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With the increased ubiquity of digital technology, sexting behaviours, defined as the online sending, receiving, or disseminating of sexually explicit messages, images, or videos, have become increasingly frequent, particularly among young adults. While prior research found sexting behaviours to be associated with cyberbullying behaviours, the role of consent as part of this association has been largely unexplored. The current study investigates whether the relationship between sexting behaviours and cyberbullying perpetration might be explained by a subset of nonconsensual sexting behaviours, such as engagement in nonconsensual sext dissemination and sext-hassling. A large convenience sample of young Western cisgendered adults (n = 1688, M age = 23.15, SD = 3.23, 52.7% women) completed an anonymous online survey exploring harmful online behaviours (nonconsensual sext dissemination, sext-hassling, cyberbullying victimisation/perpetration). A hierarchical logistic regression was used to analyse predictive relationships between variables. The results showed no significant association between consensual sext-sending and cyberbullying perpetration in young adults. However, nonconsensual sexting behaviours, particularly sext-hassling and nonconsensual sext dissemination, were predictive of cyberbullying perpetration. Finally, cyberbullying victimization appeared to be the most strongly associated factor with cyberbullying perpetration. These findings suggest that future research and prevention efforts surrounding sexting and cyberbullying perpetration would benefit from a focus on consent and the bidirectional nature of cyberbullying behaviours.

Background: Male involvement in family planning (FP) is most often associated with better health outcomes for the family. This study assessed male involvement in FP at Fadan Kamantan, a rural community in Zango Kataf Local Government Area of Kaduna State, North Western Nigeria. Methods: This was a community-based descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 166 married men selected using multi-staged sampling technique. A set of structured, interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to obtain information from the respondents. Data was analyzed with IBM SPSS version 23.0 and STATA/SE 12. The level of statistical significance was set at p

Combining surveys and digital trace data can enhance the analytic potential of both data types. We present two studies that examine factors influencing data sharing behaviour of survey respondents for different types of digital trace data: Facebook, Twitter, Spotify and health app data. Across those data types, we compared the relative impact of four factors on data sharing: data sharing method, respondent characteristics, sample composition and incentives. The results show that data sharing rates differ substantially across data types. Two particularly important factors predicting data sharing behaviour are the incentive size and data sharing method, which are both directly related to task difficulty and respondent burden. In sum, the paper reveals systematic variation in the willingness to share additional data which need to be considered in research designs linking surveys and digital traces.

As a psychologist and an ethicist, we have explored empirically newborn screening consent and communication processes. In this paper we consider the impact on families if newborn screening uses whole genome sequencing. We frame this within the World Health Organization's definition of health and contend that proposals to use whole genome sequencing in newborn screening take into account the ethical, practical and psychological impact of such screening. We argue that the important psychological processes occurring in the neonatal phase necessitate a clear justification that providing risk information at this stage provides a health benefit. We illustrate how research on current newborn screening can inform whole genome sequencing debates, whilst highlighting important gaps. Obtaining explicit, voluntary, and sufficiently informed consent for newborn screening is challenging, however we stress that such consent is ethically and legally appropriate and psychologically and practically important. We conclude by outling how this might be done.

Background: Alt-sex practitioners are a diverse group with diverse unconventional sexual behaviors including consensual non-monogamy (CNM), kink, fetishism, and bondage/discipline dominance/submission, sadomasochism (BDSM). Perhaps because of their openness to non-normative sexuality, these communities often comprise a large proportion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer, among others (LGBTQ+) individuals. LGBTQ+ individuals experience higher rates of sexual violence and consent violation than their cisgender, heterosexual peers both inside and outside of formalized alt-sex communities. Pleasure, including but not limited to sexual pleasure, is often a motivator for engaging in sexual and alt-sex activities. This study examines how consent violations influence pleasure among LGBTQ+ alt-sex members. Methods: We conducted an electronic one-time survey of LGBTQ+ alt-sex practitioners (N = 1354). In this study, we analyze open-ended responses for ways pleasure was described in response to questions about consent violations. We use thematic analyses in Dedoose online software. Results: Two subthemes emerged related to the violation itself, (a) pleasure as a motivator for violating consent and (b) pleasure in spite of consent violation. As the second theme that emerged, pleasure was a component of the aftereffects of the violation in two ways: (1) pleasure was reduced or inhibited by consent violations; (2) pleasure was a motivator for healing and advocacy. Conclusions: We discuss practical and research implications based on the complex relationships between violations and pleasure reported by participants.

Resumo O artigo discute a obra da jurista feminista Catharine MacKinnon e, em particular, sua recusa radical à noção liberal de “consentimento”. Para a autora, a sexualidade é a expressão da dominação masculina; de fato, ela se revela como “erotização da dominação”. Numa sociedade assim organizada, não há possibilidade de agência autônoma para mulheres. É necessário desfazer o trabalho de introjeção dos valores dominantes, para que uma consciência feminina genuína possa emergir. Este é o pano de fundo das polêmicas posições de MacKinnon sobre estupro, pornografia e prostituição. O artigo conclui que, embora ilumine aspectos importantes da dominação, ela simplifica em excesso a discussão sobre a autonomia na agência social. Abstract The article discusses the work of feminist legal scholar Catharine MacKinnon and, in particular, her radical rejection of the liberal notion of “consent”. For the author, sexuality is an expression of male dominance; indeed, it reveals itself as “eroticization of domination”. In such society, there is no possibility of autonomous agency for women. We must undo the work of the internalization of dominant values, so that a genuine feminine consciousness can emerge. This is the backdrop of her controversial views on rape, pornography, prostitution or abortion. The article concludes that, while illuminating important aspects of domination, she simplifies in excess the discussion of autonomy in social agency.

In the first part of the article, the authors analyse the legislation of the Slovak Republic relating to the termination of employment of an employee with disabilities. In that regard, in the main part of the article, they point to the fundamental contradiction of the case-law and practice of public authorities in the question of defining a disabled employee as well as in the question of the authority of a public authority which creates fundamental practical barriers for the employer in the intended termination of employment with such an employee. The conclusion goes from practical problems to theoretical considerations of the justifiability of the legislation in question which aims to protect groups of disabled workers at particular risk.

