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New Americans with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are a significantly underserved community in New York State (NY) facing complex barriers accessing IDD services and fully integrating into their communities. New American communities lack connections with IDD service systems and struggle to find culturally and linguistically accessible information about disability services and resources. New Americans may be fearful of engaging with service providers, especially if they lack lawful immigration status and are undocumented. In acknowledgement of these barriers, NY implemented an initiative to create a navigator model that is the first of its kind in the nation. The Initiative is named the Ramirez June Initiative (Initiative) which was created in 2019 to build capacity at the local and state level to better serve new Americans with IDD. In this article, we outline the background, context, and key components of this navigator model. By providing a comprehensive and detailed overview of the Initiative, we hope to support the model’s replication across the nation, while considering local strengths and needs.

espanolLa historiografia espanola no se ha mostrado muy propensa al estudio de la compleja relacion entre la practica de los juegos de azar y las estructuras del poder en la baja edad media castellana. La Corona, y con posterioridad los concejos, regularon dichas actividades que, basadas en la suerte y en las apuestas economicas, siempre se percibieron como un desdoro hacia la conducta social instituida. La variada casuistica presentada, propia de las diversas poblaciones estudiadas, permite observar conductas peculiares en la imposicion de la norma EnglishSpanish historiography has not been very prone to studying the complex relationship between the practice of gambling and the structures of power in the late Middle Ages in Castile. The Crown, and later the councils, regulated such activities that, based on luck and economic stakes, were always perceived as a contempt for the instituted social behavior. The varied casuistry presented, typical of the various urban settlements studied, allows us to observe peculiar behaviors in the imposition of the norm

This article will examine the role the first four ecumenical councils played in the controversial enterprises of John Jewel (1522-71) as well as two later early modern English theologians, Richard Hooker (1553-1600) and George Carleton (1559-1628). In three different polemical contexts, each divine portrays the councils as representing definitive catholic consensus not only for doctrine, but also ecclesiastical order and governance. For all three of these theologians, the manner in which the first four ecumenical councils were summoned and conducted, as well as their enactments touching the Church’s life provided patristic norms for its rightful administration. Jewel, Hooker, and Carleton each argued that the English Protestant national Church as defined by the Elizabethan Settlement exemplified a faithful recovery of patristic conciliar ecclesiastical government as an essential component in England’s overall endeavor to return to the true Church Catholic. Jewel employed these councils in order to impeach the Council of Trent’s (1545-63) status as a general council, and to justify the transfer of the authority of general councils to national and regional synods under the direction of godly princes. Hooker proposes the recovery of general councils as a means of achieving Catholic consensus within a Christendom divided along national and confessional lines while at the same time employing the pronouncements of the first four general councils to uphold the authoritative patristic and catholic warrant for institutions and practices retained by the Elizabethan Church. Finally, amid the controversy surrounding the Oath of Allegiance during the reign of James VI/1 (r. 1603-25), George Carleton devoted his extensive examination of these councils to refute papal claims to coercive authority with which to depose monarchs as an extension of excommunication. In so doing, Carleton relocates this ‘coactive jurisdiction’ in the ecclesiastical authority divinely invested in the monarch, making the ruler the source of conciliar authority, and arguably of catholic consensus itself.

Resumen A partir del estudio de denuncias extrajudiciales formuladas desde Lima, Puebla, Loja y Potosí contra los excesos de los virreyes, sus criados, y otras autoridades; y de tratados jurídico-políticos, este artículo estudia la redefinición de la idea de corrupción en los reinos de indias, y contribuye al entendimiento del significado y características de la corrupción en el mundo hispánico del siglo XVII. Al hacerlo, revela que los individuos e instituciones de ciudades indianas fueron clave en la expansión y refinamiento del concepto "corrupción" lo que, a su vez, llevó a un cambio en la práctica y cultura políticas a nivel local-americano y de la corona. Esto se materializó en el cambio de la legislación indiana para respaldar a los grupos locales, sancionar a quien sirvió mal, y regular las potestades y desempeño de los principales representantes de la corona en Indias. Tan importante como eso, el discurso de corrupción generado en América incluyó la reflexión de cómo debía funcionar económicamente un reino indiano y a proponer reformas para controlarlo. Abstract Based on the study of extra-judicial accusations made from Lima, Puebla, Loja and Potosí against the excesses of the viceroys, their servants, and other authorities; as well as of legal and political treaties, this article studies the concept of corruption in the kingdoms of the Indies, and contributes to the understanding of the significance and characteristics of corruption in the Hispanic world in the 17th century. As a result, it is revealed that the individuals and the institutions of the cities of the Indies were key to the expansion and refinement of the concept of corruption which, at the same time, led to a change in the political practice and culture, at the local-American level and that of the crown. This was reflected in the change in the legislation of the Indies to support local groups, sanction those who did not serve well, and regulate the power and performance of the main representatives of the crown. Likewise, the discourse of corruption generated in America included the reflection on how the kingdom of the indies was supposed to work in economic terms and to propose reforms in order to control it. Résumé Ce texte étudie la redéfinition de l'idée de corruption dans les royaumes hispano-américains et se veut une contribution à la compréhension de sa signification et des traits qui lui étaient associés au XVIIIe siècle dans le monde hispanique. Pour ce faire, il exploite, premièrement, les dénonciations extrajudiciaires faites depuis Lima, Puebla, Loja et Potosi des excès des vice-rois, leurs valets et d'autres autorités, puis, des traités juridico-politiques. Nous montrerons que les individus et les institutions des villes hispano-américaines ont été essentiels dans la diffusion et le raffinement du concept de «corruption», ce qui a entrainé un changement dans la pratique et la culture politiques au niveau local et à la cour espagnole. Ceci s'est traduit dans des changements dans la législation propre à l'Amérique espagnole afin de soutenir les groupes locaux, punir ceux qui s'étaient éconduits et régler les pouvoirs et les prestations des principaux représentants de la Couronne en Amérique espagnole. Le discours à propos de la corruption surgi dans le Nouveau Monde a suscité également une réflexion sur le fonctionnement économique des royaumes hispano-américains et favorisé des reformes pour assurer leur contrôle.

