ettringite. In addition, the composite soils behave like a brittle material with peak stress and softening performance. In addition, the current frequency presents an obvious effect on the resistivity of composite soil, and the data at 50 kHz were recommended as the analytical data. Moreover, a positive connection exists between the strength and resistivity; therefore, the strength can be conveniently and expeditiously observed and predicted through the resistivity method in engineering.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:33:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-03-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a major pest of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) (Glumiflorae: Poaceae) in Brazil and has been controlled efficiently with the parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Addition of a silicon source to the soil induces resistance to insect pests in the host plant and can be integrated with other pest-management tactics such as biological control. This study evaluated the effects of silicon on the tritrophic interactions among sugarcane, D. saccharalis, and its natural enemy C. flavipes. Sugarcane varieties (one resistant and one susceptible to the sugarcane borer) cultivated with or without silicon constituted the four treatments. IACSP 96–2042 (susceptible variety) benefited from silicate addition as the length of tunnels bored by D. saccharalis was reduced by 43%. Tunnel length in the resistant variety (IACSP 96–3060) did not change with silicon application. The fresh mass and larval body size of the sugarcane borer were not affected by the treatments. Parasitism by C. flavipes on the sugarcane borer and the morphometric parameters of this parasitoid were not affected by silicon addition, nor were cane yield and quality parameters of the two sugarcane varieties. Treatment with silicon in the management of D. saccharalis was compatible with the parasitoid C. flavipes. This study constitutes the first field evaluation of the performance of C. flavipes combined with the effect of silicon as a resistance factor in D. saccharalis control in sugarcane. Instituto Biológico Laboratório de Parasitologia Vegetal de Ribeirão Preto, Avenida Bandeirantes 2419, SP Instituto Biológico Laboratório de Parasitologia Vegetal de Ribeirão Preto, SP Instituto Agronômico de Campinas Centro de Cana, SP Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais Unidade Ituiutaba, MG Departamento de Entomologia Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, MG Departamento de Ciências Exatas Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp/FCAV, SP Departamento de Ciências Exatas Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp/FCAV, SP FAPESP: 2010/15111-4 CNPq: 301735/2012-3

Aims: The study evaluated the sealing ability of Biodentine, MTA Repair HP, and Glass ionomer cement as perforation repair materials by using a Stereomicroscopic analysis. Study Design: Experimental in vitro study Methodology: The access cavity was prepared on 45 samples of maxillary and mandibular teeth with a perforation of the standardized diameter of a No. 2 round bur at the bottom of the pulp chamber. All 45 samples were divided into three different experimental groups of 15 samples each. Group A (n=15), Group B (n=15) and Group C (n=15). The furcation repairs of the samples in groups A, B and C were carried out using Biodentine, MTA Repair HP and glass ionomer cement respectively. All sealed furcation perforation samples were stored at room temperature for 24 hours. Two layers of nail varnish were coated on all the surfaces to avoid dye penetration except for 2 mm around the area of the perforation site. After complete drying, all specimens were separately soaked in 2% methylene blue solution for 48 hours, cleaned with water and dried for 24 hours. They were sectioned buccolingually. The perforation wall of the sectioned sample with the greatest dye penetration was selected for microleakage analysis. Results: The collected data from the three experimental groups were subjected to statistical analysis using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test for multiple comparisons of mean differences in dye penetration. The Biodentine group had the significantly lowest dye penetration length compared with the MTA Repair HP and glass ionomer cement groups (P

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) on dentinal tubule penetration of EndoSequence BC. Sixty premolars were divided into four groups according to the obturation technique and plasma treatment. Root canals were filled with single cone in Group 1 (SC), single cone after ACP application in Group 2 (SC-P), warm vertical compaction in Group 3 (WVC), warm vertical compaction after ACP application in Group 4 (WVC-P). Horizontal sections were imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The maximum penetration and percentage of penetration values were measured. These data were statistically analysed (P