This paper sets out to unpack the pragmatic structure of refusal—its illocutionary nature, success conditions, and normative effects. I argue that our ordinary concept of refusal captures a whole family of illocutions, comprising acts such as rejecting, declining, and the like, which share the property of being ‘negative second-turn illocutions’. Only proper refusals (i.e. negative replies to permission requests), I submit, require speaker authority. I construe the ‘refusal family’ as a subclass of the directives-commissives intersection. After defending my view against a number of potential objections, I highlight how a theoretically grounded analysis of refusal is not only of intrinsic value, but may also have significant moral and legal implications.

La téléconsultation touche aujourd’hui un nombre croissant de patients, favorisée par la pandémie de Covid-19 et la volonté de lutter contre les déserts médicaux. L’utilisation de cette technologie ne dispense pas les professionnels de santé de recueillir le consentement du patient, en particulier lorsque celui-ci est âgé. S’appuyant sur un travail de recherche mené en Normandie, cet article entend présenter les enjeux, juridiques et éthiques, du recueil du consentement d’un patient âgé et préconise le recours à la téléconsultation assistée par un tiers, professionnel ou non. Teleconsultation is now reaching a growing number of patients, encouraged by the Covid-19 health crisis and the desire to fight against medical deserts. The use of this technology does not exempt health.care professionals from obtaining the patient's consent, especially when the patient is elderly. Based on research conducted in Normandy, this article presents the legal and ethical issues involved in obtaining consent from an elderly patient and recommends the use of teleconsultation assisted by a third party, whether professional or not

My technical and sociotechnical papers closely analyze cookie consent popup design and address the topics of informed consent, autonomy, and privacy. Both projects aim to shed light onto the implications of deceptive design and the disregard for the freedom and inclusivity of internet users. While the technical project focuses on formulating an ideal, user-centric cookie popup that promotes inclusivity and improved consent acquisition, the sociotechnical paper submits cookie popups that utilize deceptive design elements to an ethical inquisition. Together, these projects convey a deeper understanding of the importance of design in the technological world and provide a comprehensive solution to overcoming bad design physically and preventing bad design through the promotion and support of ethical dialog in the web development process. In general, the technical paper provides a synthesis of cookie popup design elements and proposes a cookie popup consent form that attempts to promote informed decision making and improve user consent acquisition. The technical paper compares deceptive and user-centric design elements and describes the necessary considerations to create a mockup of a cookie consent popup that promotes uninhibited and informed consent acquisition. For instance, the mockup reflects the needs and limitations of the web application while avoiding deceptive cookie designs that mislead users into providing consent to activities they do not fully understand or agree with. The proposed cookie popup is designed to be user friendly and accessible for internet users with different preferences and levels of familiarity with cookies. The mockup directly avoids design elements that cause obstruction or interface interference. Additionally, it provides a clear explanation of cookies, a link to the website's privacy policy, and drop-down menus for additional information on specific types of cookies. The interface has equally colored buttons and is minimally invasive, with an icon for easy access to cookie settings that appears at the bottom corner of the webpage after the user selects their cookie usage level. The paper serves to provide web developers, policy makers, or similarly interested parties with a concreate example of an enforceable cookie popup interface designed to enhance user autonomy and establish trust between users and the internet. The paper on sociotechnical issues delves into the disconcerting effects of manipulative interface design elements found in cookie popups, which raise ethical concerns from both a utilitarian and rights-based standpoint. The paper analyzes the definitions of autonomy, privacy, and consent within and beyond the technology realm to establish their relevance to the design process and ethicality of technological applications. In terms of organization, the paper initially brings to light the infringement on internet user autonomy and privacy caused by deceptive design as an ethical issue. It then examines the involved parties, namely internet users, web developers, and the environments in which they function. Subsequently, it presents a comparison of the benefits and consequences of deceptive design as seen in cookie consent forms and an evaluation of the rights entitled to internet users and web applications in contrast to the rights they must provide and uphold for the opposite party. Ultimately, the paper calls for an increased use and incentivization of ethical and user-centric design practices as such measures can safeguard the rights and dignity of technology users in the face of the ongoing integration of technology into all facets of life. My sociotechnical paper’s focus on the intricate intersection of ethics and cookie popup design encouraged me to consider both the user and the web application perspective more thoroughly when proposing design modifications for cookie popups. As a result of the STS project, I realized that solely catering to the user's needs would have rendered the mockup design unrealistic and useless. Equally, the technical paper allowed me to appreciate the requirements of the design process, including the time and effort it takes to identify problems, research potential solutions, and create mockups. I also gained insights into the limitations of ethics and the practical challenges that come with implementing ethical principles in design. Furthermore, my technical paper provided me with an opportunity to expand my knowledge of the design process and understand its technical requirements more fully. By synchronizing both papers, I was able to immerse myself deeply into the problem of deceptive design and gain a well-rounded perspective on the importance of data protection and privacy, without compromising my passion for technology. In essence, my STS and technical papers complemented each other, offering me a comprehensive outlook on the issue and enabling me to develop a robust stance on ethical design.

