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Pelargonium nurseries in Europe encounter rooting problems due to the low quality of the cuttings supplied during the winter. The problem may be due to the poor quality of the stock plants from which the cuttings are harvested. The main problem that growers have is the prolonged shipping period and its effect on the viability and rootability of the cuttings once they arrive in Europe. We tested the effect of water stressing the stock plants grown grown in random block design in a commercial nursery and checked the rootability of cuttings after storage and the susceptibility of cuttings to rot. We assumed that mild water stress could harden the stock plant and thus the cuttings, and they would survive the journey better. Mild water stress improved the rooting ability of some Pelargonium varieties after days of storage compared to unstressed plants. Cuttings from water-stressed stock plants showed less decay after prolonged storage than unstressed stock plants as measured by percent rotten cutting. Chlorophyll content increased significantly in cuttings from stressed stock plants. The yield and physical parameters of the cuttings from stressed and nonstressed stock plants did not change. Results indicate that applying water stress to stock plants improves the quality of Pelargonium cuttings. Resumo Os viveiros de Pelargonium na Europa enfrentam problemas de enraizamento devido à baixa qualidade das estacas fornecidas durante o inverno. O problema se deve provavelmente à baixa qualidade das plantas matrizes das quais as estacas são colhidas. Concomitantimente, o principal problema que os produtores enfrentam é o período prolongado de envio e seu efeito na viabilidade e enraizamento das mudas quando chegam à Europa. Foi testado o efeito do estresse hídrico nas plantas matrizes cultivadas em blocos aleatórios em um viveiro comercial e verificado o enraizamento das estacas após o armazenamento e a suscetibilidade das estacas ao apodrecimento. A hipótese do trabalho foi que o estresse hídrico moderado poderia enrijecer a planta matriz e, portanto, as estacas sobreviveriam melhor ao transporte. Um baixo estresse hídrico levou a melhora na capacidade de enraizamento de algumas variedades de Pelargonium, após dias de armazenamento, em comparação com plantas não sujeitas ao estresse. As estacas de plantas matrizes sujeitas ao estresse hídrico mostraram menor decomposição após armazenamento prolongado em comparação com plantas não sujeitas ao estresse, conforme medido pela porcentagem de cortes podres. O teor de clorofila aumentou significativamente em estacas de plantas matrizes sob estresse hídrico. Não foi observada diferença na produtividade e parâmetros físicos das estacas de plantas matrizes sujeitas e não sujeitas a estressadas estresse hídrico. Os resultados indicam que o estresse hídrico em plantas matrizes melhora a qualidade das estacas de Pelargonium.

The paper presents the research results of the survival rate of willow planting material depending on the storage methods and varietal peculiarities. The studies of the storage methods of planting material and their effect on the survival rate of cuttings and shoots were carried out in the years of 2019-2021 in the experimental field of the Institute of bio-energy crops and sugar beets, Ukraine. Two willow (Salix spp.) species: three-stamina variety Panfilivska and common willow variety Zbruch, were studied. Rot-affected cuttings and shoots as well as the number of the sprouted ones were monitored during the period of their placing in the storage till their planting in the field. It was found that both cuttings and shoots stored well in all treatments. During the storage, a small number of sprouted cuttings and disease - affected ones were recorded. Rot - affected cuttings and shoots of both varieties were recorded only when they were stored in plastic bags both with and without lime treatment of incisions. Rot - affected planting material was not recorded when other storage methods were used. It was established that during the storage moisture losses in cuttings and shoots of both varieties were not seen on any record date and as far as the content of nutrition elements (NPK) is concerned, there was a decreasing tendency. It was found that the survival rate of planting material depended on both variety peculiarities and its species, and it was high even on the first record date. Common willow variety Zbruch had the highest percentage of survival rate of cuttings and shoots as compared with the three-stamina variety Panfilivska. All storage methods of cuttings and shoots at air temperature 3-5°C ensure their good shelf-life with small damages caused by disease and slight germination in some years. The survival rate of planting material depended on both varietal peculiarities and its species. The highest percentage of survival rate of cuttings and shoots was typical for common willow variety Zbruch as compared with three-stamina variety Panfilivska.

Cuttings are the most convenient and cheapest method for obtaining the true to type plants. To develop early rooting in cuttings, an experiment was conducted to enhance the rooting of grape cv. Perlette. Hardwood cuttings were treated with Indole butyric acid (IBA 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm), Poly-3-hydroxy butyrate (PHB 500, 750 and 1000 ppm), Sucrose (10, 20, 30 and 40 g/L) and water (control) by quick dip method. Periodical observations were taken after 120 days. The treated lots in every instance had a greater percentage of rooted cuttings with a higher number of roots per cutting. Among the various treatments IBA @ 3000 ppm resulted into highest number of roots per cutting, more fresh weight of roots, minimum days to first sprouting, highest sprouting percentage, a greater number of shoots per cutting, high average stem diameter, a greater number of leaves and total leaf area. Hence, it can be concluded from the present investigation that IBA @ 3000 ppm is proved to be best in term of root and shoot enhancement of grape cv. Perlette.

The Kualu pineapple propagation technique uses crown bud cuttings which is made as a pineapple plant propagation material for peat media that is added with goat manure and several concentrations of Atonic. The aim is to obtain an effective source of cutting material for the procurement of Kualu pineapple seedlings cultivated on peat soil. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial with two factors. First factor was the dose of goat manure at levels 0, 10, 20, and 30 g/polybag dan second factor was various atonic concentrations at levels 0, 2, 4, and 6 ml/L. The data were statistically analyzed and further tested for honest real difference (BNJ) at the 5% level. The results obtained from the interaction of the two treatment factors were significantly different to the time of shoot emergence and the percentage of shoot life. There was no significant difference in seedling height and number of leaves, as well as the main effect of each treatment. Crown shoot cuttings planted on peat media added 20 g/polybag of goat manure and 4ml/l Atonic obtained a better source of cutting material to be used as a source of seeds than others. The success of obtaining seeds from crown leaf cuttings sources through this research has answered that crown leaf cuttings have potential and great opportunity to be developed.

Актуальность исследования определяется потребностью: уяснения современных достижений в вопросах моделирования процессов транспорта шламов в реальных условиях выполнения буровых операций, способствующих увеличению скорости бурения, повышающих эффективность очистки скважин; установления преимуществ/недостатков существующих подходов, современных моделей и комплексных методов описания динамики систем с частицами для эффективного воздействия на реологические свойства промывочных жидкостей; устранения причин потери оборудования. Цель: уяснение современного опыта моделирования процессов очистки скважин со сложной образующей ее ствола, преимущественно лежащего в горизонтальной плоскости; изучение особенностей течения смесей в межтрубном пространстве с круглым ядром; выдача рекомендаций в практику моделирования и расчета гидродинамических процессов, интенсифицирующих очистку. Методы. Теоретические и практические методы исследования из смежных областей гидродинамики и тепломассопереноса в реофизически сложных системах; методы численного моделирования ламинарного и турбулентного потоков в условиях прямоточного и закрученного течений способом вращающейся стенки вокруг своей продольной оси и орбитального вращения эксцентричного ядра (внутренней трубы с подвижной/неподвижной стенкой) относительно продольной оси буровой колонны, влияющих на формирование слоя шламов и динамику частиц дисперсной смеси. Результаты. Представлены результаты современных численных исследований процессов очистки скважин с горизонтальными участками. Приведены сведения об аспектах детального гидродинамического и диффузионного моделирования сложных течений в скважинах с криволинейной образующей. Сформулированы популярные в практике приложений модели и методы, привлекаемые для изучения характеристик течения и тепломассопереноса гомогенных и гетерогенных сред во внутренних системах. Обсуждаются аспекты моделирования процессов транспорта шламов в рамках эйлерова/лагранжева подходов с учетом особенностей, вносимых эффектами межфазного взаимодействия/вращения и способов закрутки. Представлены данные о деталях прогноза дисперсных систем с характеристикой влияния изменений реологических свойств (модели степенной жидкости, Гершеля-Балкли), формы/размеров частиц, режимов течения смесей, инерционных сил на интенсивность образования шламов. Проанализированы проблемы повышения точности моделирования транспорта шламов, возможности новых технологий, оригинальных моделей турбулентности и их опорных двухпараметрических динамических баз, привлекаемых для интенсификации и эффективности процессов очистки. Даны рекомендации по их решению в рассматриваемых гидродинамических и геометрических конфигурациях. Представлены результаты и отмечены проблемы, имеющие фундаментально-прикладное значение, составляющие самостоятельный предмет перспективных исследований. Relevance of the research is determined by the need to understand modern achievements in modeling the processes of sludge transport in real conditions of drilling operations that increase drilling speed and the efficiency of well cleaning; to establish the advantages/disadvantages of existing approaches, modern models and complex methods for describing the dynamics of systems with particles in order to effectively choose the rheological properties of drilling fluids and eliminate the reasons of equipment loss. The aim of this work is to understand the modern experience of modeling the processes of cleaning wells with complex geometries, mainly lying in the horizontal plane; to study the features of the flow of mixtures in the annular space with a circular core; providing recommendations for the practice of modeling and calculating hydrodynamic processes that increase hole cleaning efficiency. Methodology. Theoretical and practical research methods from related fields of hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer in rheologically and physically complex systems; methods for numerical modeling of laminar and turbulent flows under conditions of direct-flow and swirling flows created by a co-axially or orbitally rotating wall, which affect the formation of a layer of cuttings and the dynamics of particles of a dispersed mixture. Results. The paper introduces the results of modern numerical studies of cleaning wells with horizontal sections and the information on aspects of detailed hydrodynamic and diffusion modeling of complex flows in inclined wells. The applied models and methods used to study the characteristics of flow and heat and mass transfer in homogeneous and heterogeneous media in internal systems are formulated. Aspects of modeling the processes of cuttings transport in the framework of Euler/Lagrangian approaches are discussed, taking into account the features introduced by the effects of interfacial interaction/rotation. The paper introduces the changes in cuttings concentration based on rheological properties (power-law or Herschel-Bulkley), different shapes/sizes of particles, flow regimes and inertial forces. The problems of improving the accuracy of cuttings transport modeling, the possibilities of new technologies, original turbulence models and their two-parameter dynamic bases used for increasing the intensification and efficiency of cleaning processes are analyzed. The authors have given the recommendations for their solution in the considered hydrodynamic and geometric configurations. The results and problems that are of fundamental and applied significance and constitute an independent subject of prospective research are indicated.