The volume of tailings in the world has increased rapidly in recent years, which poses a substantial ecological threat. With the objective of reducing negative impacts on environment and reuse the abandoned slate tailings, the possibility of making eco-friendly unburned bricks by using slate tailings from Shaanxi Province of China was investigated. Raw materials included slate tailings, fly ash and cement, and bricks were produced through the process of mixing, molding, and curing. The optimal compressive strength of the product was found at the slate tailings: fly ash: cement = 5:2:3 (wt.%) with 7-day curing at room temperature and 1-day curing in oven, and the forming water content is 15 wt.%. Under these conditions, the compressive strength and water absorption rate were 26 MPa and 14.32% respectively. Other physical properties and durability conform to the Chinese GB/T4111-2013 standard for test methods for concrete blocks and bricks and the Chinese JC/T422-2007 standard for unfired bricks made of tailings. In addition, a variety of methods were combined to explore the formation mechanism. The phase composition, chemical structure and microstructure of the brick are analyzed by XRD, SEM and AFM. Finally, molecular dynamics (MD) was used to simulate main cementation component, the hydrated calcium silicate (C–S–H) gel, to advance the understanding of mechanical properties of brick at the nanoscale. The results show that the C–S–H gel formed in the curing process acted as the main adhesive component, and the slate tailings are mainly worked as aggregate skeleton to provide support strength for unburned bricks.

β-tricalcium phosphate bioceramics suffer from a drawback of poor mechanical strength and a scarcity of capacity to regulate biological performances. In the current study, the overall performances of β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) bioceramics were improved by incorporating calcium silicate (CS) and magnesium-strontium phosphate (MSP). During the sintering process, the MSP stabilized the β phase of TCP, and the formation of MSP melt ensured effective liquid-sintering of TCP, thus conducing to lower porosity of TCP/MSP and TCP/CS/MSP bioceramics. In comparison with the TCP bioceramics, the TCP/CS and TCP/MSP bioceramics showed lower compressive strength, while the TCP/CS/MSP bioceramics attained noticeably higher compressive strength. Due to the sustained release of therapeutical ions, the TCP/CS bioceramics enhanced in vitro early-stage osteoblastic differentiation, but compromised cell proliferation; both the TCP/MSP and TCP/CS/MSP bioceramics enhanced cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation, and restrained osteoclastic activities. Collectively, the TCP/CS/MSP bioceramics with optimal overall performances are promising for efficaciously treating the defects of osteoporotic bone.

Investigating the changes in pore structure features caused by fiber inclusion is crucial with respect to comprehending the beneficial use of fiber in calcium silicate structure. This study focused on the relationships between pore structure features and mechanical properties in carbon fiber (CF)-incorporated hybrid silica fume (HSF) mortars. For this purpose, randomly distributed fiber-incorporated silica fume (SF) mortar mixtures containing 0%, 0.15%, 0.3%, 0.45% and 0.6% CF in weight basis were prepared and the effects of CF inclusion on pore structure features were investigated. The results indicated that CF inclusion deeply affects the gel pore formation and pore area characteristics of HSF cement matrix. Based on the pore modification effect, the volume of pores in pore sizes between 10–100 and 550–800 nm showed great influences on the compressive strengths of HSF mortars with R2 of 0.93 and 0.95 at 7- and 28-day samples, respectively. In addition, 7- and 28-day flexural strengths could be predicted by the measurement of critical pore contents (in pore sizes between 3–10 and 1000–10,000 nm, respectively) with correlation coefficients of 0.97 and 0.90, respectively. This work provides an innovative approach by addressing the critical pore contents for strength prediction in fiber-incorporated HSF samples.

The aim of this study was to determine the subcutaneous connective tissue reactions to Medcem MTA and Medcem Pure Portland Cement. Medcem MTA, Medcem Pure Portland Cement and ProRoot MTA were placed in polyethylene tubes and implanted into the dorsal connective tissue of Sprague Dawley rats. The presence of inflammation, edema, necrosis, dystrophic calcification, and thickness of fibrous capsule formation was recorded by histological examination 7, 30, and 60 days after the implantation procedure. Inflammation scores were defined as follows: 0 = no or few inflammatory cells, no reaction, 1 =

3D ink printing (3DIP) technology can accurately control the macroscopic size and microstructure of bioceramic scaffolds. However, nonceramic components in the printing ink used in 3DIP severely affect densification, resulting in less desirable mechanical properties of the scaffolds. In this study, a strategy of sintering assisted by a sintering aid (sodium carbonate) was used to prepare calcium silicate (CSi) scaffolds with high strength. The addition of 1% sintering aid to a CSi scaffold sintered at 1100 °C led to an appreciable compressive strength (47.8 MPa) and high elastic modulus (1847 MPa). Moreover, the CSi scaffolds with sintering aids showed better degradation ability and mineralization ability than the CSi scaffolds without sintering aids. It is expected that the method involving strengthening with sintering aids will promote the application of 3DIP bioceramic scaffolds in the repair of bone defects.

