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The effects of different temporal structures among actors in interorganizational projects can be hugely consequential, especially for large societal projects. By applying a temporal translation view to a real-time study of an interorganizational project, we studied the influence of differences between such structures during the collaboration. We found that the three participating organizations, having distinctly different temporal structures, adopted different modes of translation, which we identified as integrative, adaptive and transformative. These different modes of translation affected dramatically how the project unfolded, as they impacted differently the time and effort required to adapt to common schedules and deadlines. Our study contributes a processual extension of entrainment theory by shedding light on entrainment as ongoing accomplishment enabled by a translation view. It also contributes to a processual understanding of the temporality of interorganizational projects.

The present study is aimed to investigate sub-surface ocean processes and their contribution to the intensification of a tropical cyclone (TC) from a coupled-modeling perspective. The Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport (COAWST) model was employed to simulate TC Phailin, which originated over the Bay of Bengal and made landfall on the eastern coast of India in October 2013. Three sub-surface ocean condition datasets—viz., (a) the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) Ocean Reanalysis, (b) the Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSV2) Operational Analysis, and (c) the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) Reanalysis datasets—were used for the initial and boundary conditions for the oceanic component of the coupled model in three different simulations of TC Phailin. All the simulations showed a delay in intensification compared to the observation, and ECMWF simulated the most intensified TC. CFSV2 simulated a deeper mixed layer (ML) and higher mixing, which hindered the intensification. Furthermore, higher entrainment of cold water in the ML led to cold water reaching the surface and, consequently, decreased sea surface temperature, which acted as negative feedback in the intensification of the storm in the cases of CFSV2 and HYCOM. ECMWF realistically simulated the interactions of the TC with a cold-core eddy before landfall. A sudden increase in ML heat content, the addition of heat in the ML due to entrainment, and the prevention of cold water reaching the surface were indicative of the breaking of the barrier layer (BL) in ECMWF, which was further corroborated by the spatial distribution of BL thickness in the simulation. This acted as positive feedback in the intensification of the TC. The findings of this study strongly suggest that not only the incorporation of physical oceanic sub-surface processes in the modeling of TCs but also the proper representation of prevailing mesoscale features and ocean sub-surface temperature, salinity, and current profiles in datasets is essential for realistic simulations of TCs.

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Kawashima, T., Shibusawa, S., & Amano, K. (2022). Frequency- and phase-dependent effects of auditory entrainment on attentional blink. European Journal of Neuroscience, 56(4), 4411– 4424, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15760. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. This article may not be enhanced, enriched or otherwise transformed into a derivative work, without express permission from Wiley or by statutory rights under applicable legislation. Copyright notices must not be removed, obscured or modified. The article must be linked to Wiley’s version of record on Wiley Online Library and any embedding, framing or otherwise making available the article or pages thereof by third parties from platforms, services and websites other than Wiley Online Library must be prohibited., Attentional blink (AB) is the impaired detection of a second target (T2) after a first target has been identified. In this paper, we investigated the functional roles of alpha and theta oscillations on AB by determining how much preceding rhythmic auditory stimulation affected the performance of AB. Healthy young adults participated in the experiment online. We found that when two targets were embedded in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of distractors at 10 Hz (i.e., alpha frequency), the magnitude of AB increased with auditory stimuli. The increase was limited to the case when the frequency and phase of auditory stimuli matched the following RSVP stream. On the contrary, when only two targets were presented without distractors, auditory stimuli at theta, not alpha, increased the AB magnitude. These results indicate that neural oscillations at two different frequencies, namely, alpha and theta, are involved in attentional blink.

The present study shows by a linear hydrodynamic stability analysis that an unstable mixed-layer deep circulation can be generated in the dry convective well-mixed layer by the entrainment from the top. The newly identified instability arises under the two competing processes induced by the top entrainment: the destabilization by generating thermal perturbations and the damping by mechanical mixing. The former and the latter, respectively, dominate over the other in the limits of large and small scales. As a result, the instability is realized at the horizontal scales larger than the order of the mixed-layer depth (ca. 1 km), and the time scale for the growth is about 1 day. This study has been motivated from a question of whether the cloud-top entrainment instability (CTEI) can induce a transition of the stratocumulus-topped well-mixed boundary layer into trade cumulus. The present study intends to extend the previous studies based on the local parcel analyses to a full analysis based on the hydrodynamics. Unfortunately, being based on a dry formulation, the present result does not apply directly to the CTEI problem. Especially, the evaporative cooling is totally neglected. Nevertheless, the present result can still be applied to moist systems, to some extent, by redefining certain terms in the formulation.

Training is known to improve our ability to make decisions when interacting in complex environments. However, individuals vary in their ability to learn new tasks and acquire new skills in different settings. Here, we test whether this variability in learning ability relates to individual brain oscillatory states. We use a visual flicker paradigm to entrain individuals at their own brain rhythm (i.e. peak alpha frequency) as measured by resting-state electroencephalography (EEG). We demonstrate that this individual frequency-matched brain entrainment results in faster learning in a visual identification task (i.e. detecting targets embedded in background clutter) compared to entrainment that does not match an individual's alpha frequency. Further, we show that learning is specific to the phase relationship between the entraining flicker and the visual target stimulus. EEG during entrainment showed that individualized alpha entrainment boosts alpha power, induces phase alignment in the pre-stimulus period, and results in shorter latency of early visual evoked potentials, suggesting that brain entrainment facilitates early visual processing to support improved perceptual decisions. These findings suggest that individualized brain entrainment may boost perceptual learning by altering gain control mechanisms in the visual cortex, indicating a key role for individual neural oscillatory states in learning and brain plasticity.

In recent years the study of dynamic, between-brain coupling mechanisms has taken social neuroscience by storm. In particular, interbrain synchrony (IBS) is a putative neural mechanism said to promote social interactions by enabling the functional integration of multiple brains. In this article, I argue that this research is beset with three pervasive and interrelated problems. First, the field lacks a widely accepted definition of IBS. Second, IBS wants for theories that can guide the design and interpretation of experiments. Third, a potpourri of tasks and empirical methods permits undue flexibility when testing the hypothesis. These factors synergistically undermine IBS as a theoretical construct. I finish by recommending measures that can address these issues.

Understanding erosion and entrainment of material by debris flows is essential for predicting and modelling debris-flow volume growth and hazard potential. Recent advances in field, laboratory and modelling studies have distilled two driving forces behind debris-flow erosion: impact and shear forces. How erosion and these forces depend on debris-flow composition and interact remains unclear. Here, we experimentally investigate the effects of debris-flow composition and volume on erosion processes in a small-scale flume with a loosely packed bed. We quantify the effects of gravel, clay and solid fraction in the debris flow on bed erosion. Erosion increased linearly with gravel fraction and volume, and decreased with increasing solid fraction. Erosion was maximal around a volumetric clay fraction of 0.075 (fraction of the total solid volume). Under varying gravel fractions and flow volumes erosion was positively related to both impact and shear forces, while these forces themselves are also correlated. Results further show that internal dynamics driving the debris flows, quantified by Bagnold and Savage numbers, correlate with erosional processes and quantity. Impact forces became increasingly important for bed erosion with increasing grain size. The experiments with varying clay and solid fractions showed that the abundance and viscosity of the interstitial fluid affect debris-flow dynamics, erosional mechanisms and erosion magnitude. High viscosity of the interstitial fluid inhibits the mobility of the debris flow, the movement of the individual grains and the transfer of momentum to the bed by impacts, and therefore inhibits erosion. High solid content possibly decreases the pore pressures in the debris flow and the transport capacity, inhibiting erosion, despite high shear stresses and impact forces. Our results show that bed erosion quantities and mechanisms may vary between debris flows with contrasting composition, and stress that entrainment models and volume-growth predictions may be substantially improved by including compositional effects.

We investigated the impact of hearing loss on the neural processing of speech. Using a forward modelling approach, we compared the neural responses to continuous speech of 14 adults with sensorineural hearing loss with those of age-matched normal-hearing peers. Compared with their normal-hearing peers, hearing-impaired listeners had increased neural tracking and delayed neural responses to continuous speech in quiet. The latency also increased with the degree of hearing loss. As speech understanding decreased, neural tracking decreased in both populations; however, a significantly different trend was observed for the latency of the neural responses. For normal-hearing listeners, the latency increased with increasing background noise level. However, for hearing-impaired listeners, this increase was not observed. Our results support the idea that the neural response latency indicates the efficiency of neural speech processing: More or different brain regions are involved in processing speech, which causes longer communication pathways in the brain. These longer communication pathways hamper the information integration among these brain regions, reflected in longer processing times. Altogether, this suggests decreased neural speech processing efficiency in HI listeners as more time and more or different brain regions are required to process speech. Our results suggest that this reduction in neural speech processing efficiency occurs gradually as hearing deteriorates. From our results, it is apparent that sound amplification does not solve hearing loss. Even when listening to speech in silence at a comfortable loudness, hearing-impaired listeners process speech less efficiently. ispartof: EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE vol:55 issue:6 pages:1671-1690 ispartof: location:France status: published

Oscillatory activity in the cerebellum and linked networks is an important aspect of neuronal processing and functional implementation of behavior. So far, it was challenging to quantify and study cerebellar oscillatory signatures in human neuroscience due to the constraints of non-invasive cerebellar electrophysiological recording and interventional techniques. The emerging cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation technique (CB-tACS) is a promising tool, which may partially overcome this challenge and provides an exciting non-invasive opportunity to better understand cerebellar physiology. Several studies have successfully demonstrated that CB-tACS can modulate the cerebellar outflow and cerebellum-linked behavior. In the present narrative review, we summarize current studies employing the CB-tACS approach and discuss open research questions. Hereby, we aim to provide an overview on this emerging electrophysiological technique and strive to promote future research in the field. CB-tACS will contribute in the further deciphering of cerebellar oscillatory signatures and its role for motor, cognitive, or affective functions. In long term, CB-tACS could develop into a therapeutic tool for retuning disturbed oscillatory activity in cerebellar networks underlying brain disorders.