With the growing demand for investment projects in renewable energy, it is essential for the economic feasibility analysis to consider the inherent uncertainties of these projects and enable more accurate investment decisions. In this way, we analyze whether investment projects in photovoltaic panels to produce electrical energy in a forest nursery are economically viable through the analysis of real options. We consider the energy demand of a forest nursery with an initial investment of USD 90,417 in photovoltaic panels. The managerial flexibilities of deferral, expansion of 30.0% of the energy production capacity, and the project’s abandonment were inserted into the binomial model of the decision tree, built in discrete time. The project’s expanded net present value was 79.2% higher than the traditional net present value, capturing the value of flexibilities for managers. The deferral option was the one that most impacted the expanded net present value. Investment projects in photovoltaic panels to produce electricity in a forest nursery are economically viable when analyzed through real options.

The generalized analysis of productivity of uterine plantings of a clonal rootstock of pumiselect gives the basis to consider that the positive result can be received at reproduction of rootstocks both in vertical, and horizontal ways. The vertical method of uterine plantings allows to obtain clonal rootstocks annually in the amount of 38.67-42.00 thousand units / ha, including rootstocks, which according to their biometric indicators belong to the 1st commodity grade – 22.67-28, 67 thousand pieces / hectare, or 49,28-52,44%. The share of rootstocks that did not meet the requirements of DSTU 4791: 2014 was 19.33%. The horizontal method of uterine plantations allows to obtain clonal rootstocks in a year in the amount of 98.99 thousand pieces / ha, including rootstocks, which according to their biometric indicators belong to the 1st commodity grade - 54.33 thousand pieces/ha, or 43.35%. The share of rootstocks that did not meet the requirements of DSTU 4791: 2014 was 21.01%. It should be noted that a significant number of rootstocks had biometric indicators of medium development (2nd commodity grade), which is a reserve that can significantly increase the productivity of uterine plantations. Thus, the yield of the highest quality number of rootstocks (1st commodity grade) is approximately the same and does not depend on the method of planting. At the same time, the total yield of standard rootstocks in the management of uterine plantations of the two-year cycle (horizontal method) is 98.99 thousand units / ha and exceeds the productivity of plantations for two years of the one-year cultivation cycle (vertical method) by 22.71%.

Production of passion fruit (Passiflora sp.) via cuttings is a way to eliminate genetic variation in the crop and also results in a faster establishment time. This could aid producers in increasing production efficiency while maintaining genetic lines. The objective of this research was to evaluate ease of rooting and determine the optimal auxin source for seven species of passion fruit. Semihardwood two-node cuttings were taken from the middle of the parent vine, and auxin treatments were applied to the basal end of the cutting. The cuttings were then stuck to a depth of 1 inch on 20 Aug. 2019. Treatments included three auxin sources and seven passion fruit species. Treatments were set up as a randomized complete block design blocking on species, with 10 single-plant replications per treatment. Data were collected 30 d after sticking cuttings and included percent rooted, total root number, average root length (of the three longest roots, measured in centimeters), root quality (0–5 scale, with 0 = dead and 5 = healthy, vigorous root system), root dry weight (measured in grams), and percent callus. Results showed that passion fruit cuttings receiving a hormone treatment had significantly positive effects on rooting responses, such as increased number, length, quality, and dry weight of roots. Blue passionflower (P. caerulea) was the only species in which hormone treatment did not increase rooting compared with the control. The use of hormone to aid in cutting propagation of passion fruit is recommended, depending on the species being propagated.

Актуальность работы вызвана необходимостью современной оценки решения проблем: моделирования течений смеси вязкой жидкости с твердыми частицами и взаимодействия ее со стенками устройств, предназначенных для бурения; очистки скважин с произвольной ориентацией буровых труб с эксцентрично расположенным вращающимся ядром. Цель: уяснение методов управления процессами транспорта шлама из скважин с участками вертикально-горизонтального сочленения в рамках комплексных численных и экспериментальных исследований; выдача рекомендаций в практику процессов очистки. Методы. Теоретические и практические методы исследований из смежных областей гидродинамики и тепломассопереноса реологически сложных вязких сред при решении задач о влиянии режимов течения, вращения стенок эксцентричного ядра на расположение и поведение частиц дисперсного потока, а также правомерность идеализаций явлений в смесях; методы исследований процессов, характеризующих перемещение частиц сквозь жидкость совместно, в общей массе, как это происходит при осаждении, а также в режимах: неподвижности частиц, соответствующих плотно упакованному слою; относительного движения частиц и жидкости, осложненного турбулентностью; движения частиц относительно друг друга при сложном сдвиговом течении несущей среды. Результаты. Представлен обзор результатов исследований процессов в скважинах и бурильных колоннах. Проанализированы достоинства отдельных критериальных связей поведения шлама. Уясняется правомерность допущений, возможностей ряда моделей турбулентности и их замыкающих связей в определении структуры, теплогидродинамических и диффузионных свойств смеси, условий и механизмов образования, накопления, осаждения, транспорта и отделения частиц шлама от жидкости, в которой они взвешены. Отмечается, что в приложениях очень популярны исследования транспорта шлама в полях действия центробежных массовых сил (гравитации, вращения), вызывающих изменение плотности частиц в режимах сальтации, включающих серии отрывов/присоединений частиц, чередующихся с ударами о стенку трубного ядра. Наблюдения процесса взаимодействия твердых и жидких частиц бесконтактными средствами регистрации могут служить информацией для валидации и верификации современных RSS-моделей турбулентности (Reynolds Shear Stresses) с опорной базой из kL/k[epsilon]уравнений для кинетической энергии турбулентности (k) и ее интегрального масштаба (L)/скорости диссипации ([epsilon]). Они корректно предсказывают изменения в анизотропной неоднородной структуре сложного турбулентного течения смеси частиц шлама и жидкости. Отмечены достоинства разработок универсального алгоритма очистки скважин с выдачей сведений о: формировании шлама в произвольной точке затрубного пространства; получении минимальной скорости, обеспечивающей его образование и удаление. Сформулированы направления перспективных исследований; даны рекомендации по эффективной очистке отверстий. The article relevance is caused by the critical estimation of the data presented in domestic and foreign publications on problems related to modeling of viscous fluid streams while interacting with particles of a dispersed material and with walls of the devices intended for performance of drilling operations; clearing of wellbores from cuttings taking into account well inclination and drillpipe eccentricity. The main aim is to introduce the bibliographic analysis of hole cleaning and cuttings transport, focused on finding ways to efficiently increase operational efficiency; to work out approaches and methods to model the cuttings transport in vertical and horizontal holes; to explain modern data on numerical modeling of cuttings transport problems; to provide recommendations to increase hole cleaning efficiency. The research methods are theoretical and practical ones, characterizing fluid flow in systems, containing particles and the legitimacy of idealization of transport phenomena in mixtures; as well as the methods borrowed from other disciplines aimed at calculating the influence of flow regime and drillpipe rotation and eccentricity on location and behavior of dispersed particles. The general concepts of hydrodynamic and heat- and mass transfer principles in rheological complex media are not discussed in detail, and explained only to that degree which is required for clarity and completeness. The experimental material contains data on applicability of the theory to real physical systems. Most investigations are based on analyzing particle movement through fluid in common lumps as it originates at sedimentation as well as when particles remain more or less motionless, as in densely packed beds; or the relative motion of particles and fluid with complex turbulent distribution; at motion of particles relative to each other when the flow of the carrying medium is a complex shear flow. Results. The paper introduces the analysis of experimental and theoretical results, important for applications related to cuttings transport phenomena, and the features accompanying processes of momentum, mass and energy during the flow of rheologically complex homogeneous and heterogeneous viscous mixtures in the annular space between a rotating eccentric inner pipe and a non-rotating outer pipe. Cuttings accumulation and difficulties in its transportation have major real world applications in drilling inclined and horizontal wellbores. Modeling results and the existing empirical relationships for cuttings behavior are critically analyzed. Advantages and the legitimacy of assumptions of some turbulent models and their closing relationships and dynamic, diffusive properties are presented. Also the parameters and mechanisms modeling the formation, accumulation, sedimentation, transport and separation of slime cuttings from a liquid in which they are suspended are given. The last 25-30 years have seen the numerous advances in numerical methods of multiparameter and multidimensional modeling of hydrodynamics in dispersed mixtures (suspension, foam, powders). The analysis of experimental works shows that observation of dynamics of solid and liquid particles interaction by contactless means of registration can provide valuable information for validation and verification of the modern Reynolds Shear Stresses (RSS)-models of turbulence and specific turbulent fluxes for streams based on kL-, k[epsilon]-equations, capable to predict complex turbulent flow of a mixture. The paper introduces the prospects of developing a universal algorithm with the possibility of a detailed prediction of effects: cutting bed formations in arbitrary points of annular spaces; determination of the minimum speed necessary for its formation and removal. The latter can be used in further research for determination of maximum admissible Rate Of Penetration (ROP); optimum values pump output; establishing field guidelines on duration and sequence of well cleaning operations, and the frequency of tripping operations.