This paper reports on the synthesis and characterization of original sodium calcium silicate glass, with CaF2 as a nucleating agent, along with the successful transformation of the as-made matrix into glass-ceramic. Characteristic temperatures of thermal events were investigated by Differential Thermal Analysis. Volumetric density, refractive index, molar volume, and electronic polarizability of the newly developed glasses were determined and discussed as a function of Ca(O/F2) and Na2O content, fixing glass former SiO2 at 50 mol%. Transmittance and optical band gap energy were evaluated. Network structure was studied through Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction. Moreover, Eu3+ was used as a local structural probe in equivalent Eu2O3-doped samples. Luminescence properties (emission spectra and transition lifetimes) allowed us to investigate the local environment of precursor glass and glass-ceramic. Calcium fluoride nanostructured glass-ceramic, with 20 nm-sized crystals, was obtained with significant transparency (60–70% in VIS region). The refractive index of synthesized glasses was too close to that of precepted crystals, which is the requisite for high transmittance. The decay time of Eu3+ ions embedded into the matrix has shown that the glass-ceramics environment's phonon energy is lower than in as-made glass, making this matrix an excellent candidate for photonics applications.

Chemotherapic cancer treatment has suffered from side effects and poor target specificity. pH-triggered drug delivery systems offer the opportunity to better deliver anticancer drugs to cancer cells in a more controllable manner. Herein, we reported a facile method to synthesize Mg-doped Ca2SiO4 (CaMgSiO4) nanospheres with highly porous structures as pH-responsive drug delivery. Material characterizations confirmed the uniform Mg doping within calcium silicates. After the Mg doping, the surface area of calcium silicates increased from 185.68 m2/g to 212.71 m2/g. When incorporated with PEG surface coating, the porous CaMgSiO4 nanoparticles displayed over 50% increased doxorubicin (DOX) loading capacity compared with Ca2SiO4 nanoparticles. The pH-triggered DOX release behaviors and cytotoxicity of porous CaMgSiO4 nanoparticles were investigated. As a result, porous CaMgSiO4 nanoparticles were highly sensitive to pH stimulus and exhibited high biocompatibility and strong cancer cell killing effect (over 75%).

Due to the instability of the aggregate supply and demand chain, it is expected that the price of aggregate will increase, consequently increasing construction expenses. Therefore, achieving a stable aggregate supply and demand chain by developing alternative aggregates and implementing environmentally friendly aggregate collection plans that do not affect the natural ecosystem are mandatory. To address the issues of natural aggregate shortage and treating circulating fluidized bed boiler fly ash (CFBA), an artificial aggregate was manufactured by using CFBA with BFS and MT added AA, as a possible replacement for natural aggregate. The optimum artificial aggregate mix had a specific gravity of 2.47 and a water absorption rate of 4.05% after aging for 28 days. Over time, the number of gel pores in the artificial aggregate increases, and the porosity decreases. In other words, C–S–H formation in CFBA causes the size of the large pores that appear in the initial hydration to decline, attributed to the continuously generated C–S–H, and hence the number of gel pores increases, leading to a decrease in the porosity. XRD measurement of the artificial aggregate confirmed the presence of calcium silicate (C–S–H), calcium aluminosilicate (C–S–A–H), Al2O3–Fe2O3–mono, and calcium hydride. Comparing the compressive strength of ISO standard aggregate mortar and manufactured artificial aggregate mortar, the initial compressive strength of CFBA was ~ 80% of that of the standard aggregates; however, the compressive strength of CFBA increased with aging. As a result of synthesizing an artificial aggregate using self-hydric FA, it is possible to use some substitution of natural aggregate.