Human communication entails subtle non-verbal modes of expression, which can be analyzed quantitatively using computational approaches and thus support human sciences. In this paper we present huSync, a computational framework and system that utilizes trajectory information extracted using pose estimation algorithms from video sequences to quantify synchronization between individuals in small groups. The system is exploited to study interpersonal coordination in musical ensembles. Musicians communicate with each other through sounds and gestures, providing nonverbal cues that regulate interpersonal coordination. huSync was applied to recordings of concert performances by a professional instrumental ensemble playing two musical pieces. We examined effects of different aspects of musical structure (texture and phrase position) on interpersonal synchronization, which was quantified by computing phase locking values of head motion for all possible within-group pairs. Results indicate that interpersonal coupling was stronger for polyphonic textures (ambiguous leadership) than homophonic textures (clear melodic leader), and this difference was greater in early portions of phrases than endings (where coordination demands are highest). Results were cross-validated against an analysis of audio features, showing links between phase locking values and event density. This research produced a system, huSync, that can quantify synchronization in small groups and is sensitive to dynamic modulations of interpersonal coupling related to ambiguity in leadership and coordination demands, in standard video recordings of naturalistic human group interaction. huSync enabled a better understanding of the relationship between interpersonal coupling and musical structure, thus enhancing collaborations between human and computer scientists.

People repeat each other words in conversation, for example by using the word "brolly" instead of the word "umbrella" after their interlocutor used "umbrella". In other words, people entrain at a lexical level (Branigan et al., 2011). Lexical entrainment has been described as a consequence of alignment at the level of lexical representations, based on priming (Pickering and Garrod, 2004) but also as an audience design mechanism (e.g. speakers may repeat their interlocutors' words to facilitate their comprehension, in particular when their linguistic competence is assumed not to be optimal) (Brennan and Clark, 1996) or a combination of the two (Branigan et al.,2011). Speakers entrain with their interlocutors regardless of who they are. However, some elements of interlocutors' identity can modulate entrainment: Not only do people repeat their interlocutors' words when they interact with other people, but also when they interact with computer systems (such as virtual agents or social robots) (Branigan et al.,2011; Cirillo et al., 2021). Branigan et al. (2011) showed that the tendency to entrain is modulated by the perceived competence of the interlocutors (i.e. speakers entrain more often with systems that are perceived as less competent), which supports the audience design explanation or the combination between audience design and priming. However, it is still not clear how automatic mechanisms (based on priming) and strategic mechanisms (based on audience design) interact. Ivanova et al. (2020) proposed that attention might have a role: People might pay more attention to interlocutors when they assume they would need more help for comprehension. Attention would increase the depth of processing and encoding of linguistic information which would lead to greater alignment, and entrainment consequentially. In the current experiment, we replicate Branigan et al. (2011)'s experiment, by manipulating participants' beliefs about their interlocutor. One group of participants will play a picture matching/picture naming task with a virtual agent which is presented as highly competent (high competence condition), while another group will play the same task with the same virtual agent, presented, this time, as a beta version (low competence condition). Moreover, half of the participants will be asked to perform a secondary memory task (load condition). Additionally, all participants will be asked to perform a surprise follow-up memory task (word recognition task) that will allow us to investigate whether they attended to interlocutors' linguistic behaviour to a different extent in different conditions and whether attention boosts entrainment.

In this study, we aim to describe dynamic social interaction quantitatively in a naturalistic setting, using Lindy Hop dance. A common measure in joint action research is synchrony, i.e. how temporally aligned events or actions are. A great deal of this research has taken place in tasks based on multi-person music-making or dancing, as they provide a fertile source of highly naturalistic tasks which are sufficiently controllable for cognitive research. However, naturalistic music-making and dancing are rarely completely synchronous. We therefore propose to use new methods from information theory to quantify synergy, i.e. the interaction of two or more systems or agents to produce an effect which is greater than the sum of their separate effects. We will do this using motion capture data of improvised, yet structured, partner dancing. Moreover, we will explore leader-follower dynamics, and the relationship between synchrony, synergy, and a sense of joint agency, in the dance. We will use Lindy Hop, which is an ideal dance style for this study, as the two leading positions (‘open’, and ’closed’) allow for manipulation of closeness of the partners, and information flow between them.

Atmospheres are experiences of place involving transformations of consumers’ behaviors and emotions. Existing marketing research reveals how atmospheric stimuli, service performances, and ritual place-making enhance place experiences and create value for firms. Yet it remains unclear how shared experiences of atmosphere emerge and intensify among groups of people during collective live events. Accordingly, this article uses sociological interaction ritual theory to conceptualize “social atmospheres”: rapidly changing qualities of place created when a shared focus aligns consumers’ emotions and behavior, resulting in lively expressions of collective effervescence. With data from an ethnography of an English Premier League football stadium, the authors identify a four-stage process of creating atmospheres in interaction ritual chains. This framework goes beyond conventional retail and servicescape design by demonstrating that social atmospheres are mobile and cocreated between firms and consumers before, during, and after a main event. The study also reveals how interaction rituals can be disrupted and offers insight as to how firms can balance key tensions in creating social atmospheres as a means to enhance customer experiences, customer loyalty, and communal place attachments.

As we listen to speech, our brain’s oscillatory activity synchronizes to its prosodic and syllabic fluctuations, thereby facilitating comprehension. Mounting evidence in adult populations attests that efficient cortical tracking of speech within two low frequency bands — delta (0.5–4 Hz) and theta (4–8 Hz) — is crucial for comprehension, as well as shaped by language-specific knowledge. In children, recent findings indicate that the cortical mechanisms for speech tracking tune in close link with phonological abilities. Therefore, cortical tracking of speech in childhood is thought to underpin speech comprehension and facilitate language acquisition through the emergence of phonological abilities. However, the role of language-specific knowledge in tuning the cortical tracking of speech during childhood, when speech is the major input for language learning, remains unknown. In the proposed study, the amount of exposure to a given language will be used as a proxy for language knowledge in prereading children. We will investigate how variations in the amount of exposure to a language modulate the efficiency of the cortical tracking of natural speech in this language. We will capitalize on the study of delta and theta oscillatory of speech in Basque and Spanish in 5-to-6-year-old bilingual children with different amounts of exposure to each of these languages. We expect to shed light on the factors whereby language learning shapes the cortical tracking of speech, by assessing to what extent cortical tracking of speech depends on the amount of exposure to a language as well as on the degree of lexical knowledge about the speech stream.

We define forward entrainment as that part of behavioral or neural entrainment that outlasts the entraining stimulus. In this review, we examine conditions under which one may optimally observe forward entrainment. In Part 1, we review and evaluate studies that have observed forward entrainment using a variety of psychophysical methods (detection, discrimination, and reaction times), different target stimuli (tones, noise, and gaps), different entraining sequences (sinusoidal, rectangular, or sawtooth waveforms), a variety of physiological measures (MEG, EEG, ECoG, CSD), in different modalities (auditory and visual), across modalities (audiovisual and auditory-motor), and in different species. In Part 2, we describe those experimental conditions that place constraints on the magnitude of forward entrainment, including an evaluation of the effects of signal uncertainty and attention, temporal envelope complexity, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), rhythmic rate, prior experience, and intersubject variability. In Part 3 we theorize on potential mechanisms and propose that forward entrainment may instantiate a dynamic auditory afterimage that lasts a fraction of a second to minimize prediction error in signal processing.

This project encompasses data captured at MusicLab Copenhagen, a "science concert" organized by RITMO/University of Oslo and The Danish String Quartet on 26 October 2021 in Copenhagen.