The Balkan Botanic Garden of Kroussia has formulated a conservation strategy for the collection and documentation of wild plant material for sustainable utilization, prioritizing the Greek rare - threatened endemics. In this framework, the species studied were the endangeredErysimum krendliiPolatschek, the vulnerableCentaurea paxorumPhitos & Georgiadis and the rareErysimum naxenseSnogerup: all are range-restricted, local Greek endemics with small populations in the wild, therefore with conservation priority, showing also potential commercial interest (aromatic-medicinal properties, edible parts or as pot plants for gardening). The effect of the immersion of the base of the cuttings for 1 min in indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) solutions at different concentrations (0, 1000, 2000, 4000 ppm) on root formation was tested for all species. A peat moss: perlite substrate (1:3 ratio) was used for the experiment.E. krendliihad better performance with 4000 ppm IBA showing 100% rooting, 30.86 roots 3.71 long after 5 weeks in the mist. Rooting ofC. paxorumcuttings was optimum after 3 weeks exhibiting 100% rooting, 47.86 roots 2.61 cm long with 1000 ppm IBA.E. naxensegave 85.71% rooting, 19 roots 3.06 cm long with 4000 ppm IBA after 8 weeks. All the young individuals produced were transplanted in bigger pots (0.33, 1 Lt) until their final transplanting pot size (2.5 Lt), each time in a peat moss: perlite: soil substrate (2:½:½ v/v), for their subsequent growth. The successful asexual propagation of the studied wild species allowed the creation of mother plants, facilitated theirex situconservation and domestication.

The present study was performed to assess the genetic parameters for different quantitative and qualitative traits of 13 germplasm lines of Chenopodium spp. The lines were sown in a randomized block design with a plot size of 2 m2, and data were recorded for foliage yield and 8 component traits over 4 successive cuttings. The foliage yield/plot was variable, ranging from 1.07-2.66 t ha-1 with an average yield of 2.00±0.15. The protein and carotenoid contents averaged 3.70±0.09% and 13.47±0.56 mg 100 g-1, respectively. The range and mean of individual cuttings for plant height, leaf size, protein and foliage yield increased with successive cuttings until the IIIrd cutting, and the yield declined thereafter. High heritability estimates for all the traits under study were obtained for individual cuttings as well as on a pooled basis. High heritability coupled with high genetic gain was observed for foliage yield, carotenoid content and protein content, indicating the presence of additive gene effects.

Chrysanthemums represent an important horticultural segment with uses in the autumnal to winter season, aesthetically extending the capitalization of urban open spaces. Propagation by cuttings at Chrysanthemum is the most convenient method of vegetative multiplication. There is, however, a great variability in the ability to form adventitious roots and regenerate new individuals by cuttings. Some cultivars are relatively easy to multiply by cuttings, and other species have a low capacity to rooting. In the present paper we focused on researches regarding the propagation of chrysanthemums (a1 – Chrysathemum indicum, a2 – Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum) by new type of cuttings (stem fragment with one leaf and axillary bud – SFLAB, b2) and on the evaluation of the capacity of rooting, given the increasing demand for floral planting material as a result of the development of landscape design interest in public spaces but especially private one. The main objective was to establish the influence of the cuttings characteristics (type of cuttings, with two variants – b1-control, top stem fragment – TSF; and b2, stem fragment with one leaf and axillary bud – SFLAB) on the rooting process and the length of developed roots in four variants of rooting substrate (c1-c4) for both types of proposed Chrysanthemum cuttings (b1-b2).

Chrysanthemum have significant ornamental value and thus have a great economic importance and are also subjected to losses due to the insufficient rooting of the cuttings - the main method of vegetative propagation practiced for this crop. Insufficient understanding of the mechanisms that control adventitious root formation prevents the use of reliable technologies to improve the percentage of root adventitious development in cuttings of ornamental plants in general. Also, knowing the architecture of the root system helps correct application of chrysanthemum culture technologies. Two different cultivars of Chrysanthemum was investigated in order to describe the radicular architecture of cuttings, with emphasis on the root type and the influence of substrate on the developed model into four different variants of rooting substrate.

Stevia is an important non-caloric sweetener that has health-beneficial properties. The objective is to evaluate growth, development, and rooting of stevia plants during different seasons of the year using growth hormones. Eight experiments were set up in Ciudad Guzman, Jalisco, Mexico, with three treatments (T): T1, indol-3 butyric acid (IBA) 7.4 mM, T2, alphanaphthylacetamide (ANA) 6.4 mM + IBA 0.3 mM, and T3, control. The variables evaluated were rooted plantlets, plant height, root length, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight, leaf area, shoot biomass, total biomass, as well as development and growth indexes. Four samplings were conducted in each experiment. The results show that the most appropriate months for propagating stevia cuttings are February, March, April, May, and July, when 96% to 99% of the cuttings rooted. The hormones had the best results related to production of root development. The control was outstanding only in variables related to production of shoot biomass and not to root development. It is concluded that stevia can be propagated vegetatively using cuttings treated with IBA 7.4 mM or ANA 6.4 mM + IBA 0.3 mM, preferable in the period from February to July, with the exception of June.

The article analyzes the step-by-step calculations of the technological cost of growing the planting stock of common yew during five years. The economic efficiency of growing seedlings and cuttings in the open ground (forest and ornamental plants nurseries, seedbeds), in the protected ground (greenhouses and hothouses) and cultivation of containerized plants (growing in containers) was defined.

The paper examined the impact of the application of three different phytohormones (INCIT 2, INCIT 5 and INCIT 8, all based on a-Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA)), with the cuttings of two forms of Pannonian thyme (the L-16 form, with hairy leaves, and the L-9 form, with hairless leaves), established during two periods (March and May), on the percentage of the rooted cuttings and the morphological properties of the seedlings. As the control, the variant without the application of the phytohormones was taken. The research was conducted in the period from 2019 to 2020, in a plastic greenhouse, using the plant collection of the Institute for Medicinal Plants Research "Dr Josif Pančić", which is located in Pančevo city, Serbia (44°52'20"N; 20°42'06"E; 74 m.a.s.l.). For this research was used the Pannonian thyme species (Thymus pannonicus All.) from the Lamiaceae family, which is grown and produced at the Institute. Plant establishment was carried out in four repetitions with 33 cuttings per each variant. Standard measures of care were used during the period of production of Pannonian thyme. The measurement was performed after 60 days from the date of conducted the experiment. The following parameters were measured: the percentage of rooted cuttings (%), the mass of the rooted plantlings (g), the mass of roots (g), the length of rooting (cm) and the number of root hairs of the formed rootings. The measuring was done using a ruler, millimetre paper and an analytical balance. Given the results achieved, INCIT 2 proved to be the most suitable phytohormone for the rooting of Pannonic thyme cuttings, with the average percentage of rooted cuttings of 61.3%. The lowest rooting percentage was recorded in the control variant, only 29.4%. Satisfactory rooting was found in the cuttings treated with INCIT 8 (57.6%). The L-16 form cuttings showed a higher rooting rate, an average of 53.8%, whereas the L-9 form cuttings had a lower average percentage of rooted cuttings (45.0%) for both plant establishment periods. Greater success and quality in the rooting of cuttings was recorded in the second (May) period of plant establishment, averaging 58.1%, which was higher by 17.4% than the percentage of rooted cuttings in the first establishment period (40.7%). It is important to note that the rooting of the L-9 form was significantly higher in the second establishment period (58.1%) than that in the first establishment period (31.9%). U radu je ispitivan uticaj primene tri fitohormona na bazi a-naftil-sirćetne kiseline (NAA) (INCIT 2, INCIT 5 i INCIT 8), na procenat ožiljenih reznica i morfološke osobine sadnica dveju formi panonskog timijana (L-16, forma sa dlakavim listovima i L-9 forma sa glatkim listovima), zasnovanih u dva termina (u martu i maju). Varijanta bez primene fitohormona uzeta je kao kontrolna. Istraživanja su realizovana u periodu od 2019. do 2020. godine, u plasteniku, na lokaciji biljne kolekcije Instituta za proučavanje lekovitog bilja "Dr Josif Pančić" u Pančevu (44°52'20"N; 20°42'06"E; 74 m.n.v.). Za ova istraživanja korišćen je panonski timijan (Thymus pannonicus All.) iz familije Lamiaceae, koja se gaji i umnožava u Institutu. Ogled je zasnovan u četiri ponavljanja sa 33 reznice po svakoj varijanti. Tokom perioda proizvodnje reznica panonskog timijana korišćene su standardne mere nege. Merenje je obavljeno 60 dana nakon postavljanja ogleda. Meren je procenat ožiljenih reznica (%), masa ožiljene biljčice (g), masa korenčića (g), dužina korenčića (cm) i broj žilica formiranih korenčića. Merenje je obavljeno pomoću lenjira, milimetarske hartije i precizne analitičke vage. Na osnovu ostvarenih rezultata, kao najpogodniji fitohormon za ožiljavanje reznica panonskog timijana pokazao se INCIT 2, kod koga je prosečan procenat ožiljenih reznica bio 61,3%. Najmanji procenat ožiljavanja zabeležen je pri kontrolnoj varijanti, samo 29,4%. Zadovoljavajuću ožiljenost pokazale su reznice tretirane preparatom INCIT 8 (57,6%). Reznice forme L-16 pokazale su veću ožiljenost, u proseku 53,8%, dok su reznice forme L-9 imale manji procenat ožiljenih reznica (45,0%) u proseku za oba termina zasnivanja. Veća uspešnost i kvalitet ožiljavanja reznica evidentirana je u drugom (majskom) terminu zasnivanja (58,1%), što je za 17,4% više u odnosu na procenat ožiljenih reznica u prvom terminu zasnivanja (40,7%). Bitno je istaći da je ožiljenost forme L-9 bila značajno veća u drugom terminu zasnivanja (58,1%) u odnosu na prvi termin zasnivanja (31,9%).

