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This article introduces a methodology for the diachronic analysis of large historical corpora, Usage Fluctuation Analysis (UFA). UFA looks at the fluctuation of the usage of a word as observed through collocation. It presupposes neither a commitment to a specific semantic theory, nor that the results will focus solely on semantics. We focus, rather, upon a word’s usage. UFA considers large amounts of evidence about usage, through time, as made available by historical corpora, displaying fluctuation in word usage in the form of a graph. The paper provides guidelines for the interpretation of UFA graphs and provides three short case studies applying the technique to (i) the analysis of the word its and (ii) two words related to social actors, whore and harlot. These case studies relate UFA to prior, labour intensive, corpus and historical analyses. They also highlight the novel observations that the technique affords.

The paper focuses on diachronic framing analysis of Russias images in British media discourse. The importance of the research is determined by a need to work out adequate linguistic foundations to counteract information war, generated by some foreign media and aimed at distorting Russias history and eroding its spiritual values. Few scholars have drawn on any systematic research into analysis of Russias images in foreign media discourses of different historical spans. The major objective is to compare Russias images and their emotional charge in the British media in chronologically divided periods of war and peace under the influence of changing historical and ideological factors. The authors account for the mechanisms by which Russias images are framed and transformed in the contexts of the largest war of the XX century and the information war of the XXI century. The material comprises 500 samples per period. The data covering two historical spans are investigated through a framing approach. The criteria for diachronic analysis are dominant diagnostic and prognostic frames, constituting the macroframe WAR. The significant difference in Russias images in war- and peacetime consists in their emotive load: Russias contemporary negative images are contrasted to positive images activated in the retrospective period. The findings support the idea that British media discourse focusing on Russia is subject-centered: Russias image is determined by the geopolitical situation, Great Britains political priorities and objectives, and the bilateral relationship between the countries. The results can be used to further develop the linguistic basics of war theory.

In Slavic languages, diminutivization is a highly productive morphological process. A diminutive marker can be attached to nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. Secondary or even multiple diminutives are also possible. Considering the combinability of diminutive suffixes in nouns, Manova and Winternitz (2011) claim that only productive DIM1 suffixes function as DIM2 suffixes. The aim of this paper is to verify this idea on the basis of the analysis of data from Czech and Slovak. The DIM2 for the analysis were excerpted from the corpora. Neither Czech nor Slovak current sources apprehend diminutive markers as combinations of primary and secondary diminutive suffixes. The complex character of secondary diminutivizers is understood as a diachronic issue. Therefore, a historical analysis of all secondary diminutives was necessary. The research proved the assumption about the combinability of diminutive markers. The analysis also revealed that unproductive DIM2 suffixes are attached by substitution in both languages.

The study identifi es the semantics of the words islām and muslim in the Qur’an on the basis of contextual and diachronic analysis. During the research there were defi ned 8 thematic groups of uses, only 5 of which can in one way or another be attributed to the period of Muhammad prophecy. At the same time, considering the only exception in 72 cases of usage, all the lexemes are used as a technical religious term in all the abovementioned thematic groups. The periodization of surahs studies demonstrated the absence of semantic evolution, the assumption of which was made by some European authors. Profound analysis of lexical antitheses of this term has revealed the fact that it is opposed not only to unbelief and deviation from God’s way, but also to faith as an internal belief, thus representing an external act of accepting religion and observing its institutions. In conclusion, the author proposes a new version of the lexemes translation within the Qur’an, where he refl ects their religious, general monotheistic and performative meanings.

Agricultural economies of the Hellenistic era (323–30 bce) are poorly understood from primary plant and animal remains despite the extent of sites and rich historical records dating to this period. Here we present archaeobotanical remains from Hellenistic Ashkelon, an urban centre on the Mediterranean coast of the southern Levant, in comparison with a survey of the extant literature on Hellenistic archaeobotany across the eastern Mediterranean. Agricultural systems at Ashkelon focused on the cultivation of cereals, pulses, grapes, and figs, as did those of many other Hellenistic sites. We identify Triticum dicoccum (emmer) as a core component of agriculture at Ashkelon, a new finding for the period. Re-examination of other published Hellenistic assemblages from the southern Levant additionally suggests that T. dicoccum cultivation has been underappreciated to date and may have been regionally widespread, a legacy of Ptolemaic Egyptian control of the region in the early Hellenistic. A spatial and diachronic analysis of archaeobotanical remains in conjunction with the archaeological evidence at Ashkelon indicates a shift in practices of domestic food preparation towards increasing commercialization of food preparation. Further detailed archaeobotanical study of other Hellenistic cities is needed to establish whether this trend extends beyond Ashkelon during the period.