Generally all creatures on this planet attain a circadian system, which impacts almost all aspects of living by regulating daily rhythmic physical processes and behaviors. In mammals, the central pacemaker, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is located in the hypothalamus, right above optic chiasm. Receiving light information from the environment from the retina, SCN synchronizes the circadian rhythms of the entire body in coordination to the sunrise and sunset cycle, to maximize survival. While light entrained circadian clocks regulate daily behavioral patterns of feeding, availability of food is also an important salient environmental cue that is able to alter the circadian machinery. However, less is known about the mechanism of how food alters the biological clock. In this dissertation, using mouse (mus musculus) as model organism, with a focus in the hypothalamus, we investigated the mechanisms of the interplay between biological clock and metabolism. We demonstrated that dopamine signaling in the SCN enables energy-dense food induced alteration of the daily eating pattern and consequential obesity. We also identified a leptin responsive neuron circuit from dorsal medial hypothalamus (DMH) to the SCN that behaves as an integration hub for food to entrain the circadian system.

Turbulent line plumes have been studied for over half a century, yet key questions regarding their behaviour remain unanswered. In this thesis, we use a combination of simplified theoretical modelling, flow visualisations, and experimental measurements to address the following questions. First, what is the entrainment coefficient of a turbulent line plume? Second, how does real two-dimensional filling box behaviour differ from the commonly used Baines & Turner (1969) filling box model? Third, what are the changes to filling box behaviour when the plume source is not centred in the filling box? The entrainment coefficient is a crucial component of simplified models of plume behaviour, and an accurate value is thus necessary for reliable quantitative predictions. However, reported values for the entrainment coefficient vary from 0.1 to 0.2, severely hindering the use of these models. Furthermore, there has not been a comprehensive attempt to assess the reported variation nor has a value within this range been accepted as a consensus. Using a multifaceted approach combining theoretical developments to plume theory, a thorough assessment of the reported values, and new measurements of the entrainment coefficient, we conclude that the entrainment coefficient is 0.111 ± 15%. This range, considerably smaller than the range in reported values, should result in improved confidence in predictions using plume theory and allow more detailed quantitative comparisons between line plumes and related flows. Filling boxes are commonly interpreted with the Baines & Turner model in which a plume fills a confined environment with a series of infinitesimally thin and passive layers. Flow visualisations show that this idealised filling process does not represent the real behaviour in a two-dimensional filling box: the `layers' created by the plume are relatively thick (approximately 20% of the box height) and play an active role in the filling process. Consequently, the Baines \& Turner model significantly underpredicts the time required for buoyant fluid to reach a given height in a box, with considerable implications for fire safety. At late times in the filling process, the Baines & Turner model makes more reasonable predictions, although still neglects important aspects of the flow. Based on the visualisations and experimental measurements, we propose a hybrid filling box model, combining the Baines & Turner model with a well-mixed region, which more accurately captures filling box behaviour. An off-centred line plume source in a filling box offers the intriguing possibility that the plume could act as a fluid barrier, dividing two regions with different flow conditions. We developed simple models to predict the buoyancy difference that the plume could create and maintain, concluding that the plume could create a practically significant buoyancy difference, given an appropriate box geometry and a sufficiently strong plume. We conducted experiments to measure the buoyancy difference created by an off-centred plume, confirming the models and the premise that an off-centred plume can support a buoyancy difference across it.

Over the past decades, a plethora of studies have linked cortical gamma oscillations (∼30-100 Hz) to neuro-computational mechanisms. Their functional relevance, however, is still passionately debated. Here, we asked if endogenous gamma oscillations in the human brain can be entrained by a rhythmic photic drive >50 Hz. A noninvasive modulation of endogenous brain rhythms allows conclusions about their causal involvement in neurocognition. To this end, we systematically investigated oscillatory responses to a rapid sinusoidal flicker in the absence and presence of endogenous gamma oscillations using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in combination with a high-frequency projector. The photic drive produced a robust response over visual cortex to stimulation frequencies of up to 80 Hz. Strong, endogenous gamma oscillations were induced using moving grating stimuli as repeatedly done in previous research. When superimposing the flicker and the gratings, there was no evidence for phase or frequency entrainment of the endogenous gamma oscillations by the photic drive. Unexpectedly, we did not observe an amplification of the flicker response around participants’ individual gamma frequencies; rather, the magnitude of the response decreased monotonically with increasing frequency. Source reconstruction suggests that the flicker response and the gamma oscillations were produced by separate, coexistent generators in visual cortex. The presented findings challenge the notion that cortical gamma oscillations can be entrained by rhythmic visual stimulation. Instead, the mechanism generating endogenous gamma oscillations seems to be resilient to external perturbation.Significance StatementWe aimed to investigate to what extent ongoing, high-frequency oscillations in the gamma band (30-100 Hz) in the human brain can be entrained by a visual flicker. Gamma oscillations have long been suggested to coordinate neuronal firing and enable inter-regional communication. Our results demonstrate that rhythmic visual stimulation cannot hijack the dynamics of ongoing gamma oscillations; rather, the flicker response and the endogenous gamma oscillations coexist in different visual areas. Therefore, while a visual flicker evokes a strong neuronal response even at high frequencies in the gamma-band, it does not entrain endogenous gamma oscillations in visual cortex. This has important implications for interpreting studies investigating the causal and neuroprotective effects of rhythmic sensory stimulation in the gamma band.

Everyday conversation is characterized by a rapid alternation of turns among successive speakers. We investigate vocal reaction times to speech offsets in order to shed light on the limits of reactive behavior in conversational turn-taking. Twenty-three speakers of Dutch produced a prepared response ([ja], ‘yes’) as fast as possible in response to (a) the onset of a pure tone preceded by a variable amount of silence, and (b) the offset of several types of speech-like auditory stimuli varying in duration, prosodic characteristics, and speech rate. Reactions to the offset of stimuli lacking final prosodic cues were significantly longer than reactions to stimulus onsets (283 vs. 215 ms on average), and were rare below 200 ms (3%). Speaking latencies decreased as prosodic cues appeared further away from the stimulus end. Slowing down the speech rate produced an entrainment effect (i.e. slower responses) for stimuli lacking prosodic cues vs. a facilitatory effect (i.e. faster responses) when prosodic cues were present. These findings suggest that smooth turn transitions taking less than 200 ms are unlikely to involve reactions to silence at the end of a turn, but that they can be achieved when turn-final prosodic cues are available.

Research Master Thesis project by Iris van der Wulp at Utrecht University

Frequency tagging has been used to capture auditory entrainment to beat and meter in music. Specifically, Nozaradan, Peretz, Missal and Mouraux (2011) instructed listeners to imagine either a binary or ternary metrical pattern while listening to an isochronous auditory stimulus and recorded cortical responses using electroencephalography (EEG). The amplitude of brain activity was increased at beat-related frequencies in both imagery conditions. This study inspired other labs to use the frequency tagging approach to examine auditory rhythm perception, and in only 6 years, it has been cited over 250 times on Google Scholar. The frequency tagging technique has been used in several published papers since 2011 and it is being used increasingly in research presented at recent research conferences and symposia. However, this seminal study has not been replicated. This registered report will detail the results of multiple independent conceptual replications of Nozaradan et al. (2011), all of which will follow the same vetted protocol.