The cloning of camu-camu by cuttings has shown distinct and sometimes controversial results. The use of juvenile materials has been indicated for difficult rooting species. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the emission of epicormic sprouts in mega-cuttings and cuttings of detached branches, as well as the cloning of camu-camu from these sprouts. The research was developed by conducting four experiments, the first two being related to the emission of epicormic sprouts, while the others referred to the cloning of camu-camu from these sprouts. In experiments evaluating sprout emission, the following factors were studied: mother plant x branch position; mother plant x substrate. In the other tests, using standard cuttings with two pairs of leaves made from epicormic sprouts, the following factors were evaluated: mother plant x cutting type x indolbutyric acid concentration (IBA); mother plant x hydroretentive polymer x environment. The number and speed of sprouts vary depending on the mother plant. IBA has negative influence on cutting and cuttings from the lower portion of sprouts have greater rooting potential than those from the upper portion. Environment with intermittent mist irrigation is more suitable for the propagation of camu-camu by cuttings. Vegetative rescue by means of epicormic sprouts in mega-cuttings and cuttings of detached branches presents potential application for the clonal propagation of camu-camu, requiring improvement in order to increase efficiency. Resumo A clonagem do camu-camu por estaquia tem apresentado resultados distintos e às vezes controversos. O emprego de material juvenil tem sido indicado para espécies de difícil enraizamento. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a emissão de brotações epicórmicas em megaestacas e estacas de ramos destacados, bem como a clonagem do camu-camu a partir dessas brotações. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio de quatro experimentos, sendo os dois primeiros relacionados com a emissão de brotações epicórmicas, enquanto os demais se referiram à clonagem do camu-camu a partir dessas brotações. Nos experimentos de emissão de brotações, foram estudados os fatores: matriz x posição do ramo; matriz x substrato. Nos demais ensaios, utilizando estacas padronizadas com dois pares de folhas, confeccionadas a partir das brotações epicórmicas, foram avaliados os fatores: matriz x tipo de estaca x concentração de ácido indolbutírico (AIB); matriz x polímero hidrorretentor x ambiente. O número e a velocidade de brotação variam em função da planta-matriz. O AIB influencia negativamente a estaquia, e estacas da porção basal da brotação apresentam maior potencial de enraizamento em relação às da porção superior. O ambiente com irrigação por nebulização intermitente é mais adequado para a propagação do camu-camu por estaquia. O resgate vegetativo por meio de brotações epicórmicas, em megaestacas e estacas de ramos destacados, apresenta potencial de aplicação para a propagação clonal do camu-camu, necessitando de aperfeiçoamento a fim de elevar sua eficiência.

Biomass from forestry is one of the largest components of Sweden’s renewable resources. Poplars are currently the highest producing tree species available and are therefore natural choices for biomass-oriented production. Growing poplars has been of most interest on agricultural land, but the knowledge and experience about their cultivation is still limited. Factors that have a large impact on the regeneration results are plant material, competing vegetation, browsing and damage caused by voles or climatic factors. Due to large establishment costs, there is a need to find methods to secure the establishment both biologically and economically. In this study the effect of plastic mulch in combination with three different plant types (short cuttings, long cuttings and rooted plants) were tested at three different sites. Five years after planting, the overall effect of mulch was an improved plant survival and growth. In most cases, long cuttings outperformed short cuttings and rooted plants. Clonal differences were present, indicating the importance of using plant material adapted to site conditions. All sites were heavily affected by browsing and during the experimental period 100% of the plants were damaged at some point. Planting poplars without fencing is therefore doubtful. Results from this study conclude that poplars can be established with success on agricultural land if proper measures are used depending on the site to be planted.

The purpose of this research was to determine and evaluate the chemical properties of drilling waste from five well sites in Central and Eastern Poland. It was found that spent drilling fluids can contain high values of nickel and mercury (270 and 8.77 mg kg−1, respectively) and can exceed the maximum permissible limits recommended by the EC regulations for safety of soils (75 mg kg−1 for nickel and 1.5 mg kg−1 for mercury). The heavy metal concentrations in the studied drill cuttings did not exceed the maximum permissible limits recommended by the EC regulation. Drilling wastes contain macroelements (e.g., calcium, magnesium, and potassium) as well as trace elements (e.g., copper, iron, zinc, and manganese) that are essential for the plant growth. It was stated that water extracts of drilling fluids and drill cuttings, according to anions presence, had not any specific constituents of concern based on FAO irrigation guidelines, the USEPA WQC, and toxicity values. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to understand the structure and texture of waste drilling fluid solids and drill cuttings. Analysis of the mineralogical character of drilling fluid solids revealed that they contained calcite, quartz, muscovite, sylvite, barite, dolomite, and orthoclase. Drill cuttings contained calcite quartz, muscovite, barite, dolomite, and barium chloride.

Chrysanthemum kulo plant is a variety native to The City of Tomohon which has a high aesthetic and economic value. Good quality chrysanthemum plant seeds can be obtained through vegetative multiplication techniques. One of the vegetative multiplication techniques is cuttings. The problem with the propagation of cuttings is that the rooting is less dense, so it can not hold the plant to grow upright. One source of natural growing regulators that can support the formation of roots is shallot bark. Shallot bark contains ABA, IAA, GA, Cytokinin. The purpose of this study was to study the interaction between concentration and length of soaking of shallot bark solution against the formation of cuttings root chrysanthemum shoots. This research was conducted in March 2021 until May 2021 at Screen House, Nursery, And Agrowidya Seeding Center of Tomohon City Tourism, Agriculture and Fisheries Office of Tomohon City. The design used is a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) Factorial with two factors, namely the first factor of concentration of shallot bark solution (K) consisting of 5 levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and the second factor soaking the shallot bark solution (T) consisting of 3 levels of 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes. The variables measured are the percentage of root formation (%), the number of roots, and the length of the root (cm). Keywords: Chrysanthemum plants; Cuttings; Roots; Concentration, Shallot Bark.AbstrakTanaman krisan kulo merupakan varietas asli dari Kota Tomohon yang memiliki nilai estetika dan ekonomis yang tinggi. Bibit tanaman krisan yang berkualitas baik dapat diperoleh melalui teknik perbanyakan secara vegetatif. Salah satu teknik perbanyakan secara vegetatif ialah stek. Masalah pada perbanyakan stek yaitu perakaran yang kurang lebat, sehingga tidak dapat menahan tanaman untuk tumbuh dengan tegak. Salah satu sumber zat pengatur tumbuh alami yang dapat mendukung pembentukan akar adalah kulit bawang merah. Kulit bawang merah mengandung ABA, IAA, GA, Sitokinin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari interaksi antara konsentrasi dan lama perendaman larutan kulit bawang merah terhadap pembentukan akar stek pucuk tanaman krisan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret 2021 sampai bulan Mei 2021 di Screen House, Balai Perbenihan Pembibitan dan Agrowidya Wisata Kota Tomohon, Dinas Pertanian dan Perikanan Kota Tomohon. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) Faktorial dengan dua faktor yaitu pertama faktor konsentrasi larutan kulit bawang merah (K) yang terdiri dari 5 taraf 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% dan faktor yang kedua lama perendaman larutan kulit bawang merah (T) yang terdiri dari 3 taraf yaitu 10 menit, 20 menit, 30 menit. Variabel yang diukur adalah persentase pembentukan akar (%), jumlah akar, dan panjang akar (cm).Kata Kunci: Tanaman krisan; Stek; Akar; Konsentrasi; Kulit Bawang Merah.

Nothofagus antarctica (Antarctic beech) is one of the main woody plants in the temperate deciduous forests and anti-boreal forests of the southern hemisphere. Since colonization of the Andean-Patagonian region by European settlers, however, stands of this species have been severely affected by fires caused by human activities, considerably reducing their area. To restore these forests to their area occupied before the fires, it is necessary to use artificial regeneration, relying on production of transplants in forest nurseries. Due to the low capacity for seed propagation, we focus on possibilities of producing seedlings by vegetative propagation. In a trial, we collected cuttings during three sets of dates, and attempted to root them using three combinations of substrate and ten combinations of stimulators. Using the most favorable combination of collection period, substrate and stimulator tested resulted in rooting of 23% of the cuttings, which exceeds the documented germination rates for this species.

This study aims to explore the cutting propagation method of a novel variant on Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd f. baokangsis (T. chinensis baokangsis). Different types of rooting powder and different concentrations were used to treat the cuttage seedlings of T. chinensis baokangsis, and then the external morphology and anatomical morphology of the roots were observed. The membership function evaluation method was used to evaluate the cutting effect. The physiological characteristics of T. chinensis baokangsis cuttings were studied by the correlation analysis of nutrient components and endogenous hormone content. The results showed that the T. chinensis baokangsis belonged to callus rooting type, and the adventitious roots differentiated at about 150 d. For rooting growth indexes, the optimal treatment was ABT-1+400 mg/L. The rooting rate of T. chinensis baokangsis was positively correlated with the content of soluble sugar, soluble starch, and IAA, while extremely significantly negatively correlated with MDA (P

The performance of gas-drilling (drilling oil and gas wells with air, nitrogen, or natural gas) is very unpredictable in many areas due to lack of proper design of drilling parameters because of limited understanding of gas–rock interaction which requires knowledge of heat transfer in the well system. Complete analysis of rock failure requires an accurate mathematical model to predict gas temperature at the bottom hole. The currently available mathematical models are unsuitable for use for the purpose because they do not consider the effects of formation fluid influx, Joule–Thomson cooling, and entrained drill cuttings. A new analytical solution for predicting gas temperature profiles inside the drill string and in the annulus was derived in this study for gas-drilling, considering all these three effects. Results of sensitivity analyses show that formation fluid influx can significantly increase the temperature profiles in both the drill string and the annulus. The Joule–Thomson cooling effect lowers the temperature in the annulus only in a short interval near the bottom hole. The drill cuttings entrained at the bottom hole can slightly increase the temperature profile in the annulus.

Liberica coffee can be grown in peatland and has a specific flavor. To anticipate high demand of Liberica coffee product, it is very important to support the availability of high quality seedlings that need effective multiplication method of superior genotypes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of indole-butyric acid (IBA) concentration and cuttings wood origin and their interaction in the success of Liberica coffee cuttings. This research was held at Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, designed using randomized complete block in factorial with two factors consisted of cutting wood origin and concentration of IBA. First factor was cuttings wood origin consisted of the tip, middle, and base, while second factor consisted of the concentration of IBA i.e. 0, 1500, 3000, and 4500 ppm. The results showed that the end of the shoots aged of 4-6 months were better part of shoot for cutting material. Percentage of the grown cutting reach up to 80%, while the middle and base part of shoots had a fairly low percentage of grown cutting, less than 43%. IBA a tended to increase rooted cuttings number. Combined treatment between cuttings material origin in the middle part with the IBA concentration of 4500 ppm showed the best root growth.

