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This review aims to advance our knowledge from previous works by calling into question; what personal and environmental resources are found to contribute to ‘PERMA’ wellbeing outcomes in early career employees? Specifically, which personal and environmental resources have been cited as important contributors to early careers’ wellbeing? And, what positive outcomes of wellbeing have these resources been found to contribute to? The hope is that this review will add an additional layer of conceptual clarity to our current understanding that will in turn streamline and afford due direction for future empirical research in the remit of early career development. It is thought by the researcher that individuals well supported both internally and externally to build a sustainable start should foster wellbeing outcomes that subsequently translates into their later career ‘success’ (achieving a desired or favourable outcome), personal and economic ‘growth’ (a process of progressive development) (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). To the researcher’s knowledge, this is the first systematic review to explore the contribution of specific personal and environmental resources to wellbeing outcomes in the context of early career stages.

As an agricultural country with large natural resources, Indonesia still has considerable problems in managing food security. This is evidenced by the lack of agricultural land and human resources that can support people's food needs so that the government still imports food from other countries. These issues as; it are feared that population growth and high food consumption power, social exclusion (marginalization of agricultural laborers and agricultural land) will cause food security vulnerability in the future. This Mixed method quantitative and qualitative method by statistical and in-depth interview study involving 169 respondents from many stakeholders such as politicians, academicians, farmers, and students to determine policy construction for sustainable rice food sovereignty in Indonesia. The statistical study shows the rice consumption in Indonesia is correlated to education than the age and gender of the respondents. The study indicating problems such as; the welfare of farmers, the application of price limits for staple goods, and improving the quality of agriculture both natural resources, human resources and the provision of agricultural equipment assistance have not been resolved properly. To build food security, it should be balanced with the application of the concept of food sovereignty which is realized by aligning and maximizing competence between political resources, environmental resources capacity, and environmental diplomacy.

The assessment of the possibilities of the integrated index method application for the determination of the environmental resources values to mark out the developing trends for the rural commune was the aim of the work. The typical agricultural commune Olszanka, located in Mazovian Voivodeship, was chosen for the case study. The land use structure, the quality of agricultural production area, water, soil, air, biological diversity and landscape were being analyzed as the components of the natural agricultural environment. The high spatial differentiation of analyzed components of the rural environment was proved. The applied method may be used for working out the development strategy for another rural communes, because it takes into consideration the status of area resources in qualitive, quantative and spatial forms and enables the assessment of the issue in systemic way with accuracy sufficient to the problem complexity.

We studied the interaction between Eucalyptus saligna woodlots and maize crop in southern Rwanda. Three sites were selected and in each, a eucalypt woodlot with mature trees and a suitable adjoining crop field of 12.75 m × 30 m was selected. This was split into two plots of 6 m × 12 m and further subdivided into nine sub-plots running parallel to the tree-crop interface. Maize was grown in both 6 m × 12 m plots and one of these received fertiliser. Soil moisture, nutrients and solar radiation were significantly reduced near the woodlots, diminishing grain yield by 80% in the 10.5 m crop-field strip next to the woodlot. This reduction however affects only 10.5% of the maize crop field, leaving 89.5% unaffected. Spreading the loss to a hectare crop field, leads to an actual yield loss of 0.21 t ha−1, equivalent to 8.4%. Expressing yield loss in tree-crop systems usually presented as a percentage of yield recorded near the trees to that obtained in open areas may be misleading. Actual yields should be reported with corresponding crop field areas affected. Variation in grain yield coincided with those for soil moisture, soil N and K; all increasing from the woodlot-maize interface up to 10.5 m and remaining similar to the values in open areas thereafter. Solar radiation continued to increase with distance up to 18 m from the woodlot-maize interface. Harvest index in unfertilised maize exceeded that in the fertilised treatment reflecting the crop’s strategy to allocate resources to grain production under unfavourable conditions. Fertilisation increased maize yield from 1.3–2.6 t ha−1 but the trend in the woodlot effects on maize remained unaltered.