Influence of a rhythmic context on the foreperiod effect: A behavioral and eye-tracker approach Rafael Román-Caballero, Elisa Martín-Arévalo, and Juan Lupiáñez Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain Introduction Attention fluctuates over time. In the long-term, it seems to wax and wane throughout the day concerning the sleep-wake cycle (Oken et al., 2006) and, when exercised in a sustained way, it is usual to observe a decrease in performance (i.e., vigilance decrement; Luna et al., 2018; Thomson et al., 2015). Several theories (Jones, 1976; Large & Jones, 1999; Fiebelkorn & Kastner, 2019) extend this idea and propose that attention acts as an oscillatory system that alternate, following an intrinsic period (1–4 Hz), between moments of enhanced perceptual sensitivity with instants of attentional disengagement. Moreover, fluctuations of attention can be synchronized with rhythmic environmental stimuli through entrainment (Dynamic Attending Theory, DAT; Jones, 1976). In particular, the regularity of the external rhythm is a key factor in the degree of attentional coupling. Periodic sequences of stimuli promote a tight phase coupling and allow the perceiver to anticipate the nature (e.g., modality, quality) and precise timing of a future event (Henry & Herrman, 2014). Therefore, the presence of a rhythmic context can benefit the perceptual discrimination and response preparation for stimuli occurring in phase with the rhythm (Henry & Herrman, 2014). On the other hand, the DAT proposes that the attentional oscillation is self-sustained, that is, the oscillator decays back to its intrinsic period when the external rhythm disappears. However, evidence about the lasting effect of entrainment is still scarce. A recent study (Trapp et al., 2020) suggests that the benefits of a rhythmic background can remain some minutes after it discontinues. One example of the impact of rhythmic contexts on perceptual performance can be found in Chang et al. (2019). They presented deviants tones (higher or lower in pitch) embedded in rhythmic (isochronous) or arrhythmic (non-isochronous) sequences of standard tones (500 Hz). Pitch deviations (500 ± Δ Hz) were near to the higher and lower discrimination thresholds. During the task, participants benefitted from rhythmic contexts and showed faster responses and superior pitch discrimination for target tones than in arrhythmic sequences. Moreover, electroencephalographic (EEG) signals from bilateral auditory cortices (filtered with a dipole source model) were entrained to rhythms. Delta (1–3 Hz) frequency bands showed power peaks at 2 Hz and harmonic frequencies (4 and 6 Hz) exclusively in rhythmic sequences, according to the isochronous presentation of stimuli each 500 ms. Rhythmic regularity also modulated delta phase, beta (15–25 Hz) power, and delta-beta coupling. More importantly, those EEG changes were correlated with changes in behavioral outcomes (i.e., pitch sensitivity and response speed). Rhythm is not the only type of temporal structure that can support attention (Nobre & van Ede, 2018). One of them is the passage of time itself when there is the certainty that the target will appear after an interval (i.e., when the target is presented in all trials). The probability that an event will occur given that it has not yet occurred increases over time and, therefore, the temporal expectation. As a consequence, reaction time (RT) decreases as the foreperiod (i.e., the interval between the cue and the target) becomes longer, which is usually known as the foreperiod effect (Niemi & Näätänen, 1981; Triviño et al., 2010). Previous studies have explored the interaction between rhythmic structures and the foreperiod effect. Martin et al. (2005) found clear effects of foreperiod and rhythm in a task in which the participants had to discriminate the color of circles. In half of the trials, a single white circle preceded the target (serving as a warning cue), leaving a silent interval of 1000, 1500, or 2000 ms. In the other half, that interval was filled with extra white circles forming an isochronous sequence (with an interonset interval, IOI, of 500 ms between each cue, and between the last of them and the target). Although in both conditions RTs decreased as the cue-target intervals became longer, in the rhythmic condition the reduction was more pronounced. The advantage of the isochronous context disappeared when its pace was drastically slowed down, with an IOI of 4000 ms (Martin et al., 2005; Experiment 2). However, one possibility is that the improved performance in the rhythmic condition could be driven by a higher alerting state due to the greater number of cues. In their third experiment, Martin et al. found that both isochronous sequences and complex rhythmic context lead to allocate attention to moments in time in contrast to random sequences. Similarly, Ellis and Jones (2010) observed a foreperiod effect with RTs in an auditory pitch discrimination task when a scrambled context preceded the target. That is, participants were faster responding to targets that appeared 1000 ms after than those that occurred 500 ms after (and even faster than those appearing after only 250 ms). Interestingly, the use of a complex but metrical rhythm (with a beat each 1000 ms) before the target reversed the foreperiod effect. It was interpreted as a consequence of the rhythm reducing the uncertainty in all the temporal moments, as it elicited increases in temporal expectation to 1000 ms and their subdivisions, 500 and 250 ms. Thus, the better precision to estimate short intervals than longer (250 vs. 1000 ms) would explain the increase of RTs over time. Therefore, simple and complex rhythmic contexts seem to influence the foreperiod effect, at least with response speed outcomes. Nevertheless, in the previous studies, the target always appeared in phase with the period of the entrained rhythm and just one period after the cueing sequence (e.g., 500 ms following the offset of the 500-ms isochronous sequence; Martin et al., 2005, Experiment 1). To probe the oscillatory nature of the rhythm entrainment and the extension of its effect over time, one possibility is to include targets out of phase (e.g., 250 or 750 ms in the last example) along with cue-target intervals of several periods (e.g., since 250 to 2250 ms). Another issue with the aforementioned studies is the presence of remarkably low perceptual demands (Ellis & Jones, 2010, Experiment 2; Martin et al., 2005, Experiment 1) or high (75% of accuracy; Ellis & Jones, 2010, Experiment 1). With those designs, a great percentage of participants might respectively have reached a ceiling effect or performed under the discrimination threshold. Thus, it seems relevant to adjust the demands to the perceptual skills of each participant to assess with enough sensitivity the influence of rhythm. Finally, along with behavioral measures, recent research has shown that temporal expectation can be observed through eye-tracker measures. In two visual tasks of sustained attention, Shalev and Nobre (2020) found that the discrimination and processing speed of the participants improved in the rhythmic blocks (isochronous sequence with an IOI of 3500 ms), compared to blocks where stimuli appeared after a variable interval (2500–4500 ms). In addition, rhythmic regularity reduced pupil size across the tasks, suggesting an arousal adjustment to the conditions of high temporal certainty and the achieving of a more efficient energetic state. Interestingly, pupil size also exhibited a foreperiod-like pattern in variable blocks, with transient increases of the pupil as a function of time (i.e., larger pupil size in intervals close to 4500 than 2500 ms). However, the existence of a single cue-target interval did not allow assessing that pupil-dilation index of the foreperiod effect under a rhythmic context. It has been proposed that pupil size changes can be a sensitive measure of temporal expectation as they vary according to the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic response (via parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways: pupil constriction and dilation, respectively; Wang & Munoz, 2015). A reduced uncertainty such as that in rhythmic contexts would promote reduced tonic arousal along with marked short-scale phasic increases contingent on relevant stimuli (Aston-Jones & Cohen, 2005; Shalev & Nobre, 2020). On the other hand, high uncertainty (i.e., arrhythmic contexts) favors a continuous state of high tonic arousal and slight transient increases. In another visual vigilance task, Dankner et al. (2017) found that saccades were inhibited prior to the target onset at predictable compared with less predictable moments, given by the use of fixed (2000 ms) and variable (1000, 1500, 2000, or 2500 ms) IOI, respectively. The prestimulus saccadic inhibition (PSSI) was absent in most participants with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and it was reduced in those (both neurotypical and with ADHD) with poorer sustaining attention scores. Thus, the PSSI-predictability effect is a sensitive measure of temporal expectation that can be related to suppression mechanisms to prevent image motion on the retina. By reducing eye motion for a short interval of time prior to the target, it may prevent transient visual distortions and enhance acuity. Even more, it has been observed an increase in saccade rates 200 ms after the saccadic suppression, which correlated with PSSI: the higher the PSSI, the higher the post-stimulus saccade rate (Dankner et al., 2017). This post-stimulus rate increase was interpreted as a rebound-like effect that could have pervasive consequences if the target appeared in an unpredictable moment, a few hundred milliseconds later. The PSSI effect has not yet been investigated with non-visual paradigms, such as auditory foreperiod tasks, as in the present research project. The present study aims to investigate the modulating effect of rhythms over the foreperiod effect, as well as its extension over time, in behavioral outcomes (RTs and accuracy) and eye-tracker measures (pupil size and PPSI-predictability effect). We will use a pitch discrimination task with a sequence of standard tones before the target onset. In one block, the IOI will be fixed at 500 ms forming a rhythmic context, while in another block the IOI will be randomly varied between 250 and 750 ms (arrhythmic context). To adjust the perceptual demands in each participant, at the same time that we leave a large proportion of correct responses, a 1-up/4-down procedure will be used to estimate the 84.1% correct pitch discrimination threshold (Levitt, 1971). Moreover, we will use variable cue-target intervals up to 2250 ms and targets in phase with the rhythmic sequence (i.e., n 500 ms after the last tone of a 500-ms isochronous sequence) and targets out of phase (i.e., n 500 +/− 250). This manipulation will allow observing whether attention is devoted more to the moments predicted by the entrained rhythm than those out of phase. Hypotheses We expect a classic foreperiod effect will appear in response speed and accuracy. That is, the later the target onset, the faster the response and the better discrimination (higher accuracy) of the participants. Moreover, and crucially for this study, the presence of a rhythmic context before the target will enhance the perceptual sensitivity and the preparation to the critical moment, and will modulate the foreperiod effect. The presentation of several isochronous standard tones will lead to better performance at moments in phase with the entrained rhythm (500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 ms after the last standard tone). Moreover, we predict that although those effects will extend to the later in-phase moments (1000, 1500, and 2000 ms), it is probable that the alignment with the rhythm will decay over time. Regarding eye-tracker measures, we also expect a modulation of the rhythmic context over the foreperiod effect. Specifically, we hypothesize a decrease of the pupil size at the beginning of the sequence of standard tones along with an increase before the target onset, that will be more marked in the rhythmic block. Furthermore, whether the PSSI is a cross-modal effect, it would be possible to find a similar block modulation over the PSSI: a higher saccade rate just before (−100 ms) the appearance of in-phase targets during the variable-IOI block than in the fixed-IOI block. Finally, the impact of the rhythmic context might decay with the pass of time, being greater in the first periods than in the last ones. Method Participants We have selected the three-way interaction [block (2) × period (4) × phase (2); for details, see below] to estimate the sample size in the present experiment. In a previous pilot study with 11 participants, we found an effect size of f2 = 0.12. Using the Superpower R package (Caldwell et al., 2020), we have found that at least 43 participants will be necessary for a small-to-medium effect size of f2 = 0.09 (similar to that observed in the pilot) with an alpha of .05 and a power of .80. Accordingly, we have chosen a sample size of 45 participants due to the possibility of some missing