This paper is devoted to clarifying Hannah Arendt’s concept of political freedom (which, at certain points, is markedly obscure) by the means of analysing its structure. My analysis proceeds in three steps. Firstly, I distinguish a pre-political concept of freedom as exercising spontaneity, which is at the root of Arendt’s understanding of political freedom. Secondly, I analyse her account of freedom as exercising action and indicate its relationship to the elementary freedom of spontaneity. Arendt endowed action with a distinguished importance, since she assumed that it is the only activity within the vita activa (the other two being labour and work), which has a special anthropological and axiological significance. According to Arendt, only action allows one to truly experience the fundamental aspect of the human condition, which is the fact of human plurality; it is also the only activity which allows one to exercise specifically public principles, such as solidarity, equality, or justice. Thirdly, I indicate how these two accounts of freedom translate into Arendt’s concept of political freedom. This analysis reveals that the Arendtian concept of political freedom is markedly original. She did not define it in a usual manner, i.e. through indicating bundles of legal and political rights which determine the accepted scope of participation in the public affairs. The inherent part of her concept of political freedom is a specific account of how it must be exercised (i.e.through action). Political freedom understood as the participation in governance exercised through action is not merely an activity of instrumental, but also anthropological and axiological importance, which is due to the special anthropological and axiological meaning of action. In the final section, I discuss the practical dimension of Arendt’s theory. She doubted whether the traditional representative democracy is capable of accommodating her "rich" ideal of political freedom, therefore she proposed an alternative account of political system based on councils. I formulate objections against this proposition and demonstrate that councils would presumably fail to accommodate Arendt’s exacting account of political freedom.

Spanish historiography has not been very prone to studying the complex relationship between the practice of gambling and the structures of power in the late Middle Ages in Castile. The Crown, and later the councils, regulated such activities that, based on luck and economic stakes, were always perceived as a contempt for the instituted social behavior. The varied casuistry presented, typical of the various urban settlements studied, allows us to observe peculiar behaviors in the imposition of the norm. La historiografía española no se ha mostrado muy propensa al estudio de la compleja relación entre la práctica de los juegos de azar y las estructuras del poder en la baja edad media castellana. La Corona, y con posterioridad los concejos, regularon dichas actividades que, basadas en la suerte y en las apuestas económicas, siempre se percibieron como un desdoro hacia la conducta social instituida. La variada casuística presentada, propia de las diversas poblaciones estudiadas, permite observar conductas peculiares en la imposición de la norma.

A presente pesquisa intenta traçar o progresso da compreensão histórico-teológica da pessoa de Cristo mediante a exposição das posições pré-ecumênicas, bem como daquelas desenvolvidas durante os concílios, relativas à definição da natureza de Sua Pessoa, com o intuito de se averiguar a suficiência das fórmulas alcançadas. Para tanto serão utilizadas as obras Os Concílios Ecumênicos, do historiador Hubert Jedin, e A Encarnação de Deus, do filósofo e teólogo Hans Küng, na qual este sempre trabalhará sob a égide da dialética hegeliana. Para tal, lançar-se-á mão tanto de conceitos recorrentes nas análises mitológicas, como o de catábase e o de anábase, que ora serão aplicados à teodiceia judaico-cristã e, logo, por ela ressignificados, quanto de conceitos cuja carga cristã já é de amplo aceite como os de quenose, encarnação e humanização. A pesquisa culminará no Concílio de Calcedônia, cuja definição terminal da natureza de Cristo é imprescindível para se compreender a relação entre Jesus, Deus e o homem no pensamento medieval., This research atempts to trace the progress of the historical and theological comprehension of the Person of Christ by exposing the positions risen before Nicea, as well as those developed during the first four ecumenic councils, in order to investigate the competence of the formulae throughout achieved. Two major works will be of aid to this quest, namely The Ecumenical Councils, by the historian Hubert Jedin, and The Incarnation of Christ, by the philosopher and theologian Hans Küng, which assumes the dinamics of the Hegelian dialect all along his work. The concepts of katabasis and anabasis, both borrowed from the mythological analysis tradition, will be summoned to the actual research and resignified by their new usage in the Judaeo-Christian theodissey. Concepts whose meanings are broadly urdestood in the Christian context like kenosis, incarnation and humanization will also be utilized. The research will climax in the Council of Chalcedon, the one in which the ultimate definition of Christ’s nature was arranged. It’s formula is crucial to understand the relationship between Jesus, God and man in the subsequent medieval thought.

Monografía completa dedicada al proyecto Petrifying Wealth (PETRIFYING WEALTH Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c.1050-1300. Identificador: 695515): https://digital.csic.es/cris/project/pj00207 Monografía completa disponible en http://hdl.handle.net/10261/242333 Monográfico: La petrificación de la riqueza: construcción e identidad en la Península ibérica e Italia, siglos XI-XIII. [ES] El estudio de las canteras durante la Edad Media en la Península Ibérica constituye una herramienta fundamental para comprender el fenómeno constructivo que se desarrolla en todo el Occidente Medieval. Los testimonios localizados en la documentación no son muy numerosos y los que se vinculan con conflictos se constituyen como raras excepciones. Sin embargo, estos registros son sumamente ilustrativos del rol de estas propiedades, también sus materiales, y asimismo permiten engrosar el conocimiento existente sobre las dinámicas del poder en cuanto que en los litigios están representados los principales actores de la época. El concejo y los monasterios en la mayoría de las ocasiones. Los casos analizados corresponden desde finales del siglo xii hasta el primer cuarto del xiv y se identifican en los territorios de Castilla y de Aragón. [EN] The major attention given to the political, social and religious processes developed in the Visigothic period has meant that very often historians have left aside other types of topics which, like those of an economic nature, offer equally rich information for understanding the social history of Visigothic society. The dynamics of hunting are one of those issues that suffer from a lack of consideration by historiography. The aim of this study is, apart from filling the historiographical gap on this issue, to understand the social and economic impact of hunting in Visigoth society and its insertion in the general trends of the post-imperial West. To this end, and in order to offer the most comprehensive vision possible, we will distinguish in our analysis the aristocratic uses from those more commonly developed by the peasantry.