Iran has undergone a metamorphosis in its ideological and national identity due to its historical upheavals in the past century, e.g. the Persian Constitutional Revolution (1906–11), Islamic Revolution (1979), Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988). This paper aims to present the diachronic changes in the Iranian official national anthems’ lyrics. Through a critical discourse lens, I demonstrate how the socio-political changes have influenced these anthems and how such transformations have shaped the ideological identities of Iranians’ pre- and post-Islamic revolution to outsiders via lyrics. More specifically, I show how these identities are constructed through texts and via intertextual means. The findings display that the changes in Iranian anthems not only index a socio-historical transformation, but also a kind of acceleration in terms of political developments in contemporary Iran, and the ways in which the leaders may have employed their own ideological views to project Iranian identities.

Social mobility is one of the concepts which is the most intrinsically bound to sociology. Hence, the diachronic analysis of this concept contributes to our understanding of sociology and the way that the discipline has changed, as it turned to individual social trajectories according to different topics. Aimed at contributing to this understanding, I’ve developed a literature review based on a systematic collection of the scientific publications in social sciences directly addressing social mobility. A database with conceptual and methodological variables was compiled (N=1054) and worked on. Distinct periods in the life course of this concept have been identified, with the emergence of a scattered concept (1920–1959), the golden age of social mobility (1960–1989), followed by a period of fragmentation and resistance (1990–2012). These three periods are characterized by different methodological and geographical hegemonies, flows and volumes of publications, and also by different tendencies and theoretical and disciplinary rivalries.

The growing availability of digital trace data has generated unprecedented opportunities for analyzing, explaining, and predicting the dynamics of process change. While research on process organization studies theorizes about process and change, and research on process mining rigorously measures and models business processes, there has so far been limited research that measures and theorizes about process dynamics. This gap represents an opportunity for new information systems research. This research note lays the foundation for such an endeavor by demonstrating the use of process mining for diachronic analysis of process dynamics. We detail the definitions, assumptions, and mechanics of an approach that is based on representing processes as weighted, directed graphs. Using this representation, we offer a precise definition of process dynamics that focuses attention on describing and measuring changes in process structure over time. We analyze process structure over two years at four dermatology clinics. Our analysis reveals process changes that were invisible to the medical staff in the clinics. This approach offers empirical insights that are relevant to many theoretical perspectives on process dynamics.

The present study aims to analyse the dynamics of land use and land cover in the Melap Forest Reserve in West Cameroon on the basis of a diachronic analysis of Landsat 4 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI_TIRS images for the years 1988, 2000 and 2018 respectively. Satellite images were processed using ENVI and ArcGIS software. The results showed that The Melap Forest Reserve consists of five main classes of land use/land cover; namely, forest, savannah, bare soil, cropland and built-up area. The analysis showed an ongoing deforestation and degradation of the forest. The forest class has been steadily decreasing from 1345 ha in 1988 to 664 ha in 2018, corresponding to a total loss of 680.9 ha (around 49%) over the 30-year period. The decrease in forest has led to an increase in savannah (+ 315 ha from 1988 to 2018); cropland (+ 351 ha); as well as built-up (+ 9 ha) and bare soil (+ 6 ha). The local communities are the main actors of these changes, principally through agriculture, wood extraction and breeding. Then, the present study suggests participatory management, which includes local communities, for the restoration and the management of the study area.

Benevolences and curses, integral and authentic part of the discourse, most clearly reflect the culture of people. The use of these expressions in the communication space of different languages indicates the need for their study from the standpoint of linguistics, folklore, stylistics, rhetoric, psychology, cultural studies and other sciences. This article provides diachronic analysis and examines the deictic means of French benevolences and curses in the French language. The material for the study was the texts of the Bible, French epic poems, medieval legends, ballads, tales, and fiction. When considering this topic, the author used both general and special scientific methods and techniques: a historical-etymological method, a descriptive method that includes methods for observing, comparing, interpreting and classifying the material being studied; semantic identification method; distribution method. Comparing the medieval French discourse with the modern French language, the author examined the grammatical and semantic evolution, which underwent benevolences and curses.

Framed by MCDA, our study examines diachronic changes in gender representation in five New Headway Elementary (NHE) editions. Our findings demonstrate that NHE’s gender representation is establishe...