This research emphasizes the analysis and assessment of the environmental impact in the construction sector. It aims to propose a model for analyzing the management of environmental resources in the building process. This specific sector presents a significant potential risk of negatively affecting the environment, through pollution, energy consumption, and waste generation. Environmental responsibility involves analyzing the environmental impact and implementing effective solutions for an adequate governance of the environmental resources. Various life cycle assessment methods are employed to design a new model of management of environmental resources, starting from the factors impacting the environment. The resulting model takes these factors into account and carries several advantages from an organizational point of view. One novel result is that the model can be applied at a microeconomic level as well as at a macroeconomic level. By implementing this model, the preconditions for reconfiguring operational conditions and processes with significant impact on resource consumption within construction projects can be created at a company level. As such, the objective for the construction sector is to manage the use of resources efficiently and, at the same time, to restore the areas possibly affected by the specific operations.

Umweltgerechtigkeit ist ein Leitbild, das sowohl die gerechtere Verteilung von Umweltbelastungen und -ressourcen verfolgt als auch die gerechtere Teilhabe an umweltpolitisch relevanten Entscheidungsprozessen. Im Beitrag wird aufbauend auf theoretischen und empirischen Grundlagen aus Deutschland und dem Ausland herausgearbeitet, was Umweltgerechtigkeit ausmacht und wie dieses Leitbild mit Stadtentwicklung verknüpft ist. Hierbei werden auch Erkenntnisse eines mit deutschen Kommunen durchgeführten Planspiels zu Umweltgerechtigkeit dargestellt. Environmental justice is a vision that pursues the just distribution of environmental burdens and resources and fair treatment in environmental decision making. In this paper we present the national and international theoretical and empirical background, discuss the characteristics of environmental justice, and demonstrate how environmental justice is linked to healthy urban development. Experience gained from a planning game on environmental justice in municipalities in Germany is also presented.

People in developing countries are most part agrarian and pastoral folk. They heavily rely on the bio-mass-based subsistence economies around them. The rural folk eke out a living from products obtained directly from plants and animals. This is particularly significant for marginal groups, who tend to rely more directly on their environment for survival. In this research paper researchers have tried to assess environmental resource base in Adi Keih subzone of Zoba Dobub (Eritrea) and their effects on the wellbeing and development of the people. Study is based on both primary and secondary sources of information. Study reveals that current available resource-base in the study region is impoverished. Only 10 per cent of the area has potentiality for the farming activities. Among them 80 per cent are poor quality agricultural lands. Farming activity supports only 1/3 of household income. In totality immediate environment supports merely average 50% of household income requirements. This problem has compounded due to environmental degradation. The study highlights micro level relationship between environmental degradation, and resulting in poverty.

Taxes as an instrument which reduces environmental pollution and conserves environmental resources is one of the most important fiscal policy measures to help promote the green economy, improve social security, the environment is also protected from overuse of natural resources and pollution rate. Although the initial environmental pollution and resource-saving tax concept was formulated in a early 20th century, in the world these taxes were introduced recently. In scientific publications of foreign and Lithuanian languages, in official documents of international organizations, there is no consensus, reflecting what accurate term should be used. In English language, together with the most commonly used term "taxes" are also used terms – "charges", "fees", "duties", "levies". They are also called "environmental taxes", "eco (logical) taxes", "ecological taxation" and others. In German language are used these terms: "Umweltsteuer" (environmental taxes), "Ökosteuer" (green taxes) and "Lenkungsabgabe" (incentive fees). In Lithuanian scientific publications are also used different terms – environmental taxes, charges related to the environment, green taxes and so on. In order to refine the concept, analysis of various environmental pollution and resource-saving taxes were made. As a result true content was identified. Theoretical logic of the research concist from environmental pollution and resource-saving tax concepts analysis. Identification and classification of their concepts was made using synthesis method. Analysis and synthesis of Lithuanian, European Union, and other official European and international organizations legal documents concerning environmental pollution and resource-saving tax was made. To justify theoretical propositions statistical analysis was used. Data was collected from the Lithuanian Department of Statistics and Eurostat datab After examination of the scientific literature was concluded that for the identification of the environmental pollution and resourcefriendly taxes it is necessary to analize not only scientific literature but also data and insights of international organizations, European Union Statistical Office – Eurostat. Lithuania also must provide comparable data to these databases. The proposed broad sense Lithuanian language term "environmental taxes".