Sharenting is a compound word derived from the words ‘parent’ and ‘sharing’ and, is defined as ‘the online posting of a child’s images and private details by parents with or without the child’s consent’.1 Parents share stories and images which may include that of their unborn child’s first ultrasound scan. Parents who share their children’s images may do so with the view that their children are extensions of themselves.2 While some parents may have privacy concerns, many of those sharing their children's photographs are struggling to understand the complexities of laws, rights, and the technology issues that relate to social media sites. This increased social media engagement can potentially expose children who are the subject of sharenting to identity compromise and theft, privacy erosion, autonomy denial, datafication, dataveillance and the right to self-determine and craft their own identity narrative. The General Data Protection Regulation, 2016 (GDPR) focuses specifically on the safe supervision of adolescents’ online engagement and protection against unauthorised processing of their data by business enterprises.3 The GDPR places the responsibility for consent to the processing of the data of children under the age of 16 years (in Ireland) into the hands of their parents. It fails, however, to address the online safety and privacy of minor children who are the subject of sharenting. Recital 18 of the GDPR exempts the online sharing of household and personal activities from its constraints and protective measures with regard to the processing of minors’ personal data. Minor children, in contrast, are presumed to have their safety and privacy vested solely in the safe hands of their parents. This means that the safeguarding of the private data of minor children who are the subjects of sharenting is at the discretion of parents without any external oversight. This unfettered discretion may be a matter of concern in cases where parents do not engage with security measures when sharing online. In recognition of the prevalence and potential ramifications associated with sharenting, this study examines the practice of sharenting with a view to exploring the belief that “There should be recognition and protection of the privacy of children’s identity and freedom for them to narrate their own online identity.” This investigation addresses questions regarding parents’ understanding of the concept of privacy, engagement with social media privacy measures, the relevance of consent, and views as to where the responsibility for the safeguarding of the privacy of their child’s identity lay. It also looks at how sharenting has impacted the online engagement of young adults, how they view privacy and consent and how they regard the right of the child to a blank digital canvas. In an attempt to answer such questions, empirical research was undertaken to gather information on the prevalence, nature and frequency of sharenting and awareness of the potential ramifications of sharenting. This investigation looks at the best interests of minors, the evolving capacities of the child and the capabilities approach as a theoretical framework, in addition to the level of parental compliance with consent. Young adults’s views are included because having been subjected to sharenting, their input is significant. Furthermore, their participation embraces the spirit of Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which upholds the right of the child to have their voice heard (younger children were unavailable due to covid-19 health and safety restrictions). Data gathered from this body of research revealed that parents believe that the privacy of minors’ identity is a horizon issue which assumes importance only when children reach their teenage years. There is little or no engagement with consent, even when children are capable of consent. While parents recognise that there are dangers associated with sharenting, the level of knowledge regarding the potential ramifications of sharenting is limited. Their concern with regard to the ramifications of sharenting does not always translate into active engagement with privacy measures. Young adults acknowledge and accept the failure of their parents to engage with consent and privacy measures. They tolerate parents’ low-level engagement with privacy measures, although they fear the possible ramifications of sharenting. Despite their tolerance with their parents’ failure to safeguard their privacy as minors, young adults firmly believe that children should be entitled to the right to craft their own online narrative. Young adults are resolute in their conviction never to share the private information of their children, in the event of themselves becoming parents. In light of the evidence uncovered during this investigation, it is established that there is a need to pinpoint a proactive trajectory towards the adoption of measures that will safeguard the privacy of children’s identity and the need for self-determination of minor children whose images are being shared on the worldwide web by their parents. This body of research is welcomed by parents and minors as it raises awareness, opens a discussion and provides evidence-based guidance on how best to promote the adoption of proactive measures that embrace the rights of both parties by establishing a demarcation line between the parents’ right to freedom of expression and the right of the child to the privacy of their identity and self-determination. The evidence extrapolated from the collected data provides an evidential base upon which to build future policy and protection measures designed to safeguard the privacy of the identity and self-determination of minor children. It is not, however, the intention that these findings should curtail the freedom and rights of parents or the holders of parental authority. It is however designed to encourage all parties to take ownership and to buy into the concept of proactive safe digital engagement and recognition of the right of a child to protection of the privacy of their identity and self determination. In full recognition of the continuing positive role of online engagement in everyday life, this thesis aims to address the need for securing the privacy and protecting the identity of children who are the subject of sharenting. The contention of this thesis is that sharenting and the protection of the privacy of one’s identity need not be mutually exclusive. 2025-03-07

On 8 March 2022, the European Commission presented a proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on combating violence against women and domestic violence. Inter alia, the proposal includes minimum rules on the definition of certain forms of violence against women and domestic violence, including rape. Building on a historical overview of what counts as rape and on the legal context in which the European Commission has tabled the proposal, this article will critically discuss whether the European Union (hereinafter: the EU) has the competence to harmonise the crime of rape pursuant to Article 83 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and what the desirable content of EU legislation in this field should be. For this purpose, the article will use long-lasting, feminist scholarship as an analytical tool to address the transformations that these feminist discourses have traditionally brought into rape law, stressing the legal gaps that still need to be filled, and suggesting a possible new synergy between EU criminal law and feminist scholarship and activism.

Individuals and communities increasingly depend on, and fill their lives with, machine cultures, in the form of both interfaces and infrastructures. This global push for machine cultures has given rise to an increasing demand for data and engendered a proliferation of public, private and public-private dataset repositories. While datasets form a foundational element of machine cultures, they rarely come into focus as objects of critical study. But in recent years a critical discursive formation on datasets has begun to emerge, which disturbs the idea of datasets as operational instruments of digital knowledge production and seek to instead ‘bring people back in’. The present article identifies these preliminary explorations as ‘critical dataset studies’ and draws on critical archival studies to articulate the ethico-political surfaced by these studies. Specifically it argues that critical dataset studies shows the need for an expanded ethical and conceptual approach to datasets that not only relies on linear notions of deletion and accountability but also on iterative frameworks of remains and response-ability.

Allusions to gendered violence and sexual assault in Samuel Beckett’s works raise difficult questions in today’s classroom and theatre auditoria. So too does the physical subjugation that Beckett’s female actors often endure on stage. How far might our post-#MeToo sensibilities usefully inform our reading of instances of gendered subjugation and sexualised violence in Beckett’s theatre? This article focuses on Not I as a playtext that combines intimations of sexual assault with a history of female actors suffering physically in performance. It uses the lens of rape play—enacted for therapeutic value within the BDSM community for sexual assault survivors—to read Not I as an embodied trauma narrative, and to open up discussion of forms of coercion and consent in Beckett’s work.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare professionals, including nurses, have a vital role in protecting patient confidentiality. However, evidence shows that breaches of confidentiality are common in hospitals for various reasons, including the ward design and issues related to healthcare staff's professionalism. The situation can be complicated further in paediatric care because of the age range of patients and their associated needs and rights about information sharing, confidentiality and consent.AIM: To explore the views and experiences of young people admitted to hospital, and their parents and related caregivers, about the effects of confidentiality breaches.METHOD: A descriptive questionnaire-based survey was conducted in 2018 in two regional hospitals in Denmark over two weeks. A total of 214 surveys were completed by parents and related caregivers (n=173) and by young people (n=41).FINDINGS: Many parents and young people reported that they had overheard healthcare professionals discussing care, including information about named patients, test results, personal disclosures and various comments or opinions. In many cases these breaches of confidentiality affected patients' overall experience of hospital and led some to withhold important information.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the challenges of preserving confidentiality in children's wards. Situations in which confidentiality breaches were reported appear to have been affected by the physical environment, such as ward design, as well as staff behaviour and attitudes. Therefore, nurses and other healthcare professionals need to enhance their understanding of issues related to confidentiality and pay attention to how and where information about patients is shared.