Diachronic analysis of the historical contributions expressed in scientific articles by research productivity scholars from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, for the debate based on Raymond Williams in the field of Information Science, more specifically in the interdomain related to cultural aspects. It presents the conception adopted as the basis of this descriptive and documentary study, investigating the influence of Williams for research on culture in the area. It identifies the scientific production in Information Science, of the agents that constitute the group of productivity researchers and that referenced Williams. It selects the articles of these authors to verify the themes present in this production and the scientific journals. It analyzes these contributions, relating them to each other and to the concepts present in the relevant literature. The study allowed to identify a small portion of the publications researched as citing Williams' works, however it is possible to verify that more than half of the articles that bring the author as a reference deal with culture. The research also demonstrates the inclination of researchers Marco Almeida and Leilah Bufrem to cite the works of Raymond Williams, since their publications correspond to almost half of the research corpus. It was possible to observe that the publication of the analyzed articles is dispersed among different journals.

This paper aims to cast light on contemporary migration rhetoric by integrating historical discourse analysis. I focus on continuity and change in conventionalised metaphorical framings of emigration and immigration in the UK-based Times newspaper from 1800 to 2018. The findings show that some metaphors persist throughout the 200-year time period (liquid, object), some are more recent in conventionalised form (animals, invader, weight) while others dropped out of conventionalised use before returning (commodity, guest). Furthermore, we see that the spread of metaphor use goes beyond correlation with migrant naming choices with both emigrants and immigrants occupying similar metaphorical frames historically. However, the analysis also shows that continuity in metaphor use cannot be assumed to correspond to stasis in framing and evaluation as the liquid metaphor is shown to have been more favourable in the past. A dominant frame throughout the period is migrants as an economic resource and the evaluation is determined by the speaker’s perception of control of this resource.

espanolEl presente articulo consiste en un analisis diacronico de la literatura infantil espanola de las ultimas cuatro decadas. Busca el objetivo de estudiar la repercusion de los avances en el ambito de la igualdad logrados en los ultimos anos. Para ello, a partir de una seleccion de lecturas infantiles publicadas entre 1980 y 2020, analizamos las ilustraciones que contienen atendiendo a elementos que pueden suponer la representacion de estereotipos tradicionales sobre los roles sociales y caracterizaciones de hombre y mujer. El analisis demuestra la evolucion que se ha experimentado en relacion con la superacion de determinados estereotipos que son recurrentes en obras de los primeros anos de la decada de los 80, en especial en las obras publicadas en la ultima decada estudiada. EnglishThis article consists of a diachronic analysis of Spanish children's literature of the last four decades. It seeks the objective of studying the impact of the advances in the field of equality achieved in recent years. To this end, based on a selection of children’s readings published between 1980 and 2020, we analyze the illustrations they contain, paying attention to elements that may imply the representation of traditional stereotypes about the social roles and characterizations of men and women. The analysis shows the evolution that has been experienced in relation to overcoming certain stereotypes that are recurrent in works from the early years of the 1980s, especially in works published in the last decade studied.

In recent decades, self-mention expressions which explicitly show academic writers’ participation in the research process have yielded a lot of attention. Substantial studies have explored the cross-cultural and interdisciplinary differences in the use of self-mention, yet few studies have been conducted on the diachronic changes in frequency of self-mention in academic writing. Based on Walkova’s classification of the rhetorical functions of self-mention personal pronouns, the authors investigated the interdisciplinary disparities and diachronic changes of the deployment of rhetorical functions of self-mention personal pronouns. The disciplines explored in this paper are applied linguistics, sociology, electronic engineering and biochemistry & molecular biology. By investigating the use of first person pronouns I, we, me, us and determiners my, our in 108 research articles published over the past 40 years, this study shows that applied linguistics is the only discipline that has seen a decline in the use of first person pronouns. The chi-square analysis also indicates that there is a significant difference in the use of rhetorical functions among the four disciplines.

Despite recent advances in Construction Pragmatics, a systematic way for delimiting coded pragmatic information has yet to be offered. This squib provides a step in establishing such an account by assessing what kind of pragmatic information speakers generalize from various usage-events. Drawing on findings from Conversation Analysis, I propose a distinction between pragmatic functions as speakers’ actions, and interactional patterns as discourse-information sequences. A synchronic examination of the Hebrew multifunctional discourse marker ′at/a yode′a/′at (′know.prs.m/f.sg′) demonstrates the consistent use of the construction in an interactional pattern across numerous usage-events. A qualitative diachronic analysis of ′at/a yode′a/′at suggests that speakers may associate forms with interactional patterns rather than with functions. This preliminary evidence provides support for the generalization of interactional patterns.

