Search

Intenziviranje stočarske proizvodnje dovelo je do toga da reprodukcija, kao primarna fiziološka funkcija svakog živog organizma sa ciljem produženja vrste, u odnosu na biološke zakone i potrebe bude višestruko ugrožena, odnosno rezultira evidentno slabijim rezultatima. Ispoljavanje genetskog potencijala za proizvodnju životinja je u neposrednoj zavisnosti od ishrane. Nepravilna i deficitarna ishrana, pored toga što dovodi do smanjenja obima proizvodnje (mesa, mleka, jaja), izuzetno nepovoljno se odražava i na uspeh reprodukcije. Nepovoljan uticaj ishrane se manifestuje poremećajem ili izostankom estrusa, smanjenom koncepcijom, resorpcijom ploda ili pobačajem, rađanjem avitalnih ili mrtvih mladunaca itd. Nasuprot navedenom, pravilna ishrana reproduktivnih grla, čiji organizam treba da podnese sve napore višegodišnje intenzivne proizvodnje, omogućava njihovo duže zadržavanje i eksploataciju u proizvodnji. Plodnost životinja predstavlja jedan od osnovnih faktora ekonomičnosti proizvodnog procesa. Među brojnim faktorima koji utiču na nastanak poremećaja reprodukcije i plodnosti, po svom značaju izdvajaju se nutritivni faktori (energetska vrednost obroka, sadržaj proteina, mineralnih materija i vitamina). Kroz brojne oglede ishrane utvrđeno je da, kako nedovoljna količina, tako i veća količina hranljivih materija može u velikoj meri da utiče na proces reprodukcije. Osnovni problemi su vezani za stepen suficita, deficita ili disbalansa u ishrani reproduktivnih domaćih životinja. Pored toga, u hrani za životinje mogu da se nađu i štetne materije (estrogen biljnog porekla, ili sekundarni metaboliti plesni) koje mogu u značajnoj meri da naruše reproduktivni ciklus u svim njegovim fazama. Najbolja preporuka je da se životinjama obezbedi izbalansiran obrok u svim hranljivim sastojcima koji zadovoljavaju prethodno normirane nutritivne zahteve i preporuke. Intensification of livestock production has led to the fact that the reproduction, as the primary physiological function of every living organism with the aim of extending the species, in relation to biological laws and requirements became multiple compromised, or to result in evidently lower performance. The manifestation of genetic potential for animal production is highly dependent on nutrition. Irregular and deficient diet, in addition of leading to a reduction in the volume of production (meat, milk, eggs) extremely adversely affects the success of reproduction. The adverse effects of eating disorder is manifested or absence of estrus, reduced conception, fetal resorption or abortion, giving birth to non-vital or dead cubs etc. In contrast to stated, the proper nutrition of reproductive animals whose organism should endure the difficulties of many years of intensive production enables their longer retention and utilization in manufacturing. Fertility represents also a basic factor of economical production. Among many different factors that affect fertility and reproductive disorders by its significant stand out nutritional factors energy value of diet, content of protein, minerals and vitamins. Through the many feeding trials, it has been documented that insufficient quantity as well as a greater amount of nutrients can significantly affect the process of reproduction. The main problems are related to the degree of excess, deficit or imbalance of nutrients in the diet of domestic reproductive animals. In addition, the feed can contain harmful substances (estrogens of plant origin, or secondary metabolites of molds) that can significantly impair the reproductive cycle in all its phases. The best recommendation is to provide to animals a completely balanced meal in all nutrients that meet previously established nutritional requirements and recommendations.

Актуелни трендови употребе биљних производа у заштити здравља људи и животиња довели су до широке примене природних полифенола присутних у биљкама, као што су зелени чај, боровница, аронија, итд. На основу досадашњих испитивања настанка оксидативног стреса као и начина превенције, можемо закључити да су грожђе, семенке грожђа, као и комина показали одређене протективне ефекте. In vivo студије ефикасности полифенола су изузетно комплексне и до сада су дале контроверзне резултате. У овде представљеном раду дат је преглед до сада постигнутих сазнања ефеката употребе полифенола грожђа у заштити од оксидативног стреса домаћих животиња. Current trends on the use of plant products in the protection of human and animal health have resulted in the widespread use of natural polyphenols present in plants such as green tea, chokeberries, blackberries, etc. According to a wide array of trials on oxidative stress and its prevention it can be concluded that grapes, grapeseeds and pomace have some protective effects. In vivo polyphenol efficacy studies are extremely complex and up to date have raised a number of controversial results. In the here presented paper we have offered a review on the knowledge on grape polyphenols in oxidative stress protection of domestic animals.