Drimys brasiliensis Miers is an Angiosperm native to the Atlantic Rainforest, commonly known as cataia. Because of dormancy of its seeds, due to embryonic immaturity, production of cataia seedlings presents challenges regarding propagation of the species. Thus, cuttings emerged as a possible technique to be applied, diminishing plants production time and ensuring uniformity of rooting. Stem cuttings from current year shoots were collected in autumn/2012, prepared with 10-12cm in length, a bevel cut on base and straight on top, keeping two leaves, one leaf or no leaves in the apical portion. After disinfestation, bases of cuttings were submitted to the following treatments with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in 50% hydro-alcoholic solution: 100% water, 0, 500, 1500, 3000, 4500 and 6000mg L-1 IBA. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with 3 types of cutting x 7 IBA concentrations, with four replicates of 10 cuttings per experimental unit. After 120 days, the variables percentage of rooted cuttings, number of roots per cutting, length of the three longest roots per cutting, percentage of cuttings with callus, alive and dead, with new shoots and the cuttings maintaining the original leaves were assessed. The application of IBA had no influence on any of the assessed variables. Cuttings with two leaves presented the best rooting percentage (51.1%) and the lowest mortality (5.4%), when compared to cuttings with one leaf (35.0%) or without leaves (0.4%). Cuttings without leaves are to be avoided, since they present the highest mortality percentage (93.6%). RESUMO: Drimys brasiliensis Miers é uma Angiosperma nativa da Mata Atlântica conhecida popularmente como cataia. Por apresentar dormência em suas sementes devido à imaturidade embrionária, a produção de mudas de cataia apresenta uma problemática a ser desvendada no que se refere à propagação da espécie. Assim, a estaquia foi utilizada como uma possível técnica a ser utilizada, diminuindo o tempo de obtenção das mudas e possibilitando a uniformidade de enraizamento. Estacas caulinares provenientes de brotações do ano foram coletadas no outono/2012, confeccionadas com 10-12cm de comprimento, corte em bisel na base e reto no ápice, mantendo-as com duas, uma e sem folhas na porção apical. Após desinfestação, as bases das estacas foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos com ácido indol butírico (IBA) em solução hidroalcoólica 50%: 100% água, 0, 500, 1500, 3000, 4500 e 6000mg L-1 IBA. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 3 tipos de estacas x 7 concentrações de IBA, com quatro repetições contendo 10 estacas por unidade experimental. Após 120 dias, avaliou-se a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, número de raízes por estaca, comprimento das três maiores raízes por estaca, porcentagem de estacas com calos, vivas, mortas, com novas brotações e que mantiveram suas folhas originais. A aplicação de IBA não influenciou nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. Estacas com duas folhas apresentaram melhor enraizamento (51,1%) e menor porcentagem de mortalidade (5,4%), quando comparadas com estacas com uma folha (35,0%) ou sem folhas (0,4%). A estaquia sem a presença de folhas não é recomendada, por causar a maior porcentagem de mortalidade (93,6%).

As a consequence of restrictions on the use of preparations containing synthetic auxins in nursery production, there is a necessity to replace them with more environmentally friendly biopreparations efficiently stimulating plant growth. The aim of the presented experiment was to compare the effects of the synthetic auxin indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and the biostimulator Goteo on the rooting of ninebark stem cuttings (Physocarpus opulifolius ‘Dart’s Gold’ and ‘Red Baron’) and to get some insight into the latter’s mechanisms of action in plants. Applications of the biostimulator Goteo produced comparable or slightly weaker effects compared to the treatments with IBA. Goteo stimulated elongation in new growth of cuttings when applied in watering or two-fold spraying methods. Application of the biostimulator resulted in increased levels of chlorophyll, soluble sugars and indole derivatives, while the contents of free amino acids and polyphenolic acids decreased. The above results indicate that, if necessary, Goteo may replace the synthetic auxin IBA in the propagation of ninebark in the future.

RESUMEN En el Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, CATIE se utiliza la técnica de enraizamiento de estaquillas para la multiplicación de híbridos de café en corto tiempo y a bajo costo. En la búsqueda continua por mejorar el proceso, en este trabajo se evaluó el efecto de distintas combinaciones de AIB, un inoculante biológico y Pyraclostrobin (F 500), más un tratamiento convencional de nutrientes y estimuladores sobre el enraizamiento de esta- quillas de 3 híbridos F1 de café (L2A30, L4A5, L12A28) y su posterior desarrollo en vivero. La fase de enraizamiento se prolongó por 11 semanas, y al final de este periodo, no hubo dife- rencias significativas en porcentaje de enraiza- miento entre tratamientos ni entre híbridos, con porcentajes superiores al 80% en todos los casos. Tampoco hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para las variables de número, longi- tud de raíces ni pesos de parte aérea y raíces. Los híbridos L2A30 y L12A28 fueron significativa- mente superiores al L4A5, en cuanto a número y longitud de raíces, peso fresco y seco de raíces y parte aérea. Las estaquillas fueron trasplantadas luego a bolsas con suelo para la fase de vivero, para un periodo de crecimiento de 3 meses. Al final de esta fase, el tratamiento convencional y las combinaciones AIB + inoculante biológico y AIB + Pyraclostrobin (F 500) fueron superiores significativamente en cuanto a altura de planta y número de hojas. Los híbridos L4A5 y L2A30 fueron superiores significativamente al L12A28 en cuanto a altura total y número de hojas, mien- tras que el L2A30 y el L12A28, mostraron mayor diámetro basal que el L4A5. Se logró la multi- plicación de los híbridos seleccionados a escala masiva y a bajo costo. ABSTRACT At CATIE, the technique of rooting mini-cuttings is being used for the multiplication of coffee hybrids in a short time and at a low cost. In the continuous search to improve the process, in this work we evaluated the effect of different combinations of AIB, a biological inoculant and Pyraclostrobin (F 500), plus a conventional treatment of nutrients and stimulators, on the rooting of cuttings of three F1 coffee hybrids (L2A30, L4A5, L12A28) and its subsequent development in nursery. The rooting phase lasted for 11 weeks, and at the end of this period, there were no significant differences in the percentage of rooting between treatments or between hybrids, with percentages higher than 80% in all cases. There were no significant differences between treatments for the variables of number, length of roots or weights of aerial part and roots. The L2A30 and L12A28 hybrids were significantly superior to L4A5 in terms of number and length of roots, fresh and dry weight of roots and aerial part. The cuttings were then trasplanted into bags with soil for the nursery phase, for a growth period of 3 months. At the end of this phase, the conventional treatment and the combinations AIB + biological inoculant and AIB + Pyraclostrobin (F 500) were significantly superior in terms of plant height and number of leaves. The L4A5 and L2A30 hybrids were significantly higher than L12A28 in terms of total height and number of leaves, while L2A30 and L12A28 showed a greater basal diameter than L4A5. The multiplication of selected hybrids was achieved on a massive scale and at low cost.

В статье выводится формула для расчета оптимального соотношения объема электропроводящей жидкости (электролита), применяемой для подвода тока к черенкам винограда при стимуляции их роста, и объемом обрабатываемого материала с целью снижения затрат электроэнергии., The article presents a formula for calculating the optimal ratio of the volume of an electrically conductive liquid (electrolyte) used to supply current to the grapes cuttings when stimulating their growth, and the volume of the material being processed in order to reduce electricity costs.

Изучено размножение зелеными черенками 6 декоративных видов жимолости в условиях Республики Марий Эл. В варианте с применением препарата «Корневин» выявлен более высокий процент укоренения черенков по сравнению с контролем. Но наибольшее влияние на значения укореняемости черенков оказывал фактор видовой специфичности. Наибольшим процентом укоренения черенков характеризовалась L. nigra, наименьшим – L. alpigena. Средние значения длины корневой системы черенков были больше в варианте с «Корневином», но различие по вариантам опыта статистически несущественно., The vegetative propagation of 6 ornamental Lonicera species by green cuttings in the Mari El Republic was studied. The highest percentage of cuttings rooting identified in the variant with the use of “Kornevin” compared with the control. But the factor of species specificity had the greatest influence on the values of rooted cuttings. Lonicera nigra was characterized by the highest percentage of rooting cuttings, Lonicera alpigena – the smallest one. The average values of root system length of the cuttings were more in the variant with “Kornevin”, but the difference in the experimental variants is statistically insignificant.

The continual search for new attractive ornamentals and innovative natural medicinal products is the main focus of floricultural and pharmaceutical industries worldwide. Aiming to introduce two new Cretan endemic species in the commercial trade, Acantholimon androsaceum (Jaub. & Spach) Boiss. and Limonium chersonesum Erben & Brullo (Plumbaginaceae) have been selected in the current study. These were derived from a total of 223 local endemic species and subspecies of Crete, which constitute an exceptional wild treasure of the Mediterranean flora. Prior to any commercialization, efficient massive propagation protocols are required. Although sexual propagation using seeds collected from the wild was unsuccessful for these two taxa, the results of vegetative propagation experiments were satisfactory. Wild plant material was used for cuttings in order to develop a reasonable and homogenous number of stock mother plants for propagation trials. As a result of experiments conducted in the current research, two vegetative propagation protocols were developed, which could be used commercially for the massive production of elite clonal plants of A. androsaceum and L. chersonesum. These protocols provide 71.43% successful rooting for A. androsaceum within 40 days, using 2000 ppm IBA, and 80.95% rooting for L. chersonesum within 30 days, using 1000 ppm IBA. This study is part of a strategy and research methodology aiming at the selection of new, rare and endemic native industrial crops for the ornamental and pharmaceutical sector, exploiting sustainably the rich phytogenetic resources of Crete.