Monografía completa dedicada al proyecto Petrifying Wealth (PETRIFYING WEALTH Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c.1050-1300. Identificador: 695515): https://digital.csic.es/cris/project/pj00207, Monografía completa disponible en http://hdl.handle.net/10261/242333 Monográfico: La petrificación de la riqueza: construcción e identidad en la Península ibérica e Italia, siglos XI-XIII., [ES] El estudio de las canteras durante la Edad Media en la Península Ibérica constituye una herramienta fundamental para comprender el fenómeno constructivo que se desarrolla en todo el Occidente Medieval. Los testimonios localizados en la documentación no son muy numerosos y los que se vinculan con conflictos se constituyen como raras excepciones. Sin embargo, estos registros son sumamente ilustrativos del rol de estas propiedades, también sus materiales, y asimismo permiten engrosar el conocimiento existente sobre las dinámicas del poder en cuanto que en los litigios están representados los principales actores de la época. El concejo y los monasterios en la mayoría de las ocasiones. Los casos analizados corresponden desde finales del siglo xii hasta el primer cuarto del xiv y se identifican en los territorios de Castilla y de Aragón., [EN] The major attention given to the political, social and religious processes developed in the Visigothic period has meant that very often historians have left aside other types of topics which, like those of an economic nature, offer equally rich information for understanding the social history of Visigothic society. The dynamics of hunting are one of those issues that suffer from a lack of consideration by historiography. The aim of this study is, apart from filling the historiographical gap on this issue, to understand the social and economic impact of hunting in Visigoth society and its insertion in the general trends of the post-imperial West. To this end, and in order to offer the most comprehensive vision possible, we will distinguish in our analysis the aristocratic uses from those more commonly developed by the peasantry.

Las medidas implantadas para mejorar la liquidez de los municipios españoles y el principio de sostenibilidad de la deuda comercial ponen de manifiesto la importancia de controlar la morosidad pública. En este contexto, este trabajo comprueba el efecto de la regla fiscal que controla los plazos de pago y si el entorno político, socioeconómico y presupuestario incide en el periodo de pago de los ayuntamientos españoles. Para ello, se realiza un análisis exploratorio y se aplica la metodología de datos de panel (2009-2015). Los resultados contribuyen a demostrar la eficacia del control del periodo de pago y evidenciar los factores de riesgo en la situación financiera a corto plazo. Determinants of the municipal average payment period and effectiveness of the commercial debt sustainability principle. The policies implemented to improve the liquidity of Spanish municipalities and the introduction of the commercial debt sustainability principle reveal the importance of controlling late payment by public sector. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of the fiscal rule directed to control the average payment periods of public administrations and whether the political environment, socioeconomic characteristics and financial situation influence on the average payment period of municipalities. In order to achieve this goal, an exploratory analysis is carried oud and panel data methodology (2009-2015) is applied. The paper contributes to provide evidence of the effectiveness of the commercial debt sustainability principle and improves the knowledge for the analysis of short-term financial position.

In Brazil, after the Federal Constitution of 1988, with the redemocratization process, municipal councils, including those of tourism, promote social participation in decisions about public policies. Thus, this work aims to analyze the institutionalization of voice in the legal norms and in the development of the activities of municipal tourism councils of state capitals of Brazil and the Federal District. It was identified that interaction in municipal tourism councils is characterized by the predominant presence of business associations and the public sector. With regard to policy formulation, the councils show a certain passivity, leaving the public sector in charge. There is little debate about plan evaluation and ways to improve implemented actions. The councils' debates revolve, above all, around infrastructure and event promotion actions to improve the destination's economic competitiveness. It was also found a low average participation in the meetings of representatives of the Legislative Branch and other bodies of the Executive Branch, despite the legal provision. We conclude that the use of a more active voice can be achieved with the recognition, by the councilors, of the COMTURs' function as spaces to use their voices and to influence the directions of tourism policies. And Hirschman's (1973) approach on the choices between voice, exit and loyalty, although still little used among researchers in the field, allows us to advance in the understanding of tourism public policies.

The author reveals in the context of the analysis of the work of historians existing in the Soviet and modern historiography the main problems of Cossack and non-resident population of the don, analyzes the political preferences and sympathies of the Cossacks and the peasantry of the don Cossacks before and during the revolution of 1917-1918гг, determining the value of discussion and unexplored issues of this important topic. Specifics of the process of regional patogeneza all the main political directions. Defined: among some of the frontline (the average of the Cossack middle peasants) and Cossacks, and especially of the poor in 1917-1919.g became popular and the idea of popular Soviet and socialist democracy. It is concluded that many factors contributed to the aggravation of contradictions between different social groups of the Cossacks and Cossack, the peasant and the provinces, the working population of the region. The lack of understanding, lack of experience of the culture of political and social compromise, mutual concessions complex interweaving of elements of the century and inter-class hatred, sometimes burdened with ethno-cultural and inter-religious hostility, severity and complexity “of the agrarian question", belittling the status of non-resident and working population of the region, has led to a gradual slide towards bloody civil war. “Don Vendee" in the end, was the beginning of the global Russian civil war.

The article is devoted to the problems of typologization of the church parties of the 4th century. This historical phenomenon arises within the framework of a long church conflict, called the Arian crisis. The designations of the church parties used by contemporaries are polemical concepts and do not correspond to the self-consciousness of their supporters. In the early Christian heresiological tradition and in the modern historiography, the basis of church parties’ classification is their theological position. However, it is necessary to take into account other consolidating factors, such as Eucharistic communion and church-political activity. The formation of church parties, as a rule, was directly related to the development of the synodal institution. Analysis of sources in the 4th century allows us to distinguish, in addition to the extensive currents - macro-parties - claiming a universal or regional consensus based on the heritage of one of the representative and authoritative councils, some small consolidated groups - micro-parties, which gather for little councils and constantly coordinate their actions within the ecclesiastical confrontation. Micro-parties could exist both within the limits of macro-party, in many respects determining the trends of it’s development, and beyond it’s boundaries. In the latter case, it is actually a marginal church group rallied around one or more extraordinary theologian, sometimes even without the episcopal rank.

The so-called Old Archive of the Council of Castile is composed of the consultations and decrees of this institution dated between the last quarter of the 16th century and the first quarter of the 18th century. Despite its extraordinary interest, this documentary series has been little used for research on the period, mainly due to its ambiguous name, which has usually raised doubts about its own nature. In addition, the multiple manipulations suffered from its formation to the present day and the lack of a coherent description make its consultation cumbersome and problematic. The aim of this work is to analyze its structure and understand the conditions in which it has survived to the present day, give notice of its scope and establish a consultation method for the research, so that this exceptional documentary series is valued. El llamado Archivo Antiguo del Consejo de Castilla está formado por las consultas y decretos de esta institución datadas entre el último cuarto del siglo XVI y el primer cuarto del siglo XVIII. Esta serie documental, pese a lo extraordinario de su contenido, ha venido siendo poco utilizada para la investigación sobre el periodo debido, principalmente, a su denominación ambigua, que habitualmente ha generado dudas sobre su propia naturaleza; a las múltiples manipulaciones sufridas desde su formación hasta nuestros días, que hace que su consulta sea engorrosa y problemática; y a la falta de un trabajo de descripción coherente de la misma. Con este trabajo se pretende analizar su estructura y comprender las condiciones en que ha llegado hasta nuestros días, dar noticia de su alcance y establecer un método de consulta para ofrecerlo a la investigación de modo que se ponga en valor este excepcional conjunto documental.