The aim of this paper was to register the domestic animals appearing in the iconography of Christian saints and to explain their association. The source of knowledge was literature dealing with hagiographies of saints, sacral iconography and liturgy along with visiting churches, monasteries and museums throughout Croatia. After research in sacral literature and works of art lasting several years, it was observed that the following domestic animals appear as accompanying about seventy Christian saints: bees, bull, camel, cow, dog, donkey, goose, dove, horse, lamb, pig, sheep, steer. Reasons and explanations of their association are most often in practical relations (the animal serves and helps the man). However, in the animal, the most varied symbolic, especially ethical and morality messages are personified very often. Especially interesting are saints honoured as patrons of particular animals and of professionals occupied with animals. In human medicine, they are most frequently protectors from zoonoses, too. In some cases, animals are attributed to saints because of the linguistic association resulting from similarity of the names of animals and saints. In the same way, domestic animals are present in sacral art as a part of ambient decoration, too. In addition, it can also be interesting from the historical and ethnic veterinary point of view. Presented examples show how, by interdisciplinary approach to sacral art and tradition, we can come to other numerous findings surpassing mere religious messages. In this case, these are contributions to the history of veterinary medicine in the widest sense.

Genetically modified plants (GMP) with specific traits, have been developed by transfer of a single or several genes within or among species. Already, genetically modified sorts of cotton, soybean, oilseed rape as well as corn hybrids with gene for herbicide tolerance, insect and virus resistance, improving nutrition characteristics have been created. The use of genetically modified crops as animal feed from nutritional aspects have great potential but otherwise raised concerns about potentional risks in scientific community all over the world. Potential risks include development of allergic reactions, transfer of antibiotic gene to gut bacteria of animal and development of antibiotic resistance and potential adverse health effect in animals. The study of food safety obtained from genetically modified crops in the nutrition of animals has been conducted throughout the whole world. The results obtained have demonstrated no difference in the quality of the milk, meat and eggs of animals that had eaten either transgenic or no-transgenic feed. Of course, long term and thorough research should give more reliable results. Genetički modifikovane biljke (GMB), sa specifičnim karakteristikama, stvorene su zahvaljujući visokom razvoju tehnologije koja je omogućila prenos gena unutar ili između vrsta. Tako su već stvorene genetički modifikovane sorte soje, pamuka, uljane repice kao i hibridi kukuruza sa unetim genom za tolerantnost na herbicide, otpornost na insekte ili sa poboljšanim nutritivnim karakteristikama. Primena GM biljaka u ishrani domaćih životinja sa nutritivnog aspekta pruža velike mogućnosti dok sa druge strane potencijalni rizici njihovog korišćenja izazivaju brojne polemike u naučnim i stručnim krugovima. Kao najveći potencijalni rizik njihove primene navodi se opasnost od pojave rezistentnosti na antibiotike alergijske reakcije ali i razni drugi mogući neželjeni efekti na zdravstveno stanje. U cilju rešavanja ovih dilema sprovedena su brojna istraživanja koja su obuhvatila ispitivanje bezbednosti hrane dobijene od GM biljaka kod ishrane domaćih životinja. Rezultati dosadašnjih istraživanja su pokazala da se životinjski proizvodi dobije-ni od životinja hranjenih genetički modifkovanim biljkama ne razlikuju od onih hranjenih nemodifikovanim biljakama i nemaju uticaj na kvalitet mesa, mleka i jaja. Naravno, pravi potpun odgovor treba da pruže buduća obimnija istraživanja koja bi trebalo da daju relevantne podatke kako bi se ove dileme resile.

Molecular genetics made available genetic markers as a powerful tool for genetic improvement of animal selection and production. Genetic markers are used to estimate the association with economically important trait loci. Traits of economic interest include milk protein genetic variants, milk production, disease and stress resistance etc. U poslednjim decenijama dvadesetog veka, primenom metoda molekularne genetike omogućena je identifikacija gena koji utiču na variranje kvantitativnih osobina, kao i selekcija vezana za markere (MAS) koja se koristi za mapiranje genoma i procenu vezanosti gena koji utiču na ekonomski važne osobine domaćih životinja. Ovim metodama omogućeno je da se otkriju i potvrde genetske varijante proteina mleka, utvrdi otpornost organizma na bolesti i stres, odredi kvalitet mesa, izvrši determinacija pedigrea i pola utvrdi biodiverzitet i filogenetski stadijum organizma i dr. Primenom DNK testova metodom lančanog umnožavanja DNK (PCR) i PCRRFLP metodom koja se zasniva na polimorfizmu restrikcionih fragmenata u mogućnosti smo da identifikujemo varijante gena koji su odgovorni za varijabilnost kvantitativnih i drugih osobina koje želimo da unapredimo selekcijom. Selekciju, koja se bazira na ovim metodama, neophodno je uključiti u već tradicionalne odgajivačke programe kako bi se efekat selekcije i ekonomska vrednost stočarske proizvodnje povećala.