Ireland has been a leader in the COVID-19 vaccine rollout in the EU, with almost 80% of the eligible population (aged over 5 years) fully vaccinated at the time of writing. The success of the vaccine rollout in this jurisdiction notwithstanding, the legal frameworks supporting the rollout had significant lacunas. Two aspects in particular highlighted a lack of legal preparedness: the inadequacy of the legal framework for consent and the absence of a vaccine injury redress scheme. This paper explores these components of the COVID-19 vaccine rollout through the lens of legal preparedness. Whilst most often discussed in the context of command and control measures such as social distancing requirements and regional lockdowns, this paper argues for an expanded understanding of what it means to be legally prepared, highlighting the importance of the preparedness of domestic legal frameworks.

The development of technology accelerated the digital transformation of information systems. As a consequence of this digitization, data became available at any time and in any place. However, despite this ease of data accessibility, persons' privacy concerns and threats to data privacy have emerged. Thus, serious privacy problems arise while collecting, storing, accessing, sharing, and archiving personal data. Consent management aims to prevent these problems by preserving privacy and protecting personal data. Hence, there are international treaties and legal regulations for personal data protection which state that consent is required to collect, store, manage and share personal data. In this study, a Semantic Web-based personal consent management model is proposed to protect personal data privacy. The proposed model is domain-independent and aims to control and manage the consent of a person. In order to provide the privacy protection of personal data, the proposed model allows individuals to establish their privacy preferences by determining who can access their personal information, for what purposes, and under what circumstances. For this purpose, a group of ontology is created to ensure the informed consent process. The proposed consent management model is generic. As similar to general personal information, personal health information is also sensitive and must be protected from data leakage. Therefore, the proposed generic model is implemented with Semantic Web technologies and demonstrated for the healthcare domain.

Background: While consent is an integral part of respectful maternity care, how this is obtained during labour and birth presents conflicting understandings between midwives’ and women’s experiences. Midwifery students are well placed to observe interactions between women and midwives during the consent process. Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore the observations and experiences of final year midwifery students of how midwives obtain consent during labour and birth. Methods: An online survey was distributed via universities and social media to final year midwifery students across Australia. Likert scale questions based on the principles of informed consent (indications, outcomes, risks, alternatives, and voluntariness) were posed for intrapartum care in general and for specific clinical procedures. Students could also record verbal descriptions of their observations via the survey app. Recorded responses were analysed thematically. Findings: 225 students responded with 195 completed surveys; 20 students provided audio recorded data. Student’s observations suggested that the consent process varied considerably depending on the clinical procedure. Discussions of risks and alternatives during labour were frequently omitted. Discussion: The student’s accounts suggest that in many instances during labour and birth the principles of informed consent are not being applied consistently. Presenting interventions as routine care subverted choice for women in favour of the midwives’ preferences. Conclusions: Consent during labour and birth is invalidated by a lack of disclosure of risks and alternatives. Health and education institutions should include information in guidelines, theoretical and practice training on minimum consent standards for specific procedures inclusive of risks and alternatives. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

La question de l’autonomie des adolescents dans leurs décisions de santé est un enjeu éthique complexe, notamment pour les adolescents dans des contextes sociaux précaires. L’autonomie émergente des adolescents doit être respectée. Ils constituent néanmoins un groupe vulnérable nécessitant des mesures de protection, et la restriction de leur autonomie est parfois justifiée. Les exigences en matière de consentement parental peuvent s’avérer un obstacle sérieux pour certains adolescents qui souhaiteraient accéder à des services de santé sans l’implication de leurs parents. L’accès aux contraceptifs et le dépistage d’infections transmissibles sexuellement sont des exemples communs de cet enjeu. Le présent article de nature théorique propose que les commissaires aux plaintes et à la qualité de services (CPQS) – tels que définis par la loi au Québec – puissent accompagner l’autonomie des adolescents dans leurs démarches vers l’accès aux services de santé, dans des contextes où le consentement parental se présenterait comme une barrière. Les commissaires, comme entités indépendantes, pourraient accompagner les intérêts des adolescents pour s’assurer qu’ils accèdent aux services requis. Pour illustrer notre propos, nous présentons deux cas fictifs d’adolescents en situation de vulnérabilité. The issue of adolescent autonomy in health decisions is a complex ethical issue, particularly for adolescents in precarious social contexts. The emerging autonomy of adolescents must be respected. Nevertheless, adolescents are a vulnerable group requiring protective measures and restriction of their autonomy is sometimes justified. Parental consent requirements can be a serious obstacle for some adolescents who wish to access health services without parental involvement. Access to contraceptives and testing for sexually transmitted infections are common examples of this issue. This theoretical article proposes that complaints and service quality commissioners - as defined by law in Quebec - can support adolescents' autonomy in their efforts to access health services in contexts where parental consent may be a barrier. Commissioners, as independent entities, could accompany the interests of the adolescents to ensure that they access the required services. To illustrate our point, we present two fictitious cases of adolescents in vulnerable situations.

This study explores the connection between the minimization of (micro)aggressions and the propensity of American society to diminish the impact of “bigger,” more legally recognized, acts such as rape and sexual assault. One hundred and seventy-three participants ages eighteen to seventy were surveyed for an IRB-approved study that compared people’s experiences with their perpetuation of (micro)aggressions. This study argues that there is a cultural coercion to minimize (micro)aggressions, which creates a larger cultural environment that is infused with violence. (Micro)aggressions, in and of themselves, are violent and are an allowable mechanism of perpetuating gender-based violence on a day-to-day basis. The messages sent by media, such as Disney and romantic comedies, play an important role in shaping social scripts that people are pressured to adhere to. Further, this study explores how repeated exposure to (micro)aggressions and sexual violence in media impacts people’s sympathy for victim-survivors, beliefs about their severity, and the normalization of violence as a normal aspect of love. The use of humor as a mechanism of minimization is also explored. Lastly, this study argues that people, through socialization, learn to contribute and maintain the perpetuation of them, while justifying (micro)aggressions as minimal harmful, which then informs people’s baseline attitude about sexual violence. Overall, the daily minimization of (micro)aggressions helps foster a culture that functions on the belief that sexual violence is “not so bad.”