Human needs and concomitant commercial trade to date trigger the demand of new ornamental plants and new natural medicinal products. The current study includes preliminary seed germination trials and presents the development of effective vegetative propagation protocols for Lomelosia minoana subsp. minoana (Dipsacaceae) and Scutellaria hirta (Lamiaceae), both globally rare, local endemics of Crete (Greece) with potential ornamental and medicinal value. Based on material collected directly from the wild, seed germination was succeeded (38%, T50: 10.74) only for L. minoana subsp. minoana. The optimal indole-3-butyric acid concentrations for effective rooting of cuttings were 2000 mg L-1 for L. minoana subsp. minoana (85%) and 4000 mg L-1 for S. hirta (50%). Seasonal differences were observed in respective rooting rates of the studied taxa. The detected rooting rates for L. minoana subsp. minoana cuttings are above standards to allow possible commercial application in the ornamental industry. Although the detected rooting rate (50%) for S. hirta was adequate for its ex situ conservation, it seems almost marginal for future commercial application and further investigation is needed. The sustainable utilization of these Cretan endemics studied herein provides new input for the ornamental-horticultural and cosmetic-pharmaceutical industries. This study shows how rare and endemic wild plant species can be progressively domesticated and introduced into sustainable cultivation systems in order to avoid the depletion of unique phytogenetic resources.

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of shoot growth restriction in the dry matter partitioning and minituber production of potato plants grown in a closed soilless system. Minitubers of the cultivars 'Macaca' and 'Asterix' were planted in the greenhouse in the density of 100 hills m-2, during autumn and spring growing seasons. Growth restriction levels were gotten by pruning shoots at 10, 20 and 30cm height or without pruning. The growth restriction levels were identified by their respective leaf area index. The experiment was a factorial (cultivars x growth restriction x growing season) in a random design, with four replications. Growth restriction affected the dry matter production of potato plants in both growing seasons and cultivars. Pruning potato plants at 30cm is a feasible technique to control leaf area index and it has lower effect on harvest index and number than in dry matter production of minitubers. Growth restriction does not change dry matter partitioning of potato plants grown in soilless system. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito da restrição do crescimento da parte aérea pela poda verde, na partição de matéria seca das plantas e na produtividade de minitubérculos de batata em sistema fechado de cultivo sem solo. Minitubérculos das cultivares 'Macaca' e 'Asterix' foram plantados em telado na densidade de 100 covas m-2 nos cultivos de outono e primavera. As restrições do crescimento da parte aérea foram obtidas pela poda verde aos 10, 20 e 30cm de altura e uma testemunha sem restrição. Os níveis de restrição do crescimento foram identificados pelos respectivos índices de área foliar. O experimento foi conduzido em um fatorial (cultivares x restrição do crescimento x épocas de cultivo) no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. A restrição do crescimento da parte aérea afetou a produção de matéria seca das plantas de batata de ambas cultivares e épocas de cultivo. A poda verde a 30cm de altura é uma técnica eficaz para controlar o índice de área foliar e tem menor efeito no índice de colheita e no número do que na produção de matéria seca de minitubérculos. A restrição do crescimento da parte aérea não altera a partição de matéria seca das plantas de batata no cultivo sem solo

This novel research, aimed to improve the properties of Na-bentonite water based drilling mud (WBDM) and reduce its cost by adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs/MWCNTs). For this purpose, fistly, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized separately, then MWCNTs were functionalized with CuONPs by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Secondly, CuONPs/MWCNTs were characterized by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Thirdly, CuONPs/MWCNTs nanocomposite was added to the WBDM at different rates (0.001 to 0.01% w/v). Finally, rheological, filtration loss and cake thickness property analyzes were performed according to API standarts. As a result of this study, a significant improvement was observed in the rheological and filtration loss properties of WBDM with the addition of small amounts of CuONPs/MWCNTs. In particular, plastic viscosity (PV), apparent viscosity (AV), yield point (YP), 10 s and 10 min values increased by 57%, 36.7%, 28%, 33.3% and 44.4% respectively, the value of fitration loss decreased by 13.8%. With this improvement will increase the lifetime of the drilling mud is determined and its costs will decrease.

Passiflora quadrangularis and Passiflora caerulea commonly known as passion flower are two voluble species appreciated for their impressive flowers and delicious fruits. The aim of the presented experiment was to compare the effect of different rooting substrates (vermiculite, peat+vermiculite, peat+pearlite, peat+sand) and biostimulators (Radistim-2; Incit-8, IBA 1000 ppm and control - untreated cuttings) on the rooting of stem cuttings from P. caerulea and P. quadrangularis. Stem cuttings of approximately 15 cm length were harvested from the medial portions of the shoots from mature plants. Regarding the rooting rate by species, it has been found that P.caerulea obtained a 79.78% cuttings rooting average compared to P. quadrangularis which had a rooting average of 74.57%. Vermiculite and the treatment with IBA 1000 ppm highly influence the length and number of roots. Establishing the most suitable measures for vegetative propagation by cuttings of Passiflora species studied could lead to the expansion of their culture in our country.

There are two primary forms of plant propagation: sexual and asexual. In nature, propagation of plants most often involves sexual reproduction, and this form is still used in several species. Over the years, horticulturists have developed asexual propagation methods that use vegetative plant parts. Innovation in plant propagation has supported breeding programs and allowed the production of high-quality nursery plants with the same genetic characteristics of the mother plant, and free of diseases or pests. The purpose of this Special Issue, “Innovation in Propagation of Fruit, Vegetable and Ornamental Plants”, was to present state-of-the-art techniques recently developed by researchers worldwide. The Special Issue has brought together some of the latest research results of new techniques in plant propagation in nine original papers, which deal with a wide range of research activities.

Phytoregulators such as indole butyric acid (IBA), have been used in the process of olive tree rooting in the form of concetrated hydroalcoholic solutions. The objective of this present study was to evaluate the efficiency of a low concentration of IBA (300 mg L-1), diluted in a solution of only 10% of alcohol 70 oGL, in the rooting of four olive tree cultivars (Arbequina, Arbosana, Frantoio and Koroneiki), treated in different times of base immersion (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours). The rooting was carried out in november 2015, in greenhouse with an irrigation system type intermittent mist chamber. The cuttings standard were 12 cm length and two pairs of leaves, planted in plastic tubings, containing carbonized rice husk as substrate. The experimental design was achieved in randomized blocks, in factorial arrangement of 4 x 5, with four replications and 12 cuttings per plot. After 70 days of rooting it was verified that the increase of treatment time affected the leaf retention, survival and rooting negativelly. Leaf retention presented positive relationship with survival and rooting. The treatment for one hour in a solution of IBA was effective in the cuttings rooting stimulus of cultivar Arbosana (66,7%). Cultivars Koroneiki and Arbequina presented low or null rooting whether or not the IBA was used. Resumo Fitorreguladores, como o ácido indolbutírico (AIB), têm sido empregados no processo de estaquia da oliveira geralmente na forma de soluções hidroalcoólicas concentradas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de uma baixa concentração de AIB (300 mg L-1), diluído em solução com apenas 10% de álcool a 70 oGL, no enraizamento de estacas de quatro cultivares de oliveira (Arbequina, Arbosana, Frantoio e Koroneiki), tratadas por diferentes tempos de imersão da base (0; 1; 2; 4 e 8 horas). A estaquia foi realizada em novembro de 2015, em estufa com sistema de irrigação do tipo nebulização intermitente. As estacas foram padronizadas com tamanho de 12 cm de comprimento e dois pares de folhas, plantadas em tubetes plásticos contendo casca de arroz carbonizada como substrato. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial 4 x 5, com quatro repetições e 12 estacas por parcela. Após 70 dias de estaquia, foi verificado que o aumento do tempo de tratamento afetou negativamente a retenção foliar, a sobrevivência e o enraizamento. A retenção foliar apresentou relação positiva com a sobrevivência e o enraizamento. O tratamento por 1 hora em solução de AIB foi eficiente no estímulo do enraizamento das estacas da cultivar Arbosana (66,7%). As cultivares Koroneiki e Arbequina apresentaram baixo ou nulo enraizamento, independentemente do uso ou não de AIB.

Цель. Изучить влияние регуляторов роста и развития на морфометрические показатели клоновых подвоев яблони и качественные показатели развития саженцев в условиях Южного Урала. Объект исследований: регуляторы роста и развития растений «Циркон», «Рибав-Экстра», испытания проводили на одревесневших черенках вегетативно размножаемых клоновых подвоях яблони селекции научного учреждения Урал 56, Урал 6, Урал 3, и Урал 8, в качестве контроля подвой 54-118 селекции МичГАУ. Использовался субстрат, состоящий из почвы и песка в соотношении 2:1. Раз в 10 дней проводили полив черенков растворами препаратов. Повторность опыта 4-х кратная, по 50 растений в каждой повторности. Исследования проводились в соответствии с общепринятыми методическими рекомендациями. Результаты. Максимальный стимулирующий эффект от воздействия регуляторов отмечен на подвое Урал 8. В варианте «Рибав-Экстр» под влиянием препарата укореняемость увеличилась на 34%, количество корней увеличилось на 10%, соответственно суммарная длина корневой системы увеличилась на 9,5 см. При использовании регулятора роста и развития «Циркон» укореняемость увеличилась на 42%, количество корней увеличилось на 15 %, соответственно суммарная длина корневой системы увеличилась на 15 см. Стимулирующий эффект этих препаратов отмечен на подвоях Урал 3 и Урал 56. Заключение. Исследуемые препараты одновременно стимулируют рост, развитие и физиологические процессы растений, повышают способность адаптироваться к неблагоприятным факторам среды. Успех размножения слаборослых подвоев одревесневшими черенками определяется многочисленными факторами, важнейшими из которых оказались качество черенкового материала, особенности сорта и воздействие регуляторов роста растений., Aim. To study the influence of growth and development regulators on the morphometric indicators of clonal rootstocks of Apple and qualitative indicators of seedlings development in the South Urals. Materials and methods. Object of research: regulators of growth and development of plants "Zircon", "Ribav-Extra" tests were carried out on woody cuttings of vegetatively propagated clonal rootstocks of Apple breeding research institutions of Ural 56, Ural 6, 3 Urals, and the Urals 8, as a control rootstock 54-118 selection Michgau. A substrate consisting of soil and sand in a ratio of 2:1 was used. Every 10 days the cuttings were watered with drug solutions. The repetition of the experiment is 4 times, 50 plants in each repetition. Studies were conducted in accordance with generally accepted guidelines. Results. The maximum stimulating effect of the regulators was observed on the rootstock of Ural 8. In the variant "Ribav-Extra" under the influence of the drug rooting increased by 34%, the number of roots increased by 10%, respectively, the total length of the root system increased by 9.5 cm. when using the growth and development regulator "Zircon" rooting increased by 42%, the number of roots increased by 15%, respectively, the total length of the root system increased by 15 cm. Significant stimulatory effect of the regulators was observed on the rootstocks Ural 3 and Ural56. Conclusion. The studied drugs simultaneously stimulate the growth, development and physiological processes of plants, increase the ability to adapt to adverse environmental factors. The success of reproduction of undersized rootstocks lignified cuttings is determined by numerous factors, the most important of which were the quality of cuttings, especially varieties and the impact of plant growth regulators.