Recombinant DNA technology enabled the successful transfer of beneficial genes between animals, thus creating genetically modified animals. The basic motive for creating genetically modified animals was a new, more efficient way of exploiting their production potentials. Although cloning and transgenic technology incorporate all known techniques of micromanipulating genes and embryos known to date, they represent only a continuation of research in this field. Special practical results from genetically modified organisms are achieved by therapeutic cloning and work to preserve endangered animal species. The creation of genetically modified animals, and especially the birth of the first mammal obtained by cloning, the sheep Dolly, has shifted the frontiers of science in general and set the strategy for future projects in this field. Primenom tehnologije rekombinantne DNK omogućeno je uspešno prenošenje pozeljnih gena sa jedne životinje na drugu i na taj način su dobijene genetički modifikovani životinjski organizmi. Osnovni motiv stvaranja genetički modifikovanih životinja je nov, efikasniji način iskorišćavanja njihovih proizvodnih mogućnosti. Tehnika kloniranja i transgeneze životinja uključuje sve do sada poznate tehnike mikromanipulacija sa genima i embrionima i one predstavljaju samo nastavak istraživanja u ovoj oblasti. Poseban praktični doprinos genetički modifikovanih organizama ima terapeutsko kloniranje i rad na očuvanju ugroženih životinjskih vrsta. Dobijanje genetički modifikovanih životinja a posebno rođenje prvog kloniranog sisara ovce Doli pomerilo je granice sveukupne nauke i opredelilo strategiju budućih projekata u ovoj oblasti.

In this review paper the presentation of most important micro mineral sources in the nutrition of the economically most important species and categories of domestic animals is given. Their physiological functions and concentration in domestic feeds and possible sources is explained. Within the treatise the choice of the most suitable sources of microelements was explained while special attention was given to organically bonded microelements. The presented results show that the use of microelements bonded with polysaccharides has equally good effects as microelements bonded with amino acids or short peptides (chelates). They also have positive effects on milk production, decrease of somatic cells, better reproduction performances spermatogenesis in male breeding animals and stimulate the immune system of the animal. U radu je dat prikaz važnijih izvora mikroelemenata u ishrani ekonomski najvažnijih vrsta domaćih životinja. Ukazano je na njihove fiziološke funkcije, sadržaj u hranivima i jedinjenjima mikroelemenata koja se koriste u našoj zemlji. U okviru razmatranja najpodesnijih izvora mikroelemenata posebna pažnja posvećena je organski vezanim mikroelementima. Prezentirani rezultati ukazuju da korišćenje mikroelemenata vezanih za polisaharide pokazuju bolju iskoristivost mikroelemenata od onih koji su vezani za aminokiseline ili kratke peptide (helati). Oni imaju pozitivan uticaj na produkciju mleka, smanjenje broja somatskih ćelija, poboljšanje rezultata reprodukcije životinja, spermatogenezu muških priplodnih grla i podstiču imunološke sposobnosti životinja.

Substantial amounts of whey containing significant quantity of high valuable ingredients, such as lactose, proteins, vitamins and minerals remain in the process of cheese production. While 50-90% of whey is used for domestic animals feeding in developed courtiers, in our country, almost negligible amounts are used for that purpose. Dehydrated whey, included in milk replacers for calf, lamb or kid feeding, in pre-starters, starters or complete concentrate mixtures, is used in domestic animals feeding. Due to high operating costs, the whey dehydrating technology is less actual. Hence, the use of liquid whey seems to be a more promising solution. In ruminant and swine feeding, liquid whey can be included up to 30% of diet dry matter. In such a way substantial decreases in concentrate consumption are possible. The very recent solutions in whey usage are based on its improvement by combining it with complementary feeds (soybeans based products, non-protein nitrogen, various fat mixtures etc.). In such a feed combination whey is used as the carrier, while obtained mixtures are of high nutritive values. U radu se razmatraju dosadašnji rezultati istraživanja o mogućnosti korišćenja surutke u ishrani domaćih životinja. Veća pažnja posvećena je mogućnosti direktnog uključivanja dehidrirane surutke u zamene za mleko za ishranu teladi. Prikazani su i rezultati istraživanja u kojima je surutka u svežem stanju poslužila kao nosač ili podloga za proizvodnju komponenti za spravljanje zamena za mleko za ishranu teladi kao što su hidrolizovano sojino brašno (33-34% UP) i koncentrat masti (45-50% masti). Predložena su nova i ekonomski racionalna rešenja o mogućnosti korišćenja sveže surutke u kombinaciji sa tostiranim (proteolitičkim) enzimima tretiranim brašnom soje u ishrani teladi, na gazdinstvima na kojima se pored proizvodnje mleka obavlja i prerada mleka odnosno proizvodnja sira. U drugom delu rada izneti su rezultati korišćenja kondenzovane i amonijačne surutke u ishrani krava koji ukazuju da korišćenje ovog oblika surutke u količini od 0,5-1,0 kg po kravi dnevno ima pozitivan uticaj na prinos mleka, sadržaj mlečne masti i proteina u mleku.