Background: Public Health Emergencies (PHE) demand expeditious research responses to evaluate new or repurposed therapies and prevention strategies. Alternative Design Trials (ADTs) and Adaptive Platform Trials (APTs) have enabled efficient large-scale testing of biomedical interventions during recent PHEs. Design features of these trials may have implications for engagement and/or informed consent processes. We aimed to rapidly review evidence on engagement and informed consent for ADTs and APTs during PHE to consider what (if any) recommendations can inform practice. Method: In 2022, we searched 8 prominent databases for relevant peer reviewed publications and guidelines for ADTs/APTs in PHE contexts. Articles were selected based on pre-identified inclusion and exclusion criteria. We reviewed protocols and informed consent documents for a sample of large platform trials and consulted with key informants from ADTs/APT trial teams. Data were extracted and summarised using narrative synthesis. Results: Of the 49 articles included, 10 were guidance documents, 14 discussed engagement, 10 discussed informed consent, and 15 discussed both. Included articles addressed ADTs delivered during the West African Ebola epidemic and APTs delivered during COVID-19. PHE clinical research guidance documents highlight the value of ADTs/APTs and the importance of community engagement, but do not provide practice-specific guidance for engagement or informed consent. Engagement and consent practice for ADTs conducted during the West African Ebola epidemic have been well-documented. For COVID-19, engagement and consent practice was described for APTs primarily delivered in high income countries with well-developed health service structures. A key consideration is strong communication of the complexity of trial design in clear, accessible ways. Conclusion: We highlight key considerations for best practice in community engagement and informed consent relevant to ADTs and APTs for PHEs which may helpfully be included in future guidance. Protocol: The review protocol is published online at Prospero on 15/06/2022: registration number CRD42022334170.

This is a scoping review on the perspectives of Doctors/Healthcare providers, Citizens/Patients, and other Stakeholders involved with app-generated health data. The review especially aims to systematically capture the opinions and attitudes of stakeholders as it relates to sharing the data generated from health and wellness apps.

Tiesību zinātne Tiesību zinātne Law Science Law Science Bakalaura darbs “Personu ar psihiskām slimībām ārstēšanas tiesiskā regulējuma problemātika” ir zinātniski pētniecisks darbs, kurš izstrādāts, lai padziļināti izpētītu personu ar psihiskām slimībām ārstēšanas tiesiskā regulējuma problemātiku. Bakalaura darbā tiek analizēts psihisku slimību jēdziens un personu ar psihiskām slimībām un to cilvēktiesību raksturojums, ārstniecības personu tiesības un pienākumu raksturojums personu ar psihiskām slimībām ārstēšanas jomā, kā arī personu ar psihiskām slimībām ārstēšanas tiesiskā regulējuma problemātika psihiatriskās ārstēšanas jomā. Personas, kas cieš no psihiskām slimībām, starptautiskā līmenī jau sen ir atzītas un izceltas, kā īpaši tiesiski aizsargājama cilvēku grupa. To veselības stāvoklis bieži vien ir traucēklis šim personām baudīt visas sev piešķirtās tiesības, kas noved pie personu ar psihiskām slimībām tiesību pārkāpumiem. Gluži, kā jebkurā citā dzīves jomā, ko regulē likums, personu ar psihiskām slimībām tiesību aizsardzība ir nepieciešama arī ārstniecības procesā, jo tas skar ļoti personisku katram cilvēkam piemītošu vērtību- savu veselību un savu ķermeni. Tiesiskais regulējums, kas nosaka personu ar psihiskām slimībām ārstēšanu, satur daudz nepilnību, kas noved pie tiesiskā regulējuma interpretācijas problēmām. To ierobežojošo līdzekļu daudzums un procesuālo darbību nenošķiršana noved pie personu ar psihiskām slimībām tiesību pārkāpumiem, un nepareiza attiecību modeļa izveidi ar ārstniecība personām. Problemātika personu ar psihiskām slimībām ārstēšanas procesā atspoguļojas gan lemtspējas institūta trūkumā ārstēšanas tiesiskajā regulējumā, gan jautājumos par brīvprātīgas ārstēšanas principu, un ārstēšanu bez pacienta atļaujas. Tā pat arī tiesiskajā regulējumā uztrūkst saikne starp psihiatriskās palīdzības sniegšanas bez pacienta piekrišana un kompetento personu tiesīgu par to lemt. Bakalaura darba mērķis ir izstrādāt zinātnisku pētījumu par personu ar psihiskām slimībām ārstēšanas tiesiskā regulējuma problemātiku un sniegt priekšlikumus tiesiskā regulējuma uzlabošanai. Bakalaura darbā tiek analizēti starptautiskie un nacionālie tiesību akti, tiesu prakse; tiesību doktrīna, zinātniskā literatūra, kā arī citi avoti latviešu un angļu valodā. Bakalaura darbs sastāv no 72 lpp. Atslēgvārdi: cilvēktiesības, pacients, psihiskas slimības, lemtspēja, piekrišana, brīvprātība, ārstēšana. The Bachelor's work “Problem of the legal framework for the treatment of persons with mental illness” is a scientific research work designed to explore in depth the issue of the legal framework for the treatment of persons with mental illness. The Bachelor's work analyses the concept of mental illness and the characterisation of persons with mental illness and their human rights, the rights and responsibilities of medical practitioners in the field of the treatment of persons with mental illness, and the issue of the legal framework for the treatment of persons with mental illness in the field of psychiatric treatment. Those suffering from mental illness have long been recognised and singled out internationally as a particularly legally protected group of people. Their state of health is often a barrier to their enjoyment of all the rights granted to them, leading to violations of the rights of persons with mental illness. Quite, as in any other area of life governed by law, the protection of the rights of persons with mental illness is also necessary in the process of treatment, as it affects a very personal value inherent in each person - their health and their bodies. The legal framework governing the treatment of persons with mental illness contains many shortcomings leading to problems in the interpretation of the legal framework. The amount of their restrictive means and the lack of separation of procedural actions lead to breaches of the rights of persons with mental illness and the creation of an incorrect pattern of relationships with individuals in medical treatment. The problem in the treatment process of persons with mental illness is reflected both in the lack of the Institute of empowerment in the legal framework of treatment and in the issue of the principle of voluntary treatment and treatment without the consent of the patient. The legislation also disregards the link between the consent of the psychiatric assistance without the consent of the patient and the right of the competent person to rule on it. The Bachelor's work aims to develop a scientific study on the issue of the legal framework for the treatment of persons with mental illness and to make proposals to improve the legal framework. The Bachelor's work analyses international and national legislation, case law; legal doctrine, scientific literature, as well as other sources in Latvian and English. The Bachelor's work consists of 72 pages Keywords: Human rights, patient, mental illness, consent, mental capacity, voluntary, treatment.