Metadiscourse is an important linguistic resource which establishesthe writer-reader relationship and makes a text reader-friendly. Thereis a scarcity of research which has analyzed the metadiscourse markersin a diachronic way. This study aims to explore the interactive markerssuch as transitions, frame markers, endophoric markers, evidentials,code glosses employed in Turkish research article abstracts published inJournal of Linguistics and Literature, Journal of Linguistics Research,Language Journal in 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 years and takesHyland’s (2005) Interpersonal Model of Metadiscourse as the theoreticalframework. The findings of this study illustrate that 2017-2018 writersguide the readers in their research article abstracts much more than2008-2009 writers with the use of evidentials by which they refer to theother researchers’ ideas. This result reveals the diachronic evolution inthe degree of writer-reader relationship from the perspective of socialrelations so that 2017-2018 writers are more inclined to declare beingmember of a specific discourse community with the use of evidentials.This research is expected to contribute to the understanding of Turkishacademic discourse from a diachronic perspective and to provide usefulimplications in the fields such as foreign language teaching, corpuslinguistics and text analysis., Üst söylem, yazar-okuyucu ilişkisini kuran ve bir metni okur dostuyapan önemli bir dilsel kaynaktır. Üst söylem belirleyicilerini art zamanlıolarak inceleyen araştırmalar oldukça azdır. Bu çalışma, 2008-2009 ve 2017-2018 yıllarında Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi, Dilbilim AraştırmalarıDergisi, Dil Dergisi’nde yayımlanan araştırma makalelerininTürkçe özetlerinde kullanılan bağlayıcılar, çerçeve belirleyiciler, metiniçi belirleyiciler, tanıtlayıcılar, kod çözümleyiciler gibi etkileşimlibelirleyicileri araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır ve Hyland’ın (2005) kişilerarası üst söylem modelini kuramsal çerçeve olarak ele almaktadır. Buçalışmanın bulguları, 2017-2018 yazarlarının araştırma makalelerininözetlerinde, diğer araştırmacıların fikirlerine atıfta bulunduklarıtanıtlayıcıları 2008-2009 yazarlarına göre daha fazla kullandıklarınıve böylece okuyuculara metin boyunca daha çok rehberlik ettiklerinigöstermektedir. Bu sonuç, yazar-okuyucu ilişkisi derecesinin toplumsalilişkiler açısından art zamanlı evrimini ortaya koymaktadır, şöyle ki2017-2018 yazarları belirli bir söylem topluluğunun üyesi olduklarınıtanıtlayıcı kullanımıyla daha fazla beyan etme eğilimindedir. Bu araştırmanın,Türk akademik söyleminin art zamanlı bir bakış açısıyla dahaiyi anlaşılmasına katkı sağlaması ve yabancı dil öğretimi, bütünce dilbilimi ve metin çözümlemesi gibi alanlarda faydalı sonuçlar sağlamasıbeklenmektedir.

It is now increasingly accepted that metadiscourse as one of the significant rhetorical features of research articles is context-sensitive and subject to change in response to the historically developing practices of academic communities. Motivated by such an understanding, the current research drew on a corpus of 914679 words taken from three leading journals of applied linguistics in order to trace the diachronic evolution of stance markers in discussion sections of research articles from 1996 to 2016. The analysis revealed a substantial decline in the overall frequency of stance markers in the discussion section, with devices in all categories, except self-mention which increased dramatically over the past 20 years. Approaching the interactional dimension of academic writing from such a diachronic perspective, it might be argued that academic writing reflects, and in turn constitutes, social and institutional practices derived from contexts that are continually changing. Hence, training in academic writing needs to be a process of raising students’ consciousness of the choices they can make and the consequences of making those choices in particular contexts.

Recent debates in modern India on which script to use for the Sindhi language in the country present the situation as a binary choice between Perso-Arabic and Devanagari. However, such debates almost always fail to take into account the fact that the Sindhi language has, for most of its written history, been written in multiple scripts by different user groups and for different purposes. This study investigates the rich history of multiscriptality in the Sindhi language by analysing data on the use of various scripts for the language from the tenth century to the present day. I show that, historically, the Sindhi community chose and used scripts based on utilitarian and pragmatic principles, rather than on ideology or prejudice. I also demonstrate that script choice in the Sindhi community was determined by religio-occupational needs, one’s gender affiliation as well as the purpose and function of writing. In doing so, I argue that the case of Sindhi multiscriptality makes significant contributions to our understanding of the sociolinguistics of writing, of script choice, and of the paradigm of biscriptality (Bunčić, Daniel, Sandra L. Lippert & Achim Rabus (eds.). 2016. Biscriptality: A sociolinguistic typology. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter).

Frames are indispensable tools for journalists to make sense of unfolding events, but they also constrain their perspective to most readily see what they expect to see. In this study, we examine ho...