participants as a consequence of technical issues or misunderstandings of the instructions. All the participants will be students from the University of Granada that will receive 15€ for participating. All will have a self-reported normal or corrected-to-normal vision and will be naïve as to the purpose of the experiment. The study will be conducted following the ethical guidelines laid down by the University of Granada (536/CEIH/2018), in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki (last update: Seoul, 2008). Outlier detection will be based on performance (i.e., mean reaction times and accuracy) identified as poor in terms of meeting all the following indices: standard deviation from the mean of the sample (> 2.5), studentized deleted residuals (> 3), and Cook’s Di (> 4/n). Apparatus and Stimuli The stimulus presentation, timing, and data collection will be controlled by a program written using E-Prime 2.0 (Schneider et al., 2002), run on a standard Pentium 4 PC. During the task, a light gray fixation cross will be presented on the center of a 17-inch widescreen monitor with a 1,280 × 1024-pixel resolution and 60 Hz of refresh rate. Auditory stimuli will be sine wave tones created with Audacity. Tones will last 60 ms with 10 ms rise and 10 ms fall times. Standard tones will have 500 Hz of frequency and will be presented at 70 dB. Whereas, comparison higher and lower tones will have 500 ± Δ Hz and 78 dB, where Δ represents the 84.1% correct pitch discrimination threshold estimated with a 1-up/4-down procedure (Levitt, 1971). We will use a video-based eye-tracker (EyeLink 1000 Plus, SR Research, Ontario, Canada) to measure pupil diameter monocularly as well as microsaccades and blinks at 1000 Hz. Procedure The study will be carried out after preregistration, during June of 2021. The experiment will take place in a dimly-light room and using glasses or contact lenses if needed. The session will last approximately 1 hour and 15 minutes. Prior to the experimental task, participants will complete a questionnaire (Appendix A) with items about demographic information, the fatigue and vigor scales of the Spanish abbreviated version of the Profile of Mood States questionnaire (Andrade et al., 2013; original version, Grove & Prapavessis, 1992), musical training background, and exclusion criteria: vision or hearing problems, neurological or psychiatric illness, diabetes, drug abuse, or chronic use of psychoactive medication. After that, participants will sit 64 cm from the monitor, and a chin rest will be used to keep their head still. First, the individual pitch discrimination threshold will be estimated using a 1-up/4-down procedure (84.1% correct pitch discrimination, following Levitt, 1971). In each trial, a standard tone will be presented followed by a comparison tone 500 ms after. The participants will be required to judge whether they perceive the second stimulus higher or lower in pitch than the standard (pressing “8” or “2” keys, respectively). The estimation of the discrimination threshold will comprise two blocks, one for the upper threshold and beginning with a 515-Hz tone and a lower threshold block beginning with a tone of 485 Hz of frequency (the order of the blocks will be counterbalanced). We will estimate the discrimination threshold by averaging the frequency of all the peaks and valleys in each type of block. Peaks and valleys are the frequency values at which a change in the perceptual trend occurs (for instance, when the individual perceives that the second tone has a lower pitch after a series of trials in which it was judged as higher). To reach a reliable discrimination threshold in each participant, the 1-up/4-down procedure will finish after the occurrence of ten peaks or valleys in each block. After the estimation of the discrimination threshold, participants will carry out the pitch discrimination task. The instructions will appear on the screen and will be explained to the participant by the experimenter, who will also answer any questions about the procedure. In each trial, the participants will hear five, six, or seven standard tones with an IOI of 500 ms or a random value between 250 and 750 ms, depending on the block (fixed vs. variable block; see Figure A in the OSF project https://osf.io/cw93r/). After the sequence of standard tones, a comparison tone will appear with an IOI randomly selected from 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000, and 2250 ms. The participants will be required to discriminate as fast and accurately as possible whether the comparison tone has a higher or lower pitch than the standard tones, pressing “z” or “m” (the meaning of what indicates each key will be counterbalanced across participants). The discrimination task will begin with two practice blocks of eight trials each. Feedback for incorrect responses will be provided only during practice blocks. Then, participants will complete one block of 252 trials with fixed IOIs of 500 ms for the sequence of standard tones or with variable IOIs between 250 and 750 ms (the order will be counterbalanced across participants). As there are nine possible IOIs between the last standard tone and the target, and two pitches, there will be 14 trials for each type (with the same IOI and the same pitch). Subsequently, participants will be asked about the difficulty of the last task block (Appendix B). After 1 or 2 minutes of rest, they will carry out a second task block, with variable IOIs if the first block was with fixed IOIs or with fixed if the previous were variable. Finally, the participants will complete the question about the difficulty. The experimental task will compromise 28 trials for each experimental condition. Design and Statistical Analyses The experiment has a (2 × 4 × 2) three-factor repeated-measures design: block (fixed vs. variable), period (500–750/1000–1250/1500–1750/2000–2250 ms), and phase (in-phase: 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 ms; vs. out-of-phase target: 750, 1250, 1750, and 2250 ms). For behavioral measures, we will conduct repeated-measures ANOVAs with mean RTs and accuracy as dependent variables. Moreover, paired t-tests will be used for comparison between conditions. We expect a higher number of misses in the cue-target interval of 250 ms, and, subsequently, a reduced proportion of trials to be analyzed. Regarding eye-tracker measures, blink intervals will be identified following Hershman et al.’s procedure (2018) and will be removed from the analyses. For analyses with trial time series, raw pupil size will be converted to z scores, by calculating the mean and standard deviation of each separate block for each participant. Then, the time series before the target onset of both blocks will be compared with permutation t-tests based on 10,000 samples. In addition, the slopes of the increase in the pupil size during foreperiod will be analyzed with a regression model, including block (fixed vs. variable) as a categorical factor. For saccade analyses, gaze-position data will be segmented into epochs from –500 to 500 ms relative to the target onset. For saccades detection, we will use a similar procedure to Dankner et al. (2017): saccades are identified by eye moments that exceed a threshold of 4 standard deviations from the median velocity during 7 ms (seven consecutive eye-position samples). The dependent variable will be the saccade rate at –100 to 0 ms relative to the onset of targets for PSSI and the saccade rate at 0 to 500 ms for the post-stimulus effect. We will exclude every trial in which a blink interval overlaps with that interval or in which a saccade larger than 3° occurs at that interval. Permutation t-tests for each time point based on 10,000 samples will be used. In addition, we will use two repeated-measures ANOVAs with block (fixed vs. variable) and phase (in phase vs. out of phase) as factors: one with the mean saccade rates at the pre-stimulus interval (–100 to 0 ms) as dependent variable, and another with the mean saccade rates at the post-stimulus interval 200 to 500 ms). References Andrade, E., Arce, C., De Francisco, C., Torrado, J., & Garrido, J. (2013). Abbreviated version in Spanish of the POMS questionnaire for adult athletes and general population. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 22(1), 95–102. Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005). An integrative theory of locus coeruleus- norepinephrine function: Adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 28(1), 403–450. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709 Caldwell, A., Lakens, D., DeBruine, L., & Love, J. (2020). Superpower: Simulation-based power analysis for factorial designs. R package version 0.0.3. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Superpower/ Chang, A., Bosnyak, D. J., & Trainor, L. J. (2019). Rhythmicity facilitates pitch discrimination: Differential roles of low and high frequency neural oscillations. NeuroImage, 198, 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.007 Dankner, Y., Shalev, L., Carrasco, M., & Yuval-Greenberg, S. (2017). Prestimulus inhibition of saccades in adults with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as an index of temporal expectations. Psychological Science, 28(7), 835–850. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617694863 Ellis, R. J., & Jones, M. R. (2010). Rhythmic context modulates foreperiod effects. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72(8), 2274–2288. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196701 Fiebelkorn, I. C., & Kastner, S. (2019). A rhythmic theory of attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23(2), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.11.009 Grove, J. R., & Prapavessis, H. (1992). Preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of an abbreviated profile of mood states. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 23(2), 93–109. Henry, M. J., & Herrmann, B. (2014). Low-frequency neural oscillations support dynamic attending in temporal context. Timing & Time Perception, 2(1), 62–86. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134468-00002011 Hershman, R., Henik, A., & Cohen, N. (2018). A novel blink detection method based on pupillometry noise. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-1008-1 Jones, M. R. (1976). Time, our lost dimension: Toward a new theory of perception, attention, and memory. Psychological Review, 83, 323–355. Large, E. W., & Jones, M. R. (1999). The dynamics of attending: How people track time-varying events. Psychological Review, 106(1), 119–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.1.119 Levitt, H. (1971). Transformed up‐down methods in psychoacoustics. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 49, 467–477. Luna, F. G., Marino, J., Roca, J., & Lupiáñez, J. (2018). Executive and arousal vigilance decrement in the context of the attentional networks: The ANTI-Vea task. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 306, 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.05.011 Martin, T., Egly, R., Houck, J. M., Bish, J. P., Barrera, B. D., Lee, D. C., & Tesche, C. D. (2005). Chronometric evidence for entrained attention. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 67(1), 168–184. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196701 Niemi, P., & Näätänen, R. (1981). Foreperiod and simple reaction time. Psychological Bulletin, 89, 133–162. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.89.1.133 Nobre, A. C., & Van Ede, F. (2018). Anticipated moments: temporal structure in attention. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 19(1), 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.141 Oken, B. S., Salinsky, M. C., Elsas, S. M. (2006). Vigilances, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117(9), 1885–1901. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.01.017. Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime (Version 2.0). [Computer software and manual]. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools Inc. Shalev, N., & Nobre, A. C. (2020). Eyes wide open: regulation of arousal by temporal expectations. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.219428 Thomson, D. R., Besner, D., & Smilek, D. (2015). A resource-control account of sustained attention: Evidence from mind-wandering and vigilance paradigms. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(1), 82–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/174569161455 Trapp, S., Havlicek, O., Schirmer, A., & Keller, P. E. (2020). When the rhythm disappears and the mind keeps dancing: sustained effects of attentional entrainment. Psychological Research, 84(1), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-0983-x Triviño, M., Correa, Á., Arnedo, M., & Lupiáñez, J. (2010). Temporal orienting deficit after prefrontal damage. Brain, 133(4), 1173–1185. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awp346 Wang, C. A., & Munoz, D. P. (2015). A circuit for pupil orienting responses: implications for cognitive modulation of pupil size. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 33, 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2015.03.018