In scaffold-regulated bone regeneration, most three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffolds do not provide physical stimulation to stem cells. In this study, a magnetic scaffold was fabricated using fused deposition modeling with calcium silicate (CS), iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4), and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) as the matrix for internal magnetic sources. A static magnetic field was used as an external magnetic source. It was observed that 5% Fe3O4 provided a favorable combination of compressive strength (9.6 ± 0.9 MPa) and degradation rate (21.6 ± 1.9% for four weeks). Furthermore, the Fe3O4-containing scaffold increased in vitro bioactivity and Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells’ (WJMSCs) adhesion. Moreover, it was shown that the Fe3O4-containing scaffold enhanced WJMSCs’ proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and the osteogenic-related proteins of the scaffold. Under the synergistic effect of the static magnetic field, the CS scaffold containing Fe3O4 can not only enhance cell activity but also stimulate the simultaneous secretion of collagen I and osteocalcin. Overall, our results demonstrated that Fe3O4-containing CS/PCL scaffolds could be fabricated three dimensionally and combined with a static magnetic field to affect cell behaviors, potentially increasing the likelihood of clinical applications for bone tissue engineering.

Color stability of pulp-capping material is considered vital to the final aesthetic result since the material is placed in the coronal area. The purpose of this study was to compare the color stability of various pulp-capping materials by analyzing color change of tooth over time. A cavity was formed in the crown of the extracted premolar, and 4 types of pulp-capping materials were filled. Color assessment was performed with a spectrophotometer at different intervals: before placement; immediately after material placement; 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, and 16 weeks after placement. Proroot white MTA® and TheraCal LC® showed a significant decrease in the L* value and an increase in the ΔE* value over time. In contrast, Biodentine® and Well-Root™ PT showed no significant change in the L* value and maintained a steady ΔE* value. The application of pulp-capping materials containing bismuth oxide as a radiopacifier may result in a color change of teeth. Long-term color stability of pulp-capping materials should be considered when treating teeth with thin enamel thickness or in aesthetically important area.

The thermodynamic analysis on the reduction smelting of stainless steel pickling sludge was reported in this paper. The predominance area diagram of Fe–Ni–Cr–C–O system, and phase diagrams of CaF2–SiO2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO system were first thermodynamically constructed. The effects of temperature, CaF2 content, and SiO2 addition on the melting temperature and viscosity of slag were calculated. Then the reduction smelting experiments were carried out under various SiO2 addition at 1400 °C. The thermodynamical results show that the reduction reaction can occur in the Ni + Fe + Cr2O3 phase stable region by controlling the relevant thermodynamic conditions during reduction, which can realize the Fe–Ni phase enriched in the alloy. The experiments results indicate that the variation of SiO2 addition can affect the distribution of Fe, Cr, and Ni elements in the alloy and slag. When the SiO2 addition is 50%, the contents of Fe and Cr in the alloy can reach 72.39% and 20.98%, respectively. The mineralogy of the reduction products demonstrated that the distinguishable crystal phase in the alloy mainly contained FeNi intermetallic compounds, and the slag was mainly composed of fluorite and calcium silicate.

BACKGROUND Necrotic immature permanent teeth undergoing Regenerative Endodontic Treatment (RET) are subjected to functional forces that might lead to their fracture before achieving apical closure. This study compared the fracture strength of simulated immature teeth treated with RET that were subjected to cyclic loading. METHODS Thirty human anterior teeth were randomly assigned into three groups (Group I: control, groups II and III: prepared to simulate immature teeth then subjected to RET with EndoSequence Root Repair Material (ESRRM) and white Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (WMTA) used as coronal barriers, respectively). All specimens were mounted on customized mold and subjected to cyclic loading until fracture or to a maximum of 165,000 cycles. The number of endured cycles and the maximum load applied at failure were recorded. Chi-square analysis was done to compare the frequency of fracture while One - Way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s Post Hoc test were done to compare means for the number of endured cycles and the maximum load applied to failure. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the three groups regarding the frequency of fracture (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference between the mean number of cycles endured or force at failure between group I and II or groups II and III (P > 0.05). However, group III endured significantly less force (P= 0.008) and significantly lower number of cycles (P = 0.014) compared to group I. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitation of this study, there was no significant difference between ESRRM and WMTA regarding their reinforcement of teeth treated with RET. KEY WORDS EndoSequence Root Repair Material, Fracture Strength, Immature Teeth, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Regeneration