While the use ofwellas an intensifier of most adjectives had supposedly died out by Early Modern English (Fettig 1934: 186, Mustanoja 1960: 327, Stenström 2000: 188, Ito and Taglimonte 2003: 278), no studies have empirically examined its frequency diachronically. The present study traces its use from Early Modern English (1560) to Present Day English, (2014) using five speech-related corpora in addition to various dialectal sources and audio/video clips. Results indicate that this use was retained in some dialects of English despite not being attested in theCorpus of English Dialoguesnor theOld Bailey Corpus,which document predominantly the incipient standard variety. A qualitative analysis of its use reveals a potential diachronic shift in its stress pattern and the scale structure of its intensified heads. Moreover, the present study discusses some of the methodological challenges which arise when using historical corpora to investigate linguistic change, drawing particular attention to sample representativeness and data analysis.

)e paper focuses on the diachronic analysis of the compound tenses tinha feito,terei feito and teria feito in the Portuguese language. )e principal objective of thisstudy is to analyze the modo-temporal functions of these compound tenses in OldPortuguese, to compare its frequency and its use in the evolution of the Portugueselanguage. )e research is based on the linguistic corpus www.corpusdoportugues.org.

Humans find birds important as food, symbols, competitors, and objects for amusement or study, and give names to different groups or species of bird. However, a single bird may have many names, lik...

Phonosymbolic elements such as ideophones and interjections test the translator’s ability in various ways. These forms would, in theory, require a complete change of form and substance of the source text but this has not always been possible because of graphical, cultural and linguistic reasons, and this led, in certain cases, to a foreignized target-text environment. Recent research has started to consider the relationship between verbal and visual modes as beneficial and not just as a mere constraint for the translator. This research aims to align itself with this approach in order to analyze how verbal and visual modes in Disney comic books have come together to welcome sound symbolic forms and how translators have dealt with them in Italian Disney comics, in particular. In order to clarify the behavior, function, translation and use of expressive sound symbolic devices in Italian Disney comics, this article will offer a diachronic analysis of these strategies as found in a diachronic bidirectional corpus compiled through extensive archival research.

The article presents a cross-lingual diachronic analysis of the linguistic image of Kazan recorded in Russian and English Corpora of Google Books within the period between years 1800 and 2019. The material of the research comprises 6236 texts in the Russian subcorpus and 9858 texts in the English subcorpus compiled for the study. The frequency of onym ‘Казань’ was the highest in early 19th and 20th centuries, while that of ‘Kazan’ – in late 20th century. The range of lexical patterns of both Russian English contexts of the studied words is wide with predominantly neutral and, in rare cases, negative connotations in the past, while modern contexts are most notably positive and neutral. In both languages subcorpora, the highest context frequency is registered for the words belonging to the following thematic groups: “City”, “Historical personality”, “Landscape”, “Religion”, as well as verbs denoting acquisition of an object and adjectives denoting time. The range of typical semantic roles of the onyms ‘Казань’ and ‘Kazan’ during the period studied, 1800–2019, widens from Locative and Patient in the texts of the 19th century to Agent, Posessor, Experiencer in the 20th and 21st centuries. The latter is caused by changes in the national and global arena and the role of Kazan in the country and the world. The research shows that, in the modern discourse, the word collocates with the verbs denoting activity, verbal behavior, physical action, and struggle. The article also provides the authors’ insights into the limitations of the corpus used as the source of research.

The aim of this study is to analyse a non-uniform process of palatalization in the Mid- dle English Northern dialect, with the main focus on the range of operation of the pro- cess, its conditioning environment and the direction of the change in the four lemmas: EACH, MUCH, SUCH, and WHICH. The fact that palatalization was an active process in the North has been proved by 47% of the Northern texts from the Innsbruck Cor- pus of Middle English Prose, which have demonstrated cases of palatalization in the forms of the lemmas. Referring to the studies of a perceptually motivated sound change and observing certain correlations between the palatalization processes occurring now and in the past, one may infer that the scope of palatalization in the North might have been even wider.

High-amplitude movements in ballet and sports significantly increase the load on the tendon-muscleligament apparatus of the pelvis and hip joints, which leads to apophysites. The aesthetic demands for movements requiring leg turnout significantly modifies the biomechanics of musculoskeletal motion, creating overuse in structures that are rarely "overused" during natural (without turning legs out) movements. Overuse injuries in these children and adolescents are much more common than acute injuries. Most apophysitis, especially apophysitis of pelvic bones and hip joints, remain undiagnosed and mixed up with usual sports injuries. The difficulty in diagnosing the apophysites is that almost all modern methods of instrumental diagnostics are not apophysitis specific and, in most cases, visualize a variety of age norm. Physical examination still remains the optimal method of apophysites diagnostics

The chapter introduces a diachronic approach distinguishing six periods, from traditional diplomacy to public diplomacy as the concept is conceived nowadays from a European point of view. Diplomacy is approached from a communication perspective, studying how a diachronic analysis enlightens the emergence of public diplomacy as a bridge between diplomacy and the diversity of publics. The chapter aims at developing a rationale legitimating the presence of communication researchers in public diplomacy and emphasises the link between public diplomacy, public relations and international public relations.