Cavagrande del Cassibile is an important nature reserve in South East Sicily (Italy). It was established to conserve and restore the natural Mediterranean vegetation in the area, as well as to protect and increase the local fauna. Inside the reserve there are farms which only abandoned transhumance in the 1990s. Our research investigates whether the conversion of the farms from transhumance to fixed site stock-breeding has changed the particular landscape under investigation. The study was carried out on two scales: at territory level, in order to analyse the present potential advantages that the reserve offers to the area; and at farm level, in order to analyse the transformation of the landscape and to highlight the importance of the farms in the modern multifunctional rural context. The results at territory level show that the Cavagrande del Cassibile reserve has great potential for environmental agro-tourism. The results of the farm level analysis were obtained by elaborating certain indices (changes in the landscape, continuation of farming, farm size). These allowed the changes in the countryside to be described in quantitative terms. In general, it emerges that there have been structural changes since the days of transhumance and that this has resulted in a landscape where the effects of human activities are more visible. Lastly our research also shows the sensitivity that the stockbreeders and farmers feel for their environment and their willingness to develop activities which will encourage local tourism and excursions.

O Projeto Rio Anil representou um projeto de urbanização que visou à retirada das palafitas nas áreas de mangue localizadas às margens do rio Anil, relocando as famílias para lotes habitacionais. O objetivo foi avaliar a sustentabilidade socioambiental do projeto de revitalização da margem esquerda do rio Anil, em particular com a população relocada e os recursos ambientais. Assim, este trabalho buscou avaliar os aspectos socioeconômicos positivos e negativos da população ribeirinha através de indicadores utilizados antes e durante o processo de execução do projeto e analisar as principais mudanças nos recursos ambientaisna área. O cenário que se projeta dessa situação, impõe como extremamente necessária, a implementação de Programas Ambientais para a efetivaçãodo controle das diversas ações planejadas no que se refere especifi camente aos cuidados com o ambiente natural e social.Palavras-chave: Urbanização, recursos ambientais, indicadoressocioeconômicos.

Among the various risk factors that jeopardize the sustainability of architectural heritage sites in Turkey, fire hazard is the factor that can cause the most destructive effects. Once fire breaks out and spreads, destruction of the whole site, traditional housing, and the life inside is inevitable. This study is based on a case study of fire risk assessment of a traditional settlement. The study site is a significant district in Bursa in terms of its historic, architectural and environmental resources. The Misi Village is located on the skirts of the Mountain Uluda with a traditional urban pattern. Based on its location in a dense forestry land exposed to wind from the north and northeast directions, the breakout and spread of fire is possible in any time throughout the year. This research aims to raise awareness among local authorities, the local community, and researchers of the urgency of implementing fire prevention strategies in architectural heritage sites to prevent the destruction of the traditional urban pattern, to enable the transfer of these cultural heritages to future generations undestroyed, and to provide a secure place for the actual inhabitants and visitors.

Human activities are the major causes of the biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation. Despite the considerable budget invested to conserve ecosystems, these are far from their conservation objectives (Chen et al. 2009). Therefore, it seems clear that an understanding of human behavior is crucial in order to improve general environmental policies. Pretty and Smith (2004) state that economic incentives are important but sometimes they are not powerful enough to achieve certain objectives. Sethi and Somanathan (1996) indicate that social norms can be largely influential in a social setting. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to focus on the analysis of these factors on the fulfillment of certain environmental objectives. Different case studies will be analyzed from both, a global and more local perspective. At a global level, it is analyze a current serious problem such as the climate change. At a more local level, three case studies are presented in order to understand: a) the degree of acceptance of agri-environmental schemes by farmers in Aragon; b) the role of poaching in conservation objectives in shellfish extraction; and c) the impact of common management in conservation outcomes in forest lands of Galicia. This thesis concludes with a summary of conclusions and future orientations.