In the clinical medicine, immunosuppressive drugs are used for an assortment of disorders, while their effect on the pulp healing is a controversial issue. This study evaluated the effect of different immunosuppressive drugs on the healing capacity of mechanically exposed dogs’ dental pulps after direct pulp capping (DPC) with calcium silicate-based cement. Twelve healthy male dogs were randomly allocated into four equal groups, 3 dogs each: group I allocated as a control group where no drugs were received; group П given prednisone (Pred); group III given a combination of Pred and cyclosporine A (CsA); and group IV given triple dose including Pred, CsA, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for 45 days before the operative procedures and until the dogs were euthanized. In each dog, 16 class V cavities were prepared on the labial surfaces of anterior teeth. Following mechanical exposure, the pulps were capped with Biodentine, calcium silicate-based cement. The pulpal tissues response to Biodentine was assessed 65 days postoperatively. The pulp healing response was inferior in the Pred-CsA- and Pred-CsA-MMF-treated groups compared with the control and Pred-treated groups (P 0.05). Within the limitation of this study, DPC with calcium silicate-based cement performed under strict aseptic condition for traumatically exposed dental pulp can be considered as a successful treatment option for those who receiving Pred immunosuppressive therapy. Meanwhile, DPC with those receiving a combination of Pred, CsA, and/or MMF immunosuppressive drug regimens demonstrated unfavorable results. Direct capping of mechanically exposed pulps with calcium silicate-based cement performed with special care for preventing infection considered a suitable strategic measure for preserving pulp vitality in patients receiving corticosteroid immunosuppressive drug.

In this work, we have synthesised a mixture consisting of sodium calcium silicate and calcium silicate nanostructures in the presence and absence of the hydrothermal method. The synthesised products were identified utilising many techniques such as XRD, EDS, FT-IR, HR-TEM, and FE-SEM. The XRD demonstrated that the mean crystallite size of the product, which was synthesised in the absence of the hydrothermal method, is 72.71 nm. The average crystallite size of the products, which were synthesised using the hydrothermal method at 160℃ for 4, 8, and 16 h, are 44.85, 34.89, and 37.38 nm, respectively. HR-TEM confirmed that all the products consist of irregular and rod shapes. The product, which was synthesised after 8 h of hydrothermal treatment, was operated as an adsorbent for the efficient removal of toxic ions (Cd(II) and Hg(II)) from aqueous media. The maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent towards Hg(II) and Cd(II) ions are 177.94 and 199.20 mg/g, respectively. The removal process of the studied ions was fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir equilibrium isotherm. Thermodynamic parameters confirmed that the removal process of the studied ions was spontaneous, chemical, and endothermic.

Samarium doped calcium silicates ( C a 2 − x S i O 4 : x S m 3 + , (x(%) = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00) are synthesized using cost effective natural resources such as rice husk ash and egg shell powder through solid-state reaction method. The structural, optical, and photoluminescent properties of the as-prepared samples are reported. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement results confirm that monoclinic- C a 2 S i O 4 phase is stabilized at room temperature in agro-food waste derived phosphors. Differential thermal analysis data provides information about the phase transformations. Scanning electron microscope images show that the synthesized samples have spherical morphology. C a 2 S i O 4 related vibrational bands appear in the Fourier transform infrared spectrum. Optical band gap of these phosphors is found to lie in the range 3.56–3.67 eV. Agro-food wastes inherently contain titanium in trace amounts thus, the photoluminescence emission spectrum consists of bands linked to both samarium and titanium ions. Presence of titanium makes these phosphors inherently luminescent. CIE co-ordinates of these phosphors lie in the bluish-green region. These results suggest that agro-food wastes have excellent potential of being used as precursors for synthesizing visible light emitting phosphors. Moreover, present study paves the way for effectively utilizing agro-food wastes for synthesizing environment friendly and cost-effective phosphors.

The mineral formation-transition mechanism, microstructure morphology evolution, pulverization property and chemical reactivity of calcium sulpho-aluminate with sodium dopant are systematically studied with the molar ratio of CaO to Al2O3 is 0.8, the molar ratio of CaO to SiO2 is 1.5, the mass ratio of Al2O3 to SiO2 is 2.0, and the SO3 accounts for 4%. The results show that sodium dopant could promote 3CaO·3Al2O3·CaSO4, CaO·2Al2O3 and 2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2 transform into 2CaO·SiO2, CaO·Al2O3, 12CaO·7Al2O3 and 2Na2O·3CaO·5Al2O3, and it also can decrease the decomposition temperature of reactive materials and the initial phases formation temperature significantly. Sodium diffusion can destroy the clear grain boundary of calcium aluminate and calcium silicate phases, change the macro-microstructure morphology, improve the crystalline degree of the samples, and then improve the pulverization and alumina leaching property. However, excessive sodium dopant can decrease the melting temperature, inhibit the transformation process of 2CaO·SiO2 from β to γ, and then deteriorate the pulverization property significantly again.