This paper discusses the stem variance of the root ḥ­b­q in the Bible, suggesting that its inconsistent conjugation does not reflect the original Biblical Hebrew, but rather results from an anachronistic pronunciation created by the Masoretes. The paper reviews the research of Masoretic anachronisms and the methodologies developed to identify them, applying these to the case of the root ḥ­b­q. It concludes that ḥ­b­q belongs to a specific type of Masoretic anachronism, in which original Qal forms were misvocalized by the Masoretes as Piel under the influence of Mishnaic Hebrew. After presenting biblical and extra-biblical evidence to support this conclusion, the paper briefly discusses some of its main implications for the diachronic study of ancient Hebrew: the "late spelling paradox," the scope of the phenomenon of substituting Piel for Qal, and the relation between Masoretic anachronisms and the scholarly debate about the linguistic reliability of the Masoretic text.

In recent years, there have been frequent chaos in professional lending, and professional lenders are in a stage of strict regulation. At present, most provinces lack specific determination standards for the professional lenders in judicial practice, and the data research on the phenomenon of professional lenders lacks global and diachronic analysis. Based on more than 5 million judgment texts, the number of litigation involved by the same party is used as the identification standard, and the number of litigation involved 5 or more is included as the index to establish a case database of suspected professional lenders. Based on the case database of suspected professional lenders, we conduct an exploratory analysis of the dimensions of region, gender, age and the number of litigation involved. The results show that the regional distribution of suspected professional lenders is mainly concentrated in the eastern region, and the proportion of males is higher than that of females, and the majority are the middle-aged and middle-aged elderly. However, the number of litigation involved does not subject to power-law distribution.

Nowadays, learning foreign languages is envisaged as a priority within any Western curriculum, but most research has been conducted in dominant languages such as English or Spanish. Hence, our goal here is to focus on the teaching of Arabic as a foreign language and highlight the importance culture plays in its learning. Thus, using a comparative method, we have analysed several suwar in the Quran in order to elicit cultural information which can be used when teaching Arabic. Issues such as marriage, divorce, right of inheritance and freedom have been addressed. We also revised the cultural implications and policies in teaching Arabic in relation to diachronic analysis of Medieval Andalusian literature.Therefore, we conclude that teaching Arabic language and literature has to be contextualised and related to economical, socio-political, and especially cultural aspects where the religious rigidness would be overpassed and would help in extoling freedom of literary expression.

During the height of same-sex marriage debate, the authors' research identified as an ideograph. This ideograph was defined synchronically by participants with shared concepts of commitm...

Mediante la fotointerpretación de imágenes aéreas con la utilización de técnicas SIG y a través de un intenso trabajo bibliográfico y de campo, se realiza un análisis diacrónico (1956, 1991 y 2015) de la evolución de los usos del suelo en Oliva (València, España). A partir de este análisis multimetodológico se estudia la evolución de la situación urbanística y de las dinámicas territoriales en un municipio paradigmático para explicar la evolución urbanística del litoral valenciano en las últimas décadas. In this paper we have carried out a diachronic analysis about land uses evolution in Olive through a mixed method of research, based on photo-interpretation of aerial images (years 1956, 1991, 2015) using GIS techniques, on the one hand, and by means of a comprehensive bibliographic and field work, on the other hand. From this multimethod analysis, urban development and territorial dynamics are studied in a coastal paradigmatic municipality to explain the urbanistic development of the Valencian Mediterranean coast in the last decades.