EEG data in 3 different flavors

Linear mixed effects model selection procedure, data, and results.

Humans spend a substantial amount of their waking lives engaged in spontaneous, self-generated thoughts that are decoupled from an ongoing activity or the current surroundings. This mental phenomenon has been studied under the umbrella term of “mind-wandering”. Recently, the family-resemblance framework for mind-wandering has been put forth which views mind-wandering as a heterogenous construct graded along multiple dimensions. In this study, we will investigate the relationship between mind-wandering and executive control with respect to the dimension of intentionality. The objective of the project is two-fold. Firstly, we will attempt to entrain theta-band oscillatory activity in the left DLPFC and probe the causal relation between the entrained oscillations and MW. Secondly, we aim to dissociate intentional and spontaneous MW by demonstrating that only the former draws on executive resources. To this end, will conduct an online TMS study involving the finger-tapping random sequence generation task (FT-RSGT) designed and validated by Boayue et al. (2021).

MATLAB code to recreate the numerical simulation as featured in our commentary. Supplementary materials.

The purpose of this online repository is to openly share all stimuli used for the experiments and recorded data for the paper titled "Signals through music and dance: Perceived social bonds and formidability on collective movement". For implementing the stimuli for research or enquiries, reach via email at mu301hl@gold.ac.uk

This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of rhythmic tracking in those with language and reading disorders. The measures of interest for this review are neural measures (EEG or MEG) assessing coherence or entrainment. Objectives: 1) Determine whether the findings demonstrate that neural rhythmic tracking is: i) Different in those with RD compared to those who are typical readers. ii) Different in those with DLD compared to those without DLD. 2) Compare differences in findings between RD and DLD. 3) Determine what research has already been conducted and where more research is needed. The studies included must compare typically developing adults or children to participants with RD and DLD, must have a neural measure assessing rhythmic tracking, and report original empirical findings. Four databases that have been deemed the most relevant will be searched; Web of Science, PsycInfo (ProQuest), Dissertations and Theses (ProQuest), and PubMed. The following is an example of the Boolean search: (“rhythmic tracking” or entrainment or “phase coherence” or “cortical processing” or “cortical tracking” or “speech tracking” or phase-lock* or “speech envelope” or “temporal processing”) AND (“reading dis*” or dyslexia or “reading impair*” or “reading delay” or “language impair*” or “language dis*” or “language delay”) The articles will be uploaded onto Covidence. Any duplicate articles will be eliminated. Another reviewer and I will be independently reviewing and selecting the studies based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Following this, the relevant information will be extracted. For the meta-analysis, I will conduct a random effects analysis to test the differences in the outcome measures. Hedge’s g will be calculated using the extracted results.

Hyperpycnal (negatively buoyant) river inflow into lakes and oceans often develops three-dimensional (3D) plunging flow patterns when laterally unconfined. To determine the 3D flow pattern characteristics, laboratory experiments of laterally unconfined plunging on a sloping bed were carried out using salinity to control the density difference. The experiments were complemented by numerical modeling based on a high-resolution computational fluid dynamics model. As is the case for confined plunging plumes, it was found that in unconfined plunging, the inflow densimetric Froude number at the river mouth and the bed slope of the receiving water body are the dominant control parameters. However, the results documented that the hydrodynamics of laterally unconfined plunging are fundamentally different: The hyperpycnal plume in unconfined configurations forms a triangle on the surface in the plunge zone due to its convergence near the surface and lateral spreading near the bottom. The triangular pattern extends further into the receiving water when the inflow densimetric Froude number increases or the bottom slope decreases. The unconfined entrainment coefficient, which quantifies the amount of ambient water entrained into the plunging plume, also increases with increasing inflow densimetric Froude number. In general, entrainment is much higher in unconfined than in confined plunging. The plunging densimetric Froude number takes a constant value of ∼0.5 in confined plunging, whereas it increases with increasing inflow densimetric Froude number and can be ≫ 1 in unconfined plunging. Complex patterns of secondary currents occur in the plunging plume. A low-velocity zone whose size increases with the inflow densimetric Froude number is observed near the centerline above the bed.

The present study explores the significance of temporal stimulus properties to entrainment with EEG, focusing on the order and number of stimulus durations. It also investigates whether neuronal entrainment to vocal stimuli is stronger than that to non-vocal stimuli. Thirty-two participants are proposed to complete an EEG oddball task where they will listen to spoken and spectrally rotated syllable sequences varying in syllable order (fixed/random) and the number of syllable durations (1, 2, 4 or 8). Participants would be asked to respond to a deviant sound which is an additive white noise imposed on the standard sound by pressing a button as soon as they hear it. It is expected that neural (i.e., theta phase-locking, theta inter-trial coherence, N1 and MMN) and behavioural (i.e. reaction time) measures of attention and/or entrainment are enhanced by social relevance and temporal regularity as arising from sequences comprised of fewer durations. Regularity in presentation order, on the other hand, is expected to play a less significant role. Moreover, it is possible that vocal stimuli enhance the brain’s sensitivity to temporal regularity. Such findings would imply that neuronal entrainment is voice sensitive and may bias attention towards socially relevant information in the environment. Moreover, it would help establish entrainment as a socially tuned mechanism that critically supports human interactions.

When sensory input conveys rhythmic regularity, we can form predictions about the timing of upcoming events. Although rhythm processing capacities differ considerably between individuals, these differences are often obscured by participant- and trial-level data averaging procedures in M/EEG research. Here, we systematically assessed the neurophysiological variability displayed by individuals listening to isochronous equitone sequences interspersed with unexpected deviant tones. We first focused on rhythm tracking and tested the anticipatory phase alignment of delta-band activity to expected tone onsets. These analyses confirmed that individuals encode temporal regularities and form temporal predictions, but highlight clear inter- and intra-participant variability. This observation may indicate individual and flexible tracking mechanisms, which show consistency at the single-trial level, but variability over trials. We then modelled single-trial time-locked neural responses in the beta-band to investigate individual tendencies to spontaneously employ binary grouping (“tic-toc effect”). This approach identified binary (strong-weak), ternary (strong-weak-weak), and mixed accentuation patterns, confirming the superimposition of a basic beat pattern. Furthermore, we characterized individual grouping preferences and tendencies to use binary, ternary, or combined patterns over trials. Importantly, the processing of standard and deviant tones was modulated by the employed pattern. The current approach supports individualized neurophysiological profiling as a sensitive strategy to identify dynamically evolving neural signatures of rhythm and beat processing. We further suggest that close examination of neurophysiological variability is critical to improve our understanding of the individual and flexible mechanisms underlying the capacities to rapidly evaluate and adapt to environmental rhythms.Significance statementFor decades, music, speech and rhythm research investigated how humans process, predict, and adapt to environmental rhythms. By adopting a single-trial and -participant approach, we avert the common pooling of EEG data in favor of individual time-varying neural signatures of rhythm tracking and beat processing. The results highlight large inter- and intra-individual differences in rhythm tracking, arguing against the typically documented phase-specificity for entrainment. On top of that, we characterize individual variability in beat processing, by showing that binary, ternary and other accentuation patterns are used over time, and ultimately affect the processing of (un-)expected auditory events. The approach aids individual neural profiling and may therefore allow identifying altered neural activity and its consequences in natural listening contexts.