Problem setting. Social and environmental issues of waste management facing society relatively recently, but showed a tendency to expand and deepen, which in turn caused the necessity of formation of effective policy in this area. Recent research and publications analysis. Some aspects of the present stage of the formation of environmental law and its relationship to nature and resources law, structural and systemic connections was studied by various researchers in the context of environmental policy and legislation analysis, regulation of wildlife relationships, expanding the scope of regulation of resource. In particular, they can mark out V. Andreytsev, A. Getman, M. Krasnova, N. Malisheva and others. However, comprehensive studies of this policy is currently not available. Paper objective. The purpose of the article is a theoretical analysis of the current state of environmental law, the formation of the next stage of development of natural resource relationships, their expansion and transformation into a resource (ecologic and resource) in order to adequately respond to the differentiation and complexity of structural and systemic linkages. Paper main body. The development and dynamics of the environmental, natural resources legislation is largely driven by global and European processes and requires constant updating in order to overcome gaps, timely and adequate response to contemporary challenges, changes in value paradigms and so forth. One of these problems is the development of traditional branches of law and directions research that, in turn, raises the question of substantive content, structural and systemic links of these areas of law. Any delay in the establishment of the theoretical and methodological and scientific and legal framework for a new legal phenomena in the framework of ecological and legal science creates the preconditions for the expansion of research not only to them but also in relation to the already well-established system of law and the separation of the industry. A promising seems the further transformation of natural resource rights in the resource, whose task will be to not only relations concerning those or other natural objects, but also the products of their use, and natural phenomena, the establishment of resource-saving requirements, the introduction of specific indicators of resource costs and the like. Such a situation we are seeing now in soil legislation, which regulates the use of man-made mineral deposits, which, in fact, lost the status of a natural object, but are important for their conservation. A similar situation arises in the field of waste management, which are increasingly seen it as a potential source of resources and nature conservation. It is proved that with the current approach, when the subject and its activity are taken as a basis for regulation in isolation from the goals of legal regulation, the values and ideological component of the legal regulation, which had a negative impact on its quality are lost. It should be pointed out that in many cases such restrictions are connected with artificial internal limits of innovations of eco-legal science, caused by the use of the traditional concepts of “nature”, “natural resources”, “natural objects”. This causes an urgent need to review the use of these terms, the expansion of concepts. One way to become more active use of the terms “resource use, “eco use”, “resources”, “environmental resources”, “environmental objects” and so forth. Conclusions of the research. Stage of relatively independent existence of natural resource law, its autonomy outside the complex ecological and legal science has already passed and now destructively affects both its development in general and on the development of its constituent elements, slows its methodological development, creates the prerequisites for scientific expansion of specialists in other sectors of law that use internal scientific debate and controversy as a confirmation of their own conclusions about the artificial synthesized nature of environmental law, artificiality of scientific problems and so on. One of the ways to integrate and harmonize the natural resource component within the environmental law is to change its focus from solely having binding traditional natural objects in favor of a more progressive and promising theory of the resource or the ecological and resource rights that can harmoniously incorporate both traditional (established), and innovative approaches to the maintenance of ecological and legal relations, their expansion and diffusion within a single methodological approach and legal doctrine, which is the fundamental goal of ecological and legal science, defined as the environment, the use of environmental resources and ecological security of humanity.