Приведены результаты зеленого черенкования сортов и видов княжика в 2017 г. в Ботаническом саду-институте ПГТУ. Процент укоренения черенков с применением стимулятора «Гетероауксин» был выше, чем с препаратом «Укоренить». Черенки княжика альпийского `Френсис Ривес` характеризовались наибольшим процентом укоренения (46,7–56,7 %). Длина текущего прироста укорененных черенков достигала в среднем 9,5–21,6 см, длина корневой системы – 9,0–10,7 см при количестве образовавшихся корней 6,3–9,1 шт, The green cuttings results of Atragene varieties and species in 2017 in the VSUT Botanical garden-Institute are presented. The percentage of rooting cuttings with the stimulant "Heteroauxin" was higher than with the "Rooting". Cuttings of Atragene alpina `Frances Rivis` was characterized by the greatest percentage of rooting (46.7– 56.7%). The length of the current growth of rooted cuttings reached an average of 9.5-21.6 cm, the length of the root system was 9.0-10.7 cm and the number of roots was 6.3-9.1 pieces.

Изучено вегетативное размножение зелеными черенками 4 сортов клематиса в условиях Республики Марий Эл. Сорт `Чайка` характеризовался наибольшей укореняемостью черенков и их сохранностью после зимнего периода. Наибольший процент укоренения и сохранности черенков выявлен в варианте с применением с «HB-101». Укорененные черенки сорта `Синее пламя` характеризовались самой длинной корневой системой. Наибольшая длина корневой системы черенков большинства сортов установлена в варианте с «HB-101», наименьшая – в контроле., The vegetative propagation of 4 clematis varieties by green cuttings in the Mari El Republic was studied. The variety `Chaika` was characterized by the greatest rooting rate of cuttings and their safety after the winter period. The highest percentage of rooting and safety of cuttings identified in the variant with the use of “HB-101”. Rooted cuttings of the `Sinee Plamja` variety were characterized by the longest root system. The greatest length of the root system of the cuttings of most varieties is established in the variant with “HB-101”, the shortest in the control.

Изучение вегетативного размножения сортов чубушника зелеными черенками показало, что на укореняемость черенков оказывает фактор сортовой специфичности при незначимом влиянии фактора применения стимулятора, в то же время значимого влияния данных факторов на параметры укорененных черенков не выявлено. Черенки сорта ‘Комсомолец’ рекомендуется укоренять без применения стимуляторов, ‘Воздушный десант’ и ‘Снежки’ – с использованием препаратов «Гетероаукин» и «Укоренить»., The study of vegetative propagation of Philadelphus varieties with green cuttings showed that the rooting of cuttings is exerted by the factor of species specificity with an insignificant influence of the stimulator application factor. Cuttings of ‘Komsomolets’ are recommended to be repaired without the use of stimulants, ‘Vosduschny Desant’ and ‘Snezhki’ – with the use of the preparations “Heteroauksin” and “Ukorenit”.

В данной статье представлены результаты исследований, которые проводились на маточночеренковых насаждениях интенсивного типа, заложенных в 2008 году. Объектами исследований являлись маточные растения яблони и груши. Длина побегов всех изучаемых сортов яблони и груши в восьмилетнем возрасте была значительной и достигала в среднем 73,8-90,0 см. Наименьшая длина побегов отмечена у яблони сорта Мелба, а наибольшая у Балтики. Более интенсивным ростом обладал сорт груши Чижовская (по сравнению с Ладой). Наивысшей продуктивностью обладали растения при схеме 150х50 см, она достигала 594,1 тыс. шт./га по яблоне и 626,4 тыс. шт./га по груше. При схеме посадки 150х100 см продуктивность маточника была значительно ниже и составляла в среднем 330,6 тыс. черенков с 1 га. Увеличение продуктивности маточника наблюдалось по яблоне до 2016 г., по груше до 2014 г. Хотя к 2017 г. продуктивность и снизилась, но оставалась на высоком уровне 465-856 тыс. шт. стандартных черенков относительно 558,6-894,0 тыс. шт. стандартных черенков в 2016 г. Но наибольшее влияние на продуктивность маточника оказала схема 150+50х50 см, при которой на 1 га можно высадить до 20 тыс. маточных растений. По продуктивности насаждения с посадкой 150+50х50 см превосходили насаждения, посаженные по схеме 150х50 см, по яблоне на 218,8-294,5 тыс. шт. с 1 га стандартных черенков, по груше на 94,8204,3 тыс. шт. с 1 га, в зависимости от сорта. Выход черенков с одного семилетнего растения при горизонтальной формировке растений высокий и достигал 76,2 шт. По сорту Звездочка он был выше, чем по сорту Коричное полосатое. В целом с 1 га такого маточника можно получить до 510,5 тыс. стандартных черенков.This article presents the results of studies conducted in uterine-cutting plantations of intensive type laid in 2008. Objects of research were uterine plants of apple and pear. The length of shoots of all the cultivars of apple and pear at the age of eight was significant and reached an average of 73.8-90.0 cm. The smallest length of shoots was noted in the Melba variety, and the largest in the Baltika range. Chizovskaya pear variety demonstrated more intensive growth compared with Lada. Plants with the scheme 150x50 cm, which reached 594.1 thousand pieces / ha for apple and 626.4 thousand pieces / ha for pears provided the highest productivity. With the 150x100 cm planting scheme, the productivity of the maternity was significantly lower and averaged 330,600 cuttings per hectare. The increase in the productivity of the maternity was observed in the apple tree until 2016, and for the pear until 2014. Although by 2017 productivity has decreased, but remained at a high level of 465-856 thousand pieces of standard cuttings over 558.6-894.0 thousand pieces of standard cuttings in 2016. But the greatest influence on the productivity of the maternity was rendered by the scheme 150 + 50x50 cm, at which up to 20 thousand of plants can be planted per hectare. According to the productivity of the plantation with a planting of 150 + 50x50 cm, the plantations planted according to the 150x50 cm scheme for apple trees by 218.8-294.5 thousand were superior. from 1 ha of standard cuttings, and on a pear by 94.8-204.3 thousand pieces from 1 hectare, depending on the variety. The yield of cuttings from one seven-year-old plant with a horizontal formation of plants is high and reached 76.2 pieces. According to the Zvezdochka variety, it was higher than the Korichnoye polosatoye variety. In general, from 1 hectare of such a mother plant, up to 510,500 thousand of standard cuttings can be obtained.

The estimation of caving depth is of particular interest in the oil industry. During the drilling process, the rock classification problem is studied to analyze the concentration of cuttings at the vibrating shale shakers through the classification of caving images. To date, depth estimation based on caving rock images has not been treated in the literature. This paper presents a new depth caving estimation system based on the classification of caving images through feature extraction. To extract the texture descriptors, the cutting images are first mapped on a common space where they can be easily compared. Then, textural features are obtained by applying a multi-scale and multi-orientation approach through the use of Gabor transformations. Two different depth classifiers are developed; the first separates the textural features by using a soft decision based on the Euclidean distance, and the second performs a hard decision classification by applying a thresholding procedure. A detailed mathematical formulation of the developed classifiers is presented.The developed estimation system is verified using real data from rock cutting images in petroleum wells. Several simulations illustrate the performance of the proposed model using real images from a wellbore in a Colombian basin. The correct classification rate of a database containing 17 depth estimates is 91.2%. ResumenLa estimación de la profundidad de la que provienen los derrumbes que usualmente se presentan en las caras del pozo o también llamados cavings es de gran interés en la industria petrolera. Durante el proceso de perforación de un pozo, el problema de clasificación de rocas ha sido estudiado con el fin de analizar la concentración de recortes o ripios de perforación en las zarandas vibratorias a través de la clasificación de imágenes de cavings. Sin embargo, la estimación de la profundidad de los derrumbes basada en la utilización de imágenes de los mismos no ha sido tratada en la literatura. Este artículo presenta un nuevo modelo para la estimación de la profundidad de derrumbes a través de extracción de características. Para la extracción de estas características o descriptores de textura, imágenes de recortes son transformadas en un espacio común, el cual permite su comparación. Luego, las características se obtienen aplicando la transformación de Gabor, un enfoque que se caracteriza por proporcionar un análisis multi-escala y multi-orientación. Se desarrollaron dos clasificadores, el primero separa las características de textura usando un enfoque basado en la norma Euclideana y el segundo basado en decisiones por umbral. La formulación matemática detallada de los clasificadores desarrollados se presenta en este artículo.El sistema de estimación desarrollado se evalúa usando datos reales de imágenes de derrumbes pertenecientes a un pozo petrolero. Simulaciones muestran el rendimiento del modelo propuesto usando imágenes reales de un pozo perteneciente a una cuenca Colombiana. La correcta clasificación para una base de datos de imágenes que contiene 17 clases o profundidades es de 91.2%.

This article shows complete data of the means to grow organic horseradish in open field conditions in serbian metropolitan regions. In developed countries demand for organic productions grows, day in day out. That means that these cultures must be produced without appliance of additives, mineral fertilizers, pesticides, different hormones, and especially herbicides, that may biologically misbalance production environment. That's why it is necessary to find the way and develop methods to produce medically clean food and to preserve natural resources. Horseradish is one of the ideal cultures for this kind of production.