In this study, porous calcium silicate (CaSiO3) scaffolds were prepared by 3D gel-printing (3DGP) method and Fe3O4 water-based magnetic fluids (WMFs) were prepared by phacoemulsification compound chemical coprecipitation method. Fe3O4 WMFs were coated on CaSiO3 scaffolds surface to prepare Fe3O4/CaSiO3 composite scaffolds. The effect of WMFs with different Fe3O4 concentrations on porous CaSiO3 scaffolds was studied. The composition and morphological characteristics of porous scaffolds were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis. The magnetic properties were tested by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The stability of Fe3O4 WMFs coatings and the degradability of composite scaffolds were tested by immersing them in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results show that when Fe3O4 concentration was 5.4% (w/v), the composite scaffolds had the highest saturation magnetization of 69.6 emu/g and the best stability in dynamic SBF. It is obviously that Fe3O4 WMFs coatings can be used for bone tissue engineering scaffolds repairing.

The bonding performance between epoxy resin and cement-based materials affects the load transfer capacity between fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) and concrete. FRP-reinforced concrete structures are inevitably exposed to aggressive environments during service, triggering interfacial deterioration and premature structural failure. To assess the stress state of FRP-reinforced concrete structures and to predict their long-term durability, a fundamental investigation of the bonding performance of the epoxy/concrete interface in aggressive environments is required. In this study, the bonding performance between epoxy resin and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) in water and salt environments is investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The adhesion energy of epoxy/CSH interface calculated via combine MD simulation and Bell’s model theory is dramatically reduced in water and salt environments. Analysis of the static structures and dynamic properties reveals that the adhesion between the epoxy resin and CSH matrix is mainly dependent on the O–Ca–O and H-bond connections, while the water and salt environments significantly weaken these connections and disrupt the integrity of the epoxy/CSH interface. This study provides a molecular-level understanding of the bonding degradation at the epoxy/CSH interface in aggressive environments. This study provides a molecular level understanding of the bonding degradation between epoxy and CSH matrix in aggressive environments.

Release of silicon (Si) from different Si sources and Si budgeting in varied types of soils are required for the exploration of sustainable rice production. Si products are shown to be effective in...

In the present work, the effect of dephosphorization slag basicity on the dephosphorization of hot metal has been studied in the lower temperature range of 1370 °C to 1420 °C and the lower basicity of 1.26 to 2.20 with new double slag converter steelmaking process (NDSP). Based on the ion-molecule coexistence theory (IMCT), the thermodynamic model IMCT-Ni of dephosphorization slag is established. With increasing basicity from 1.26 to 2.20, the phosphorus distribution ratio LP between hot metal and slag increases. The dephosphorization ratio and the decarbonization ratio both increase, while the demanganization ratio decreases. The morphologies of P-rich phase change from long strip shape (B = 1.26-1.37) to dendritic shape (B = 1.50) and to massive shape (B = 1.71-2.20). The area of P-rich phase increases from about 4 μm2 to about 8000 μm2. The content of P2O5 in the P-rich phase increases and the value of the coefficient n in nC2S-C3P of the P-rich phase decreases from 6-20 to 1-2. The phosphorus-enrichment contribution ratio of calcium silicate is in the order of $$R_{{{\text{C2S}}}}$$ > $$R_{{{\text{CS}}}}$$ > $$R_{{{\text{C3S}}}}$$ > $$R_{{{\text{C3S2}}}}$$ . The phosphorus-enrichment degree in dephosphorization slag is enhanced mainly by C2S-C3P. With increasing basicity, the calculated results of IMCT-(pct C2S-CjP) and $$R_{{{\text{C2S}}}}$$ are well consistent with the measurement results of AP-rich phase and (pct P2O5)P-rich phase of industrial experiment, indicating that the IMCT calculated results can correctly express the phosphorus-enrichment degree of dephosphorization slag.