This article presents a new theory on the origins of the common Finnic tetrameter as a poetic form (also called the Kalevala-meter, regilaul meter, etc.). It argues that this verse form emerged as a creolization of the North Germanic alliterative verse form during a period of intensive language contacts, and that the Finnic ethnopoetic ecology made it isosyllabic. Previous theories have focused on the trochaic, tetrametric structure and viewed other features of poetic form as secondary or incidental. This is the first theory to offer a metrically driven explanation for the distinctive features of the poetic form: the systematic placement of lexically stressed short syllables in metrically unstressed positions and systematic yet unmetricalized use of verse-internal alliteration. The emergence of the poetic form may be viewed simply in terms of hybridization, but its formation as a central mode for epic and ritual poetry demands consideration of social factors. Creolization is considered a social process of hybridization at the level of sign systems that is characterized by a salient asymmetrical relation of power, authority or other value in the cultural sign systems being reconfigured from the perspective of the society or groups involved. An argument is presented that North Germanic contacts also produced systematic verse-internal alliteration in Finnic languages. Discussion then turns to the distinction between the origin and spread of the poetic form. The poetic form’s uniformity across Finnic language areas in spite of its ‘foreign’ metrical features along with the range of genres with which it was used are considered indicators of the poetic form’s spread with language, forming an argument that the tetrameter emerged within an environment that also produced Late Proto-Finnic, and then spread with Late Proto-Finnic language and culture through areas where other Finnic language forms were spoken.

The present research seeks to give an approximation of what pre-Hispanic fishing was like in the region of Sinaloa from its origins, through the accumulated information that comes from the ethnic groups throughout time and the influence the Mesoamerican culture had, according to Carpenter (2008), Grave (2002, 2010), Kirchhoff (1967), Ortega (1999) and Santos (2000, 2010, 2017). Therefore, a diachronic analysis of the pre-Hispanic fishing activity was conducted in the region of Sinaloa through archaeological, ethnographic and historical evidence. The results reveal the fact that fishing in the region of Sinaloa has evolved by to human influence since shortly before the Early Pre-Classic period lower cenolithic until nowadays. At the beginning, finishing was just used to meet nutritional needs and was done manually, without any instruments. Over time, those ethnic groups started looking for more efficient and effective means of fishing thus developing what we now call ´fishing methods and instruments´. Some of these old implements have lost their continuity, but those that survived have developed transformations related to the materials needed for their elaboration (due to technological innovation).

El estudio analiza la rotación de los directivos públicos de alto nivel en Ecuador y su utilización como instrumento de confianza política desde el Ejecutivo, en contraste con un modelo de ciclo de vida del desempeño directivo, para determinar si es un problema para la obtención de resultados en la gestión. Se realiza un análisis cualitativo y diacrónico de los índices de rotación y el tiempo de permanencia en el cargo de los directivos desde una muestra de Ministerios que representan un peso importante con relación al modelo de gestión de Estado para el quinquenio 2012-2016; como resultado, se muestra que con altos niveles de rotación se configuran problemas para efectivizar una dirección profesional y, aunque esta sea utilizada como herramienta política y electoral para el movimiento de las autoridades, a dichos niveles disminuye su utilidad estratégica.

The disastrous circumstances in the aftermath of a massive event like Fukushima nuclear accident is not unique to Japan. The more exertion to prevent the next Fukushima nuclear accident is required not to reiterate the similar failure. The countries where nuclear power is potentially introduced in future need to study the lessons learnt from the Fukushima nuclear accident, which would help to highlight the critical point for the future nuclear operation. However, the scholarly application of the lessons from the Fukushima nuclear accident to such countries, in particular ASEAN Member States (AMS), has yet to be fully discussed. As such, this study first conducts the diachronic analysis of various energy and nuclear policies in Japan before and after the Fukushima nuclear accident and then identifies the three major lessons and challenges, that is; nuclear regulatory institutional reform, development of stringent regulation and public engagement in policy making. Finally, the current nuclear situation in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippine and Thailand in ASEAN is analyzed to extract the critical aspect of nuclear installation in AMS and to provide strategic implications on the basis of the identified lessons learnt from the Fukushima nuclear accident.

While the sonic logo for McDonald’s i’m lovin’ it campaign has been widely distributed and highly praised, little is known about the actual characteristics and meaning potentials of this particular musical discourse. From the perspective of multimodal discourse analysis, this paper seeks to unravel the discourse of the sonic logo as it appears in a collection of 475 commercials from the first fifteen years of the campaign. By adopting an otherwise rarely found diachronic perspective, the examination reveals how the sonic logo changes over time and thereby produces alternating meaning potentials. To account for these changes, the paper offers the concepts of alteration and adaptation. Based on these concepts, the paper reveals novel insights into how music can perform a determinative role in the multimodal discourse. In addition to the traditional functions of sonic logos, the music serves to engage viewers in appropriating the slogan of the campaign. This process is specified as the production of an emotive, which imply an instigation of an emotional engagement–related to current values and ideologies–beyond the more familiar capacities of music to express and induce emotions.

While the Washington Consensus is one of the most (in)famous economic policy paradigms of recent times, the literature on it still lacks a detailed, diachronic analysis of how it evolved within one...