Раскрывается понятие, юридическая природа, особенности деятельности субъектов, осуществляющих общественный контроль за исполнением миграционного законодательства в Российской Федерации. This article reveals the concept, legal nature, and features of the activities of entities that exercise public control over the implementation of migration legislation in the Russian Federation.

RESUMEN: En nuestra contribución analizaremos la génesis y posterior desarrollo, en el marco de las controversias doctrinales de los siglos V y VI, de una institución eclesiástica especifica de la iglesia de Constantinopla, el sínodo ἐνδημοῦςα, inicialmente una reunión de obispos subordinada al azar de los encuentros, luego un concilio permanente formado por los obispos presentes en la capital de la Pars Orientis del Imperio (del que los mismos obispos a menudo se servían como instrumento para dirimir conflictos de tipo teológico o jurisdiccional), y finalmente una institución de la Iglesia Imperial. Utilizando una serie de fuentes hasta ahora no tomadas en consideración por los estudiosos que se han dedicado al tema, y a la luz de las más recientes contribuciones sobre el episcopado tardoantiguo, analizaremos su utilización político-eclesiástica por parte del poder imperial y de la jerarquía religiosa en los enfrentamientos entre los titulares de las principales sedes supra-metropolitanas del Oriente y con los poderes laicos. ABSTRACT: In the present paper, we will analyze the origin and subsequent development of a specific ecclesiastical institution of the church of Constantinople, the ἐνδημοῦςα Synod, within the framework of the doctrinal controversies of the 5th and 6th centuries. At first it was a random meeting of bishops, later to become a permanent council formed by the bishops present in the capital of the Pars Orientis of the Empire, which was often used as an instrument to settle conflicts of a theological or jurisdictional nature, and finally, an institution of the Imperial Church. Using a series of sources not yet taken into consideration by the scholars and in light of the most recent contributions on the Late Antique episcopate, we will study its political-ecclesiastical deployment by the imperial power and the religious hierarchy on the confrontations between the holders of the main supra-metropolitan seats of the East and the secular powers.

In article features of formation of Councils, as local authorities are considered. On the example of the Leningrad city council of deputies of workers activity of Council for the solution of complex challenges of a municipal government is analyzed.

Resumo Este artigo objetiva examinar duas práticas metodológicas de suporte à participação nos espaços dos Conselhos Gestores de Políticas Públicas: a pesquisa-ação e a mediação dialógica. De modo mais específico, pretende-se refletir se e como tais práticas podem ser estimuladoras à emergência da ação comunicativa em meio aos desenhos institucionais participativos dos Conselhos. Para isso, foi feito um estudo no âmbito do Conselho Municipal de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável de Viçosa (MG) (CMDRS). A base teórica do artigo constitui-se pela discussão sobre legitimidade e participação no âmbito da democracia deliberativa, e a metodologia utilizada constitui-se por uma combinação entre pesquisa documental e pesquisa qualitativa. Como principais resultados, compreende-se que tais práticas metodológicas se constituem, a depender do modo como são utilizadas, como importantes mecanismos de qualificação dos espaços participativos formais. Resumen Este artículo examina dos prácticas metodológicas para apoyar la participación en los espacios de los Consejos Gestores de Políticas Públicas: la investigación-acción y la mediación dialógica. Más específicamente, tenemos la intención de examinar si y cómo estas prácticas pueden ser estimulantes de la emergencia de la acción comunicativa entre los diseños institucionales de participación de los Consejos. Para esto, se realizó un estudio en el Consejo Municipal de Desarrollo Rural Sustentable de Viçosa (MG) (CMDRS). La base teórica del artículo está en discusión de la legitimidad y la participación dentro de la democracia deliberativa y la metodología utilizada es por una combinación de trabajo de documentación e investigación cualitativa. Como principales resultados, se entiende que estas prácticas metodológicas constituyen, en función de cómo se utiliza, cómo los mecanismos de calificación importantes de espacios participativos formales. Abstract This article examines two methodological practices to support the participation in the spaces of Managers Councils of Public Policies: action research and dialogical mediation. More specifically, we intend to consider whether and how such practices may be stimulating the emergence of communicative action among the participatory institutional designs of the Councils. In order to do it, a study was done in the Municipal Council for Sustainable Rural Development of Viçosa - MG (CMDRS). The theoretical basis of the article is based on the discussion of legitimacy and participation within the deliberative democracy; the methodology used is based on a combination of documental and qualitative researches. As main results, it is understood that such methodological practices constitute, depending on how they are used, as important qualification mechanisms of formal participatory spaces.

In the valleys of the Sierra de la Demanda, several confraternities of clergymen were founded at the end of the Middle Ages. In the Late Middle Ages the Magnate —who became lords through the concept of Manorialism in villas that headed up the jurisdiction— gained power. Small localities, lacking their own officials, depended on these larger, leading jurisdictional villas and their lords – and thus the parochial clergyman led their councils. The confraternities of clergymen were the first step towards subsequent villas and brotherhoods, these being made up of one or several valleys and likewise being independent from the leading jurisdictional villas. En los valles que se abren a los pies de la Sierra de la Demanda se fundaron al final de la Edad Media una serie de cofradías que comprendían a los curas y beneficiados de todos los lugares de cada uno de estos valles. Hasta entonces los concejos de los pequeños lugares carecían de desarrollo jurisdiccional, pues, carentes de oficiales propios, dependían de los oficiales de las villas cabeza de jurisdicción y de sus señores; por eso entonces el clero parroquial encabezaba los concejos rurales. Entendemos que las cofradías de clérigos fueron el primer paso hacia el desarrollo institucional de entidades jurisdiccionales más amplias y que jugaron un cierto papel entre los lugares medievales y las villas y hermandades, integradas por uno o varios valles, posteriores.