Fog is tied to surface energy and water budgets. However, our knowledge about the processes leading to fog evolution is still fragmentary, and their adequate representation in numerical-weather-prediction and climate models remains challenging. Water vapor isotopes are widely used to investigate Earth's water cycle dynamics and can provide process-based insights into fog evolution. Although isotopes of water vapor and droplets during radiation fog have been reported, the intra-event isotope dynamics and the mechanisms controlling water vapor isotope variability during radiation fog evolution have hardly been investigated. We use water vapor isotopes (δ2Hv, dv) combined with meteorological and eddy-covariance measurements, plus vertical profiles from a high-resolution numerical-weather-prediction model (COSMO-1), to study the processes that influence radiation fog evolution. Variability in surface-humidity and water vapor isotopes is tied to the different stages (shallow, transitional, and deep fog) of radiation fog evolution and affected by condensation, turbulent entrainment, fog droplet deposition at the surface, and evaporation processes. Strong water vapor isotopic fluctuations during radiation fog are linked to fog lifting to stratus-clouds during nighttime that lead to fog dissipation at ground level. Our results reveal highly correlated atmospheric-specific-humidity (qa) and water vapor isotopes during dew formation which is typical before the onset of radiation fog and in combination with fog; whilst during fog periods, δ2Hv and dv show larger temporal variability than qa due to their sensitivity to fog dynamics. Particularly, during fog growth, entrainment of air from the fog-top caused increasing dv, which was otherwise constant during condensation. Furthermore, δ2Hv variability during the transition into deep fog likely indicated the alternation of condensation-induced-decrease and entrainment-induced-increase of δ2Hv. Compared to the temporal isotope variability (with a magnitude of 34.6‰ for δ2Hv) associated with large-scale cold-frontal-clouds, radiation fog evolution is found to be associated with isotope variability of a similar amplitude (24.6‰ for δ2Hv)., Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 334, ISSN:0168-1923, ISSN:1873-2240

The present study aimed to investigate the influence mechanism of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the flotation of fine chlorite. To this end, a series of flotation tests, sedimentation tests, and microscope analyses were conducted. Flotation tests revealed an inverse relationship between particle size and the recovery of chlorite, indicating that finer particles exhibited higher recovery rates. Moreover, it was observed that the recovery of fine chlorite was significantly associated with the water recovery (proportion of water entering the floated product to the weight of water in the initial flotation suspension) and a variety of frother types. Based on these findings, it can be inferred that froth entrainment may constitute a crucial component of the recovery mechanism underlying fine chlorite. Thus, reducing froth entrainment (the phenomenon of hydrophilic minerals entering floated products through foam water) is the key to depress chlorite flotation. Flotation tests indicate that fine chlorite recovered into froth products can be depressed effectively by CMC with a high molecular weight. The results of sedimentation tests and microscope analyses in the presence of CMC prove that CMC with a high molecular weight generates flocculation on fine chlorite particles while that with a low molecular weight does not. It is suggested that the depression of chlorite flotation may be attributed to the reduction in the entrainment resulting from the flocculation induced by CMC.

A non‐eddy‐resolving microscale model is applied to simulate convection over three different leads (elongated channels in sea ice), which were observed by aircraft over the Arctic Marginal Ice Zone in 2013. The study aims to evaluate the quality of a local and a non‐local turbulence parametrization. The latter represents a lead‐width‐dependent approach for the turbulent fluxes designed for idealised conditions of a lead‐perpendicular, near‐neutral inflow in an atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) capped by a strong inversion at around 250 to 350 m height. The observed cases considered here are also characterised by an almost lead‐perpendicular flow but, in comparison to the idealised conditions, our analysis covers effects in stable inflow conditions and a much shallower ABL. The model simulations are initialised with observed surface parameters and upwind profiles, and the results are compared with measurements obtained above and downwind of the leads. The basic observed features related to the lead‐generated convection can be reproduced with both closures, but the observed plume inclination and vertical entrainment near the inversion layer by the penetrating plume are underestimated. The advantage of the non‐local closure becomes obvious by the more realistic representation of regions with observed vertical entrainment or where the observations hint at counter‐gradient transport. It is shown by comparison with the observations that results obtained with the non‐local closure can be further improved by including the determination of a fetch‐dependent inversion height and by specifying a parameter determining the plume inclination as a function of the upwind ABL stratification. Both effects improve the representation of fluxes, boundary‐layer warming, and vertical entrainment. The model is also able to reproduce the observed vanishing of a weak low‐level jet over the lead, but its downwind regeneration and related momentum transport are not always well captured, irrespective of the closure used., In typical springtime conditions of a cold atmospheric flow over the warm surfaces of leads, which are open‐water channels in sea ice, strong convective plumes are generated which have a large impact on atmospheric boundary‐layer characteristics. Here, a small‐scale model is applied to simulate such situations and model results obtained with different turbulence parametrizations are evaluated using airborne measurements. Based on the observations, a non‐local parametrization developed for the small‐scale modelling of the inhomogeneous convection over leads is further improved., Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) via the Transregional Collaborative Research Center ArctiC Amplification (AC)3 (project number 268020496 TRR 172) and via the priority program SPP 1158 (grant LU 818/5‐1)

Body movement is a primary nonverbal communication channel in humans. Coordinated social behaviors, such as dancing together, encourage multifarious rhythmic and interpersonally coupled movements from which observers can extract socially and contextually relevant information. The investigation of relations between visual social perception and kinematic motor coupling is important for social cognition. Perceived coupling of dyads spontaneously dancing to pop music has been shown to be highly driven by the degree of frontal orientation between dancers. The perceptual salience of other aspects, including postural congruence, movement frequencies, time-delayed relations, and horizontal mirroring remains, however, uncertain. In a motion capture study, 90 participant dyads moved freely to 16 musical excerpts from eight musical genres, while their movements were recorded using optical motion capture. A total from 128 recordings from 8 dyads maximally facing each other were selected to generate silent 8-s animations. Three kinematic features describing simultaneous and sequential full body coupling were extracted from the dyads. In an online experiment, the animations were presented to 432 observers, who were asked to rate perceived similarity and interaction between dancers. We found dyadic kinematic coupling estimates to be higher than those obtained from surrogate estimates, providing evidence for a social dimension of entrainment in dance. Further, we observed links between perceived similarity and coupling of both slower simultaneous horizontal gestures and posture bounding volumes. Perceived interaction, on the other hand, was more related to coupling of faster simultaneous gestures and to sequential coupling. Also, dyads who were perceived as more coupled tended to mirror their pair's movements. peerReviewed

Affective well-being of employees is a key outcome in the occupational health literature. Yet, researchers of emotions and affect have long called for a better understanding of the dynamic nature of such experiences. Directly addressing this call, we have built on temporal schema theories and the notion of temporal depth to develop and test the anticipation of work account as a theoretical explanation of systematic weekly change patterns in positive and negative affect. Using a 7-day experience-sampling design and latent growth curve modeling, we hypothesized and found that anticipation of work linearly decreased over the course of the workweek, so did negative affect. Supporting our hypothesis that change patterns in work anticipation drive change patterns in evening affect, the linear change trajectory of anticipation was significantly related to change trajectories in positive and negative affect. Furthermore, we identified the structure of the workweek and chronic workload as boundary conditions that interact in shaping weekly change patterns in anticipation. Specifically, patterns of decreasing anticipation were most pronounced for employees with a regular Monday-Friday workweek and high chronic levels of workload, while they were weakest for employees with a regular workweek but low levels of chronic workload. Taken together, our results highlight the role of work itself and working conditions in dynamic aspects of affect. They yield theoretical and practical implications for the study of affect and its work-related experiential and behavioral consequences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Circadian rhythms relate to multiple aspects of health and wellbeing, including physical activity patterns. Susceptible circadian regulation predisposes to circadian misalignment, poor sleep, sleep deprivation, increased sleepiness, and thereby sedentary behavior. Adolescents’ circadian regulation is particularly vulnerable, and may lead to sedentary behavior. To investigate which factors associate strongest between physical activity (PA) and circadian behavior, we conducted multimodal circadian rhythm analyses. We investigate how individual characteristics of habitual circadian patterns associate with objectively measured PA. We studied 312 adolescents [70% females) (56% with delayed sleep phase (DSP)], mean age 16.9 years. Circadian period length, temperature mesor (estimated 24 h midline) and amplitude (difference between mesor and peak) were measured using distally attached thermologgers (ibutton 1922L, 3-day-measurement). We additionally utilized algorithm-formed clusters of circadian rhythmicity. Sleep duration, timing, DSP, and PA were measured using actigraphs (GeneActiv Original, 10-day-measurement). We found that continuous circadian period length was not associated with PA, but lower mesor and higher amplitude were consistently associated with higher levels of PA as indicated by mean Metabolic Equivalent (METmean) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), even when controlling for sleep duration. Separate circadian clusters formed by an algorithm also reflected distinct patterns of PA accordingly. Late sleepers and those with DSP were less likely to engage in MVPA compared to non-DSP and had more sedentary behavior. Adolescents who engage in higher levels or high-intensity PA have better circadian regulation, as measured by different objective methods including distal temperature measurements as well as actigraphy-measured sleep-wake behavior.