The new millennium has witnessed a dramatic upsurge in the popularity of the vampire figure in YA culture. Spearheaded by the phenomenon of Buffy the Vampire Slayer (The WB, 1997-2001) and L. J. Smith’s The Vampire Diaries (1991-1992), the YA vampire has been brought into the spotlight by Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight (2005-2008, 2020) and its franchise. Ever since, bookstore shelves have been buckling under the weight of vampire stories addressed to adolescent consumers, particularly young women. This chapter offers a concise overview of YA vampire fiction in the twenty-first century, and explores some of its central themes, focusing on the narratives of romantic relationships, violence against women, and the meanings and practices of consent. Drawing on the post-Twilight popular vampire series for girls, particularly Vampire Academy and Bloodlines by Richelle Mead, and Crave by Tracy Wolff, it explores the ways in which vampire stories for teens interact with the concerns and aspirations surrounding present-day girlhood, and examines how they engage with the new millennium conversations on the figure of the vampire.

Although rapid genomic sequencing (RGS) is improving care for critically ill children with rare disease, it also raises important ethical questions that need to be explored as its use becomes more widespread. Two such questions relate to the degree of consent that should be required for RGS to proceed and whether it might ever be appropriate to override parents' decisions not to allow RGS to be performed in their critically ill child. To explore these questions, we first examine the legal frameworks on securing consent for genomic sequencing and how they apply to the specific context of RGS for critically ill children. We then use a tool from clinical ethics, the Zone of Parental Discretion, to explore two case studies and identify under which circumstances it might be appropriate for parental refusal of RGS to be overridden. We argue that RGS may be a context where, in addition to assessing the complexity of the test offered, it is ethically appropriate to consider an effect on patient outcomes when deciding the degree of consent required. We also suggest that there are some contexts where it may be ethically justified to perform RGS, even when it is actively against the wishes of the parents. More work is needed to examine exactly how 'time-sensitive' exceptions to current guidance on consent for genomic sequencing could be formulated and operationalised for RGS for critically ill-children. ispartof: MONASH BIOETHICS REVIEW vol:39 issue:SUPPL 1 pages:117-129 ispartof: location:United States status: published

In Romania, the term dental malpractice is relatively new compared to medical malpractice. The common premises that underlie these iatrogenics have made doctors more vigilant about treatment and achieving the desired results. At the same time, the conditions of medical liability are consistent with those of civil liability, namely: damage, wrongdoing, guilt, and causation. To counteract these effects, public attention has been focused in recent years on patients' rights (involving, causes, effects, informed consent of the patient regarding the collection of personal data, informing the patient about the work itself, and possible complications which may occur postoperatively). As a result, the number of reported cases of malpractice has increased markedly in recent years.

We explore barriers to enjoyment of human rights to sexuality of persons with dementia and remedies for addressing these. Enjoyment of sexuality is contingent upon actualization of rights to dignity, autonomy, respect for will and preferences, abuse safeguarding and equitable access to highest standards of sexual health. Persons with dementia living at home or in care face systemic barriers to enjoyment of sexuality fueled by ageism, apathy and ignorance, compounded by complex legal barriers in relation to consent. Such challenges can be tackled with awareness raising and education of care staff, families and physicians, including training for capacity assessment with dimensional, noncategorical conceptualization of capacity, leaving room for supported decisionmaking. These measures, together with strengthened legislative and human rights frameworks to cater to the specific needs of older people, may allow people to live well with dementia and exercise their human rights to enjoy sexuality in a safe and lawful manner. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 29:1021-1026)

Refereed/Peer-reviewed Relationships and sexual health education is an accepted part of the school curriculum to support adolescent development. In recent years, the nature of this education has expanded to include topics encompassing a social model of health (e.g. with a focus on gender roles). There has, however, been limited exploration of student views about the inclusion of these topics. This paper presents student feedback on South Australia’s Relationships and Sexual Health Programme, a state-wide curriculum produced by the state’s major sexual and reproductive health organisation. The findings are drawn from an annual survey conducted from 2006 to 2017, involving 29,533 secondary school students aged 12–16 years. Regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between the year the survey was conducted and student ratings of the programme (‘good/excellent’ vs ‘poor/satisfactory’) and, separately, the individual topics students’ considered most important. There was a positive association between survey year and rating the programme as ‘good/excellent’ with regard to providing a ‘safe and supportive classroom environment’, and a small negative association between survey year and ‘overall rating’ as ‘good/excellent’. Over time, there was an increase in the number of students selecting the topic ‘consent’ as the most important. These findings demonstrate student support for the inclusion of a range of social health topics in relationships and sexual health education.

Çerezler, internet üzerindeki gezinti üzerinde pozitif ve negatif olmak üzere önemli etkilere sahiptir. Genel olarak web üzerindeki gezinti performansını artırmayı amaçlayan çerezler, aynı zamanda gezinti takibi yaparak hedefli reklamcılık uygulamalarında ya da profilleme faaliyetlerinde de kullanılmaktadır. Bu yüzden çerez uygulamaları, veri koruma hukukunun önemli bir alanını oluştururlar ve AB mevzuatında düzenlenmişlerdir. 2021 yılında Google’ın çerezlerin yönetimine dair yapmış olduğu uygulamalara dair şikayetler, Fransız Veri Koruma Otoritesi (CNIL) tarafından soruşturulmuş ve Google’ın iki şirketine toplam 150 milyon Euro para cezası verilmiştir. Söz konusu karar, çerezlerin nasıl konumlandırılması gerektiğine ve yönetimine dair önemli tespitlere yer vermektedir. Makalemizde söz konusu karar ele alınacak ve karardan yola çıkarak Türk hukukunda çerezlerin düzenlenmesine ilişkin önerilere yer verilecektir., Cookies have both positive and negative effects on web browsing. Cookies, which aim to improve overall web browsing performance, are also used in targeted advertising applications or profiling activities by tracking navigation. As a result, cookie practices are an important area of data protection law and are governed by EU legislation. Complaints about Google's cookie management practices were investigated by the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL) in 2021, and two Google companies were fined a total of 150 million euros. The aforementioned decision contains critical detections on how cookies should be located and managed. The decision in question will be discussed in this paper, and suggestions for cookie regulation in Turkish law will be made based on the judgement.

nternet users are constantly subjected to incessant demands for attention in a noisy digital world. Countless inputs compete for the chance to be clicked, to be seen, and to be interacted with, and they can deploy tactics that take advantage of behavioral psychology to 'nudge' users into doing what they want. Some nudges are benign; others deceive, steer, or manipulate users, as the U.S. FTC Commissioner says, "into behavior that is profitable for an online service, but often harmful to [us] or contrary to [our] intent". These tactics are dark patterns, which are manipulative and deceptive interface designs used at-scale in more than ten percent of global shopping websites and more than ninety-five percent of the most popular apps in online services. Literature discusses several types of harms caused by dark patterns that includes harms of a material nature, such as financial harms, or anticompetitive issues, as well as harms of a non-material nature, such as privacy invasion, time loss, addiction, cognitive burdens, loss of autonomy, and emotional or psychological distress. Through a comprehensive literature review of this scholarship and case law analysis conducted by our interdisciplinary team of HCI and legal scholars, this paper investigates whether harms caused by such dark patterns could give rise to redress for individuals subject to dark pattern practices using consent interactions and the GDPR consent requirements as a case study.