This article analyses the debt of local governments taking into account the presence of spatial interactions among neighbouring municipalities. To this end, the S2SLS and Spatial lag models were applied to a sample of 527 municipalities located in the Valencian Community (Spain) for the year 2015. The main results reveal a spatial correlation in outstanding debt among municipalities. The gender of the mayor, the grants and transfers received and the average payment period have direct effects on outstanding debt. In turn, the net savings index, inactive population, local income and the strength of the ruling political party have indirect effects on the municipal debt and indirect spatial effects on the debt of the neighbouring municipalities. Este artículo analiza la deuda de los gobiernos locales teniendo en cuenta la presencia de interacciones espaciales entre los municipios vecinos. Para ello se utiliza una muestra 527 municipios de la Comunidad Valenciana, para el año 2015 y se aplican los modelos espaciales S2SLS y Spatial lag. Los principales resultados obtenidos muestran la existencia de autocorrelacion espacial en la deuda viva entre los municipios. Las variables género del alcalde, índice de subvenciones y transferencias recibidas y el periodo medio de pago presentan efectos directos sobre la deuda viva. Mientras que, el índice de ahorro neto, la población no activa, la renta local y la fortaleza política tienen efectos directos en la deuda del municipio y efectos espaciales indirectos en la deuda de los municipios vecinos.

В статье рассматривается неудачная в целом попытка уездных властей с опорой на войска и милицию противостоять развертывающемуся крестьянскому движению осенью 1917 г. в Саранском уезде Пензенской губернии. Важность рассмотрения противостояния властей и беднейшей части деревни позволяет определить значение этого явления в судьбе падения власти Временного правительства на местах и приходу к власти большевиков. Главным методом научного исследования в данной работе стал историко-генетический, также для детального проникновения в предмет исследования применен микро-исторический подход. В исследовании дается обзор способов уездных властей для борьбы с аграрно-крестьянским движением. Отмечается слабость позиций уездного комиссара и Совета, имевших небольшую силовую составляющую в противостоянии с крестьянством. На фоне размаха крестьянского движения в конце октября начале ноября 1917 г. выделяются главные трудности «силового блока»: слабое финансовое обеспечение солдат, незначительность реального воинского контингента, а также перетягивание солдат на свою сторону волостными органами в ущерб уездным. Также отмечается чрезвычайная слабость милиции, у которой возникали серьезные проблемы с выполнением прямых обязанностей, и, как следствие, невозможность ее полноценного участия в пресечении аграрного движения в уезде. Попытки уездного руководства путем слова прекратить крестьянские выступления также не приводили к желаемым результатам.

Capítulo que forma parte del libro "75 años al servicio de las Tecnologías Físicas y de la Información en el Torres Quevedo" publicado con motivo del 75 aniversario del edifico "Torres Quevedo" del CSIC situado en la calle de Serrano 114, en Madrid. Los editores del libro son Luis Hernández Encinas y Margarita Gonzaléz Hernández. El autor Esteban Moreno Gómez trabaja en la Vicepresidencia Adjunta de Cultura Científica del CSIC y coordina el Plan de Recuperación de Instrumentación Científica de Interés Histórico del CSIC. [http://museovirtual.csic.es/instrumental-csic.html] Docuemnto de 14 páginas formato PDF con 16 fotografías a color., Se realiza un breve recorrido por algunos de los instrumentos conservados en el Instituto de Tecnologías Físicas y de la Información “Leonardo Torres Quevedo” (ITEFI), aparatos que forman parte de la historia de la ciencia y la tecnología españolas. El estudio de este instrumental nos permite completar nuestro conocimiento de la organización de la investigación y de los trabajos de fabricación en los inicios del Instituto, contextualizarlos en el paradigma económico del momento, así como contribuir al estudio de la historia de la ciencia de nuestro país, con los únicos referentes materiales que atestiguan la producción científica y tecnológica del Instituto.

In the following pages the documental volume of study of the notarial, council and nobiliary funds existing in the Asturian archives for the period between 1516 and 1556, corresponding to the reign of Charles V, is valued. An extensive analysis of these funds and their series is offered, so that it can serve as starting point for an examination of the economic, social and political situation of the Principality in which it is one of its least known stages. En las páginas que siguen se valora el volumen documental de estudio de los fondos notariales, concejiles y nobiliarios existentes en los archivos asturianos para el periodo comprendido entre 1516 y 1556, correspondientes al reinado de Carlos V. Se ofrece un amplio análisis tanto de dichos fondos como de sus series, a fin de que pueda servir como punto de partida para un examen de la situación económica, social y política del Principado en la que es una de sus etapas menos conocidas.

Local government councils (LGC) rely on a number of funding sources including state and federal governments as well as their community constituents to enable them to provide a range of public services. Given the constraints on these funding sources councils need to have in place a range of strategies and policies capable of providing good governance and must appropriately discharge their financial accountabilities. To assist LGC with meeting their governance and accountability obligations they often seek guidance from their key stakeholders. For example, in the Australian State of New South Wales (NSW), the Office of Local Government has developed a set of guidelines, the Internal Audit Guidelines. In 2010 the NSW Office of Local Government issued revised guidelines emphasising that an internal audit committee is an essential component of good governance. In addition, the guidelines explained that to improve the governance and accountability of the councils, these committees should be composed of a majority of independent members. To maintain committee independence the guidelines indicated that the Mayor should not be a member of the committee. However these are only guidelines, not legislated requirements and as such compliance with the guidelines, before they were revised, has been demonstrated to be quite low (Jones & Bowrey 2013). This study, based on a review of NSW Local Government Councils’ 2012/2013 reports, including Annual Reports and associated disclosures, assesses the level of compliance with the 2010 revised guidelines, specifically in relation to internal audit committees, to determine if the guidelines are effective in improving local government council governance.

In its Better, Stronger Local Government, the Independent Local Government Review Panel (2012a, 2012b) advanced several claims regarding the performance of New South Wales (NSW) local government, including the supposed need for additional "sub-council" governance structures. This article argues that there is no need to "reinvent the wheel" in NSW local government by introducing additional "sub-council" structures since existing regulation already enables local authorities to engage in local co-governance. Using the example of the Lake Macquarie City Council ("LakeMac") "delegation model," the article shows that LakeMac has been successful in its endeavors to engage widespread community participation in co-governance to manage council facilities. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The main objective of this paper is to explore the role of family councils vis-a-vis corporate governance mechanisms. Particularly, the paper explores whether family councils perform only their distinctive family governance role or if they also substitute for the roles performed by corporate governance control mechanisms. Based on a sample of 243 Italian family SMEs, our research findings show that the family council partially substitutes the shareholders' meeting and the board of directors in playing their respective corporate governance roles of ownership and monitoring. These findings are interpreted in the light of both agency and relational perspectives.