To survive and reproduce, a cell must process information from its environment and its own internal state and respond accordingly, in terms of metabolic activity, gene expression, movement, growth, division and differentiation. These signal–response decisions are made by complex networks of interacting genes and proteins, which function as biochemical switches and clocks, and other recognizable information-processing circuitry. This theme issue of Interface Focus (in two parts) brings together articles on time-keeping and decision-making in living cells—work that uses precise mathematical modelling of underlying molecular regulatory networks to understand important features of cell physiology. Part I focuses on time-keeping: mechanisms and dynamics of biological oscillators and modes of synchronization and entrainment of oscillators, with special attention to circadian clocks.

It is commonly understood that hand gesture and speech coordination in humans is culturally and cognitively acquired, rather than having a biological basis. Recently, however, the biomechanical physical coupling of arm movements to speech vocalization has been studied in steady‐state vocalization and monosyllabic utterances, where forces produced during gesturing are transferred onto the tensioned body, leading to changes in respiratory‐related activity and thereby affecting vocalization F0 and intensity. In the current experiment (n = 37), we extend this previous line of work to show that gesture–speech physics also impacts fluent speech. Compared with nonmovement, participants who are producing fluent self‐formulated speech while rhythmically moving their limbs demonstrate heightened F0 and amplitude envelope, and such effects are more pronounced for higher‐impulse arm versus lower‐impulse wrist movement. We replicate that acoustic peaks arise especially during moments of peak impulse (i.e., the beat) of the movement, namely around deceleration phases of the movement. Finally, higher deceleration rates of higher‐mass arm movements were related to higher peaks in acoustics. These results confirm a role for physical impulses of gesture affecting the speech system. We discuss the implications of gesture–speech physics for understanding of the emergence of communicative gesture, both ontogenetically and phylogenetically., The biomechanical physical coupling of arm movements to speech vocalization has been studied in steady‐state vocalization and monosyllabic utterances. We extend this previous work to show that gesture–speech physics also impacts fluent speech, and we discuss the implications of gesture–speech physics for understanding of the emergence of communicative gesture, both ontogenetically and phylogenetically.

Disrupted sleep is common among nursing home patients and is associated with cognitive decline and reduced well-being. Sleep disruptions may in part be a result of insufficient daytime light exposure. This pilot study examined the effects of dynamic “circadian” lighting and individual light exposure on sleep, cognitive performance, and well-being in a sample of 14 senior home residents. The study was conducted as a within-subject study design over five weeks of circadian lighting and five weeks of conventional lighting, in a counterbalanced order. Participants wore wrist accelerometers to track rest–activity and light profiles and completed cognitive batteries (National Institute of Health (NIH) toolbox) and questionnaires (depression, fatigue, sleep quality, lighting appraisal) in each condition. We found no significant differences in outcome variables between the two lighting conditions. Individual differences in overall (indoors and outdoors) light exposure levels varied greatly between participants but did not differ between lighting conditions, except at night (22:00–6:00), with maximum light exposure being greater in the conventional lighting condition. Pooled data from both conditions showed that participants with higher overall morning light exposure (6:00–12:00) had less fragmented and more stable rest–activity rhythms with higher relative amplitude. Rest–activity rhythm fragmentation and long sleep duration both uniquely predicted lower cognitive performance.

Highlights • Ventral root evoked entrainment of disinhibited bursts can be elicited in P24 spinal cord preparations. • Disinhibited bursting and dorsal root evoked entrainment can be elicited even at P39. • Ventral root evoked entrainment shows a decline from P0−15, and the coefficient of variation increases during this period. • Ventral root evoked entrainment decays after a trial and shows some recovery after long periods following a trial. • Dopamine D2 receptor antagonists and mGluR1 agonists can enhance ventral root evoked entrainment., Early in the postnatal period, motoneuron axon stimulation can excite motor networks in the spinal cord. Here we tested if these excitatory effects changed across early postnatal development up to postnatal day (P) 24 by when mice are capable of weight-bearing locomotion and locomotor networks are considered functionally mature. This was accomplished in the isolated spinal cord preparation using ventral root evoked entrainment of disinhibited bursts. Ventral root evoked entrainment was defined and characterized over the first 2 weeks of postnatal development, and was found to decline over this period, but entrainment could still be detected in mice as old as P24. Disinhibited bursting could be elicited, and dorsal root evoked entrainment could be recorded as late as P39 and remained unchanged in effectiveness, suggesting that poor tissue viability may not be the cause of the decline in ventral root evoked entrainment. Pharmacological experiments performed on younger animals established that dopamine D2 receptor antagonists and mGluR1 agonists both enhanced ventral root evoked entrainment. In conclusion, the motoneuronal inputs to spinal motor networks via the excitatory pathway is modulated by dopamine and metabotropic glutamate receptors and may be under powerful inhibitory control, which may explain why there is a developmental decline in entrainment.

International audience; GOURÉVITCH, B., C. Martin, O. Postal, J.J. Eggermont. Oscillations in the auditory system, their possible role. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV XXX XXX-XXX, 2020. - Neural oscillations are thought to have various roles in brain processing such as, attention modulation, neuronal communication, motor coordination, memory consolidation, decision-making, or feature binding. The role of oscillations in the auditory system is less clear, especially due to the large discrepancy between human and animal studies. Here we describe many methodological issues that confound the results of oscillation studies in the auditory field. Moreover, we discuss the relationship between neural entrainment and oscillations that remains unclear. Finally, we aim to identify which kind of oscillations could be specific or salient to the auditory areas and their processing. We suggest that the role of oscillations might dramatically differ between the primary auditory cortex and the more associative auditory areas. Despite the moderate presence of intrinsic low frequency oscillations in the primary auditory cortex, rhythmic components in the input seem crucial for auditory processing. This allows the phase entrainment between the oscillatory phase and rhythmic input, which is an integral part of stimulus selection within the auditory system.

The mutual interaction between environment and life is a main topic of biological sciences. An interesting aspect of this interaction is the existence of biological rhythms spanning all the levels of organisms from bacteria to humans. On the other hand, the existence of a coupling between external oscillatory stimuli and adaptation and evolution rate of biological systems is a still unexplored issue. Here we give the demonstration of a substantial increase of heritable phenotypic changes in yeast, an organism lacking a photoreception system, when growing at 12 h light/dark cycles, with respect to both stable dark (or light) or non-12 + 12 h cycling. The model system was a yeast strain lacking a gene whose product is at the crossroad of many different physiological regulations, so ruling out any simple explanation in terms of increase in reverse gene mutations. The abundance of intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) in both deleted gene product and in its vast ensemble of interactors supports the hypothesis that resonance with the environmental cycle might be mediated by intrinsic disorder-driven interactions of protein molecules. This result opens to the speculation of the effect of environment/biological resonance phenomena in evolution and of the role of protein intrinsically disordered regions as internal mediators. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

The aim of the present study was to investigate if the perception of time is affected by actively attending to different metrical levels in musical rhythmic patterns. In an experiment with a repeated-measures design, musicians and nonmusicians were presented with musical rhythmic patterns played at three different tempi. They synchronized with multiple metrical levels (half notes, quarter notes, eighth notes) of these patterns using a finger-tapping paradigm and listened without tapping. After each trial, stimulus duration was judged using a verbal estimation paradigm. Results show that the metrical level participants synchronized with influenced perceived time: actively attending to a higher metrical level (half notes, longer intertap intervals) led to the shortest time estimations, hence time was experienced as passing more quickly. Listening without tapping led to the longest time estimations. The faster the tempo of the patterns, the longer the time estimation. While there were no differences between musicians and nonmusicians, those participants who tapped more consistently and accurately (as analyzed by circular statistics) estimated durations to be shorter. Thus, attending to different metrical levels in music, by deliberately directing attention and motor activity, affects time perception.

Contains fulltext : 219150.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Perceiving speech requires the integration of different speech cues, that is, formants. When the speech signal is split so that different cues are presented to the right and left ear (dichotic listening), comprehension requires the integration of binaural information. Based on prior electrophysiological evidence, we hypothesized that the integration of dichotically presented speech cues is enabled by interhemispheric phase synchronization between primary and secondary auditory cortex in the gamma frequency band. We tested this hypothesis by applying transcranial alternating current stimulation (TACS) bilaterally above the superior temporal lobe to induce or disrupt interhemispheric gamma-phase coupling. In contrast to initial predictions, we found that gamma TACS applied in-phase above the two hemispheres (interhemispheric lag 0°) perturbs interhemispheric integration of speech cues, possibly because the applied stimulation perturbs an inherent phase lag between the left and right auditory cortex. We also observed this disruptive effect when applying antiphasic delta TACS (interhemispheric lag 180°). We conclude that interhemispheric phase coupling plays a functional role in interhemispheric speech integration. The direction of this effect may depend on the stimulation frequency. 9 p.