Farmers' decisions to adopt Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technologies depend on the profitability of IPM systems relative to the traditional production methods. Government policies may affect the profitability of the IPM technologies. A linear programming model was developed and used to evaluate the economic incentives for adoption of Integrated Pest Mangement (IPM) practices by Jamaican farmers in Ebony Park, Clarendon. Further analysis was completed to determine the affect of policy changes on the profitability of the IPM systems. The objective function of the model was to maximize net returns above variable costs for the farm and included: ten cropping systems, resource constraints, relative prices, and government policies facing the farm. Resource constraints included risk constraints limiting the maximum acreage planted for each crop. Potential crops grown by the farm included: IPM and conventional hot pepper, IPM and conventional sweet potato, IPM and conventional callaloo, corn, pumpkin, cassava, and sugar cane. The trade and domestic policies incorporated into the model were: preclearance (farm level inspections of exportable harvest), elimination of the concessionary water rates to farmers, lowering the duty concession rate to farmers, lowering the Common External Tariff, appreciation of the real exchange rate, elimination of the credit subsidy and a fall in the real interest rate. The results of the model showed four major conclusions. First, the IPM systems for hot pepper, sweet potato and callaloo were more profitable than the conventional systems. Second, within the framework of risk constraints and preclearance, the IPM systems continued to be more profitable than the conventional practices. Third, the elimination of either the water or credit subsidies currently available to the farmers did not greatly affect the profitability of the IPM systems compared with the profitability of conventional production. Fourth, with a lower real interest rate, the elimination of the duty concession, a lowering of the Common External Tariff (CET) or an appreciation of the real exchange rate, the IPM systems were more profitable than the conventional technologies. Four implications arose from the conclusions. First, extension efforts towards farmers should emphasize the increase in profits from the IPM technologies. Second, policy steps designed to liberalize the domestic economy will not require offsetting policies supporting the adoption of IPM by farmers in Clarendon. Further research is needed on the effects of water availability on IPM adoption and the potential barriers to IPM adoption by female-headed households. Finally, further research is on the economic returns of incorporating preclearance education with IPM. Master of Science

The theory of trade based on differential property rights presented here initiated in Chichilnisky (1991), based on the North-South model introduced in Chichilnisky (1981, 1986). The model and the results in this paper differ however from the previous work in that the dynamics of the renewable resource is crucial to our arguments, while all the other pieces consider instead static economies. The distinctive feature of this paper is that we consider the dynamics of the renewable resource which is used as an input to production, and how this varies with different property rights regimes.

In this review article, the different conditions of the environment which could affect the well-being of the populations living on it are taken into consideration and analysed. A specific attention is paid to the phenomenon of water reduction, land degradation and consequent desertification. Such a phenomenon is particularly worrying in selected regions of the world (the Mediterranean Region and Central Asia) in which a combination of several factors including climate variations, pressure of populations and increased competition for the available resources have a direct consequence on the economical, social and political conditions of the population. In addition, migrations could also take place, increasing the instability of entire regions. A proper management of water resources and the preservation of land and soil resources are essential requisites to counteract the mentioned adverse effects. Such a management is frequently a transboundary concern since it might involve different regions and countries; this is an additional reason for debating the environment degradation issues at the international level and for increasing the awareness of the civil society, the policy makers and governments.

In order to support a more effective and environmentally aware resource management, information systems may be designed to integrate relevant information and indicators about the resource and its environment and to make them available to all stakeholders and producers. Moreover, the development of such an information system towards an open, web-based platform supporting not only information retrieval and visualization, but also data collection and sharing, fosters collaborative resource management processes. As an exemple of such an integrated information system supporting knowledge sharing, the paper presents the RIV project, aiming to develop an interactive system for wine-cultivation based on open-source software. For wine-cultivation it is essential to have knowledge about environmental resources (such as water, soils, micro-climate), but also about growing-techniques and other factors. A first step was therefore to calculate and to collect the information of all wine-growing regions in a spatial database. One main idea behind RIV was to spread this information to all actors involved in wine-cultivation business through the Internet. Another important idea behind RIV was to offer a parcel-management system that integrates with the data that has been collected. The users thus add their own data (both spatial- and non-spatial) and save costs. In order to develop RIV we integrated all main actors in the project and in the planning and development process.