School councils have been an integral part of primary school life for the last decade and, despite not being mandatory in England, they are now to be found in the vast majority of primary schools. This research article aims to examine the current position of school councils in terms of their organization, the issues they address and the views held by senior leaders regarding the setting of agendas, their management and composition. The fieldwork took place in 50 primary schools within one local authority in the North West of England. This involved quantitative analysis based on a questionnaire sent directly to the head teachers. The data confirmed the widespread use of councils, with 100 per cent of responding schools having one in place. Certain themes relating to school council membership emerged, such as a positive emphasis on councillors being role models and possessing strong organizational and communication skills. Little importance, however, was given by head teachers to high academic attainment or creativity. The indications given by school leaders is that there is a clear commitment to having in place effective mechanisms via which children can raise their views, ideas and concerns, whilst promoting equality. However, in practice the emphasis on effective communication skills appears to actually limit the diversity of children actively taking part in primary schools councils. Therefore, school leaders need to take steps to allow a wider intake into their councils, in order to generate a truly representative council. © 2013 British Educational Leadership, Management & Administration Society (BELMAS).

RESUMEN: Se analiza en este artículo la aportación historiográfica de Gonzalo Martínez Díez a la historia de la Iglesia y del Derecho canónico, dejando a un lado aquellas contribuciones referidas a otras ramas de la Historia del Derecho. Sus publicaciones, que entre libros, artículos y ponencias alcanzan el centenar dan a conocer sus rigurosas investigaciones en el estudio de las fuentes y de las instituciones canónicas. ABSTRACT: This article analyses the historiographical contribution of Gonzalo Martínez Díez to the history of the Church and canon law, leaving to one side the contributions made to other branches of the history of law. He has published a hundred books, articles and papers which reveal his rigorous research into canonic sources and institutions.

A fome, as carências nutricionais específicas e todas as outras formas de manifestação de insegurança alimentar não são fenômenos recentes, assim como a preocupação em estancá-las. Para tanto, ao longo dos anos, o conceito de segurança alimentar e nutricional foi reformulado e ampliado, e a atual concepção prima não somente por preservar, mas ampliar o princípio de controle social na formulação e no monitoramento das ações de segurança alimentar e nutricional. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o controle social do Conselho de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional do Espírito Santo em relação à política estadual de SAN, por meio da análise de seu regimento interno; das deliberações contidas nas atas das reuniões ordinárias e extraordinárias do conselho e da avaliação complementar da frequência dos conselheiros representantes das entidades. Observou-se uma predominância de deliberações sobre a organização da estrutura e dinâmica interna e informe, em relação às deliberações sobre o monitoramento, as propostas e as ações de SAN. Constatou-se também quantidade significativa de ausências dos conselhei- ros representativos das entidades civis e do estado nas reuniões do conselho. Conclui-se que embora o Conselho se constitua em uma importante estratégia de controle social na realização das políticas de SAN no Estado, essa participação ainda não tem sido realizada de forma plena. Hunger, specific nutritional needs and all other forms of expression of food insecurity are not recent phenomena, nor is the concern about stanching them. The Food and Nutritional Security concept was reformulated and expanded over the years, and its current form aims not only to preserve, but also to expand the principle of social control regarding the formulation and monitoring of Food and Nutritional Security actions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the social control of the Food and Nutritio- nal Security Council of the State of Espírito Santo in relation to the FNS state policy, through the analysis of its internal regulations; the deliberations contained in the minutes of ordinary and extraordinary meetings of the council; and additional evaluation of the attendance of the entities’ representatives. The predominance of deliberations about the orga- nization of the structure and internal dynamics was observed, as well as reports on deliberations about the monitoring, proposals and FNS actions. There was also a significant amount of absences of civil and state entities’ representatives at council meetings. It follows that although the Council represents an important strategy of social control in the pursuit of FNS state policies, this participation has not yet been fully carried out.

A generalized approach in democratic theory exists, especially in participatory theory, in which the smaller the scale (defined as size of territory or administrative level), the more chance there is to develop better quality participatory processes. In response to this perspective, we will compare two types of Participating Institutions in Brazil (Councils and National Conferences) in municipalities of different sizes and administrative levels. The hypothesis of this paper is that intermediate levels are those of higher democratic quality. Existe un planteamiento generalizado dentro de la teoría democrática, especialmente en la teoría participativa, según el cual, a menor escala (entendida como tamaño del territorio o nivel administrativo), mayores posibilidades de desarrollar procesos participativos de mayor calidad. Para contestar dicha perspectiva, comparamos dos tipos de Instituciones Participativas en Brasil (Consejos y Conferencias Nacionales) en municipios de diferente tamaño y en diferentes niveles administrativos. La hipótesis del texto es que son los niveles intermedios los que presentan una mayor calidad democrática.

The book explores the changing nature of the roles powers, tasks, functions, expectations and challenges of the office of councillor and those that are elected to that office. Based on detailed and long-term research among councillors it examines the contribution the office makes to the governance of the nation and the role councillors play in bringing legitimacy and accountability to unelected governance networks. It examines, in detail, the work councillors conduct within their councils and communities and how being a councillor influences and affects all facets of their life. The book explores the strategies councillors devise to take political action, energise political change and deal with the limitations on their office, to effectively govern their localities. Through an analysis of important inquires and commissions that have investigated the office of councillor, the book examines the tendency of government to re-shape and re-structure the office to suit its own policy requirements or visions of the purpose of local government and of councillors. The book examines the affects of the constancy of change on the work councillors conduct and the roles they play in the government of communities and the country. The book sets out ways in which local government and the office of councillor could be strengthened within the overall governing framework to construct a localised state that offers maximum diversity of local policy and politics. The book recognises and celebrates the contribution councillors make to their communities, councils and to the quality of local and national democracy.

This paper deals with the privileges issued by the elites of the Castilian councils, focusing on the process of negotiation that was necessary in order to obtain and preserve this differentiated rank. The special political situation in the Castilian kingdom during 15th century is the keystone to understanding the development of some specific conditions that generated this privileged position as well as the conflicts that this situation provoked. The agreements and disputes that appears allows us to explain both the dynamics of the privileges and that of the privileged social groups. El presente estudio se propone analizar la construcción de los privilegios de las élites de los concejos castellanos, con especial atención en los procesos de negociación para obtener y preservar ese rango diferenciado. La particular coyuntura de Castilla en el siglo XV es clave para comprender la trama de intereses que incide en la configuración de la condición privilegiada y los conflictos que ella suscita. Los acuerdos y disputas forman parte esencial del proceso de creación de privilegios y de la dinámica de los grupos privilegiados.