This thesis examines whether the GDPR affords individuals a right to control the online commodification of their personal data. The thesis investigates whether the intention that ‘Natural persons shall have control over their personal data’ in Recital 7 GDPR is given effect in the substantive provisions of the Regulation. Set against a backdrop of the many problems associated with the online commodification of personal data, the thesis posits that these are the issues individuals would like to address through a right to control. While these problems cover a wide gamut, the thesis focuses on the objections to online commodification, privacy invasions, and unfair bargains, which are systemic to the commercial surveillance which forms the basis for the commodification of personal data. The thesis examines the possibility of a right of control to be found in the data processing principles in Article 5 GDPR by way of the jurisprudential concept of informational self-determination. The thesis considers whether the use of consent as a legal basis of processing in Article 6 GDPR or the user rights in Chapter III GDPR give rise to a right to consent, and whether the information requirements in Articles 12-14 GDPR facilitates such a right. The thesis also examines whether the enforcement provisions in Articles 77-79 GDPR and 82 GDPR give effect to a right to control. In its findings, the thesis concludes that while many of the substantive provisions include elements of control, these provisions cannot be said to afford individuals the control they seek and as suggested by the wording of Recital 7 GDPR. The legal rights do not overlap with the rights sought; they are too limited and uncertain; and the technological environment has become so ubiquitous, complex, and interconnected that the individuals cannot meaningfully exercise control. Thus, the thesis questions whether it is even possible for individuals to achieve control over the online commodification of their personal data., None.

This scoping review collects national and international peer-reviewed and grey literature (henceforth referred to together as 'records') to outline the current available resources, training, best-practice, divergent perspectives and frameworks for teaching and learning about consent and respectful relationships. In addition, this scoping review provides guidance to schools on quality assurance when using third-party programs and related resources.

The European Commission (Commission) put forward an ambitious proposal package of new legislation for the digital economy, including the Digital Markets Act, the Digital Services Act, or the Data Governance Act. Despite their different scopes, they all share a recurring topic: the relevance of (personal) data in enabling a data-intensive economic model around data sharing and the role of data subjects in granting permission to do so. As such, the purpose of this article is to explore how the Commission and other EU institutions intended to strengthen consent in these novel data regulations through technological tools but also novel assistance duties, but also the potential shortcoming around this approach.

In this essay, we try to present a case for having a general privacy offence. Privacy is about much more than voyeurism involving sexual exploitation. The recent offence of upskirting is too narrow to protect the broader set of privacy interests that exist in plural societies. Current technology means it is all too easy for the masses not only to spy, but to keep digital records of information that belongs to others including their images, voices and correspondence. We shall try to demonstrate that private acts and information that are revealed in an ephemeral sense in a public place should not be put in permanent form and a fortiori should not be published online or in hardcopy. It will be argued that publishing such information without consent or lawful justification is sufficiently harmful to justify making it a crime. It shall be submitted that while human rights law, data protection law and tort law recognise the wrongful harm in privacy violations, the protection offered by these bodies of laws is limited, because they rely on expensive civil litigation that is out of the reach of most. Billionaires can pay for nondisclosure agreements to keep misconduct (such as bullying and sexual harassment) out of the news, but many people with genuine privacy claims cannot afford to seek compensation.

In this article, we analyse the legal components of disclosing confidential patient information under the UK’s common law duty of confidentiality (CLDoC) and processing personal (health) data under the UK’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Data Protection Act 2018. We describe the ostensible divide between the CLDoC and data protection law when it comes to the requirements of a valid signal of consent by a patient to use and disclose patient information, obtained by a health professional in the context of direct care, for health care and health research purposes. Ultimately, our analysis suggests that we are saddled, at least in the medium term, with two regimes operating with different standards of a valid consent—while putatively protecting similar interests. There is, however, opportunity for progress. It is possible to improve professional guidance on the interaction between the regimes and to achieve significant normative alignment without aligning the signalling standard for consent; this would promote consistent protection of reasonable expectations of patients across both regimes. Further coherence would require aligning not only the standard, but also the role played by consent under each regime. Here we argue that, in relation to direct care, any such shift should be away from consent as the normal justification. In relation to health research, on the contrary, it should be toward consent as the normal justification for use and disclosure of patient information under both the CLDoC and data protection law.

In Chester v Afshar [2004], the House of Lords stated they were departing from the traditional rules of causation in order to vindicate the patient’s right of autonomy. Subsequent judgments in the Court of Appeal expressed concerns over the lack of clarity of the legal principles to be derived from that judgment. In Correia v University Hospital of North Staffordshire NHS Trust [2017] and Diamond v Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust [2019], however, the Court of Appeal sought to clarify the scope and limits of Chester. This commentary sets out the scope and limits of Chester in light of those judgments and considers the extent to which they can be said to be vindicating patient autonomy. Drawing upon Coggon’s typology of autonomy, it concludes that future judgments should utilise that typology to explicate which understanding of autonomy they are seeking to protect.

Background: Failure of the physician to disclose potential risks and benefits associated with cosmetic procedures is one of the main causes of legal disputes over informed consent. The objective was to assess the prevalence and quality of the informed consent given by patients who undergone cosmetic procedures and its association with post-procedure adverse events. Methods: It was a cross-sectional, online, questionnaire-based study conducted during September and October 2020. Eligible adult male and female patients who were attending a governmental dermatology clinic at Al-Kharj city (Saudi Arabia) were invited to join the study. Results: A total of 246 patients were included in the study. Out of 246, 111 (45.1%) patients performed at least one cosmetic procedure before, and 89 (80.2%) of them signed an informed consent. 62 (69.7%) of them signed a consent before the procedure, 17 (19.1%) reported post-procedure adverse events, 16 (18.0%) reported dissatisfactions, and 27 (30.3%) reported either. None of the consent characteristics were significantly associated with higher prevalence of post-procedure adverse events or non-satisfactions. Conclusions: The prevalence and the quality of informed consent before cosmetic procedures are inadequate. Urgent corrections are required to protect the patient’s rights and to legally protect the treating physician.