This research specifies the objective of the scientific method used by Alfred Sauvy (1898-1990), economist, sociologist and French demographer of international renown, before analyzing its characteristics, Cette recherche précise l’objectif de la méthode scientifique utilisée par Alfred Sauvy (1898-1990), économiste, sociologue et démographe français de renom international, avant d’en analyser les caractéristiques.

Despite the coming into force of the Algerian Littoral Law 02/2002, which aimed the protection of the coast and a sustainable use of its resources, construction projects have been authorized on brittle unstable lithology. Relating to this, Kharrouba experienced a tremendous change during the period 2004-2012 due to a massive urbanization. Accordingly, expert’s reports concerning the sustainability of construction projects as required by the Law 01-03-2003, were not sufficient. In this work, we analyzed the morphological coastal transformation of Kharrouba between 1989 and 2016 with particular interest in the decline of the dune due to a strong urban growth. For this purpose, a topographic map and Google Earth Pro pictures were used and processed in a geographical information system (SIG). The results of the diachronic analysis and the evolution of the coastal dune showed that the dune surface increased 23.82 % between 1989 and 2004; a period marked by a low construction activity. On the other hand, the surface of the dune regressed 59.67% during the period 2004-2012 that coincided with a major flat construction for the local population and secondary for the tourism. In addition to the environmental impact, the degradation of the dune led to more erosion, sediment balance disturbance of the beach, and coastal risk susceptibility. Moreover, the study area already experienced two landslides between 2012 and 2014 with negative socioeconomic consequences. A sustainable development of the coastal zone in Kharrouba and the province of Mostaganem should consider the environment and its protection as inevitable conditions for long-term economic activities. Therefore, the stakeholder of this region should comply with the existing laws regarding the preservation of the dune and the respect of the legally fixed distance between the coastline and a planned construction project. TítuloIMPACTO DA URBANIZAÇÃO NA DUNA COSTEIRA: CASO DE KHARROUBA, A OESTE DA ARGÉLIAResumoApesar da entrada em vigor da Lei Argelina sobre o Litoral de 02/2002, que visava a proteção do litoral e o uso sustentável de seus recursos, foi autorizada a implementação de projetos de construção sobre litologia instável e frágil. Em consequência disso, Kharrouba sofreu uma tremenda mudança durante o período de 2004-2012 devido a urbanização maciça. Consequentemente, de acordo com a Lei 01-03-2003, os relatórios de especialistas sobre a sustentabilidade dos projetos de construção, revelam que as medidas tomadas não eram suficientes. Neste trabalho, analisamos a transformação costeira morfológica de Kharrouba entre 1989 e 2016 com particular interesse no declínio da duna devido a um forte crescimento urbano. Para isso, um mapa topográfico e imagens do Google Earth Pro foram usados e processados em um sistema de informações geográficas (SIG). Os resultados da análise diacrônica e a evolução da duna costeira mostraram que a superfície das dunas aumentou 23,82% entre 1989 e 2004; um período marcado por uma baixa atividade de construção. Por outro lado, a superfície da duna regrediu 59,67% durante o período 2004-2012, que coincidiu com o aumento significativo de construção para a população local e para o turismo. Além do impacto ambiental, a degradação da duna levou a mais erosão, perturbação no equilíbrio dos sedimentos da praia e vulnerabilidade a riscos costeiros. Além disso, a área de estudo já sofreu dois deslizamentos entre 2012 e 2014, com consequências socioeconômicas negativas. Para um desenvolvimento sustentável da zona costeira de Kharrouba e da província de Mostaganem deve-se considerar o ambiente e sua proteção como condições indispensáveis para o desenvolvimento de atividades econômicas de longo prazo. Para tanto, as entidades desta região devem cumprir as leis existentes sobre a preservação da duna e o respeito da distância legalmente fixada entre o litoral e as construções civis.Palavras-chave: Argélia. Litoral. Dunas. Impacto. Urbanização. SIG.

EnglishThe paper focuses on the diachronic analysis of the periphrases foi fazer, ia fazer and vai fazer in the Portuguese language. The principal objective of this study is to analyze the temporal and aspectual functions of these periphrases in Old Portuguese, to compare its frequency and its use in the evolution of the Portuguese language. The research is based on the linguistic corpus www.corpusdoportugues.org portuguesO artigo ocupa-se da analise diacronica das perifrases foi fazer, ia fazer e vai fazer na lingua portuguesa. O objetivo principal do texto e analisar as funcoes temporais e aspetuais das perifrases em questao no Portugues Antigo e comparar a sua frequencia e o seu emprego na evolucao da lingua portuguesa. A pesquisa baseia-se no corpus linguistico www.corpusdoportugues.org.