El concejo de Córdoba, al igual que el resto de los concejos bajomedievales castellanos, tuvo que hacer frente a numerosos gastos tanto ordinarios como extraordinarios a fines de la Edad Media. En este trabajo, se ofrece un análisis de los diferentes pagos que debía afrontar la hacienda del concejo de Córdoba durante la segunda mitad del siglo XV. Entre ellos se encuentran los salarios de los diversos oficiales concejiles, las costas internas del funcionamiento de la propia burocracia de la ciudad, las fiestas celebradas anualmente, el mantenimiento de las obras públicas haciendo hincapié en el entramado defensivo, las situaciones de emergencia militar, o simplemente, deudas y empréstitos. Mediante este estudio nos aproximamos al conocimiento del estado en que se encontraba la hacienda cordobesa en la Baja Edad Media. The council of Cordoba, like all other late Middle Ages Castilian councils, had to face many ordinary as well as extra ordinary expenses at the end of middle Ages. In this project, it is offered an analysis of the different payments that the tax office of the council of Cordoba should face during the second half of the 15th century. Among them, there can be considered the following: wages of the different council officers, the internal coasts of the functioning of the own city bureaucracy, the annual parties, the maintenance of the public works emphasizing in the defensive network, the situations of military urgencies, or simply, debts and loans. The aim of this study is to approximate to the knowledge of the situation the Cordoba tax office at the late Middle Ages.

Este trabajo analiza los asientos establecidos entre los diputados generales de la Hermandad y varios concejos andaluces, por medio de los cuales se trató de poner fin a una serie de tensiones y conflictos que jalonó el primer año de vida de la institución en Andalucía. Dichos asientos, de los que se han conservado algunos y de otros han llegado referencias más o menos indirectas, fueron el resultado de una serie de negociaciones, iniciadas a partir de la junta de Pinto-Madrid, en las que se acordaron tres cuestiones fundamentalmente: la liquidación de las deudas que los concejos venían arrastrando desde los primeros momentos de su integración, los recursos en hombres y dinero que debían poner a disposición de la Hermandad y la estructura orgánica local y provincial. This paper analyses the entries between the Brotherhood’s general deputies and several andalusian councils, through which it was tried to end a series of tensions and conflicts that marked out the first months of the life of the institution in andalusia. These entries, some of which have been preserved and we have more or less indirect references from some others, were the result of a series of negotiations, promoted from the junta of Pinto-madrid, in which it was basically agreed three matters: the settlement of the debts that the councils. were dogging since the first moments of their creation, the economical and human resources they should put at the Brotherhood’s disposal and the local and county organical structure. Universidad de Málaga HAR2011-26218

Máster en Patrimonio Histórico y Territorial

Máster en Patrimonio Histórico y Territorial

This paper focuses on the origin and main characteristics of the documentary sources preserved in municipal archives suitable for demographic studies on Spanish population, being of great help every legislation approved, from eighteenth century to present day, in order to enumerate the inhabitants of a specific territory. The article also features the origin of the municipal population census and the changes that affected the periodicity (annual or five-year), content and processing of its series of records. En este artículo se analiza el origen y características de las fuentes documentales conservadas en los archivos municipales para el estudio demográfico de la población española, con la ayuda de la normativa aprobada para el empadronamiento de los habitantes desde el siglo XVIII a la actualidad. En el texto se da cuenta del origen de los padrones municipales de habitantes y de los cambios que afectan a esta serie documental tanto en su periodicidad (anual o quinquenal) como en su contenido y tramitación.

Se estudia la violencia religiosa entre el concilio de Sardica y Teodosio II en la Historia Religiosa de Teodoreto de Cirro. Este trabajo es continuación de otros sobre el mismo tema, en la Historia Ecclesiastica de Sócrates y de Sozomeno. Se estudia la lucha entre arrianos y seguidores del Concilio de Nicea, entre cristianos, contra los judíos y los paganos. Se estudia la intervención, en estas luchas, de los emperadores, desde Constancio hasta Teodosio II. Se examina la convocatoria de diferentes concilios, Sardica, Rimini, Nice, Nicea, Milán, Constantinopla. La importancia de estos concilios en la lucha entre arrianos y ortodoxos. Se menciona la actuación de personajes importantes en la lucha entre arrianos y ortodoxos: Atanasio, Osio, etc. Se intercalan las actas de los concilios y cartas de Atanasio, de los emperadores, de Dámaso, etc., sobre la lucha. Se estudia la violencia en ciudades importantes del Imperio, como Alejandría y Constantinopla contra los ortodoxos, y la violencia de los arrianos contra varios personajes importantes del momento. Ocupa un lugar destacado en esta lucha, el diálogo entre Constancio y el obispo de Roma, Liberio, y su destierro. Se estudia la política anticristiana del emperador Juliano; la política favorable a los ortodoxos de los emperadores Joviano, Valentiniano I y Graciano; la política favorable a los arrianos de Valente, y la política de Teodosio I, que suprimió dentro del Imperio el paganismo y el arrianismo, y la destrucción de templos paganos. Se examina la política religiosa de Honorio; de Juan Crisóstomo y su lucha contra judíos y paganos. Se estudia la violencia anticristiana en Persia y la política religiosa de Teodosio II. This article studies the religious violence between the Council of Sardica and Theodosius II in the Historia Ecclesiastica of Theodoret of Cyrrhus, and it is the continuation from others about the same theme, in the Historia Ecclesiastica of Socrates and Sozomen. Also it´s studied the struggle between Arianism and followers of the Council of Nicaea, between Christians, against Jews and the Pagans. It’s studied the intervention, in these struggles, of the emperors, from Constantius to Theodosius II. It’s examined the notice of different councils, Sardica, Rimini, Nice, Nicaea, Milan, Constantinople. The importance of these councils in the struggle between arianism and orthodoxy. It’s mentioned the conduct of important persons during the struggles between arianism and orthodoxy: Athanasius, Hosius, etc. It’s inserted the certificates of the councils and the letters of Athanasius, of the emperors, of Damasus, etc., about the struggle. It’s studied too the violence in important towns of the Empire, like Alexandria and Constantinople against the orthodoxy, and the violence of the Arianism against different important persons in this moment. It’s occupied an important point in this struggle the dialogue between Constantius and the bishop of Rome, Liberius, and his exile. It’s studied tha Antichristian politics of the emperor Julian; the favourable politics to the orthodoxy of the emperors Jovian, Valentinian I and Gratian; the favourable politics to the Arianism of Valens, and the politics of Theodosius I, he abolished in the Empire the Paganism and the Arianism, and the destruction of pagan temples. It’s proof the religious politics of Honorius; of John Chrysoston and his struggle against the Jews and Pagans. It’s studied tha antichristian violence in Persian and the religious politics of Theodosius II.