In recent years, the parasomnia disorder, sexsomnia, has attracted controversy and attention because it is beginning to be used as a legal defense for sex crimes. This is engaging in sexual activities while the individual is asleep. There is a lack of information about this disorder as well as how it is perceived by a court of law. Sexsomnia did not gain ground until the late 1980s, and was subsequently added under parasomnias to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual (DSM-5) (Mohebbi, Holoyda, & Newman 2018). The proposed research will investigate the credibility of sexsomnia in comparison to two other common sexual assault defenses (Consent, and Voluntary Intoxication). Participants will read through one of the case summaries and select a verdict of guilty or not guilty. Attitudes about each defense and the idea of sexsomnia in general will also be examined through surveys. The study's findings will contribute to an area of limited research and educate legal professionals on how the defense is currently perceived.

This research examines what people in England think about organ donation, the different systems in which organ donation can occur (opt-in or opt-out), and how effective these systems may be. It also explores potential changes in perceptions before and after the organ donation system in England changes (opt-in to soft opt-out).

The history of human-subject experimentation has shown the need for safeguards to protect participants from abuse. Balancing participant protection with adequate representation of the adult intellectual disability population in research presents an important challenge. Our study aimed to analyze guidance on the appropriate inclusion of adults with intellectual disability who are or are not able to consent to biomedical research participation. Terminology, consent and type of ethically acceptable research provisions relevant to adult participants with intellectual disability were comprehensively reviewed in a selection of 17 international and national ethical research guidelines and statements. Most guidelines and statements recommend that adult participants with intellectual disability who are unable to consent be included when it is not possible to conduct the same research with adults capable of independent decision-making, or when there is therapeutic benefit and only minimal risk. Instead of naming specific requirements, the Australian statement stands out by asserting the "individual right" to participate. Assent requirements for incapacitated adults are not explicitly mentioned in most documents reviewed. There appears to be room for further description of the importance of careful capacity assessments and solid assent requirements in ethical research guidance documentation to promote meaningful participation of adults with intellectual disability. ispartof: ACCOUNTABILITY IN RESEARCH-ETHICS INTEGRITY AND POLICY ispartof: location:United States status: Published online

Sex education in schools in Mexico has always been met with resistance by conservative groups, making its implementation difficult. On the other hand, the few evaluations regarding the content of sexual education in Mexico have presented evidence that´s far from reaching a comprehensive sexual education; specially in the topics regarding gender studies, sexual rights, pleasure, violence, diversity and relationships. Studies with young men in Mexico City have also found that an important source of sexual education in adolescent males are usually their peers, specially the leading male which usually introduces pornography and contributes in conversations where objectification of women is common. Regarding male traditional sexual scripts, research has found that they usually portray men as initiators, encouraged in casual sex, with increasing number of sexual partners as they mature as well as negative attitudes towards condom use. As sexual violence against women in Mexico continues to rise, this study will focus on young heterosexual Mexican men and how they were sexually educated. We aim to understand how these men construct their sexual scripts, and sexually interact with woman. This study will contribute to a more complete literature on sexual education and the specific gendered experience of heterosexual men.

Policies governing the legal provision of contraception and abortion as well as the rights of young women to consent to each.

Muster zur Erstellung einer informierten Einwilligungserklärung im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes und zur Verwendung bei qualitativen Interviews.

Our goal for the USRI was to undertake a scoping review of how the best interests standard has been discussed in the literature over the last 25 years.

Adolescent minors in every state can give their own consent for some health care. Although parent consent is generally required for vaccination, there are exceptions in some states. Completion rates are low for recommended adolescent vaccines; allowing adolescents to consent may improve coverage, although more study is needed on barriers to vaccine completion and the feasibility of changes in consent laws. The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of vaccines and related challenges. This policy brief reviews laws governing adolescent consent for health care, including vaccines, and recommends advocacy to support increased adolescent access to vaccines and improved public health.

In Middle Ages, in Moldavia and Wallachia, the healthcare system was almost non-existent, medical practice being the attribute of old women, midwives, charmers, and later monastic personnel. The first elements of medical ethics are identifiable in written texts from the 17th century, associated with a process of laicization of medicine and the appearance of the first combined civil and penal codes (Vasile Lupu’s Law from 1646 and Matei Basarab’s Law from 1652). In the next 150 years, elements of medical ethics were rarely identified, usually in legal regulations, personal letters, or literary works. Starting with the end of the 18th century, associated with the emergence of the position of public physician, detailed regulations regarding the healthcare system associated with an increased number of ethical norms began to emerge. The purpose of this article is to increase awareness to an international audience about the history of Romanian medical deontology and the roots of concepts appertaining to medical ethics in the territories of Moldavia and Wallachia.

Data Protection and Consenting Communication Mechanisms (DPCCMs) enable users to express their privacy decisions and manage their online consent. Thus, they can become a crucial means of protecting individuals' online privacy and agency, thereby replacing the current problematic practices such as "consent dialogues". Based on an in-depth analysis of different DPCCMs, we propose an interdisciplinary set of factors that can be used for a comparison of such mechanisms. Moreover, we use the results from a qualitative expert study to identify some of the main multidisciplinary challenges that DPCCMs should address to become widely adopted data privacy mechanisms. We leverage both the factors and the challenges to compare two current open specifications, i.e. the Advanced Data Protection Control (ADPC) and the Global Privacy Control (GPC), and discuss future work., This paper has been partially funded by the Internet Foundation Austria (IPA) within the netidee call (RESPECTeD-IoT Grant#5937). Cristiana Santos is funded by RENFORCE. Harshvardhan J. Pandit has been funded by the Irish Research Council Government of Ireland Postdoctoral Fellowship Grant#GOIPD/2020/790. The ADAPT SFI Centre for Digital Media Technology is funded by Science Foundation Ireland through the SFI Research Centres Programme and is co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through Grant#13/RC/2106_P2. For the purpose of Open Access the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. Arianna Rossi and Wilhelmina Maria Botees have been partially supported by the Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR) – IS/14717072 "Deceptive Patterns Online (Decepticon)".