Aims: The aim of research is to examine the influence of auxins IAA, IBA, NAA and commercial rooting product on rooting of cuttings from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinialis L.), sage (Salvia officinialis L.) and elderberry (Sambucus nigra L). Study Design: Completely randomized design. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in a plastic tunnel with three beds in Stip, Republic of Macedonia, between October 2012 and January 2013. Methodology: Fifty cuttings from each experimental species (Rosmarinus officinialis L., Salvia officinialis and Sambucus nigra L.), with height of 15 cm, were treated with freshly made solutions of different auxin and planted for rooting in the rooting beds. After 100 days of planting we measure: height of cuttings, number of rooted cuttings, number of roots, root length and rooting percentage. Results: The conducted research shows that growth regulators applied during the experiment, including the commercial rooting product, positively influenced rooting process of vegetative cuttings of rosemary and sage. Application of auxins as IAA, IBA and NAA in concentration of only 5 ppm have stimulating effect on rooting of the rosemary (IBA – 92%), sage (IBA – 54%; NAA – 50%) and elderberry cuttings (K1 and IAA – 14%). Conclusion: This study is first report for application of auxins on rosemary, sage and elderberry cuttings collected from local populations in Republic of Macedonia. Application of auxins in concentrations of 5 ppm positively affected rosemary, sage and elderberry. The results presented in this paper show that the vegetative propagation of medicinal and aromatic species might be stimulated by auxins utilization even in very low concentrations. It should be noted that further research should be extended to more medicinal and aromatic plants with significant economic importance as well as with application of several higher concentration of auxins.

Epicormic shoots were induced in stumps and detached branches of adult Paulownia fortunei var. mikado plants to evaluate rooting potential. Stem cuttings obtained from shoots of stump were prepared with 12 cm in length and two leaves reduced to 78.5 cm2 (10 cm diameter). Cuttings from shoots of branches were prepared with 8-10 cm in length, and two leaves reduced to 50 % of the original size. Anatomical analysis was performed to evaluate possible barriers to rhizogenesis. After disinfestation, indolebutyric acid (IBA) was applied (0, 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 mg L-1). Installation was made in plastic pots with a volume of 170 cm3 and 53 cm3, respectively for each type of cuttings, with fine vermiculite and carbonized rice hulls (1:1 v/v) as substrate. After 60 days in a greenhouse, cuttings from epicormic shoots of branches presented rooting (58.12 %) and the average length of the three longest roots/ cutting (4.76 cm) was higher than in cuttings from stumps. The highest number of roots/cutting (7.66) and percentage of cuttings with callus (27.50) was observed in cuttings from stumps. There were no anatomical barriers observed harming the roots formation in the two types of cuttings. The use of indolebutyric acid is not required to induce rooting., Brotes epicórmicos fueron inducidos en cepas y ramas desprendidas de árboles maduros de Paulownia fortunei var. mikado (quiri) para evaluar el potencial de enraizamiento. Estacas provenientes de brotes de las cepas se prepararon con 12 cm de longitud y dos hojas reducidas a 78,5 cm2 (10 cm de diámetro), estacas de brotes de ramas desprendidas se prepararon con 8-10 cm de longitud y dos hojas reducidas a 50 % del tamaño original. Se realizó un análisis anatómico para evaluar las posibles barreras para el enraizamiento. Después de la desinfección se aplicó ácido indolbutírico (IBA) (0, 500, 1.000, 1.500 y 2.000 mg L-1). La instalación se hizo en tubos de 170 cm3 y 53 cm3, respectivamente, para cada tipo de estaca, con vermiculita fina y cáscara de arroz carbonizado (1:1, v/v) como sustrato. Después de 60 días en el invernadero, estacas de brotes epicórmicos de ramas mostraron enraizamiento (58,12 %) y longitud media de las tres raíces más largas por estaca (4,76 cm) mayor que en estacas provenientes de cepas. Se observó un mayor número de raíces por estaca (7,66) y porcentaje de estacas con callo (27,50) en las estacas de brotes epicórmicos provenientes de cepas. No se observaron barreras anatómicas perjudiciales para la respuesta rizogénica en los dos tipos de estacas. No se requiere el uso de ácido indolbutírico para inducir el enraizamiento.

Effects of auxin polar transport inhibitors, 2,3,5-triio-dobenzoic acid (TIBA), 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and methyl 2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (morphactin IT 3456), as a lanolin paste, on root formation in cuttings of some species of Crassulaceae, such as Bryophyllum daigremontianum, B. calycinum, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana and K. tubiflora, were studied. Cuttings of these plants were easily rooted in water without any treatment. TIBA and morphactin IT 3456 completely inhibited root formation in the cuttings of these plants but NPA did not when these inhibitors were applied around the stem below the leaves. When TIBA and morphactin were applied around the stem near the top, but leaves were present below the treatment, the root formation was observed in B. calycinum and K. blossfeldiana but in a smaller degree than in control cuttings. These results strongly suggest that endogenous auxin is required for root formation in cuttings of Crassulaceae plants. The differential mode of action of NPA is discussed together with its effect on auxin polar transport.

The application of cytokinins is a good tool to promote axillary buds in many species, but plant decapitation or leaf cut-back are also suitable methods. This research aims to establish a strategy for artichoke cutting production using a combination of chemical and mechanical treatments. Two experiments were conducted in Tunisia to investigate the effect of 6-benzylamino purine (BAP) on shoot outgrowth in globe artichoke combined with the leaf cut-back at collar level one week after BAP treatment. The first trial was tested in a spring offshoot nursery and the second one in a field of micro-propagated mother plants grown for two years. Five treatments were tested in both experiments: BAP 0 ppm + no cut-back (T1), BAP 0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm + cut-back (T2, T3, T4, and T5 respectively). Regarding growth aspects, the highest number of offshoots was obtained in T4 for both trials with an increase of 49.2% and 37.8% compared to T2 nursery and field values, respectively. T4 also showed a faster rhythm of shoot emission and the biggest shoot size compared to the other treatments. Significant interactions between BAP treatments and offshoot size were recorded for morphological and weight parameters. Regarding the offshoot mineral composition, relevant differences were observed among BAP treatments, moreover, the higher BAP concentrations induced a significant decrease of NaCl plant uptake. Therefore, the combination of BAP 200 ppm and the leaf cut-back could be a potential method to enlarge the cutting production of globe artichoke also reducing some stressful conditions.

Cet article explore la question de l’adaptation théâtrale sous l’angle de la coupe, c’est-à-dire de la réduction du périmètre du texte original par le metteur en scène pour établir le texte qui sera effectivement représenté. Ce procédé est étudié à partir de l’analyse de vingt et une mises en scène européennes d’Hamlet couvrant la période 1948-2004. Le redécoupage enclenche une métamorphose progressive de la pièce et on propose ici plusieurs principes et méthodes d’analyse pour mettre en lumière les transformations rythmiques, dramaturgiques et poétiques qui sont mises en œuvre par l’abrégement du texte. Le point de vue panoramique est d’abord abordé tant du point de vue de l’évolution historique des coupes que de la manière dont elles se déclinent sur la longueur de la pièce. Dans un deuxième temps deux exemples détaillés mettent en lumière des phénomènes locaux qui montrent comment la manière dont les metteurs en scène réduisent le texte de Hamlet révèle la structure du matériau shakespearien lui-même. Établissant une hiérarchie implicite entre différents fragments du texte ou dévoilant les points de friction entre les trois éditions originales de la pièce, la coupe offre un nouvel angle d’analyse du processus d’interprétation par la mise en scène. This article explores the issue of the adaptation for the stage by the cut, ie the reduction of the scope of the original text by the director to determine the text that will actually be represented. This process is studied from the analysis of twenty-one European productions of Hamlet covering the period 1948-2004. Redistribution triggers a gradual metamorphosis of the play and we propose here several principles and methods of analysis to highlight the rhythmic, dramatic and poetic transformations that are implemented by the shortening of the play. The general view is first discussed from the point of view of historical evolution of the cuts and the way they split along the length of the play. In a second step two detailed examples highlight local phenomena, that show how the way directors reduce the text of Hamlet reveals the structure of the Shakespearean material itself. Establishing an implicit hierarchy between different fragments of the text or revealing points of friction between the three original editions of the play, the cutting provides a new analysis of the process of interpretation by the director.

Experimental recultivation plantations were established in 2001–2003 in three areas allocated depending on the degree of exposure to industrial emissions and the state of woody vegetation in the vicinity of the city of Norilsk industrial region. The first object was the control zone of moderate disturbance, where the vegetation is mostly in normal state – east of the town of Talnakh (Listvyanka river area), the second object is located in zone of strong disturbance (Nalednaya river area, 1 km south of the town of Oganer), and third object of the experimental plantations was established in zone of very strong disturbance of vegetation – at Ergalakh river area (10 km south-east of the city of Norilsk). Experimental plantations were created by planting natural plants (wildings) of Picea obovata L., Larix sibirica L., Rosa acicularis L., Junipeus sibirica L., and different species of willow cuttings using different farming techniques to grow them. In 2008, studies were carried out by state (survival, safety, growth rates) of the created recultivation plantations. The studies have revealed species resistant to industrial emissions in Norilsk region. It has been discovered that survival rates and safety of willow plantings created by cuttings depends on planting technology and site properties. The greatest safety and resistance to industrial emissions were woolly willow Salix lanata L. and Salix hastata L.

Seven decades after the proposal of the first stability charts by Taylor (1937) many things have changed regarding the design and stability analysis of man-made slopes. High earth slopes with complex geometry (e.g. with benches) are often met in modern design practices, the stability analysis of which is based exclusively on relevant software. Despite of the wide use of computers in geotechnical engineering, stability charts and tables have been proved to be very useful in preliminary design and in checking software outcomes. Motivated by the above considerations, stability tables referring to homogeneous earth slopes with benches have been proposed. The tables in question deal with slopes having gradient 1:2, 1:1 or 2:1 (V:H) and 3- or 4-meter wide benches every 8 or 10m of slope height. The influence of groundwater on stability of slopes is also taken into account through the pore pressure ratio. In total, 2592 solutions were carried out using SLIDE™.