For a cooperative Gaussian multiple access channel (MAC), we propose a new channel adaptive three user cooperation strategy, based on a non-trivial extension of block Markov super-position encoding. We obtain the expressions for the resulting achievable rate region. We demonstrate through simulations that the participation of an extra user in cooperation provides significant rate improvements. The proposed strategy also improves upon our earlier results on the three user cooperative MAC [1], under certain channel conditions. Publisher's Version WOS:000287978001016

Entroncando con las diversas síntesis realizadas en Portugal sobre la producción historiográfica medieval, en este estudio se presenta un balance de los trabajos publicados sobre temática municipal, especialmente en la última década del pasado siglo y los años iniciales de éste, al tiempo que se sugieren nuevas líneas de investigación. Resumen Inglés......: In line with various studies carried out in Portugal relating to medieval historiography, this paper offers an account of the research relating to municipal matters that was published in the final decade of the last century and the initial years of the present century. Proposals for new fields of research are also put forward.

Recent work has shown that effective methods for recognising objects or spatio-temporal events can be constructed based on receptive field responses summarised into histograms or other histogram-like image descriptors. This paper presents a set Of composed histogram features of higher dimensionality, which give significantly better recognition performance compared to the histogram descriptors of lower dimensionality that were used in the original papers by Swain & Ballard (1991) or Schiele & Crowley (2000). The use of histograms of higher dimensionality is made possible by a sparse representation for efficient computation and handling of higher-dimensional histograms. Results of extensive experiments are reported, showing how the performance of histogram-based recognition schemes depend upon different combinations of cues, in terms of Gaussian derivatives or differential invariants applied to either intensity information, chromatic information or both. It is shown that there exist composed higher-dimensional histogram descriptors with much better performance for recognising known objects than previously used histogram features. Experiments are also reported of classifying unknown objects into visual categories. QC 20111025

The objective of this paper is to consider the potential of educational and integration in the existing democratic practices starting from the theorists of participatory and deliberative democracy. From this perspective thinking about how public policy councils fit into this paradigm and look at the existing educational opportunities in these new instances. To this end, we will draw resort to interviews with several counselors who were part of the Council of Social Monitoring and Control of FUNDEF in its ten years of existence in the city of Juiz de Fora. Conceiving that this experience has in common with other councils, and thus contribute to a better understanding of these public spaces not merely as instruments of management, but as spaces that help build a new political culture more participatory., O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar o potencial educativo e integrador existente no interior das práticas democráticas a partir de teóricos da democracia participativa e deliberativa. Partindo dessa perspectiva, pensar como os conselhos de políticas públicas se encaixam dentro deste paradigma e observar as possibilidades educativas existentes nessas novas instâncias. Para tal, recorreremos a entrevistas com diversos conselheiros que fizeram parte do Conselho de Acompanhamento e Controle Social do FUNDEF nos seus dez anos de existência na cidade de Juiz de Fora. Concebendo que essa experiência possui pontos em comum com os demais conselhos, e assim contribuir para a melhor compreensão desses espaços públicos não meramente como aparelhos de gestão, mas como espaços que auxiliam a construção de uma nova cultura política mais participativa.

Un cronista andaluz, contemporáneo de los años primeros del asentamiento español en América, dice en recién nacidos endecasílabos todo lo que vivió como protagonista. Su obra, el poema más extenso de nuestra lengua, es fuente de historia, da noticia de las instituciones políticas y administrativas, fundaciones de municipios, delimitación del suelo nuevo. Y, sobre todo, del encuentro entre culturas y razas dispares que poco a poco se funde en mestizaje. Es la obra de Castellanos narración de hechos verdaderos y escape imaginativo que apenas enmascara la cuidada exposición de su memoria. El cronista, hechura de Medievo y recién estrenado Renacimiento, versifica con infinita paciencia en la soledad y extrañeza del mundo nuevo. An Andalusian chronicler, contemporary of the first years of the Spanish settlement in America, tells us with newly-born hendecasyllabic verses all he lived through as a protagonist. His work, the longest poem written in our language, is a source for history, bears witness to the political and administrative institutions, to the foundation of towns and villages, to the delimmitation of the new land. And above all, to the encouter of so distant cultures which little by little melt into crossbreeding. Is the work of Castellanos a truly account of authentic facts and imaginative escape which hardly masks the delicate exposition of his memory. The reporter, an offspring of the Middle Age and the recently staged Renaissance, versifies with infinite patience amidst the solitude and strangeness of the new world. Un chroniqueur andalou, contemporain des premières années de l'installation espagnole en Amérique, expose à partir de ses vers hendécasyllabiques tout ce qu'il a vécu en tant que protagoniste. Son oeuvre, le poème le plus long de notre langue, est une souce historique qui nous renseigne sur les institutions politiques et administratives, sur les fondations des communes, sur la délimitation du nouveau sol. Et surtout, il nour parle de la rencontre entre des cultures et des races différente qui peu à peu finissent par se confondre dans le métissage. C'est l'oeuvre de Castellanos, une narration de faits réels et une évasion de l'imagination que cache à mi-chemin entre le Moyen-Age et la Renaissance écrit ses vers avec une infinie patience dans la solitude et l'ètrangeté du monde américain.

Resumen: En el presente trabajo analizamos el papel asumido por los monjes en los conflictos cristológicos del siglo V en la pars Orientis del Imperio, en particular el protagonismo desempeñado en los concilios de Efeso I, Efeso II y Calcedonia por algunos exponentes significativos del tagma monástico. Hábil mediación política jugada en los ambientes de la corte imperial, en el caso del constantipolitano Eutiques, violenta intervención armada en el caso del sirio Bar Sauma, el poder de los monjes pasó de ser instrumento político al servicio de las jerarquías civiles o eclesiásticas para convertirse en amenaza para la Iglesia imperial que tuvo que proceder a su institucionalización. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze the role played by monks in the Christological conflicts during the fifth century in the Pars Orientis of the Roman Empire. In particular we study the protagonism of some relevant exponents of the monastic tagma in the Councils of Ephesus I, Ephesus II and Chalcedon. Suitable political mediation in the Imperial court in the case of Constantipolitan Eutiques, extreme violence in the case of Syrian Bar Sauma, monastic power evolved from political instrument to the service of civil or ecclesiastical hierarchies into a threat to the Imperial Church which was forced to institutionalize it.